雅思阅读SUMMARY题型解答
雅思阅读题型解析之填空题Summary题
雅思阅读题型解析之填空题Summary题【雅思阅读题型解析】填空题Summary题总的来说,雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式:一种是单词填空式,这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要,空出若干空格,要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空.另一种是单词选择式,就是在第一种形式的基础上,额外提供了一个词库,要求考生从词库中选词填空.下面环球雅思将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题.一.单词填空式解题策略:对于单词填空式题,一般把握三个关键信息: 逻辑关系词,语法属性,定位.首先,观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词,即逻辑关系词推断.这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括:①表示因果关系的词,如because,as,since,for,due to,thanks to,as a result of等.在考试中,在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外,还有一些表示因果关系的大词,如trigger,breed,induce,engender,generate,beresponsible for,affect,determine等,这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系. 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的.②表示转折关系的词,如but,however,while,yet,instead,rather,whereas等③表示让步关系的词,如despite,in spite of,although等④表示并列关系的词,如and,both…and…,neither…nor等⑤表示举例关系的词,如such as,for e_ample等观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时,能缩小寻找范围,使定位更加准确.在文章阅读中,题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非,但是句意不会变,语义关系不会变,这是最可靠的定位依据.从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用.如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______. But in today’s world,factors such as governmentinitiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number oflanguages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages donot die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their____Q3_____.解题中,对于Q1很多考生把geographical作为定位词,所以回到原文几乎是大海捞针. 但是这一题中由 as a result of这一层因果关系给出启示: 空格处为原因. 前半句的great variety of language 表示结果. 所以从这一因果关系切入,可以在文中找到定位句〝Isolation breeds linguistic diversity〞,isolation 导致great variety of languages,所以答案为isolation. 再看Q2,这一题中体现出多层语义关系.首先空格处和government initiatives构成并列关系,其次这一并列词组隶属于上义词factors,即并列词组是因素之一.最后这些因素是导致语言数量下降的原因.所以结合这层层关系,加以government initiatives 定位词的辅助,就可以找到定位句〞…the deadliest weapon is notgovernment policy but economic globalization〞,即答案为economicglobalization.对于Q3,虽然没有传统的因果信号词,但是one factor已经给出因果关系的信号,要求考生所填的是使语言不至于消亡的因素,所以只需回到原文找提到预防语言消亡的方法的出题处.其次,预测空格处所填的语法属性,即语法属性判断.为了使所找的答案万无一失,还需要对空格处进行语法判断,这样一来,可以缩小选择的范围,使答案更加精确.语法属性大致包括空格的词性,单复数以及句子成分.如果空格前为形容词,那么空格处应为名词; 空格前为副词,那么空格处应为动词或形容词; 如果空格后面是be动词,那么空格应为名词复数或形容词.从这些小细节可以看出雅思阅读考查的细腻.以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例Having rented a garret he took on a number of _____,who stood at a longcentral desk.根据预测,空格处应填复数名词,再根据后面的定语从句,再次精确到填表示人的复数名词. 很多考生回原文找到assistants.的确,assistants s看似符合我们的预测,但是却忽略了定语从句中的关键限制性的词组stood at a long desk.所以根据这个限定,回原文找到对应的the copying clerks would work standing up. 因此正确答案是copyingclerks或clerks.再者,根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位.总的来说,摘要填空题有一定的顺序原则,即填空题的出题顺序往往是按照文章段落的顺序.结合这一题型特点,考生可以通过定位关键词回原文定位,无需从头至尾的阅读完整篇文章.再以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例Johnson did not have a ____Q5______ available to him,but eventuallyproduced definitions of in e_cess of 40,000 words written down in 80 largenotebooks. On publication,the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many Europeancountries as a landmark. According to his biographer,JamesBoswell,Johnson’sprincipal achievement was to bring ___Q6_____ to the English language. As areward for his hard work,he was granted a ___Q7____ by the king.Q5中根据特殊定位词40,000和80 ,直接回到原文锁定定位句,然后通过预测判断出空格处所填的答案是一名词,而且离空格较近的地方有表示否定的概念〝did not have〞,因此找到数字定位词后看定位句中是否有提到Johnson 没有什么. 根据原文中的without a library tohand,可以推断出所填的答案应是library.再看Q6,这一题中的定位词很容易定位到人名 James Boswell,再加上另一个独特的名词principalachievement,能帮助考生较快锁定到倒数第二段的最后一句〝It is the cornerstone of Standard English,anachievement which,in James Boswell’s words,‘conferred stability on the languageof his country’.〞然后根据语法属性的预测,得知所填的空做bring的宾语,所以找到给英语语言带来什么就能迎刃而解了.即stability 同理,对于Q7,根据独特定位词king回原文中锁定到最后一段第一句〝…King George III to offer him apension〞. Offer与题中的grant 同义,所以尽管语态的不一致,但是句义一致. 答案应填offer 的宾语,即pension.对于有的基础差的考生,要求掌握通过逻辑关系词去分析语义间的关系似乎是比较困难的一件事,因此定位词可能是他们解答题目的机会.再辅助一些必备的语法知识去进行预测判断,哪怕是不认识的单词或不理解的句子,有时候也能帮这些考生找到正确的答案.二.单词选择式对于单词选择式的填空题来说,考生需要从词库中选择符合题目要求的词,而题库中有可能成为答案的词有两种情况:1)是文章中的原词;2)是文章中原词的替换词.第一种情况对考生来说更容易驾驭.考生只需按照上文中提到的解题策略,回原文确定所应填写的词,然后对应词库中的词得出选项.第二种情况,考生可以先判断词库中的词为单一词性或多种词性,如果为单一词性,考生根据阅读理解文章原词的词义来寻找统一替换词.如果是多种词性,首先对词汇按照词性分类,以便在确定空格内应填入的单词的词性后,在检索时缩小范围,提高做题准确率.根据观察词库可以得出该词库为多种词性的词库.