chapter2习题
米什金 货币金融学 英文版习题答案chapter 2英文习题
Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 2 An Overview of the Financial System2.1 Function of Financial Markets1) Every financial market has the following characteristic.A) It determines the level of interest rates.B) It allows common stock to be traded.C) It allows loans to be made.D) It channels funds from lenders-savers to borrowers-spenders.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Financial markets have the basic function ofA) getting people with funds to lend together with people who want to borrow funds.B) assuring that the swings in the business cycle are less pronounced.C) assuring that governments need never resort to printing money.D) providing a risk-free repository of spending power.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Financial markets improve economic welfare becauseA) they channel funds from investors to savers.B) they allow consumers to time their purchase better.C) they weed out inefficient firms.D) they eliminate the need for indirect finance.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Well-functioning financial marketsA) cause inflation.B) eliminate the need for indirect finance.C) cause financial crises.D) allow the economy to operate more efficiently.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) A breakdown of financial markets can result inA) financial stability.B) rapid economic growth.C) political instability.D) stable prices.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The principal lender-savers areA) governments.B) businesses.C) households.D) foreigners.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Which of the following can be described as direct finance?A) You take out a mortgage from your local bank.B) You borrow $2500 from a friend.C) You buy shares of common stock in the secondary market.D) You buy shares in a mutual fund.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) Assume that you borrow $2000 at 10% annual interest to finance a new business project. For this loan to be profitable, the minimum amount this project must generate in annual earnings isA) $400.B) $201.C) $200.D) $199.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) You can borrow $5000 to finance a new business venture. This new venture will generate annual earnings of $251. The maximum interest rate that you would pay on the borrowed funds and still increase your income isA) 25%.B) 12.5%.C) 10%.D) 5%.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance?A) A corporation issues new shares of stock.B) People buy shares in a mutual fund.C) A pension fund manager buys a short-term corporate security in the secondary market.D) An insurance company buys shares of common stock in the over-the-counter markets. Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance?A) A corporation takes out loans from a bank.B) People buy shares in a mutual fund.C) A corporation buys a short-term corporate security in a secondary market.D) People buy shares of common stock in the primary markets.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) Which of the following can be described as involving indirect finance?A) You make a loan to your neighbor.B) A corporation buys a share of common stock issued by another corporation in the primary market.C) You buy a U.S. Treasury bill from the U.S. Treasury at .D) You make a deposit at a bank.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) Which of the following can be described as involving indirect finance?A) You make a loan to your neighbor.B) You buy shares in a mutual fund.C) You buy a U.S. Treasury bill from the U.S. Treasury at Treasury .D) You purchase shares in an initial public offering by a corporation in the primary market. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Securities are ________ for the person who buys them, but are ________ for the individual or firm that issues them.A) assets; liabilitiesB) liabilities; assetsC) negotiable; nonnegotiableD) nonnegotiable; negotiableAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) With ________ finance, borrowers obtain funds from lenders by selling them securities in the financial markets.A) activeB) determinedC) indirectD) directAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) With direct finance, funds are channeled through the financial market from the ________ directly to the ________.A) savers, spendersB) spenders, investorsC) borrowers, saversD) investors, saversAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Distinguish between direct finance and indirect finance. Which of these is the most important source of funds for corporations in the United States?Answer: With direct finance, funds flow directly from the lender/saver to the borrower. With indirect finance, funds flow from the lender/saver to a financial intermediary who then channels the funds to the borrower/investor. Financial intermediaries (indirect finance) are the major source of funds for corporations in the U.S.AACSB: Reflective Thinking2.2 Structure of Financial Markets1) Which of the following statements about the characteristics of debt and equity is FALSE?A) They can both be long-term financial instruments.B) They can both be short-term financial instruments.C) They both involve a claim on the issuer's income.D) They both enable a corporation to raise funds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Which of the following statements about the characteristics of debt and equities is TRUE?A) They can both be long-term financial instruments.B) Bond holders are residual claimants.C) The income from bonds is typically more variable than that from equities.D) Bonds pay dividends.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Which of the following statements about financial markets and securities is TRUE?A) A bond is a long-term security that promises to make periodic payments called dividends to the firm's residual claimants.B) A debt instrument is intermediate term if its maturity is less than one year.C) A debt instrument is intermediate term if its maturity is ten years or longer.D) The maturity of a debt instrument is the number of years (term) to that instrument's expiration date.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Which of the following is an example of an intermediate-term debt?A) a fifteen-year mortgageB) a sixty-month car loanC) a six-month loan from a finance companyD) a thirty-year U.S. Treasury bondAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) If the maturity of a debt instrument is less than one year, the debt is calledA) short-term.B) intermediate-term.C) long-term.D) prima-term.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Long-term debt has a maturity that isA) between one and ten years.B) less than a year.C) between five and ten years.D) ten years or longer.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) When I purchase ________, I own a portion of a firm and have the right to vote on issues important to the firm and to elect its directors.A) bondsB) billsC) notesD) stockAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) Equity holders are a corporation's ________. That means the corporation must pay all of its debt holders before it pays its equity holders.A) debtorsB) brokersC) residual claimantsD) underwritersAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Which of the following benefits directly from any increase in the corporation's profitability?A) a bond holderB) a commercial paper holderC) a shareholderD) a T-bill holderAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) A financial market in which previously issued securities can be resold is called a ________ market.A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) used securitiesAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) An important financial institution that assists in the initial sale of securities in the primary market is theA) investment bank.B) commercial bank.C) stock exchange.D) brokerage house.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) When an investment bank ________ securities, it guarantees a price for a corporation's securities and then sells them to the public.A) underwritesB) undertakesC) overwritesD) overtakesAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge13) Which of the following is NOT a secondary market?A) foreign exchange marketB) futures marketC) options marketD) IPO marketAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) ________ work in the secondary markets matching buyers with sellers of securities.A) DealersB) UnderwritersC) BrokersD) ClaimantsAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are sold in theA) primary market by an investment bank.B) primary market by a stock exchange broker.C) secondary market by a securities dealer.D) secondary market by a commercial bank.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are sold in theA) secondary market by an investment bank.B) primary market by an investment bank.C) secondary market by a stock exchange broker.D) secondary market by a commercial bank.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) An important function of secondary markets is toA) make it easier to sell financial instruments to raise funds.B) raise funds for corporations through the sale of securities.C) make it easier for governments to raise taxes.D) create a market for newly constructed houses.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Secondary markets make financial instruments moreA) solid.B) vapid.C) liquid.D) risky.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A liquid asset isA) an asset that can easily and quickly be sold to raise cash.B) a share of an ocean resort.C) difficult to resell.D) always sold in an over-the-counter market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) The higher a security's price in the secondary market the ________ funds a firm can raise byselling securities in the ________ market.A) more; primaryB) more; secondaryC) less; primaryD) less; secondaryAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) When secondary market buyers and sellers of securities meet in one central location to conduct trades the market is called a(n)A) exchange.B) over-the-counter market.C) common market.D) barter market.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge22) In a(n) ________ market, dealers in different locations buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices.A) exchangeB) over-the-counterC) commonD) barterAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) Forty or so dealers establish a "market" in these securities by standing ready to buy and sell them.A) secondary stocksB) surplus stocksC) U.S. government bondsD) common stocksAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge24) Which of the following statements about financial markets and securities is TRUE?A) Many common stocks are traded over-the-counter, although the largest corporations usually have their shares traded at organized stock exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange. B) As a corporation gets a share of the broker's commission, a corporation acquires new funds whenever its securities are sold.C) Capital market securities are usually more widely traded than shorter-term securities and so tend to be more liquid.D) Prices of capital market securities are usually more stable than prices of money market securities, and so are often used to hold temporary surplus funds of corporations.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) A financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded is called the________ market.A) bondB) moneyC) capitalD) stockAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) Equity instruments are traded in the ________ market.A) moneyB) bondC) capitalD) commoditiesAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking27) Because these securities are more liquid and generally have smaller price fluctuations, corporations and banks use the ________ securities to earn interest on temporary surplus funds.A) money marketB) capital marketC) bond marketD) stock marketAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) Corporations receive funds when their stock is sold in the primary market. Why do corporations pay attention to what is happening to their stock in the secondary market? Answer: The existence of the secondary market makes their stock more liquid and the price in the secondary market sets the price that the corporation would receive if they choose to sell more stock in the primary market.AACSB: Reflective Thinking29) Describe the two methods of organizing a secondary market.Answer: A secondary market can be organized as an exchange where buyers and sellers meet in one central location to conduct trades. An example of an exchange is the New York Stock Exchange. A secondary market can also be organized as an over-the-counter market. In this type of market, dealers in different locations buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices. An example of an over-the-counter market is the federal funds market.AACSB: Reflective Thinking2.3 Financial Market Instruments1) Prices of money market instruments undergo the least price fluctuations because ofA) the short terms to maturity for the securities.B) the heavy regulations in the industry.C) the price ceiling imposed by government regulators.D) the lack of competition in the market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) U.S. Treasury bills pay no interest but are sold at a ________. That is, you will pay a lower purchase price than the amount you receive at maturity.A) premiumB) collateralC) defaultD) discountAnswer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) U.S. Treasury bills are considered the safest of all money market instruments because there isa low probability ofA) defeat.B) default.C) desertion.D) demarcation.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) A debt instrument sold by a bank to its depositors that pays annual interest of a given amount and at maturity pays back the original purchase price is calledA) commercial paper.B) a certificate of deposit.C) a municipal bond.D) federal funds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) A short-term debt instrument issued by well-known corporations is calledA) commercial paper.B) corporate bonds.C) municipal bonds.D) commercial mortgages.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking6) ________ are short-term loans in which Treasury bills serve as collateral.A) Repurchase agreementsB) Negotiable certificates of depositC) Federal fundsD) U.S. government agency securitiesAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking7) Collateral is ________ the lender receives if the borrower does not pay back the loan.A) a liabilityB) an assetC) a presentD) an offeringAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) Federal funds areA) funds raised by the federal government in the bond market.B) loans made by the Federal Reserve System to banks.C) loans made by banks to the Federal Reserve System.D) loans made by banks to each other.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) An important source of short-term funds for commercial banks are ________ which can be resold on the secondary market.A) negotiable CDsB) commercial paperC) mortgage-backed securitiesD) municipal bondsAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge。
chapter 2商务英语专业跨文化交际第2章 案例 理论 习题答案
receiver
A symbol of wisdom as wise as an owl
D=D C‡C
猫头鹰 A symbol of bad luck
More examples
风水，经脉，知识份子，干部，……
公&母
Generic term chicken Duck goose male cock, rooster Drake gander female hen Duck goose young chick Duckling gosling
America
A place where law talks!
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
3.
Before the man saying sorry, the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspaper in hand and shyly said: “Sir, can you send me home? It is not very far from here.” Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home.
hot and irritable
Wuhan
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
6.
