外文翻译建筑学
中英对照建筑学经典词汇
外立面：facade跨度：Span坡道：ramp砍墙：Hom wall墙面：Metope铝合金：aluminium alloy透明中空玻璃：transparent insulating glass隔墙：partition檩条；purlin库板：panel, board加气砼砌块: aerated concrete block矿棉：mineral wool水泥砂浆：cement mortar抹灰/粉刷：plastering轻钢龙骨：lightgage steel joist石膏板：Plasterboard托盘架: pallet rack台阶坡道散水工程Steps ramp apron work零星工程：Piecemetal worksDrumming line 灌装站Isotainer yard 标准槽灌堆场Eurotint building 胶衣配色间防火分区：fire compartment石砌块墙体：masonry wall内外：interior exterior液压卸货平台：hydraulic dock leveler地勘报告：geology survey土层分布：soil layer distribution预应力砼管桩：pre-stressed concrete tubular pile 岩土：geotechnical/rock soil荷载：load电缆桥架：Cable tray沉降：sedimentation密度：density防爆荧光灯：anti-blast fluorescent lamp插座：outlet探测器：detector/sensor配电盘，开关板; switch board管架：pipe bridge开工：commencement开办费：Preliminary cost维护：maintenance建立：setup主体：main body乳胶漆：emulsion paint/latex paint露台：patio环氧树脂：epoxy resin给排水：water supply and drainage污水处理：sewage disposal门禁：access control矿棉板：mineral wool board/cotton panel 滚压成型：calendaring钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete硬化的：hardened檩条：purlin沥青：bitumen/asphalt灰浆涂装：mortar coating瓷砖：tile水磨石：terrazzo卷帘门：rolling shutter地沟：trench化粪池：septic tank绿化带：green belt/field物业公司：property management company 石膏：gypsum大理石瓷砖：marble tile混凝土楼板：concrete floor slab丝杆：screw mandrel风管：vent pipe内胀：internal expansion过滤器：filter库板：panel密封：sealing风机底座：fan base铆钉：rivet软连接：flexible connection镀锌板条：galvanized strip喉箍：hose clamp钢化玻璃：tempered glass硅片：silicon chip晶片：wafer离子：ion去离子水：deionized water硼：boron暖通：HVAC轻钢龙骨：lightgage steel joist隔墙：partition走廊：aisle大厅：lounge, lobby通道,走廊：corridor承台,底座：plinth, platform女儿墙：parapet垫层：cushion layer碎石：detritus crushed stone/rubble/gravel 模板：formwork坐便器pedestal pan蹲便器squatting pan小便器: Urinal槽：sink踢脚：riser预制：precast弱电：light current主开关：main switch进线：inlet wire/incoming cable二级负荷：second class load电压互感器：Potential transformer避雷针：lightning rod冷藏：cold storage吸顶式：ceiling mounted type理货区：operation area货架：storage rack/goods shelf出货区：dispatching area防飞溅：anti-flash嵌入式：embedded type节能：energy saving热感应：thermal induction疏散：evacuate蒸发：evaporate单相：monophase, uniphase提升门：lift door/lift-up door光电感应：photoelectric光束感烟：light beam type声光报警：audible and visual alarm红外线：infrared壁挂式：wall-mounted冷媒：refrigerant冷凝：condensation屋顶机：rooftop轴流风机：axial fan旋流：whirlwind百叶窗：louver气态：gaseous汽化：vaporization截流阀：shut off valve盘管：coil pipe设定值：set point送风口：air inlet结露：dewing工况：operation mode吊顶：suspended ceiling防撞柱：collision post/fence post/static security guard post 隔膜：diaphragm总平面图：general layout plan/master planCaulk floor啮齿类动物: Rodent保险杠：Bumper租赁：leasehold配备：Fit-out通光量：luminous intensity光衰：luminance degradation半径：radius参数：parameter养殖户：farmer标高：elevation檐口：eave功能分区：sectorization发包人：employer承包人：contractor包干金额：lump sum投标函：bid letter损益表：profit and loss amount资产负债表：balance sheet设计说明：design specification窗台劈水板/窗台：window sill平面图：layout plan总平面图：general layout plan建筑规范：Building code白蚁：termite消防水池：fire fighting pondDG: dangerous goods靠得很近：in close proximity可行性研究：feasibility study环境影响评估：EIA安全生产评估：SPAApparatus: 装置，设备Amenity: 便利设施Ambient: 周围的，周边的工程放线：measurement and setting out雨水：stormwatersite formation works 地盘平整工程clearance侧面图：side elevationsectional axonometric drawing 立体剖面图sectional elevation 立剖面；截视立面图elevation