所以首先对词库进行大致的词性分类:名词(cost,technology,nutrition,education,medicine,pollution,health), 动词(falling,increasing), 形容词(undernourished,disabled,constant, independent),形容词的比较级(earlier,later,more). 通过观察Q20 所填的词性判断,应填一名词.定位关键词link,lifee_pectancy,回到原文找到与之同义转化的词组correlation, live longer. 从锁定的句子〝one interestingcorrelation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to livelonger.〞中得出应填写的词与better-educated people 相关,对应词库中education 符合所填的信息.三.总结在解答雅思阅读summary时,逻辑关系词可以让考生较快找到答案的大致位置,定位词可以有助于将大致方向缩小到一定范围,而借助语法属性的预测分析能具体确定答案.这三个关键信息是解答摘要题的支柱.当然,在解题过程中也不能小觑同义转化的作用.这些策略在解题中是相辅相成,互相补充.因此,掌握这些策略对于考生较快又有效的解答摘要题是至关重要的.影响雅思阅读答题效率的原因首先,当然是词汇.任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章,都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词.从文章的选材而言,范围是十分丰富的,主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志,内容涉及任何一个国家的文化.经济.自然和科技等.而IELTS考试所考查的,是实际运用语言的能力,所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词,或是题目中真正考查到的单词,往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词.这些单词虽然数量不多,难度不大,但却是必须掌握的.就考试而言,掌握6000左右的常用词汇,即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的.第二,复杂的句型结构.有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右,但是依然感觉读不懂文章,这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句.如:Thechallenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption ofshared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there arepotential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community,if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures offamily life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子,主干是the challenge now is to develop policies andpractices, 从basedon到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语.后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句,充当presumption的同位语.在同位语的后面,有一个if引导的条件状语从句.一般而言,对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句,倒装结构,所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析.建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类,多了解一下雅思常识.第三,题型多样化.这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生,在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解,或是被众多题型干扰,不能正常发挥.一些必考题型如listof headings, summary,T/F/NG等,可以作为练习重点.如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型,普遍感到非常难找.其实不然,只要记住两大原则即可.原则一,顺序原则.summary题的答案排列顺序,必定与文章的行文顺序一致.原则二,完整的summary,不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义,而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章.所以根据语法也可以进行判断.在准备考试的过程中,除了要做IELTS考题之外,还要进行泛读和快速阅读.泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章,在网站上可以找到,目的是熟悉单词和句型.快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解,并把握其主旨.同时,在重点句子和词汇上做出标记.这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大,平时可多加练习.另外,为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯,不能边看边用嘴跟着读,眼.嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到),先不要紧张,要通过英语构词法(前缀.词根和后缀)来分析推测词义,或结合上下文.前后词语去猜测,如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义,可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的,还是否定的,实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了,实在不行就做上记号,将来看一看是否影响答题,如无影响就坚决忽略.雅思阅读中的7种常见信号词雅思阅读信号词A.表示顺承和递进关系例词:also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore例句:The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed inmiddle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half ofthe _th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass productionpromoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.雅思阅读信号词B.表示对比与转折关系例词:but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand例句:Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition ofnational prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world‘s adults cannot reador write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even aprimary school education.雅思阅读信号词C.表示相似关系例词:like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way例句:Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave theenvironment entirely unharmed.雅思阅读信号词D.表示时间先后关系例词:now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, ne_t, at last,eventually, finally例句:As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slowrolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soonafter, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.雅思阅读信号词E.表示排列次序例词:another, the second…even more…the most… the best… the least…例句:This situation is compounded by yet another factor.雅思阅读信号词F.