The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl. But the beautiful girl smiled and said: __________________________
深圳牛津英语七年级下册Chapter2课文语言点解析及练习题
Chapter2 protecting our environment一、课文重点语言点1.Pollution means.... making things dirty and unhealthy.Make的用法：★重点▲ make sth.\sb. + adj. 使...处于某种状态,如：the good news made me happy.▲做使役动词:make/let/ have sb.do sth. 使某人做某事（使役动词后接动词原形），如：The boss made his workers work 15 hours a day.Don't let him do the job.2. The best-known flowers in ....these sweet-smelling flowers are known as the flowers of Shenzhen city.▲best-known 最有名的（well-known的最高级well-known=famous著名的）▲be know n as=be famous as 作为...而著名be known for= be famous for 因为....而著名3.Trees give out harmful gases. ★重点▲give out ①发出光、热、气味等，如：the sun gives out light and heat. ②分发he gave out all his money to the poor. ③被耗尽，用光：our food has given out▲拓展和give 相关的词组：give off= give out, give up doing放弃，停止做某事4.Trees can pass information to one another.▲pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 向某人传递某物如：Pass me the book.=Pass the book to me.▲可接双宾的还有give, buy, show, offer, provide，bring等词▲ one another和each other:都表示“互相”，可通用。
商务沟通chapter2习题
1.（单选题）Nonverbal signals can be more influential than spoken language becauseA.body language is difficult to control and therefore difficult to fake,so listeners often put more trust in nonverbal cues than in the words a speaker usesB.nonverbal signals communicate faster than spoken language, and most people are impatientC.body language saves listeners from the trouble of paying attention to what a speaker is sayingD.nonverbal signals are universal and work the same in every culture2.（单选题）If you are analyzing the logic behind a speaker's conclusions and recommendations，which style of listening are you using？A.Content listeningB.Defensive listeningC.Empathic listeningD.Critical listening3.（单选题）Which of the following is the best general advice about touch in the workplace?A.Touch is a complex subject best left to individual interpretationB.Other than handshakes, the best general advice forthe workplace is to avoid touching anyone under any circumstancesC.Friendly touching should be encouraged as a way to build team rapportD.Decisions about touch should be determined by cultural norms4.（单选题）Which of the following is true about nonverbal signals?A.They convey 93 percent of the information in a spoken exchangeB.They convey 7 percent of the information in a spoken exchangeC.They can convey some portion of the information in a spoken exchangeD.They always convey more than spoken language5.（单选题）Which of these is the best strategy for interpreting nonverbal signals while you are listening to someone speak in person？AUse nonverbal signals as a guide to interpretation,but don't assume anything;if you sense a disconnect between what you are seeing and what the person is saying, ask the speaker an honest and respectful question to clarifyBIf you know the person well,you can safely assume that the nonverbal signals you are seeing are more truthful than whatever the person is sayingCTrust your instincts and ability to "read someone likea book",even if that means concluding the opposite of what the person is sayingDPay particular attention to eye contact; anyone who won't look you in the eye is hiding something6.（单选题）Which of these is not one of the potential benefits identified in the Chapter 2 of unplanned,informal conversations that take place during a typical workday?AThey present rare opportunities to get a few minutes of "face time" with senior executives and other influential peopleBThey are opportunities to network with people acrossthe company and to learn more about the company and its operationsCThey are an important way to "blow off steam" so that you can release pent-up frustrations and thereby focus more effectively on your workDThey can make work more satisfying by helping youand your colleagues relate to one another on a more personal or social level7.（单选题）How should you prepare yourself for a conversation that might involve unwelcome information,such as a performance review from your boss?ARemind yourself where you stand in the corporatehierarchy; it's a waste of energy to dispute information coming from a superiorBCome armed with plenty of information to back up your positionCBolster your confidence and determination by reminding yourself of how hard you work and how much you contribute to the organizationDRemind yourself not to get defensive and to treat the conversation as an exchange of useful and important information8.（单选题）Why is it important to prepare thoroughly before having a difficult conversation?A.Preparation helps ensure that the conversation won't get sidetracked with heated arguments over detailsB.Victory in any dispute nearly always goes to the person who is better preparedC.Thorough preparation helps you ignorethe emotional element of the conversationD.You are unlikely to show intellectualdominance if you attempt to "wing it"9.（单选题）Why is it important to take the time required toidentify the true source of conflict before attempting to resolve it？A.Failing to do so leaves a company vulnerable to legal actionB.Conflict is never about what it appears to be aboutC.The apparent conflict might not be the real conflictD.It's a vital step to verify that you are not at fault。
人力资源管理-Unit2-英文-习题与答案
Chapter 2: Equal Opportunity and the LawMultiple Choice1.Every time you advertise a job opening, interview, test or select a candidate orappraise an employee, you should be aware of:a.equal employment opportunity lawb.anti-discrimination lawc.criminal lawd.both a and be.both a and c(d; moderate)2.The _____ Amendment to the US Constitution states, “no person shall bedeprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law.〞a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(b; moderate)3.The _____ Amendment to the US Constitution makes it illegal for any state to“make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.〞a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(e; moderate)4.Which Amendment to the US Constitution is generally viewed as barringdiscrimination based on sex, national origin, or race?a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(e; moderate)5.In the US, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination based onall of the following characteristics except _____.a.raceb.sexual orientationc.colord.religione.national origin(b; moderate)6.In the US, the _____ made it unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis ofsex when jobs involve equal work, require equivalent skills, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions.a.Title VIIb.Equal Pay Actc.Executive Order (US President)d.Age Discrimination in Employment Acte.13th Amendment to the US Constitution(b; moderate)7.Which of the following factors is not an acceptable basis for different pay forequal work under the US Equal Pay Act?a.genderb.seniority systemc.merit pay systemd.quality of productione.all are unacceptable factors(a; moderate)8.The US EEOC guidelines define sexual harassment as:a.unwelcome sexual advancesb.requests for sexual favorsc.verbal sexual conductd.physical sexual conducte.all the above(e; moderate)9. In the US, when is sexual harassment a violation of sex harassment law?a.when such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interferingwith a person’s work performanceb.when such conduct has the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating,hostile, or offensive work environmentc.when a crime of violence is motivated by genderd.both a and be.all of the above(d; moderate)10. In the US, _____ exists when an employer treats an individual differentlybecause that individual is a member of a particular race, religion, gender, or ethnic group.a. Disparate treatmentb. Disparate impactc. Unintentional discriminationd. Adverse impacte. Prima facie(a; easy)11. In the US, _____ refers to the total employment process that results in asignificantly higher percentage of a protected group in the candidate population being rejected for employment, placement, or promotion.a.disparate treatmentb.disparate impactc.unintentional discriminationd.adverse impacte.prima facie(d; easy)12. In the US, employers primarily use bona fide occupational qualification(BFOQ) as a defense against charges of discrimination based on _____.a.raceb.sexual orientationc.aged.gendere.all of the above(c; easy)13. In the US, religion may be used as a BFOQ if _____.a. a religious organization requires employees to share its religionb.an employer does not want to honor an employee’s religious holidaysc.hiring a person to teach in a nondenominational schoold.all of the abovee.none of the above(a; moderate)14. Which of the following characteristics could serve as a BFOQ depending onthe nature of the job requirements?a.ageb.genderc.national origind.religione.all of the above(e; easy)15. Organizations can measure diversity by using _____.a.equal employment hiring metricsb.employee attitude surveysc.management and employee evaluationsd.focus groupse.all of the above(e; moderate)16. Diversity management includes the following step(s):a.provide strong leadershipb.assess the situationc.provide diversity trainingd. a and be.a, b and c17. In providing strong leadership in diversity management, the CEO of acompany musta.take a personal interestb.become the role modelc.talk to every workerd. a and be.a, b and c(d; moderate; )18. In a company, the tools to measuring diversity include the following:a.equal employment hiring and retention metricsb.employee attitude surveyc.employee evaluationd. a and be.a, b and c(e; moderate)19. The objectives of diversity training include the following:a.make employees aware of value differencesb.build self esteem of the different ethnic groupsc.create a friendly atmosphere in the companyd. a and be.a, b and c(e; moderate)20. In Australia, employees are protected against discrimination at the workplaceby laws at the:a.federal levelb.state levelpany leveld. a and be.all of the above(d; moderate)21. In Australia, employees who have been discriminated against by an employermay complain to the:a.Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commissionb.Ministry of Laborc.Prime Ministerd.Parliamente.All of the above(a; easy)22. In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance covers the following:a.work situationb.non-work situationc.special situationd. a and be.a, b and c(d; easy)23. In Hong Kong, the Equal Opportunities Commission provides employers witha code of practice on:a.job advertisementsb.job titlespensationd.promotione.all of the above(e; moderate)24. In Indonesia, under the employment law, pregnant women have the followingrights:a.they cannot be dismissedb.they can return to their job after maternity leavec.they can have six months of maternity leaved. a and be.a, b and c(d; moderate)\25. In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits the following:a.discrimination based on nationalityb.discrimination based on creedc.discrimination based on social statusd. a and be.a, b and c(e; easy)26. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices encourages self-regulation on the part of employers in:a.recruitmentb.selectionc.appraisald.traininge.all of the above(e; easy)27. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices recommendsthat employers should not discriminate employees based on:a. raceb. religionc. aged. gendere. all of the above(e; easy)28. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices is recommendedby:a. Singapore National Employers Federationb. Singapore Business Federationc. National Trades Union Congressd. The governmente. a, b, and c(e; moderate)29. Candidates for employment should be selected based on the following:a.meritb.experiencec.capabilityd. a and be.a, b, and c(e; easy)30. Selection criteria should be consistently applied to the following aspect(s) ofemployment:a.recruitmentb.trainingc.appraisald. a and be.a, b, and c(e; easy)31. In South Korea, the Labor Standards Act prohibits employers fromdiscrimination against workers by:a.genderb.nationalityc.religiond.social statuse.all of the above(e; easy)32. In South Korea, under the Aged Employment Promotion Act, it isrecommended that companies with over 300 workers should have a minimum ____ percent of their workers in the above-55 age group.a.Threeb.Fivec.Tend.Fifteene.Twenty(a; moderate)33. In Malaysia, under the Code of Practice for the Prevention and Handling ofSexual Harassment at the Workplace, the Ministry of Manpower has:a.special division to deal with harassment casesb.the power to jail any person accused of sexual harassmentc.the power to fine any person accused of sexual harassmentd.the power to compensate the victim of sexual harassmente.all of the above(a; easy)34. In Thailand, under the Labor Protection Act, women may:a.sue employers for passing sexist remarksb.sue colleagues for passing sexist remarksc.seek compensation from the governmentd. a and be.none of the above(d; easy)True/ False35.Managers in non-U.S. companies must be aware of equal employmentopportunity laws in the US and in countries where they do business. (T; easy) 36.U.S. citizens working overseas for U.S. companies do not have the same equalemployment opportunity protection as those working within U.S. borders. (F;easy)37.In the U.S., equal employment opportunity laws were only introduced a fewyears ago. (F; easy)38.Managing diversity means maximizing diversity’s pot ential advantages whileminimizing the potential barriers that can undermine the functioning of a diverse workforce. (T; easy)39.