drawing 立面图职业卫生: occupational health面层：finishes地脚螺栓：anchor bolt坐标：coordinate管廊：pipe rack公用工程：utility building门卫室：gatehouse事故水池：emergency pond可燃气体：combustible gas压力表：pressure gauge测温元件：temperature element转子流量计：variable area flowmeter用途：service防护等级：enclosure class规格：rating铠装材料：armoured material接液材质：wetted material表盘：dial规格：rating介质：fluid量程：range粘度：viscosity累积器：totalizer价值工程：VE: value engineering or VA 价值分析电镀：cladding地震的：seismic楼梯间/井：stairwell切割：slit外设施区/外网：OSBL：outside battery limit综合布线系统：PDS: premise distribution system 布袋风管：textile duct建筑朝向：Building orientation绿化：greening附属的：collateral净高：clear height切割：slitting金属辊压：rolling form透视图：perspective效果图：design sketch鸟瞰图：bird’s viewRFP: request for proposal打夯机：rammer行车路线：traffic route氟碳：fluorocarbon青灰色：caesious实腹板：solid web波纹板：corrugated web旗杆：mast惰性的：inert偶然性的：incidental乙二醇：glycol母线槽：bus duct碎石：detritus堵缝：caulking会审：joint hearing/joint checkup开工报告：commencement report设计交底会：design instruction meetingDesign disclosure/ clarification 进场，动工：mobilization到场：delivery to site基准点控制: Dimensional control Guideline: 方针，指南Originator and Approver 编制和批准人Activity:活动NDE: 无损检测探伤隐蔽工程：hidden work\护栏: Guardrail单项工程: Individual Project抽水：dewateringAdditive: 助剂进户线：service wire/service entrance承台：pile cap停工：shutdown搭接：overlapMezzanine：夹层，中间层Dust free:防尘多联式空调：VRV(vacuum reducer valve) LTI: lost time injury钢板桩：steel sheet pile交底：clarification新员工进场培训：orientation for new worker吊装作业：lifting operation进行：conductTrained personnel: 受训人员BarricadeDisplaying safety banner: 张贴安全标语Scaffolding dismantling: 脚手架拆除unconcerned personnel, keep offAssign watchmanPiling driving: 打桩加快：ExpediteAchieved: 完成道路破除/x修复：demolish/reinstate监护人：guardian踢脚板：washboard饮用水：potable water目测：visual inspection尺寸检查：dimensional inspection静电：electrostaticTumbler: 振荡机Resin filling pump: 树脂灌装泵Mobile air diaphragm pump: 移动气动隔膜泵Cartridge filter: 筒式过滤器Steam desuperheater: 蒸汽减温减压器Steam jet heater: 蒸汽喷射加热器Choiceness: 优良Cistern: 水箱毛石：rubble碎石：detritus双向钢筋：biaxial灰土：lime soilNear miss:临边Guniting: 喷浆Incinerator: 焚烧炉Light trap: 遮光罩Rear fan: 后风扇节点：nodeArchiving: 档案设计说明：design specification/general notes for design 沼气：methaneLessee: 承租人Lessor: 出租人:Take precedence: 优先Form of tender: 投标函政府联络：authority liaisonRibbon window: 带状窗Rapid running spiral door: 快速旋转/螺旋门Vapour barrier: 防潮层预应力高强混凝土管桩：prestressed high strength concrete pipe pile 进出场：mobilization/demobilization节点：key date工作分解：work breakdown管道安装：erection of pipeWalk down:巡查玻化砖：porcelain tileSingle loop:单回路Double loop: 双回路Switch box:开关盒，配电箱天窗：skylightFire lane:消防通道Damp proof: 防潮Glazing: 视窗Material take-off: 综合材料表Grease trap: 隔油池穿墙：traverseLoop net::环网Rigging: 吊装弱电相关：超五类非屏蔽线Category 5e unshielded cable配线架：patch panel桌面跳线：desktop patch cord线槽：6芯单模光纤：6 core SMF optical cable光纤尾纤：fiber pigtail政府规费：authority fee:总承包投标交易费: general contractor tendering registration fee文明施工费: construction civilization墙改基金: Wall revolutionary fund散装水泥保证金: loose cement deposit防雷检测费: lightning installation acceptance fee竣工图整理费: as-built file organization fee工程定额测定费: the measurement fees of project quantities沉降观测费: building settlement monitoring fee渣土运输保证金: deposit for construction waste proper transportation农民工工资预存: migrant salary reservation外市企业进津管理费: the service fee for enter