表示因果关系例词:as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, asa result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence例句:As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiasticallyembraced education.雅思阅读信号词G.表示举例或说明关系例词:that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for e_ample, forinstance例句:More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farmshave dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.正确的雅思阅读方法现实生活中,不同文化有不同的观念,往往带来认识上的偏差和误区,这也反映在日常的英语学习.不同文化有不同的阅读方法中国学生习惯于采取细读的方法进行阅读,也就是说,从左边一个字一个字地读到右边,再下一行.这样,速度很慢,而且影响阅读质量.一来,浪费时间,如果遇到不懂的地方,读得再慢还是不懂;二来,如果是内容比较浅的话,精力容易分散,阅读质量反倒不升.西方学生阅读时往往更注重于根据不同的阅读需要采取相对应的阅读方法来最有效地获取信息,谋求更好.更到位的理解.学会提取段落主题句是关键一般中国老师在小学的时候就开始教学生概括段落大意,但是方法是通篇全读,领悟后自行总结.西方老师的方法就不一样,根据西方段落写作的特点,段落的主旨是通过topicsentence(主题句)凸显出来的.老师在教学生概括段落大意时,会先教会学生根据段落结构的不同,主题句出现的位置不同去提取主题句,从而得到整段的段落大意.这就和中国学生的阅读方式有很大的不同了.所以,往往中国学生在做雅思题目时,因为没有这种做题的习惯,就往往提取不了段落主题句,通篇全读好几遍,依然无法确定其段落大意,以至答错题或没法答题了.考察通过阅读提取信息能力雅思阅读考试是针对同学们出去读书的实际需要,测试同学不同的通过阅读获取信息的阅读技巧.这些阅读技巧包括:scanning(查读).skimming(略读)和intensivereading(精读).根据不同的题型的具体要求,考生应相对应地用不同的解题方法进行高速解题.在雅思阅读考试的过程中,经常会出现很多考生都不知道那些答案是什么意思,但就可以找到答案的情况出现.因为,雅思阅读考试的相当一大部分的侧重点是考察考生通过阅读提取信息的能力,而不是考考生对信息真正领悟的能力.希望大家能够多做一些雅思阅读题,加强雅思阅读学习.如果我们用中国阅读的老办法来进行雅思阅读的话,会因为速度过慢而不能在规定的时间内完成答卷,造成不必要的损失.学生应学会提高阅读速度,增强阅读能力,这样既能考好雅思考试,也能顺当地适应外国留学所需要的大量阅读.雅思阅读长难句翻译练习之定语从句篇雅思阅读要想上高分,一定要学会正确翻译文章中的长难句.今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅雅思阅读表格填空题讲解:WhatDoWhalesFeel 如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心,那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你,今雅思阅读错题原因量化分析雅思阅读错题原因量化分析 ,提分从读懂错误开始.小编给大家带来了雅思阅读错题原因量雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点.解题步骤讲雅思阅读选词摘要题型是怎样的呢?下面小编给大家带来了雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点。
雅思学术类考试阅读Summary题型的解法
雅思学术类考试阅读Summary题型的解法在出国学习的热潮逐渐升温的背景下, 出国考试的繁荣现象就成为必然趋势。
而雅思作为出国学习的语言类考试, 考试本身的内容和做题方法就成为了很多老师和学生的研究对象。
在广大学子们准备考试过程中间, 学生们对这种西方考试也越来越熟悉。
但是在考试做题过程中间, 仍然存在很多很难以解决的问题。
而在众多题型当中‘Summary题型的做题方法一直是模糊的，学生们在复习过程中间也感觉无从下手。
为了解决这个问题, 我们需要从以下几个方面去思考。
一、Summary段落定位的问题在剑桥雅思考试真题第四册的题目当中, 我们可以清晰地看到出题者在设置题目内容的过程中间给了我们很多信息提示, 我们需要首先利用这些信息提示在篇章当中找到位置。
否则, 在国内考试中经常性通读全文的做法如果在雅思考试中使用, 就会让我们失去考场上最宝贵的资源: 时间。
1.利用题目提示信息定位在剑桥雅思第四册教材第77 页的题目中, 我们可以很清楚地看到提示信息“ Complete the Summary of paragraph G below”。
这句话的提示告诉我们只需要看G段即可做题,可以暂时忽略文章其他段落内容。
同样, 在剑桥雅思第四册教材第95 页的题目中, 我们可以很清楚地看到提示信息: “Complete theSummaryof the last two paragraphs of Reading Passage 2”。
这句话告诉我们只需要看最后两段即可。
由于考生在学习过程中习惯性会忽略题目内容上方的斜体字而导致忽视了这种清晰的提示语。
因此, 在准备考试过程中, 我们首先要更正的观点是, 雅思考试题目当中的信息并不像国内考试前面出现的direction 那样都是可以忽视的信息,在很多情况下, 我们都可以从题目所给出的已知信息当中寻找出解答题目的关键点。
2.利用Summary段落首尾的提示定位如果在题目中没有给出明确的提示信息, 如剑桥雅思第四册教材第44 页的题目中只给出“ Complete the Summary below ”, 但是我们就可以发现在Summary段落的开头有“ There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. ”可以利用其中出现的数字6800 进行定位起始位置。
雅思阅读 summary
Lecture ThreeSUMMARY解题方法1.看位置⏹第一大题对全篇⏹第二大题对中部⏹第三大题对后部2.题目要求限定字数没有？要填的词从哪里来？有没有告诉你大题在文章中的位置3.扫描整个summary，专找特殊词，锁定summary在文章中的具体位置。
4. 从空出发，圈出空前空后词,确定空中要填词的词性及词义，弄清楚空所在那句话的意思.特别关注：固定搭配／介词●Up to _大数字__●At least_小数字●Until__时间_●At具体时间、地点●During/in/over__段冠词● A __adj./ n__ n.●And____对动词搭配要敏感●Motivate _sb.__ to do sth.●Encourage●discourage●Prevent sb. from doing4.5扫描词库，分析词性●有时可以直接用语法猜●词库里的同义词和反义词中必有正确答案WARM ⇔ COLDContract ⇔ExpandHard ⇔ softDeep⇔ shallow注意区分近义词：SimilarIdentical要注意过去式和过去分词一样的动词以及第三人称单数set set setshut shut shut5 返回文章刚才划定的范围，找寻空前空后词的同义词三点注意：∙一句对一段∙顺序不会变∙注意连接词6 通读检查，注意语法逻辑示范例题:Lost for WordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly,according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘Peo ple lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics Department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brai n. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree ofbilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. V olunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in ajar,’ he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3. This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.