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because oflegal requirements. (T; easy)40.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because ofglobalization. (T; moderate)41.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because ofchanges in workforce demographics. (T; moderate)42.In most countries, the workforce consists of people from different ethnic origins.(T; moderate)43.Global companies actively recruit and maintain a diverse workforce to tap thetalents from different ethnic groups (T; moderate)44.Managing diversity implies that companies are exploiting workers fromdifferent ethnic groups (F; difficult)45.Managing diversity involves only compulsory management action. (F;moderate)46.Managing diversity involves only voluntary management action. (F; moderate)47.Managing diversity involves both compulsory and voluntary management action.(T; moderate)48.Managing diversity involves more than just employing workers of differentethnic origins. (T; difficult)49.In most countries, there are laws to prevent discrimination at the workplace (T;easy)50.Diversity management training should include inter-group conflict managementskills. (T; moderate)51.In diversity management practices, supervisors must be trained to deal withinter-group conflict. (T; moderate)52.Training foreign workers in their own language will help them to be moresensitive to ethnic differences. (T, difficult)53.Teaching foreign workers how to speak English will help them to be moresensitive to other cultures. (T; difficult)54.Having employees from different backgrounds helps the company to understanddifferent customer preferences. (T; moderate)55.Having employees from different ethnic groups helps the company to project amulti-cultural image. (T; moderate)56.It is expensive to maintain a multi-cultural workforce. (F; moderate)57.Workplace diversity makes strategic sense. (T; easy)58.Equal employment opportunity is the same as affirmative action. (F; moderate)59.Equal employment opportunity means giving every person an equal chance toget a job. (T; easy)60.The objective of affirmative action is to eliminate past effects of pastdiscrimination. (T; moderate)61.Affirmative action implies giving privileges to some protected groups. (T;difficult)62.Managing diversity is voluntary. (T; moderate)63.Affirmative action programs are mandatory. (T; moderate)64.In Australia, there are laws to ensure that only Australians are not discriminatedagainst in the workplace. (F; easy)65.In Australia, employees who have been discriminated against by an employermay complain to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. (T;easy)66.In Australia, non-Australian employees are not protected against discrimination.(F; difficult)67.In Hong Kong, advertisements that specify gender or marital status are barred.(T; moderate)68.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance deals only with discriminationbased on the grounds of sex. (F; moderate)69.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance deals with discriminationbased on the grounds of sex, marital status and pregnancy. (T; moderate)70.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance covers only work situations.(F; moderate)71.In Hong Kong, it is illegal to have different titles for men and women doing thesame work. (T; moderate)72.In Hong Kong, the Family Status Ordinance protects persons who areresponsible for taking care of their family members. (T; moderate)73.In Hong Kong, the Equal Employment Commission has to power to investigatenon-compliance with the law. (T; easy)74.In Indonesia, there are no anti-discrimination laws for female employees. (T;easy)75.In Indonesia, as there are no anti-discrimination laws, employers may dismisspregnant workers. (F; moderate)76.In Japan, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law provides equality inopportunities concerning recruitment, payment, promotion and training between male and female workers. (T; easy)77.In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits only discrimination in wages andwork hours. (F; moderate)78.Singapore is a multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. (T; easy)79.In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices helps employersto promote responsible employment practices. (T; easy)80.In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices is issued by the81.In Singapore, employers may be jailed for not complying with the Code ofResponsible Employment Practices. (F; difficult)82.In Singapore, workers may sue their employers under the Code of ResponsibleEmployment Practices. (F; difficult)83.In South Korea, under the Aged Employment Promotion Act, all companiesmust employ some workers in the above-55 age group. (F; moderate)84.In South Korea, under the Employment Promotion Act for the Handicapped, allcompanies must employ some handicapped workers. (F; moderate)85.In South Korea, the Labor Standard Act prohibits employers fromdiscrimination against workers by gender, nationality, religion or social status.(T; easy)86.In Malaysia, the Code of Practice for the Prevention and Handling of SexualHarassment at the Workplace provides a mechanism for redress. (T; moderate) 87.In Malaysia, the Ministry of Human Resources has a special division to handlesexual harassment cases. (T; moderate)88.In Malaysia, the government encourages trade unions to include sexualharassment clauses in the collective agreements. (T; easy)89.In Thailand, women are protected under the Labor Protection Law. (T;moderate)90.In Thailand, women workers may sue their colleagues for making sexist remarksat the workplace. (T; moderate)91.In order to attract the best candidates, employers should adopt non-discriminatory HR practices. (T; easy)92.Employers should apply non-discriminatory criteria only for some aspects ofemployment. (F; easy).93.Criteria and terms of employment should be made known to all employees. (T;moderate)94.There are business situations where a person’s race may be a requirement for t hejob. (T; difficult)95.There are business situations where a person’s national origin may be arequirement for the job. (T; difficult)Chapter 2: Equal Opportunity and the Law Essay/ Short Answer96.What are the five sets of voluntary organizational activities that support thesuccess of a diversity management program? (moderate)Answer: The activities are to provide strong leadership, assess the situation, provide diversity training and education, change culture and management systems, and evaluate the diversity management program.97.Several Asian countries have introduced anti-discrimination laws that make itunlawful to treat a person unfairly because of certain attributes. Give two examples.Answer: In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits discrimination in wages, work hours and other labor conditions because of nationality, creed or social status. In South Korea, its Labor Standard Act prohibits employers from discrimination against workers by gender, nationality, religion, or social status.98.What is the purpose of introducing the Code of Responsible EmploymentPractices in Singapore?Answer: To help employers promote responsible employment practices regardless of race, religion, age, gender, marital status, disability or factors which are not relevant to the job.99.In some business situati ons, a person’s race, nationality or religion may be arequirement for a job. Give some examples.Answer: a) When the employee is recruit to deal with clients of a specific language group. b) When the employee has to handle food or products that are not permitted by some religions (e.g. Muslims are not allowed to handle pork;Hindus do not eat beef).29。
罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap002
Test Bank to accompany Rosen’s PublicFinance, Seventh Edition Chapter 2CHAPTER 2 - Tools of Positive AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.77. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose tha t a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), wheres is the slope of thedemand curve, P is the price, and X is the quantity demanded, tofind elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good Xis 20.3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 –P/5. The supply of tickets can be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments makingpolicy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables ondependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for arelated good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “S ince the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste oftime.” Comment on the above statement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbagein . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such asschool funding, and reach entirely different conclusions. Why is this so?。
光电子学课后习题chapter2&3
（3-1-5） lc = c ∆ν
故：光源频率宽度越窄，相干时间越长，相干长度 也越长。
Ac ≈
λ 2 R2
∆As
（3-1-12）
相干面积：面积为AS的光源辐射出波长为λ的光波， 通过与光源相距为R且垂直于光的传播方向上的平 面两点，如果这两点位于Ac内，这两点的光场相 关，可产生干涉效应。
λ 2 R2 c i Vc = Ac lc = ∆As ∆ν
（3-1-13）
相干体积：在单位面积光源辐射出的单位频率宽度的 光波，在其传播方向上可产生干涉效应的范围。
3.谐振腔里两个反射镜的曲率半径份别为40cm,80cm, 求实现稳定腔工作时，腔长的取值范围。 解: R1=40cm>0,R2=80cm>0
2.一光束入射到长为10CM，增益系数为0.5CM-1的工作 物质中，求出射光强对入射光强的比值。 解： 利用增益系数的公式
1 I ( x) G = ln x I0
( 2 − 2 − 3)
Gx
⇒ I ( x) = I 0 e
I ( x = 10) Gx 0.5×10 5 =e =e = e ≈ 148 I0
⎛ L ⎞⎛ L⎞ ∵ 0 < g1 g 2 = ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ 1 − ⎟ < 1 ⎝ R1 ⎠⎝ R2 ⎠
( R1 − L)( R2 − L) <1 R1 R2 ∵ R1 R2 > 0 ∴ ( R1 − L)( R2 − L) < R1 R2
⇒ L2 -（R1 +R2） 0 L < L ⋅ [ L-(R1 +R2 )] < 0 ∵L > 0 ∴ L < R1 +R2
− LG
Introduction to Management Science 5th Edition, 课后习题答案 Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2LINEAR PROGRAMMING: BASIC CONCEPTSSOLUTION TO SOLVED PROBLEMS2.S1Back Savers Production ProblemBack Savers is a company that produces backpacks primarily for students. They are considering offering some combination of two different models—the Collegiate and the Mini. Both are made out of the same rip-resistant nylon fabric. Back Savers has a long-term contract with a supplier of the nylon and receives a 5000 square-foot shipment of the material each week. EachCollegiate requires 3 square feet while each Mini requires 2 square feet. The sales forecasts indicate that at most 1000 Collegiates and 1200 Minis can be sold per week. Each Collegiate requires 45 minutes of labor to produce and generates a unit profit of $32. Each Mini requires40 minutes of labor and generates a unit profit of $24. Back Savers has 35 laborers that eachprovides 40 hours of labor per week. Management wishes to know what quantity of each type of backpack to produce per week.a. Formulate and solve a linear programming model for this problem on a spreadsheet.To build a spreadsheet model for this problem, start by entering the data. The data for thisproblem are the unit profit of each type of backpack, the resource requirements (square feet of nylon and labor hours required), the availability of each resource, 5400 square feet of nylon and(35 laborers)(40 hours/laborer) = 1400 labor hours, and the sales forecast for each type ofbackpack (1000 Collegiates and 1200 Minis). In order to keep the units consistent in row 8(hours), the labor required for each backpack (in cells C8 and D8) are converted from minutes to hours (0.75 hours = 45 minutes, 0.667 hours = 40 minutes). The range names UnitProfit(C4:D4), Available (G7:G8), and SalesForecast (C13:D13) are added for these data.The decision to be made in this problem is how many of each type of backpack to make.Therefore, we add two changing cells with range name UnitsProduced (C11:D11). The values in CallsPlaced will eventually be determined by the Solver. For now, arbitrary values of 10 and 10 are entered.The goal is to produce backpacks so as to achieve the highest total profit. Thus, the objective cell should calculate the total profit, where the objective will be to maximize this objective cell. In this case, the total profit will beTotal Profit = ($32)(# of Collegiates) + ($24)(# of Minis)orTotal Cost = SUMPRODUCT(UnitProfit, UnitsProduced).This formula is entered into cell G11 and given a range name of TotalProfit. With 10 Collegiates and 10 Minis produced, the total profit would be ($32)(10) + ($24)(10) = $560.The first set of constraints in this problem involve the limited available resources (nylon and labor hours). Given the number of units produced (UnitsProduced in C11:D11), we calculate the total resources required. For nylon, this will be =SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7, UnitsProduced) in cell E7. By using a range name or an absolute reference for the units produced, this formula can be copied into cell E8 to calculate the labor hours required. The total resources used(TotalResources in E7:E8) must be <= Available (in cells G7:G8), as indicated by the <= in F7:F8.The final constraint is that it does not make sense to produce more backpacks than can be sold (as predicted by the sales forecast). Therefore UnitsProduced (C11:D11) should be less-than-or-equal-to the SalesForecast (C13:D13), as indicated by the <= in C12:D125678E Total Required=SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7,UnitsProduced)=SUMPRODUCT(C8:D8,UnitsProduced)The Solver information and solved spreadsheet are shown below.Thus, they should produce 1000 Collegiates and 975 Minis to achieve the maximum total profit of $55,400.b. Formulate this same model algebraically.To build an algebraic model for this problem, start by defining the decision variables. In this case, the two decisions are how many Collegiates to produce and how many Minis to produce. These variables are defined below: Let C = Number of Collegiates to produce,M = Number of Minis to produce.Next determine the goal of the problem. In this case, the goal is to produce the number of each type of backpack to achieve the highest possible total profit. Each Collegiate yields a unit profit of $32 while each Mini yields a unit profit of $24. The objective function is thereforeSolver ParametersSet Objective Cell: TotalProfit To: MaxBy Changing Variable Cells: UnitsProducedSubject to the Constraints: TotalRequired <= Available UnitsProduced <= SalesForecastSolver Options:Make Variables Nonnegative Solving Method: Simplex LP5678E Total Required=SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7,UnitsProduced)=SUMPRODUCT(C8:D8,UnitsProduced)Maximize Total Profit = $32C + $24M.The first set of constraints in this problem involve the limited resources (nylon and labor hours).Given the number of backpacks produced, C and M, and the required nylon and labor hours for each, the total resources used can be calculated. These total resources used need to be less than or equal to the amount available. Since the labor available is in units of hours, the labor required for each backpack needs to be in units of hours (3/4 hour and 2/3 hour) rather than minutes (45 minutes and 40 minutes). These constraints are as follows:Nylon: 3C + 2M≤ 5400 square feet,Labor Hours: (3/4)C + (2/3)M≤ 1400 hours.The final constraint is that they should not produce more of each backpack than the salesforecast. Therefore,Sales Forecast: C≤ 1000M≤ 1200.After adding nonnegativity constraints, the complete algebraic formulation is given below: Let C = Number of Collegiates to produce,M = Number of Minis to produce.Maximize Total Profit = $32C + $24M,subject toNylon: 3C + 2M≤ 5400 square feet,Labor Hours: (3/4)C + (2/3)M≤ 1400 hours,Sales Forecast: C≤ 1000M≤ 1200.and C≥ 0, M≥ 0.c. Use the graphical method by hand to solve this model.Start by plotting a graph with Collegiates (C) on the horizontal axis and Minis (M) on the vertical axis, as shown below.Next, the four constraint boundary lines (where the left-hand-side of the constraint exactly equals the right-hand-side) need to be plotted. The easiest way to do this is by determining where these lines intercepts the two axes. For the Nylon constraint boundary line (3C + 2M = 5400), setting M = 0 yields a C -intercept of 1800 while setting C = 0 yields an M -intercept of 2700. For the Labor constraint boundary line ((3/4)C + (2/3)M = 1400), setting M = 0 yields a C -intercept of 1866.67 while setting C = 0 yields an M -intercept of 2100. The sales forecast constraints are a horizontal line at M = 1200 and a vertical line at C = 1000. These constraint boundary lines are plotted below.100015005002000500100015002000MiniCollegiate 25003000A feasible solution must be below and/or to the left of all four of these constraints while being above the Collegiate axis (since C ≥ 0) and to the right of the Mini axis (since M ≥ 0). This yields the feasible region shown below.100015005002000500100015002000Mini Collegiate 25003000(3/4)C + (2/3)100015005002000500100015002000Mini Collegiate25003000To find the optimal solution, an objective function line is plotted by setting the objective function equal to a value. For example, the objective function line when the value of the objective function is $48,000 is plotted as a dashed line below.$32C + $24M = $48,000All objective function lines will be parallel to this one. To find the feasible solution that maximizes profit, slide this line out as far as possible while still touching the feasible region. This occurs when the profit is $55,400, and the objective function line intersect the feasible region at the single point with (C, M) = (1000, 975) as shown below.$32C + $24M = $55,400Therefore, the optimal solution is to produce 1000 Collegiates and 975 Minis, yielding a total profit of $55,400.2.S2Conducting a Marketing SurveyThe marketing group for a cell phone manufacturer plans to conduct a telephone survey todetermine consumer attitudes toward a new cell phone that is currently under development. In order to have a sufficient sample size to conduct the analysis, they need to contact at least 100 young males (under age 40), 150 older males (over age 40), 120 young females (under age 40), and 200 older females (over age 40). It costs $1 to make a daytime phone call and $1.50 to make an evening phone call (due to higher labor costs). This cost is incurred whether or not anyone answers the phone. The table below shows the likelihood of a given customer type answering each phone call. Assume the survey is conducted with whoever first answers the phone. Also, because of limited evening staffing, at most one-third of phone calls placed can be evening phone calls. How should the marketing group conduct the telephone survey so as to meet the sample size requirements at the lowest possible cost?Who Answers? Daytime Calls Evening CallsYoung Male 10% 20%Older Male 15% 30%Young Female 20% 20%Older Female 35% 25%No Answer 20% 5%a.Formulate and solve a linear programming model for this problem on a spreadsheet.To build a spreadsheet model for this problem, start by entering the data. The data for thisproblem are the cost of each type of phone call, the percentages of each customer type answering each type of phone call, and the total number of each customer type needed for the survey.The decision to be made in this problem is how many of each type of phone call to make.Therefore, we add two changing cells with range name CallsPlaced (C13:D13). The values in CallsPlaced will eventually be determined by the Solver. For now, arbitrary values of 10 and 5 are entered.The goal of the marketing group is to conduct the survey at the lowest possible cost. Thus, the objective cell should calculate the total cost, where the objective will be to minimize this objective cell. In this case, the total cost will beTotal Cost = ($1)(# of daytime calls) + ($1.50)(# of evening calls)orTotal Cost = SUMPRODUCT(UnitCost, CallsPlaced).This formula is entered into cell G13 and given a range name of TotalCost. With 10 daytime phone calls and 5 evening calls, the total cost would be ($1)(10) + ($1.50)(5) = $17.50.The first set of constraints in this problem involve the minimum responses required from each customer group. Given the number of calls placed (CallsPlaced in C13:D13), we calculate the total responses by each customer type. For young males, this will be =SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7, CallsPlaced). By using a range name or an absolute reference for the calls placed, this formula can be copied into cells E8-E10 to calculate the number of older males, young females, and older females reached. The total responses of each customer type (Total Responses in E7:E10) must be >= ResponsesNeeded (in cells G7:G10), as indicated by the >= in F7:F10.The final constraint is that at most one third of the total calls placed can be evening calls. In other words:Evening Calls <= (1/3)(Total Calls Placed)The two sides of this constraint (i.e., evening calls and 1/3 of total calls placed) are calculated in cells C15 and E15. Enter <= in D15 to show that C15 <= E15.5678910ETotal Responses=SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C8:D8,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C9:D9,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C10:D10,CallsPlaced)The Solver information and solved spreadsheet are shown below.Thus, the marketing group should place 500 daytime calls and 250 evening calls at a total cost of $875.Solver ParametersSet Objective Cell: TotalCost To: MinBy Changing Variable Cells: CallsPlacedSubject to the Constraints: EveningCalls <= E15TotalResponses >= ResponsesNeeded Solver Options:Make Variables Nonnegative Solving Method: Simplex LP5678910ETotal Responses=SUMPRODUCT(C7:D7,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C8:D8,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C9:D9,CallsPlaced)=SUMPRODUCT(C10:D10,CallsPlaced)b. Formulate this same model algebraically.To build an algebraic model for this problem, start by defining the decision variables. In this case, the two decisions are how many daytime calls and how many evening calls to place. These variables are defined below:Let D = Number of daytime calls to placeE = Number of evening calls to place.Next determine the goal of the problem. In this case, the goal is to conduct the marketing survey at the lowest possible cost. Each daytime call costs $1 while each evening call costs $1.50. The objective function is thereforeMinimize Total Cost = $1D + $1.50E.The first set of constraints in this problem involve the minimum responses required from each customer group. Given the number of calls place, D and E, and the percentage of calls answered by each customer group, the total responses for each customer group is calculated. These total responses need to be greater than or equal to the minimum responses required. These constraints are as follows:Young Males: (10%)D + (20%)E≥ 100Older Males: (15%)D + (30%)E≥ 150Young Females: (20%)D + (20%)E≥ 120Older Females: (35%)D + (25%)E ≥ 200.The final constraint is that at most one third of the total calls placed can be evening calls. In other words:Evening Calls <= (1/3)(Total Calls Placed)Substituting E for Evening Calls, and D + E for Total Calls Placed yields the followingconstraint:E≤ (1/3)(D + E).After adding nonnegativity constraints, the complete algebraic formulation is given below: Let D = Number of daytime calls to placeE = Number of evening calls to place.Minimize Total Cost = $1D + $1.50E.subject toYoung Males: (10%)D + (20%)E≥ 100Older Males: (15%)D + (30%)E≥ 150Young Females: (20%)D + (20%)E≥ 120Older Females: (35%)D + (25%)E ≥ 200Evening Call Ratio: E≤ (1/3)(D + E)and D≥ 0, E≥ 0.。
完整word版语言学练习Chapter2习题
Chapter 2：PhonologyI.D ecide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties ofthe stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ___ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22． A ___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s .27．S _________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only iscalled broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i .31． P ___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32． The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T _____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34． Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35． Of all the speech organs, theis a voiced alveolar stop.40． The sound /f/ isis/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36． The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37． A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by a sequential phoneme, thus making the twophones ______________________________________________copying ” a featur A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be .A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pairA. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopD. voiceless labiodental fricative C. voiceless velar fricative41. A ___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called .C. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.C. allophoneD. phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the of that phoneme.C. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?A. backB. centralC. frontD. middleA. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsA. phoneB. soundA. phonesB. sounds45. phonology phoneticalphabet46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international 49. intonationphonetics50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ?。
抽象代数Chapter2习题答案
HW 2 Solutions, (October 5th, 2011)
All problems from Chapter 2 of Artin’s Algebra. 1.3 If map r : N → N was a right inverse for the shift map s, then the composition sr would send 1 to 1. However, the number 1 is not in the image of s so such a right inverse is impossible. For any n ∈ N, define the map ℓn by ℓn (i) = i − 1 if i ≥ 2 and ℓn (1) = n. Then the composition ℓn s is the identity on N. Thus we have exhibited an infinite number of left inverses. 2.1 Group multiplication table for S3 = {e, (12), (13), (23), (123), (132)} with first row (resp. column) corree (12) (23) (13) (123) (132) (12) e (123) (132) (23) (13) (23) (132) e (123) (13) (12) sponding to left (resp. right-) multiplication by identity e: . (13) (123) (132) e (12) (23) (123) (13) (12) (23) (132) e (132) (23) (13) (12) e (123) 2.2 Let S ′ be the subset of S consisting of invertible elements. We must show that the associative law of composition, ◦, on S restricts to a law of composition on S ′ . In other words, we need to show closure: if s1 and s2 are invertible (i.e. in S ′ ), then s1 ◦ s2 is also invertible (i.e. in S ′ ). But this is clearly true since 1 −1 ′ s− 2 ◦ s1 is the inverse of s1 ◦ s2 . This law of composition on S is associative since it is associative on S . To complete the proof that subset S ′ is a group, we need to check that identity and inverses are in S ′ , and these follow quickly. 2.4 a) Yes, GLn (R) is a subgroup of GLn (C), clearly the product of two invertible matrices with real entries is an invertible matrix with real entries (implies closure ). The identity matrix has real entries, and the inverse of a matrix with real entries also has real entries. b) Yes, {−1, 1} is a subgroup of R× . (Similar technique as in part (a).) c) No, the inverse of a positive integer (under addition) is not a positive integer. d) Yes, {positive reals} is a subgroup of R× . (Similar technique as in part (a).) e) No, matrix a 0 is not invertible. 0 0 1
货币金融学chapter2英文习题