并列/类比A and ba, b, and c.Or=否定句(hardly ,barely, rarely)lack a or bHe, as well as other children, is …as well / …too 句尾也can also / also can Both…and…Not only…but also Neither…nor…Either…or…谓语Not A but BLess A than B与其…不如…A in line with BA alongside B因果Thereby / Therefore…Hence /…thusAs a consequenceLead (up) to 坏Give rise to 中Contribute to动词：Create 创造conceive 孕育invent = innovate 创新devise =design=style 设计generate 产生breed产生;滋生trigger 引起spark 激发(灵感)evoke唤起awareness arouse 激起(愤怒)ignite 点燃rekindle 重燃Contribute to 促成导致Result in 结果原因Be attributed to归因于…Result from因为Thanks to多亏；幸好Owing to 由于due to 句中On account of 因为Derive from 源自Stem from 源自Origin =root示范例题：THE LITTLE ICE AGEA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730, 000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10, 000years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world.They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperaturesclimbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Questions 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18 …………………… and 19 …………………… . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20 ……………………, rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 ……………………。
Part 5 雅思阅读---Summary 摘要填空
Part 5 雅思阅读----Summary(摘要填空)1．题型特点1）按照范围分类------全文摘要//部分段落摘要2）按照填空内容分类-----原文原词//选词//自己写词3）遵循"顺序原则"4）答案多为名词原词重现2．解题步骤(1 ) 明确题目字数要求及原文范围（2）仔细读摘要的首末句，宏观确定原文范围。
（3）微观把控---空格定位词---语法词性//语义语义---利用逻辑：并列/递进/转折注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
（4）原文对应----理解句意对应词的特点如下：A．原词B．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening,是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C．语态变化D．同义词；throw away---discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
NOTICE1．注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
2．若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable（可持续的）、biodegradable （可生物降解的）、contaminants（废物，杂物）、nostrils（鼻孔）都是一些题目的答案。
3．从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
4．从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
（1）原文原词（2）词性变化：necessary—necessi ty（3）语态变化（4）同义词：tight—restricted Policy--initiative （6）归纳：5．瞻前顾后，注意代词指代6．根据并列关系，迅速预判词性—语法7.根据逻辑关系词，迅速定位答案----语义8. 大小写。
雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解
雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解summary填空题是雅思阅读题中常见题型，在阅读考试中占较大的比重。
下面给大家带来了雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解题型特点字数限制? 一般回答最多不超过3个词。
题型特点? 考查范围分部分考查与全文考查。
*摘要题有可能是对*局部内容的考查，比如某一段或某几段，也有可能是对整篇*的考查。
顺序原则? 题目顺序与题目答案在原文中出现的顺序一致。
答案特点? 答案多为名词性原词重现。
所谓名词性是指名词性质的词，包括名词与动名词;而原词重现是说答案均为原文的文字，不需要对词形或词性等做变更或更改。
解题步骤①明确字数限制?表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的习惯。
②空格词性预判? 根据空格前后的词性进行判断，? 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;? 也可根据句子成分进行判断，? 如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词? 定位关键词并分析定位句?找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。
?注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。
? 理解原文与题干的同意替换? 词语的替换，即词与词之间的替换? 短语的替换，即短语之间的替换? 句子的替换，即句子之间的互换? 展开陈述形式，即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念? 填出答案? 结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-The Success of CelluloseYou should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.ANot too long ago many investors made the bet that renewable fuels from bio- mass would be the next big thing in energy. Converting corn, sugarcane and soybeans into ethanol ordiesel-type fuels lessens our nations dependence on oil imports while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. But already the nascent industry faces challenges. Escalating demand is hiking food prices while farmers clear rain-forest habitats to grow fuel crops. And several recent studies say that certain biofuel-production processes either fail to yield net energy gains or release more carbon dioxide than they use.BA successor tier of start-up ventures aims to avoid those problems. Rather than focusing on the starches, sugars and fats of food crops, many of the prototype bioethanol processes work with lignocellulose, the "woody" tissue that strengthens the cell walls of plants, says University of Massachusetts Amherst chemical engineer George W. Huber. Although the cellulose breaks down less easily than sugars and starches and thus requires a complex series of enzyme-driven chemical reactions, its use opens the industry to nonfood plant feed- stocks such as agricultural wastes, wood chips and switchgrass. But no company has yet demonstrated acost-competitive industrial process for making cellulosic biofuels.CSo scientists and engineers are working on dozens of possible biofuel-processing routes, reports Charles Wyman, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Riverside, who is a founder of Mascoma Corporation in Cambridge, Mass., a leading developer of cellulosic ethanol processing." Theres no miracle process out there," he remarks. And fine-tuning a process involves considerable money and time. "The oil companies say that it takes 10 years to fully commercialize an industrial processing route," warns Huber,who has contributed some thermochemical techniques to another biomass start-up, Virent Energy Systems in Madison, Wis.DOne promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymatic chemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata in Warrenville, III, a firm launched in 20XX byhigh-profile investors and entrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it as well). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification system will use heat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called syngas, says Richard Tobey, vice president of Engineering and RD The ability to handle multiple plant feedstocks would boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in the country has access to certain feedstocks but not others.EInstead of using thermochemical methods to convert the syngas to fuel—a process that can be significantly more costly because of the added expense of pressurizing gases, according to Tobey—the Coskata group chose a biochemical route. The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol-excreting bacteria that Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahoma, haddiscovered years before in the oxygen-free sediments of a swamp. These anaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas.FThe "heart and soul of the Coskata process," as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live. "Rather than searching for food in the fermentation mash in a large tank, our bacteria wait for the gas to be delivered to them," he explains. The firm relics on plastic tubes, the filter-fabric straws as thin as human hair. The syngas flows through the straws, and water is pumped across their exteriors. The gases diffuse across the selective membrane to the bacteria embedded in the outer surface of the tubes, which permits no water inside. "We get efficient mass transfer with the tubes, which is not easy," Tobey says. "Our data suggest that in an optimal setting we could get 90 percent of the energy value of the gases into our fuel." After the bugs eat the gases, they release ethanol into the surrounding water. Standard distillation or filtration techniques could extract the alcohol from the water.GCoskata researchers estimate that their commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallon-less than halfof todays $2-per-gaIlon wholesale price, Tobey claims. Outside evaluators a Argonne National Laboratory measured theinput-output "energy balance" of the Coskata process and found that, optimally, it can produce 7.7 times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it.HThe company plans to construct a 40,000-gallon-a-year pilot plant near the GM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of this year and hopes to build a full- scale, 100-million-gallon-a-year plant by 20XX. Coskata may have some company by then; Bioengineering Resources in Fayetteville, Ark., is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway in which syngas is consumed by bacteria isolated by James Gaddy, a retired chemical engineer at the University of Arkansas. Considering the advances in these and other methods, plant cellulose could provide the greener ethanol everyone wants.Questions 1-6Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate lettersA-D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA. George W. HuberB. James GaddyC. Richard TobeyD. Charles Wyman1. A key component to gain the success lies in the place where the organisms survive.2. Engaged in separating fixed procedures to produce ethanol in a homologous biochemical way.3. Assists to develop certain skills.4. It needs arduous efforts to achieve highly efficient transfer.5. There is no shortcut to expedite the production process.6. A combination of chemistry and biology can considerably lower the cost needed for the production company.Questions 7-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?。
雅思阅读summary题型
Maybell Yang
摘要题—两种形式
? 无选项：从文章某几段中选取内容组成一段文字 , 留出五到六个空格 ,根据文章对应内容 ,按题目要 求的字数填空。
? 有选项：在文字下方给出的 WORDBANK 里选 择恰当、合适的词汇进行填空。
? 总体而言 ,这两种形式都需要借助语法、词法知 识，分析所需填空文章中相关句子的含义。
? Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.
? While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33 per cent waste paper.
? The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by ...(33) ... to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of ink from used paper but ...(34)... are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower ...(35) ... than before and to sort our waste paper by removing ...(36)... before discarding it for
雅思阅读summary题型解析
雅思阅读summary题型解析2016.7.8 合肥思瑞雅思1. Summary总结摘要题的题型特点(1) 考查范围分两种：部分与全文(Summary的考查范围有可能是原文中的局部内容，比如说某一段、某几段或是某一个section;当然，也有可能考查整篇文章的内容梗概。
);(2) 题目顺序与原文内容相一致(也就是说，每一道题目的答案在原文中出现的位置都在前一道题目答案所在原文位置的后面。
);(3) 答案多为名词性原词重现(所谓名词性是指名词性质的词，包括名词与动名词;而原词重现是说答案均为原文的文字，不需要对词性等做任何变更或更改。
)。
2. Summary总结摘要题的解题思路(1) 明确阅读范围和答案的字数限制(在做题之初要仔细阅读题目要求，查看是否有提示阅读范围的语句出现，并确定答案的字数限制，绝对不要超字!);(2) 通过首、末句从宏观上确定全题在原文的阅读范围(如果整个题目的首、尾句是完整的一句话而没有出题，我们就可以通过这两句话中的定位词将这两句话在原文中出现的位置分别找出来，那么这两句话之间的原文范围就是我们完成整个总结摘要题所需要阅读的文字范围。
当然，如果题目中只有单独的首句或尾句没有出题，我们还是可以通过这两句话中任何一句的定位词确定整个总结摘要题在原文中起始或结束的位置。
但是，如果整个题目的首句或尾句都是带着题目出现的话，我们就没有必要再强行使用这两句话来进行圈定范围的工作了。
因此，解题思路中的第二步其实相当于一个“可选项”。
在实战中究竟是用或不用，关键取决于题目的呈现方式：整个题目首、尾句都没出题或是其中任何一句没出题的话就可以考虑使用，否则直接进入第三步。
);(3) 从微观上划出每道小题所在句中的定位词，并判断空格处的词性(每道小题出现在原文中的位置都取决于题目中定位词出现在原文中的位置，因此要想找出每道小题在原文中出现的位置还是要依靠每道小题所在题目中的定位词。
同时，对于空格处答案词性的预判可以帮助我们缩小考虑答案的范围，更有甚者，通过大量的研究发现：一般在有定位词出现的原文语句中凡是符合词性判断的单词通常就是题目的答案);(4) 用定位词回到原文逐一找寻相应的内容出处;(5) 通过句意确定最终答案。
雅思阅读Summary题型的答题方法有哪些
雅思阅读Summary题型的答题方法有哪些第1篇：雅思阅读Summary题型的答题方法有哪些可以说，summary这种题型虽然颇具变化，但如果能够始终把握住其围绕波动的主线，很多的题目并非如我们想象的那么难。
一、全文or局部?虽然以单个段落或相邻段落组为考察对象的summary比较常见，相对与前两点来说，summary在这一特征上并没有明显的一边倒。
所以，也就有了培训界所谓的全文摘要/局部摘要一说。
当然，正如前文所提到的，全文摘要和局部摘要会影响到该题型的主旨/细节特征具体表现，不过它更直接的作用在于考生对题目的定位上。
很显然，全文摘要虽然更能体现出主旨*，但所需阅读的篇幅更大;而局部摘要则需要首先在确定题目从哪个段落开始，而后由于压缩空间的有限考点倒相对集中。
在后文中，将对summary题型的定位作专题讲述，这里暂且不表。
在熟悉了解了summary题型的特征基础上，我们接下来通过具体的例子展示summary的几种不同形式，以帮*生更好地进行题型识别从而随后采取有针对*的解题方法。
summary题目的题型识别一、标准型的summary标准的summary是由完整，连续的句子构成的段落或段落组，通过句子填空的方式对阅读能力进行考察的一类题型的总称。
如果用公式简化，就未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：雅思阅读Summary题型的答题技巧有哪些在雅思阅读的各种题型中，summary题型是最难做的一种，因为它要求考生有很高的分析概括的能力。
下面雅思就为大家搜集整理了雅思阅读中summary题型的答题技巧，供大家参考。
1.题型要求该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为摘要。
摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。
按照范围，摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。
全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。
部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。
雅思阅读Summary题型解析及应对策略
雅思阅读Summary题型解析及应对策略最近的阅读考试中，Summary题型出现的频率及数量均呈现上升态势。
但是，很多考生对于这样的题型还是束手无策，在考场上浪费大量的时间却还是不能准确给出答案。
造成这样结果的原因除去考生时间把握能力差以外，Summary 题型本身形式多样，概括性高等也是造成这样结果的重要因素。
在Summary题型当中，往往会出现两种形式的填空。
一种是直接在原文找词填空，另一种给出Wordlist，让考生根据原文内容选词填空。
这两种形式在近期的考试中都有出现。
在此，笔者将对Summary题型两种形式的特点以及解题对策作简要的概括。
一、直接在原文找词填空相对来讲这种形式的Summary比较简单一些。
Summary虽属归纳总结类的题目，但是直接在原文找词填空的这种类型却是较易定位的。
一般来说，题目中都会有较明显的提示词来帮助考生定位到原文中的相关部分。
所以，往往这种形式的Summary解题重点仍然集中在细节定位上面。
比如Cambridge 5 Test 1 Jonson’s Dictionary当中的4道题目，首先可通过‘1764’这个明显的数字来定位到段落，接下来第一道题目可用garret或long central desk做定位。
第二道用数次40000或者80定位,但是值得一提的是这里的80在原文中是以‘eighty’的形式出现的，这中情况出现的不多，一般情况下考生以数次作为定位词还是可以很快确定答案所在位置的。
接下来的两道，可以人名James Boswell和achievement作定位。
最后一道用king可以很容易在最后一段找到答案。
另外，这种类型的Summary符合顺序原则，如此一来，可以更加有效的帮助考生缩小定位的范围。
除此之外，值得考生注意的还有，这种直接在原文找词填空的Summary，其答案一般为原文原词，很少会出现需要考生自己概括答案的情况。