Economics of Money，Banking，and Financial Markets, 11e，Global Edition (Mishkin）Chapter 2 An Overview of the Financial System2.1 Function of Financial Markets1) Every financial market has the following characteristic.A) It determines the level of interest rates.B） It allows common stock to be traded。
C) It allows loans to be made.D） It channels funds from lenders-savers to borrowers-spenders.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2） Financial markets have the basic function ofA） getting people with funds to lend together with people who want to borrow funds. B） assuring that the swings in the business cycle are less pronounced。
C) assuring that governments need never resort to printing money.D) providing a risk-free repository of spending power。
Answer： AAACSB： Reflective Thinking3） Financial markets improve economic welfare becauseA） they channel funds from investors to savers。
语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿
语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
语言学第二章练习题
Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?V oicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
固体物理第二章习题
a2 ，其中 a 为立 h2 k 2 l 2
2 2 2 i ， b* j ， c* k a a a
与晶面族（hkl）正交的倒格矢为 G h ha * kb * lc *
a2 2 2 由面间距与倒格矢的关系式 d ，得 d 2 | Gh | h k2 l2
因为晶体的晶格常数的数量级为1010m只有波长与晶格常数为一个数量级的电磁波或粒子才能以晶格作为衍射光栅进行晶格常数的测定而可见光的波长范围是400nm760nm远大于晶格常数所以不能用它作晶体结构的分析3
班级 学号 姓名 一、简要回答下列问题(answer the following questions)： 1．与晶列 [l1l2l3 ] 垂直的倒格面的面指数是什么？ Chapter 2 X 射线衍射和倒格子
成绩
［答］正格子与倒格子互为倒格子。对于晶面指数为 (h1 h2 h3 ) 的正格子中的晶面，其倒格子 矢量 Gh h1b1 h2 b 2 h3b 3 是这一族晶面的公共法线方向，即与这族晶面垂直。 因此，与晶列 [l1l2 l3 ] 垂直的倒格面的面指数是 (l1l2 l3 ) 。
2．对晶体作结构分析时，是否可以用可见光，为什么？
10
m ， b 6 10 10 m ， c 8 10 10 m ，基矢间
夹角 90 ， 90 ， 120 。试求：倒格子基矢的大小；正、倒格子原胞
的体积；正格子(210)晶面族的面间距。 7．如图所示，设二维正三角形晶格相邻原子间距为 a，试求： (1) 正格子基矢和倒格子基矢； (2) 画出第一布里渊区，并求出第一布里渊区的内接圆半径。
a/2
a/2
9. 用波长为 λ 的 X 射线，照射晶格常数为 a 的金刚石结构晶体，问要得到衍射 面指数为（220）的衍射斑点，对应的布拉格角应是多少？ 10. 试求面心立方结构、体心立方结构和金刚石结构的几何结构因子；并讨论其 衍射消光条件。 11. 用钯靶 K X 射线投射到 NaCl 晶体上，测得其一级反射的掠射角为 5.9° ，已 知 NaCl 晶胞中 Na＋与 Cl－的距离为 2.82 1010 m ，晶体密度为 2.16 g / cm3 。求： (1) X 射线的波长；(2) 阿伏加德罗常数。
Chapter2第二章
第二章思考题1 试写出导热傅里叶定律的一般形式，并说明其中各个符号的意义。
答：傅立叶定律的一般形式为：nx t gradt q∂∂-=λλ＝－，其中：gradt 为空间某点的温度梯度；n 是通过该点的等温线上的法向单位矢量，指向温度升高的方向；q 为该处的热流密度矢量。
2 已知导热物体中某点在x,y,z 三个方向上的热流密度分别为y x q q ,及z q ，如何获得该点的热密度矢量？答：k q j q i q q z y x ⋅+⋅+⋅=，其中k j i,,分别为三个方向的单位矢量量。
3 试说明得出导热微分方程所依据的基本定律。
答：导热微分方程式所依据的基本定律有：傅立叶定律和能量守恒定律。
4 试分别用数学语言将传热学术语说明导热问题三种类型的边界条件。
答：① 第一类边界条件：)(01ττf t w =>时，② 第二类边界条件：)()(02τλτf x tw =∂∂->时③ 第三类边界条件：)()(f w w t t h x t-=∂∂-λ5 试说明串联热阻叠加原则的内容及其使用条件。
答：在一个串联的热量传递过程中，如果通过每个环节的热流量都相同，则各串联环节的总热阻等于各串联环节热阻的和。
使用条件是对于各个传热环节的传热面积必须相等。
7.通过圆筒壁的导热量仅与内、外半径之比有关而与半径的绝对值无关，而通过球壳的导热量计算式却与半径的绝对值有关，怎样理解？ 答：因为通过圆筒壁的导热热阻仅和圆筒壁的内外半径比值有关，而通过球壳的导热热阻却和球壳的绝对直径有关，所以绝对半径不同时，导热量不一样。
6 发生在一个短圆柱中的导热问题，在下列哪些情形下可以按一维问题来处理？ 答：当采用圆柱坐标系，沿半径方向的导热就可以按一维问题来处理。
8 扩展表面中的导热问题可以按一维问题来处理的条件是什么？有人认为，只要扩展表面细长，就可按一维问题来处理，你同意这种观点吗？答：只要满足等截面的直肋，就可按一维问题来处理。
微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案
Chapter 2Thinking Like an EconomistsTRUE OR FALSE1. Economists devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories. (T)2. While the scientific method is applicable to studying natural sciences, it is not applicable to studying a nation’s economy. (F)3. It is difficult for economists to make observations and develop theories, but it is easy for economists to run experiments to generate data to test their theories. (F)4. Good assumptions simplify a problem without substantially affecting the answer. (T)5. Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand. (T)6. Economic models omit many details to allow us to see what is truly important. (T)7. The circular-flow diagram explains, in general terms, how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. (T)8. In the circular-flow diagram, households and firms are the decision makers. (T)9. In the circular-flow diagram, factors of production are the goods and services produced by firms. (F)10. In the circular-flow diagram, firms own the factors of production and use them to produce goods and services. (F)11. In the circular-flow diagram, one loop represents the flow of goods and services, and the other loop represents the flow of factors of production. (F)12. The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of outputs that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. (T)13. Refer to Figure 2-1, if this economy uses all its resources in the dishwasher industry, it produces 35 dishwashers and no doghouses. (T)Figure 2-114. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 75 doghouses. (F)15. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 30 doghouses and 20 dishwashers. (T)16. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 45 doghouses and 30 dishwashers. (F)17. Refer to Figure 2-1, unemployment could cause this economy to produce at point B. (T)18. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point A to point D is 10 dishwashers. (T)19. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point D is 15 doghouses. (F)20. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of an additional doghouse increases as more doghouses are produced. (T)21. If an economy can produce more of one good without giving up any of another good, then the economy’s current producti on point is inefficient. (T)22. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced.(F)23. A production possibilities frontier wil l be bowed outward if some of the economy’s resources are better suited to producing one good than another. (T)24. While the production possibilities frontier is a useful model, it cannot be used to illustrate economic growth. (F)25. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. (T)26. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena. (T)27. Economists acting as scientists make positive statements, while economists acting as policy advisers make normative statements. (T)28. Normative statements describe how the world is, while positive statements prescribe how the world should be. (F)29. "Other things equal, an increase in supply causes a decrease in price" is a normative statement, not a positive statement. (F)30. There is only one explanation for why economists give conflicting advice on policy issues, and it is that they have different values about what policy should try to accomplish.(F)31. The slope of a line is equal to the change in the x-variable divided by the change in the y-variable. (F)Chapter 3 Interdependence And The Gains From TradeTRUE OR FALSE1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade. (T)2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces. (T)3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine. (F)4. Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier. (T)5. Opportunity cost refers to how many inputs a producer requires to produce a good. (F)6. Opportunity cost measures the trade-off between two goods that each producer faces. (T)7. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. (T)8. If one producer has the absolute advantage in the production of all goods, then that same producer will have the comparative advantage in the production of all goods as well. (F)9. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. (F)10. If one producer is able to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer, then the producer with the lower opportunity cost is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that good. (F)11. Unless two people who are producing two goods have exactly the same opportunity costs, thenone person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good. (T)12. The principle of comparative advantage states that, regardless of the price at which trade takes place, everyone will benefit from trade if they specialize in the production of the good for which they have a comparative advantage. (F)13. Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. (T)14. Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. (T)15. As long as two people have different opportunity costs, each can gain from trade with the other, since trade allows each person to obtain a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost. (T) 16. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, each person can gain from trade but total production in the economy is unchanged. (F) 17. For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which they trade must lie exactly in the middle of the two opportunity costs. (F)18. David Ricardo was the author of the 1817 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. (T)19. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. (T)20. Trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off. (T) SHORT ANSWER1. Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Which is more important in determining trade patterns, absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Why? Absolute advantage refers to productivity, as in the producer who can produce a product at a lower cost in terms of the resources used in production. Comparative advantage refers to the producer who can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost. Comparative advantage is the principle upon which trade patterns are based. Comparative advantage is based on opportunity cost, and opportunity cost measures the real cost to an individual or country of producing a particular product. Opportunity cost is therefore the information necessary for an individual or nation to determine whether to produce a good or buy it from someone else.2. The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities frontiers.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Pro duction Possibilities Frontiera.Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources in the production of eachgood. Show these points on the graphs for each country as point A.b.If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the total world production ofpopcorn and peanuts?c.Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the good in which each has acomparative advantage. By specializing, what is the total world production of eachproduct now?d.If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 units of peanuts, show onthe graphs the gain each country would receive from trade. Label these points B. Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera.Alpha would be producing 125 units of peanuts and 75 units of popcorn (point A on itsproduction possibilities frontier) and Omega would be producing 50 units of peanutsand 150 units of popcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier).b.The total world production of peanuts would be 175 units and the total world productionof popcorn would be 225 units.c.The total world production of peanuts would now be 250 units and the total worldproduction of popcorn would now be 300 units.d.Alpha would be producing 250 units of peanuts and would trade 100 of them to Omega,leaving Alpha with 150 units of peanuts. Alpha would then receive 100 units of popcornfrom Omega. Omega would be producing 300 units of popcorn and would trade 100 ofthem to Alpha, leaving Omega with 200 units of popcorn. Omega would then receive100 units of peanuts from Alpha.Choice1. People who provide you with goods and services (b)a.are acting out of generosity.b.do so because they get something in return.c.have chosen not to become interdependent.d.are required to do so by the government.2. When an economist points out that you and millions of other people are interdependent, he or she is referring to the fact that we all (b)a.rely upon the government to provide us with the basic necessities of life.b.rely upon one another for the goods and services we consume.c.have similar tastes and abilities.d.are concerned about one another’s well-being.3. When can two countries gain from trading two goods? (d)a.when the first country can only produce the first good and the second country can onlyproduce the second goodb.when the first country can produce both goods, but can only produce the second good atgreat cost, and the second country can produce both goods, but can only produce thefirst good at great costc.when the first country is better at producing both goods and the second country is worseat producing both goodsd.Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.4. Shannon bakes cookies and Justin grows vegetables. In which of the following cases is it impossible for both Shannon and Justin to benefit from trade? (a)a.Shannon does not like vegetables and Justin does not like cookies.b.Shannon is better than Justin at baking cookies and Justin is better than Shannon atgrowing vegetables.c.Justin is better than Shannon at baking cookies and at growing vegetables.d.Both Shannon and Justin can benefit from trade in all of the above cases.5. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (d)a.the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewer resources it hasavailable to produce the other good.b.an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent and engaged in trade.c.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced is constant.d.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced depends on how much ofeach good is being produced.” could bea.100.b.150.c.200.d.250.7. Assume for the United States that the opportunity cost of each airplane is 100 cars. Then which of these pairs of points could be on the United States' production possibilities frontier? (c)a.(200 airplanes, 5,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 4,000 cars)b.(200 airplanes, 10,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 20,000 cars)c.(300 airplanes, 15,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 25,000 cars)d.(300 airplanes, 25,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 40,000 cars)8. What must be given up to obtain an item is called (c)a.out-of-pocket cost.parative worth.c.opportunity cost.d.absolute value.9. A farmer has the ability to grow either corn or cotton or some combination of the two. Given no other information, it follows that the farmer’s opportunity cost of a bushel of corn multiplied by his opportunity cost of a bushel of cotton (c)a.is equal to 0.b.is between 0 and 1.c.is equal to 1.d.is greater than 1.10. If Korea is capable of producing either shoes or soccer balls or some combination of the two, then(d)a.Korea should specialize in the product in which it has an absolute advantage.b.it would be impossible for Korea to have an absolute advantage over another country inboth products.c.it would be difficult for Korea to benefit from trade with another country if Korea isefficient in the production of both goods.d.Korea’s opportunity cost of shoes is the inverse of its opportunity cost of soccer balls.11. Mike and Sandy are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Mike can make 4 tables or 20 chairs, where Sandy can make 6 tables or 18 chairs. Given this, we know that the opportunity cost of 1 chair is (a)a.1/5 table for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.b.1/5 table for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.c. 5 tables for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.d. 5 tables for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.12. If Shawn can produce more donuts in one day than Sue can produce in one day, then (c)a.Shawn has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.b.Sue has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.c.Shawn has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.d.Sue has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.13. Kelly and David are both capable of repairing cars and cooking meals. Which of the following scenarios is not possible? (c)a.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and David has a comparativeadvantage in cooking meals.b.Kelly has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and David has an absolute advantagein cooking meals.c.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.d.David has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.14. Comparative advantage is related most closely to which of the following? (b)a.output per hourb.opportunity costc.efficiencyd.bargaining strength in international trade15. Two individuals engage in the same two productive activities. In which of the following circumstances would neither individual have a comparative advantage in either activity? (c)a.One individual’s production possibilities frontier is steeper than the other individual’sproduction possibilities frontier.b.One individual is faster at both activities than the other individual.c.One individual’s opportunity costs are the same as the other individual’s opportunitycosts.d.None of the above is correct; one of the two individuals always will have a comparativeadvantage in at least one of the two activities.16. Total output in an economy increases when each person specializes becausea.there is less competition for the same resources.b.each person spends more time producing that product in which he or she has acomparative advantage.c. a wider variety of products will be produced within each country due to specialization.ernment necessarily plays a larger role in the economy due to specialization.17. Which of the following statements is not correct? (d)a.Trade allows for specialization.b.Trade has the potential to benefit all nations.c.Trade allows nations to consume outside of their production possibilities curves.d.Absolute advantage is the driving force of specialization.18. By definition, imports are (d)a.people who work in foreign countries.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.limits placed on the quantity of goods leaving a country.d.goods produced abroad and sold domestically.19. By definition, exports are (d)a.limits placed on the quantity of goods brought into a country.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.people who work in foreign countries.d.goods produced domestically and sold abroad.20. Which of the following would not result from all countries specializing according to the principle of comparative advantage? (d)a.The size of the economic pie would increase.b.Worldwide production of goods and services would increase.c.The well-being of citizens in each country would be enhanced.d.Each country’s production possibilities frontier would shift outward.Chapter 4The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE OR FALSE1. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and2. the price at which it is sold. (T)3. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources. (T)4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of a product. (F)5. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. (T)6. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same. (T)7. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls. (F)8. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income ofbuyers varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant. (F)9. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. (T)10. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good. (F)11. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right. (T)12. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right. (T)13. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left. (F)14. If a person expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase. (T)15. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demand curve in the same general way. (F)16. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts. (T)17. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particular price. (T)18. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. (T)19. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied. (F)20. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left. (T)21. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.(F)22. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left. (F)23. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. (F)24. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. (F)25. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus. (F)26. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices. (F)27. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price above equilibrium price. (T)28. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. (T)29. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply. (F) SHORT ANSWER1.a. What is the difference between a "change in demand" and a "change in quantity demanded?"Graph your answer.b.For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be a change in quantitydemanded or a change in demand.i. a change in the price of a related goodii. a change in tastesiii. a change in the number of buyersiv. a change in pricev. a change in consumer expectationsvi. a change in incomea. A change in demand refers to a shift of the demand curve. A change in quantitydemanded refers to a movement along a fixed demand curve.b. A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of the other changes listedshift the demand curve.A change in quantity supplied A change in supply2.Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity would change.a.Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.b.The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.c.The price of cocoa beans decreases.d.The price of whipped cream falls.e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.f.The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate cures acne.g.Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing the price of milk to rise.h.Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolate is considered a normalgood.i.Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.j.Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.(a) (b)(c) (d) (e) (f)(g) (h)(i) (j)In (j), a price above equilibrium will affect both quantity demanded and quantity supplied and will cause a surplus in the market. It will not cause either demand or supply to shift.3.Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, stay the same, or change ambiguously.CHOICE1. Which of the following is an example of a market? (d)a. a gas stationb. a garage salec. a barber shopd.All of the above are examples of markets. (d)2. In a competitive market, the price of a producta.is determined by buyers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bysellers.b.is determined by sellers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bybuyers.c.and the quantity of the product produced are both determined by sellers.d.None of the above is correct.3. A downward-sloping demand curve illustrates (d)a.that demand decreases over time.b.that prices fall over time.c.the relationship between income and quantity demanded.d.the law of demand.4. Refer to Table 4-1. Whose demand does not obey the law of demand? (c)a.Aaron’sb.Angela’sc.Austin’sd.Alyssa’s5. Refer to Table 4-1. If these are the only four buyers in the market, then the market quantity demanded at a price of $1 is (d)a. 4 units.b.7.75 units.c.14 units.d.31 units.6. When we move along a given demand curve, (c)a.only price is held constant.b.income and price are held constant.c.all nonprice determinants of demand are held constant.d.all determinants of quantity demanded are held constant.7. Which of the following is not held constant in a supply schedule? (c)a.technologyb.the price of the goodc.the prices of inputsd.expectations8. A market supply curve is determined by (b)a.vertically summing individual supply curves.b.horizontally summing individual supply curves.c.finding the average quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price.d.finding the average price at which sellers are willing and able to sell a particular quantityof the good.9. A decrease in quantity supplied (a)a.results in a movement downward and to the left along a fixed supply curve.b.results in a movement upward and to the right along a fixed supply curve.c.shifts the supply curve to the left.d.shifts the supply curve to the right.10. Another term for equilibrium price is (b)a.dynamic price.b.market-clearing price.c.quantity-defining price.d.balance price.11. If, at the current price, there is a surplus of a good, then (a)a.sellers are producing more than buyers wish to buy.b.the market must be in equilibrium.c.the price is below the equilibrium price.d.quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.12. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price is (c)a.above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b.above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c.below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d.below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.13. If the demand for a product increases, then we would expect (c)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.14. If the supply of a product decreases, then we would expect (a)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.15. When supply and demand both increase, equilibrium (d)a.price will increase.b.price will decrease.c.quantity may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.d.price may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.16. What would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee if the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell and the price of tea fell? (a)a.Price would fall and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.b.Price would rise and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.c.Quantity would fall and the effect on price would be ambiguous.d.Quantity would rise and the effect on price would be ambiguous.17. Which of these statements does not apply to market economies? (c)a.Prices prevent decentralized decision making from degenerating into chaos.b.Prices coordinate the actions of millions of people with varying abilities and desires.c.Prices ensure that anyone who wants a product can get it.d.Prices ensure that what needs to get done does in fact get done.Chapter 5Elasticity and its Its ApplicationTRUE OR FALSE1. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. (F)2. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. (T)3. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. (T)4. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. (F)5. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. (T)6. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. (F)7. Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls.(F)8. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, then demand is unit elastic. (T)9. When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue. (F)10. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. (T)11. Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand. (F)12. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are substitutes. (T)13. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are complements. (T)14. Price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. (T)15. Supply and demand both tend to be more elastic in the long run and more inelastic in the short run. (T)16. If the price elasticity of supply is 2 and the quantity supplied decreases by 6%, then the price must have decreased by 3%. (T)17. If a supply curve is horizontal, then supply is said to be perfectly elastic, and the price elasticity of supply approaches infinity. (T)18. A government program that reduces land under cultivation hurts farmers but helps consumers. (F)19. OPEC failed to maintain a high price of oil in the long run, partly because both the supply of oil and the demand for oil are more elastic in the long run than in the short run. (T)20. Drug interdiction, which reduces the supply of drugs, may decrease drug-related crime because the demand for drugs is inelastic. (F)Short Answer1. Using the midpoint method, compute the elasticity of demand between points A and B. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic? Interpret your answer with regard to price and quantity demanded. Now compute the elasticity of demand between points B and C. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic?。