综上所述，可以看出此种类型的Summary相对来说还是比较容易拿分的，考生在考试过程中遇到这类的题目通常不会花费太多的时间就可以定位到答案所在的部分。
雅思考试阅读summary题实例讲解
雅思考试阅读summary题实例讲解今天和大家一起讨论其中比较特殊的一种题型，它既可以是选择类的题又可以是填空类的题，即：总结题(summary)，总结题可以分成带词库(如：剑五P28)和不带词库(如：剑五P18)两种。
下面将根据实例，具体为大家分析。
雅思阅读题型大大小小一共有十种，下面以剑桥雅思五P18 Q4-7为例看看不带词库的这类总结题应该如何解答。
首先，不带词库的总结题，是属于填空题这一大家庭，所以，第一步很关键的点是要看清题目对所填字数的要求，如在这里，题干中有这样的要求 NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS，因此，在填写答案时，注意不要超过了这里所要求的字数;第二，需要仔细地读题干，即summary。
这里强调的是仔细读，而不是蜻蜓点水式的扫读。
从题干中尽可能地获取更多有用信息，用这些信息来帮助解题。
如在这里，当我们仔细读第四题所在的题干信息时，我们会发现空白处之前，有took on 这个短语，意为“雇佣”，其次，还有a number of 这个短语，意为“一些”，最后，在空白处后面，细心的同学会发现，有一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句，从这些点点滴滴的信息，我们可以推出此题所填的词应该是复数形式的表示人的词。
有了这样的提示信息，回到原文找答案的过程才会有水到渠成的状态。
第三，回原文进行定位并找到答案。
定位的过程，建议大家不要生硬地去寻找，有些同学不分题型也不用任何方法，一进入回原文的状态就从文章第一段第一句开始读，在这里要提醒大家的是，由于在上一步中已经通读过summary内容，在summary中出现过的特殊词是都可以用来帮助大家进行定位的，比如剑五P18这道题题干中就出现了“in 1764，40，000 words，80 large notebooks，James Boswell”等大量的特殊词，这些词都能帮助大家进行快速定位。
也许在这里有同学要提问了，为什么题干中的“Johnson，Dictionary”也是大写，却不是特殊词了呢?其实当大家开始看文章就知道，全文的标题是Johnson's Dictionary，也就是说“Johnson，Dictionary”这两个词，将会是全文的主题词，它们将在文章中多次出现，所以这两个含有大写字母的词也不能算是能帮助我们解题的特殊词了。
雅思阅读summary详解
雅思阅读summary详解上海环球雅思今天，环球雅思为大家带来了雅思阅读SUMMARY详解，供大家参考使用。
希望对大家有所帮助。
首先,审题,注意字数要求---No more than two words,是否有段落定位---无,和该填空题的形式---原文原词填空。
其次,判断该题的出题位置。
有两种方法,其一是可以通过summary的标题判断,题目问的是what steps should schools take to reduce bullying?大家应该可以判断出该summary考察局部。
其二,可以根据题位判断,这篇文章总共有四种题型,分别为list of heading,选择(细节),summary,和选择(主旨),其中LOH和选择(主旨)不占据题位,因此summary 成了最后一种题型,出题位置应该是文章后半段。
接着,我们通过summary的首句定位,定位词为step,school authorities,可以定位到文章E 部分。
观察发现文章E部分和summary都有四段组成,因此,每段对应。
第三步,定位到段后,注意空格前后的词,判断每个空格的词性。
35和37题前均为冠词,因此空格填名词,36和38题前均为形容词,空格词性仍为名词,39题和bullying构成并列信息,因此,应该填动名词。
第四步,以空格所在句为单位,划定位词,定位到句,同时结合空格前后单词确定答案。
35所在句我们定位到了E段第一句,同时produce和develop构成同义替换,所以答案为policy。
36题所在句我们可以通过条件句去定位,定位到E段第二行。
同时空格前的词为explicit与detailed构成同义替换,所以答案为guidelines。
37题前为介词(through)十the结构,因此,介词为解题的关键点,所以定位到E段第二段的第二行,答案为curriculum。
38题我们通过trained和self-confident定位到第三段的第二行, 同时空格前的词potential与be liable to be 构成了同义替换,因此答案为victims。
雅思阅读摘要题(summary)三大规律&解题策略&解题步骤
雅思阅读摘要题（summary）三大规律&解题策略&解题步骤1.Summary题型三大规律第一条规律就是“The instruction is always important.”雅思考试是一项标准化考试，所以其对考试的答案格式要求也非常严格，这点在听力考试中体现的尤为明显。
但是在阅读考试中，这点也是我们不可忽视的，因为instruction不仅会告诉你写答案时的格式要求，还会在无形中帮助我们节约时间。
例如剑六TEST1中的passage3，其summary的instruction是：Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.从上面的instruction 中可以发现，答案要求是不能超过2个词，而且summary的范围是文章的C段和D段这两个段落。
所以我们在找答案的时候就完全可以只关注这2段内容，大大节省了找到相关段落的时间。
而字数要求也可以帮助我们限定答案的范围。
又如剑四TEST1中的passage3，summary 的instruction 是：Complete the summary below using words from the box.NB You may use any word more than once.从这个instruction中可以看出，这是一题从list of words中挑选单词的填空题，而不是回原文去找答案，所以是需要我们运用同义转换能力去挑选单词的填空题。
而instruction中还有一个信息非常重要，就是NB 后面跟的句子，它告诉我们list中的任何单词都是可以重复使用的。
在研究了剑桥系列的阅读试题后我们发现，只要出现了NB这句话，答案中一定会有一个词会被使用2次。
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今天给大家介绍雅思阅读SUMMARY题型该如何解答
一、SUMMARY题型要求
雅思阅读该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，称之为摘要。
摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。
SUMMARY要求考生要对原文的内容结构有精确的把握，更需要考生运用一定的综合概括能力，将原文和缩写文章进行词句、词语的比较，提取原文信息。