国际金融英文版习题chapter2
1International FinanceAssignment Problems (2) Name: Student No.:I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer)(5 credits for each question, total credits 4 x 15 = 60)1. According to the principle of the balanced balance of payments, if a country reduces its foreign exchange reserves by $20 million and the statistical discrepancy is in the credit entry of $5 million in a given period of time, the country runs __________ of its balance of payments during that period of time.A. $15 million deficitsB. $25 million deficitsC. $20 million deficitsD. $5 million deficits2. If a country’s domestic saving is greater than domestic investment, the country probably has __________.A. a current account surplusB. a net capital outflowC. a current account deficitD. Both A and B are possible.3. A debit entry in the balance-of-payments account represents a transaction that __________.A. a domestic resident receives a payment from abroadB. a domestic resident makes a payment to a foreign residentC. will improve the current account statusD. will have no affects on the nation’s foreign exchange reserves4. In terms of balance-of-payments account, which of the following would be recorded as a debit entry in the U.S. BOP?A. exports of merchandiseB. exports of servicesC. purchase of the U.S. Treasury bonds by non-residentsD. an increase of the deposit in a U.S. resident's account at a foreign bank5. A balance-of-payments deficit is defined as a situation in which __________.A. the value of payments made to the foreigners exceeds the value of receipts received from the foreigners in a given period of timeB. the government must borrow in order to meet its budget obligationsC. the value of manufactured good exports is less than the value of imported goodsD. a nation earns much in extra assets or reduced liabilities in its dealings with the rest of the world6. Which of the following would NOT be considered as a typical BOP transaction?A. Toyota USA is a US distributor of automobiles manufactured in Japan by its parent company.B. A U.S. subsidiary of European financial giant, Credit Suisse, pays dividends to its parent in Zurich.C. A US tourist purchases gifts at a museum in London.D. All are example of BOP transactions.7. The balance of payments is a statistical record which measures the total value of __________.A. a country’s foreign exchange reserves in a certain period of timeB. a country’s foreign trades between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeC. all economic and financial transactions between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeD. a country’s capital inflows and outflows at a particular date in a given year8. A British pension fund sells some of its holdings of the stocks of U.S. companies in order to buy U.S. corporate bonds. This transaction will affect __________.A. the U.S. international investment positionB. the British international investment positionC. both countries’ international investment positionD. None of the above. This is because both countries’ international investment position unchanged, only the composition of foreign investments in both U.S. and U.K. changes.9. Which of the following transactions is included in China’s balance-of-payments account?A. A U.S. embassy in Beijing pays salaries to its American staffs.B. The World Bank furnishes the Chinese government with a loan.C. A U.S. student pays tuition fees for his 4 year-study in Beijing University.D. The Chinese embassy in Washington buys telecommunication equipments from a Chinese company in Shanghai.10. If the U.S. runs current account deficits, we can expect that __________.A. it may act as a net debtor in the rest of the worldB. its domestic saving may less than its domestic investmentC. its domestic production is less than its domestic consumptionD. all of the above11. The trade deficit means that __________.A. residents are importing more goods than they are exportingB. residents are borrowing more funds than they are lendingC. residents are receiving more payments than they are makingD. residents are producing more goods than they are consuming12. Which of the following is an example of an exchange of financial assets?A. the exchange of butter for wheatB. the exchange of information technologyC. the exchange of a fixed-rate loan for a floating-rate loanD. the exchange of gold for jewelry13. For most countries, the subcategory that typically dominates the current account is __________.A. unilateral transfersB. goods tradeC. income tradeD. services trade14. When categorizing investments for the financial account component of the balance of payments the __________ is an investment where the investor has no incentive to control whereas the __________ is an investment where the investor wants to control over the assets.A. direct investment, portfolio investmentB. direct investment, indirect investmentC. portfolio investment, indirect investmentD. portfolio investment, direct investment15. If a country’s merchandise exports exceed its imports by $50 million, services trade balance is net $30 million and unilateral transfers made in excess of those received by $5 million, what is the country’s current account balance?A. $85 millionB. $75 millionC. $15 millionD. $25 million1. Country A’s BOT is __________.2. Country A’s current account balance is __________.3. Suppose the changes in country A’s official reserves are zero in 2010, its capital and financial account balance MUST be __________.4. If country A’s official reserves are recorded on the credit side by $10 million in 2010, its capital and financial account balance should be __________.5. Based on the assumption of question 4, country A has BOP deficit or surplus in 2010? Explain.6. What is the current account balance of a nation with a government budget deficit of $128 billion, private saving of $806 billion, and domestic capital formation of $777 billion?III. Express the following operations in the Dutch balance of payments in T-accounts:(5 credits for each question, total credits 3 x 5 = 15)a. A Dutch company exports €100,000 goods to a London company for €100,000 in bank deposits.b. An import billed for €150,000 paid with a check drawn on a London bank.c. A Dutch company based in Rotterdam uses €1 million that it was holding in a short-term deposit with its Rotterdam bank to purchase 10-year bonds issued by German government.IV. True or false: (7 credits)A credit entry in the balance of payments represents a demand for local currency whereas a debit entry represents a supply of local currency. You MUST explain your answer.Part IVTrue. Because the credit entry in BOP means domestic residents receiving foreigncurrencies. When they sell those foreign payments, they demand the local currency. The debit entry in BOP implies domestic residents need to buy foreign currencies with the local currency. Therefore, it represents a supply of local currency.。
chapter2习题答案
chapter2习题答案⼀．名词解释1．假根是Rhizopus(根霉属)等低等真菌匍匐菌丝与固体基质接触处分化出来的根状结构，具有固着和吸取养料等功能。
2．假菌丝当酵母菌进⾏⼀连串的芽殖后，如果长⼤的⼦细胞与母细胞不⽴即分离，其间仅以狭⼩的⾯积相连，则这种藕节状的细胞串就称为假菌丝3．⽓⽣菌丝伸展到空间的菌丝体，颜⾊较深、直径较粗的分枝菌丝，其成熟后分化成孢⼦丝4．⼦囊果能产⽣有性孢⼦的、结构复杂的⼦实体称为⼦囊果5．⽣活史⼜称⽣命周期，指上⼀代⽣物经⼀系列⽣长、发育阶段⽽产⽣下⼀代个体的全部过程为⽣活史6、异宗配合：指⽑霉在形成接合孢⼦时，凡是由不同性的菌丝体上形成的性器官结合⽽产⽣有性孢⼦的则称异宗配合。
7、同宗配合：指⽑霉在形成接合孢⼦时，凡是由同⼀个菌丝体上形成的配⼦囊结合⽽产⽣有性孢⼦的则称同宗配合。
8、锁状联合：指担⼦菌亚门的次⽣菌丝的菌丝尖端⽣长⽅式。
9Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母⼆．填空1、真菌的⽆性繁殖⽅式有裂殖、芽殖、⽆性孢⼦繁殖和菌丝体断裂。
2、酵母菌的⽆性繁殖⽅式主要有裂殖、芽殖。
3、真菌的有性孢⼦的种类有：卵孢⼦、接合孢⼦、⼦囊孢⼦和担孢⼦四种；真菌的⽆性孢⼦的种类有：游动孢⼦、⼦囊孢⼦、分⽣孢⼦、节孢⼦和厚垣孢⼦五种。
4、根霉的形态特征是具有假根和匍匐功丝且菌丝⽆隔；曲霉的形态特征是具顶囊和⾜细胞，菌丝有隔；青霉的形态特征是具扫帚状的分⽣孢⼦梗。
5．粘菌可分为__细胞粘菌___和_原质团粘菌__两个门.6．真核微⽣物细胞质核糖体类型为80S，原核微⽣物核糖体类型为_70S___.7．⼦囊果有闭囊果，_⼦囊壳_____ 和_____⼦囊盘________三种类型。
8. 同的酵母菌产⽣的有性孢⼦有⼦囊孢⼦和_担孢⼦9. 类酵母的营养体只能以⼆倍体形式存在，酿酒酵母的营养体能以单倍体和⼆倍体形式存在，⼋孢酵母的营养体能以单倍体形式存在。
10.根霉属于接合菌门，⾹菇属于担⼦菌门。
语言学练习题chapter2
语言学练习题C h a p t e r2L i n g u i s t i c s(共12页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1)syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2)langue vs parole3)competence vs performance4)descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5)theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6)deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7)synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8)macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9)Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use oflanguage in concrete situations.3)( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4)( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5)( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time.6)( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not withhow they can be improved.7)( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is a language” and“How does a language work”.8)( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, whichshows the arbitrary nature of languages.9)( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning.10)( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguisticsystem must be learned a new by each speaker.11)( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas.12)( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13)( ) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole andperformance14)( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development oflanguage.15)( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners‘ communicative skills.17)( ) Saussure’s expositio n of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics18)( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning.19)( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of alanguage over a period of time.21)( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in anutterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging tothe same sub-system of the language.22)( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules ofa particular language.23)( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts forthe rules of language in general.26)( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directlyobservable.27)( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29)( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how asentence is formed.32)( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a languageat a particular point of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ______ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of somepractical problems, the study of such applications is knowns as ________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof speech community.A. ParoleB. langue C speech D. writing4) Which of the following is not the major brach of linguisticsA. phonologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax D speech5) ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences amonglanguagesA. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.7） ________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons8) The study of language as a whole is often called ---.A. general linguisticsB. sociolingyusticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics9) The study of language meaning is called--.A. syntaxB. semantics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The description of a language at some point in time is a – study.A synchronic B. diachronic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.2) is the actual realization of one’s linguistic knowledge in utterances.3) Modem linguistic is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.5) Saussure put forward two important concepts, refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s .7) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3) (4)8) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internalstructure of sentences.10) In Saussure’s view, the relationship b etween signifier (sound image) andsignified (concept) is .11) is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests inlanguage and society, including the social functions of language and thesocial characteristics of its users.12) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F. deSaussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made bythe American linguist .13) The writing English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapanese as ___writing system.14) According to John Lyons, ___ linguistics_ deals with language in general and_ linguistics is concerned with one particular language.15) In de Saussure’s term, _____ refers to the system of language and _____refers to the speaker’s speech.16) _____ is the science that deals with the sound system.17) Syntax studies two kinds of rules: _____ rules and rules18) Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole orperformance is _____ and directly observable.19) A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.20) ___ ___ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds andsound patterns of his language.21) ______ knowledge is a native speak er’s intuition about how a word isformed.22) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentenceis grammatical or not.23) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning oflanguage, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.24) ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25) ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.5. Answer the following questions.1) What is the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2) What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics Is iteasy to draw a sharp line between them if we look at language closely3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammarand prescriptive grammar.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) Wh at are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”7) What is the major difference between Saussure’s distinction of langue andparole and Chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance whatshould be studies in linguistics in your opinion and why8) Explain “speech and writing”, and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1）syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or “strings’ as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elementsshows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination.It refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements atparticular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place instructure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers “langue” to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member s of a speech community and refers” parole” to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, ., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.3) competence vs performance(1)According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and “performance” is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not al ways match or equal his supposed competence.(2)Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure’s language parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescr iptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on “high” (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled” On the Use of THE”, for example, may be synchron ic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects of a language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system from two aspects — lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9）Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics. Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19th century, linguistics comes to be an independent discipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by means of comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have adeep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)(F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)(T) Competencce and performance refer respectively to a languageuser’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actualuse of language in concrete situations.3)(F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. (中国矿业大学，2004)4)(T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. (中国矿业大学，2004)5)(F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time. (中国矿业大学，2004)6)(T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, notwith how they can be improved. (中国矿业大学，2004)7)(T) Linguistics tries to answer the b asic questions” what is a language”and “How does a language work”. （南京师范大学，2002）8)(F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages,which shows the arbitrary nature of languages. （中国矿业大学，2002）9)(T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system ofsound and a system of meaning. （中国矿业大学，2002）10)(T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker. （中国矿业大学，2002）11)(F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas. （中国矿业大学，2002）12)(F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing andcomprehending an infinite set of sentences, which accounts forsyntactic universality. （中国矿业大学，2002）13)(F) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole andperformance14)(T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language.15)(T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)(T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developinglearners ‘ communicative skills.17)(F) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics.18)(T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)(F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)(T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development ofa language over a period of time.21)(F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element inan utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, butbelonging to the same sub-system of the language.22)(F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describesthe rules of a particular language.23)( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)(F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)(F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory whichaccounts for the rules of language in general.26)(T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is notdirectly observable.27)(T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)(T) All the English words are not symbolic.29)(F) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguisticsymbols.30)(T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)(F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition abouthow a sentence is formed.32)(F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)(F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of alanguage at a particular point of time.3. Multiple choice1) – 5): BCBDC 6) – 10): DBABA4. Word completion1) Langue 2) Performance3) descriptive 4) diachronic5) langue 6) competence7) (1) consistency (2) economy (3) objectivity (4) exhaustiveness8) Morphology 9) syntax10) arbitrary 11) socialinguistics12) Chomsky 13) syllabic14) general, descriptive 15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology 5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics The former deals with language in general, . the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between diachronic linguistics Is it easy to draw asharp line between them if we look at language closely(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily,the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure’smost central ideas expressed in the form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees languageas a living whole; existing as a “‘state” at a particular moment in time;the latter sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is alwaysnecessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making adiachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to about X and Y. Correspondingly, a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated as Sanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set of chessmen is like a state of language. “The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms.” On the other hand, the value of each piece also;depends on the convention--the set of rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language. A state of the game of chess ismomentary just like a state of language change. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next. This corresponds closelyto the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language. The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with language changes. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before. Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state. Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things actually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. Although prescriptivism is still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a language community the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ①The reason why present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character, . “you should never use a double-negative”;“you should not split the infinitive” etc. People realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority, stipulated “standards!’. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is or is not correct in English. ② Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. The related social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will lead to artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. While prescriptivists would prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), it is very difficult to claim that everyone who uses “was” is wrong, especially are the majority in spoken language. While there are still traditionalist grammarians claiming that they are right and half the population is wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it as formal register. ③ The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved over the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespeareanmedieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of languageThe four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis’of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be “inelegant” or “substandard”. Nor should he conceal facts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified; not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of different data based on the same set of principles. It is the insistence on these principles, particularly objectivity that gives linguistics the status of a science.5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.(1) Most linguistic analysis today is focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In spite of the common features they share, they differ because they are transmitted in different channels. This is one major difference between linguists today and the grammarians of the 19th century;(2) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is hugely prescriptive. Many early grammars were based on “high” (literary, religious) written language. Grammarians often use logical and aesthetic criteria to judge the correctness of sentences and lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguists today, however, have made a special point of guarding against prescriptivism. They believe that whatever occurs in natural speech should be described ir/their analysis.(3) Another difference is the priority of synchronic descriptions over the traditional diachronic studies. Modem linguistics holds that unless the various states of a language am successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.6) What are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”(1) This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system。
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第二章中枢神经系统药物
自测练习
一、单项选择题
2-1、异戊巴比妥可与吡啶和硫酸酮溶液作用，生成
A. 绿色络合物 b. 紫色络合物
C. 白色胶状沉淀 d. 氨气
E. 红色溶液
2-2、异戊巴比妥不具有下列哪些性质
A. 弱酸性 b. 溶于乙醚、乙醇
C. 水解后仍有活性 d. 钠盐溶液易水解
E. 加入过量的硝酸银试液，可生成银盐沉淀
2-3、盐酸吗啡加热的重排产物主要是
A. 双吗啡 b. 可待因
C. 苯吗喃 d. 阿扑吗啡
E. N-氧化吗啡
2-4、结构中没有含氮杂环的镇痛药是
A. 盐酸吗啡 b. 枸橼酸芬太尼
C. 二氢埃托啡 d. 盐酸美沙酮
E. 喷他佐辛
2-5、咖啡因的结构如下图，其结构中R1、R3、R7分别为
N
N N N
O
O
R1
3
R7
A. H、CH3、CH3
B. CH3、CH3、CH3
C. CH3、CH3、H
D. H、H、H
E. CH2OH、CH3、CH3
2-6、盐酸氟西汀属于哪一类抗抑郁药
A. 去甲肾上腺素重摄取抑制剂 b. 单胺氧化酶抑制剂
C. 阿片受体抑制剂 d. 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂
E. 5-羟色胺受体抑制剂
2-7、盐酸氯丙嗪不具备的性质是
A. 溶于水、乙醇或氯仿 b. 含有易氧化的吩嗪嗪母环
C. 与硝酸共热后显红色 d. 与三氧化铁试液作用，显兰紫色
E. 在强烈日光照射下，发生光化毒反应
2-8、盐酸氯丙嗪在体内代谢中一般不进行的反应类型为
A. N-氧化 b. 硫原子氧化
C. 苯环羟基化 d. 脱氯原子
E. 侧链去n-甲基
2-9、造成氯氮平毒性反应的原因是
A. 在代谢中产生毒性的氮氧化合物
B. 在代谢中产生毒性的硫醚代谢物
C. 在代谢中产生毒性的酚类化合物
D. 抑制β受体
E. 氯氮平产生的光化毒反应
2-10、不属于苯并二氮卓的药物是
A. 地西泮
B. 氯氮卓
C. 唑吡坦
D. 三唑仑
E. 美沙唑仑
二、配比选择题
[2-11~2-15]
A. 苯巴比妥
B. 氯丙嗪
C. 咖啡因
D. 丙咪嗪
E. 氟哌啶醇
2-11、N，N-二甲基-10，11-二氢-5H-二苯并[b，f ]氮杂卓-5丙胺
2-12、5-乙基-5苯基-2，4，6-（1H，3H，5H）嘧啶三酮
2-13、1-（4-氟苯基）-4-[4-（4-氯苯基）-4-羟基-1哌啶基]-1-丁酮
2-14、2-氯-N，N-二甲基-10H -吩噻嗪-10-丙胺
2-15、3，7-二氢-1，3，7-三甲基-1H-嘌呤-2，6-二酮一水合物
[2-16~2-20]
A. 作用于阿片受体
B. 作用多巴胺体
C. 作用于苯二氮卓ω1受体
D. 作用于磷酸二酯酶
E. 作用于GABA受体
2-16、美沙酮2-17、氯丙嗪
2-18、卤加比2-19、咖啡因
2-20、唑吡坦
三、比较选择题
[2-21~2-25 ]
A. 异戊巴比妥
B. 地西泮
C. A和B 都是
D. A 和B都不是
2-21、镇静催眠药2-22、具有苯并氮杂卓结构
2-23、可作成钠盐2-24、易水解
2-25、可用于抗焦虑
[2-26~2-30 ]
A. 吗啡
B. 哌替啶
C. A和B都是
D. A和B都不是
2-26、麻醉药2-27、镇痛药
2-28、主要作用于μ受体2-29、选择性作用于κ受体
2-30、肝代谢途径之一为去N ¬甲基
[2-31~2-35 ]
A. 氟西汀
B. 氯氮平
C. A 和B都是
D. A和B都不是
2-31、为三环类药物2-32、含丙胺结构
2-33、临床用外消旋体2-34、属于5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂2-35、非典型的抗精神病药物
四、多项选择题
2-36、影响巴比妥类药物镇静催眠作用的强弱和起效快慢的理化性质和结构因素是：
A. pKa
B. 脂溶性
C . 5位取代基的氧化性质 D. 5取代基碳的数目
E. 酰胺氮上是否含烃基取代
2-37、巴比妥类药物的性质有：
A. 具有内酰亚胺醇-内酰胺的互变异构体
B. 与吡啶和硫酸酮试液作用显紫蓝色
C. 具有抗过敏作用
D. 作用持续时间与代谢速率有关
E. pKa值大，在生理pH时，未解离百分率高
2-38、在进行吗啡的结构改造研究工作中，得到新的镇痛药的工作有
A. 羟基的酰化
B. 氮上的烷基化
C. 1位的脱氢
D. 羟基的烷基化
E. 除去D环
2-39、下列哪些药物的作用于阿片受体
A. 哌替啶
B. 喷他佐辛
C. 氯氮平
D. 芬太尼
E. 丙咪嗪
2-40、中枢兴奋剂可用于
A. 解救呼吸、循环衰竭
B. 儿童遗尿症
C. 对抗抑郁症
D. 抗解救农药中毒
E. 老年性痴呆的治疗
2-41、属于5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂的药物有
A. 帕罗西汀
B. 氟伏沙明
C. 氟西汀
D. 文拉法辛
E. 舍曲林
2-42、氟哌啶醇的主要结构片段有
A. 对氯苯基
B. 对氟苯甲酰基
C. 对羟基哌嗪
D. 丁酰苯
E. 哌嗪环
2-43、具三环结构的抗精神失常药有
A. 氯丙嗪
B. 利培酮
C. 洛沙平
D. 舒必利
E. 地昔帕明
2-44、镇静催眠药的结构类型有
A. 巴比妥类
B. 三环类
C. 苯并氮卓类
D. 咪唑并吡啶类
E. 西坦类
2-45、属于黄吟类的中枢兴奋剂量有：
A. 尼可刹米
B. 柯柯豆碱
C. 安钠咖
D. 二羟丙茶碱
E. 茴拉西坦
五、问答题
2-46、巴比妥类药物的一般合成方法中，用卤烃取代丙二酸二乙酯的 氢时，当两个取代基大小不同时，一般应先引入大基团，还是小基团？为什么？
2-47、巴比妥药物具有哪些共同的化学性质？
2-48、为什么巴比妥C5位次甲基上的两个氢原子必须全被取代，才有镇静催眠作用？
2-49、如何用化学方法区别吗啡和可待因？
2-50、合成类镇痛药的按结构可以分成几类？这些药物的化学结构类型不同，但为什么都具有类似吗啡的作用？
2-51、根据吗啡与可待因的结构，解释吗啡可与中性三氯化铁反应，而可待因不反应，以及可待因在浓硫酸存在下加热，又可以与三氯化铁发生显色反应的原因？
2-52、试说明异戊巴比妥的化学命名。
2-53、试说明地西泮的化学命名。
2-54、试分析酒石酸唑吡坦上市后使用人群迅速增大的原因。
2-55、请叙述说卤加比（pragabide）作为前药的意义。
2-56、试分析选择性的5-HT重摄取抑制剂类药物并无相似结构的原因。