按照范围，摘要可分为两种：
全文摘要（8－10题）和部分段落摘要（涉及2－3段，5－6题）。
全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。
部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。
最近雅思考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5 题左右。
对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the reading passage。
但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。
按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：原文原词、从多个选项中选词和自己写词。
原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。
从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。
从多个选项
中选词或自己写词的题目要求中没有from the reading passage 的字样，有时会有using the information in the passage 的字样。
先看选项，按词性归类。
注意是否有同根异性词选项（其中可能一个是答案）。
以先猜后找方法解题：猜——用语法；找——回原文。
最近雅思考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。
这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次，
每次考一组，共五题左右。
二、SUMMARY解题步骤
（1）雅思考试该类题型，要求仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的
第一句相对应。
确定填空部分是所给阅读文章的全篇还是部分的SUMMARY，确定是用题目所提供的单词表填空，还是需要自己从原文中挑选
单词填空。
如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
（2）略读缩写文章，了解大致内容，迅速回原文定位，确定是哪一段落的SUMMARY，或是涉及哪些段落的内容。
把空格前后的词作为signal words，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
a．原词
b．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening, 形容词，原文中的词为threat, 名词。
c．语态变化；一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
d．同义词；如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard (丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，是同义词。
一些比较生僻的词如sustainable（可持续的）、biodegradable（可生物降解的）、contaminants （废物，杂物）、nostrils（鼻孔）都是一些题目的答案。
（3）仔细阅读GAP所在的句子，预测所填词语是什么词性，通过判断词性来缩小选词目标，带着问题去原文寻找答案。
名词：adj. + , many + , + is/does , prep +
形容词：be + , a/an + + n.
（4）在雅思阅读原文中相应的句子中，将词语与问题进行匹配，运用语法及词汇知识确定答案。
所填答案必须符合语法规定。
注意同义词替换如表示重要的：important, vital, key, significant, crucial, pivotal
A and B用A定位，A与B是并列关系，在结构和词性上相同。
题中：a. + adj. + n.
文中：n. + is. + adj.
n. + which is + adj.
（5）在填空完成后，快速粗读一遍缩写文章，看文章整体是否流畅，以检测答案的正确性。
注意事项：
1. 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
2. 若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如use one or two words 等，答案必须满足这个要求。
3. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。
原文为advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
4. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
5. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。
最近的考试中，选项前大部分都
有代表字母。
6. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
（1）原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
（2）词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
（3）语态变化：原文为governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。
摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
（4）图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
（5）同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
（6）归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。
一般比较难，目前雅思考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
7. 从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。
这样做的准确性50%左右（视题目的难易及考生的水平而定）。
所以，除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
8. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小。
以上就是雅思阅读SUMMARY题型的解答技巧啦，希望对大家有帮助。