into Tianjin外来务工人员保险: labor insurance外省市进津农民工工资保证金: deposit of labors salary for outside coming construction company in municipal construction committee规划测量放线: building setout by planning bureau规划竣工测量费: measurement fee of final planning acceptance勘察招标交易费: soil investigation tendering registration fee质监费：quality supervision fee by quality bureauVT(Visual test): 目视检查、MT(Magnetic particle test): 磁粉PT(penetration test): 渗透RT(radial test): 射线UT(ultrasonic): 超声波SUMIKAKYOCERASAKAERIKEN缩写：PMT: PermittingPAR: Project application reportPEP: Project execution planEPB: Environment protection bureauPET: performance evaluation test 性能评估测试效能评估测试PB: Power bureauTF: Temporary facilityRFP: Request for proposal 建议书请求，方案书邀请IBC: Intermediate Bulk Container，中型散装容器BTS: Build to stockDGM: Deputy general managerTBA: To be advisedSKU: Stock keeping unit 存货单元货格VAS: Value added serviceBoD: Base of designESR: Energy saving reportPPA: Project preliminary approvalPPP: Project planning permitOH: Operator handbookFIN: Field inspection noticeCSA: Civil，Structure, architectureMEP: mechanical, electrical, plumbingLEV: 局部排风，就地排风ARN: Advance revision notice 提前变更通知GFA: gross floor area 建筑面积，总楼面面积QS: quantity surveyor: 估算师，预算员，造价LEED: leadership in energy and environmental design 美国民间绿色建筑环保认证HazMat: hazardous materialVNA: very narrow aisleAccess Control System (ACS)Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)Perimeter Detection System (PDS).一级风：light air二级风：light breeze三级：gentle breeze四级：moderate breeze五级：fresh breeze六级：strong breeze七级：moderate gale八级：fresh gale九级：strong gale十级：whole gale十一级：stormLayer system:Breeder system: 育雏系统Rearing system: 饲育系统Bromaxx broiler cage:Hatchery packer:Free range system:自由放养Aviary system: 鸡舍Floor housing: 平养SMB: single manure belt消毒点：disinfection pit焚尸点：incinerator饲料厂：feed mill出货装运间：loading area水帘降温：pad cooling鸟防护系统：anti-bird systemBattery length: 外围长度工作联络单：work liaison sheet自动点火：auto ignition'.。
建筑专业名词中英文对照
1．设计指标：statistics用地面积：site area建筑占地面积：building foot print 总建筑面积：total area建筑面积 floor area，building area 地上建筑面积：ground area地下建筑面积：underground area整体面积需求: Demand for built area 公共绿地：public green land备用地用地：reserved land容积率：FAR建筑密度：building coverage绿地率：green ratio绿化率：green landscape ratio建筑高度：building height层数：number of floors停车位：parking unit地面停车：ground parking地下停车：underground parking使用面积：usable area公用面积：public area实用面积：effective area居住面积：living area计租面积 rental area?租用面积得房率：effien开间 bay进深 depth跨度 span坡度：slope，grade净空：clearance净高：clear height净空（楼梯间下）：headroom净距：clear distance套内面积：unit constraction area公摊面积：shared public area竣工面积：辅助面积：service area结构面积：structural area交通面积：communication area，passage area共有建筑面积：common building area共有建筑面积分摊系数：common building area amount coefficient 公用建筑面积：public building area销售面积：sales area绿化覆盖率：green coverage ratio层高：floor height净高：clear height公用建筑面积分摊系数：public building area amount coefficient 住宅用地：residential area其他用地：公共服务设施用地：land for public facilities道路用地：land for roads公共绿地：public green space道路红线：road property line建筑线（建筑红线）：set back line用地红线： property line，boundary line第一轮：1st round计划和程序：schedule and program工程进度表：working schedule构造材料表：list of building materials and construction设计说明：design statement图纸目录和说明：list of drawings and descriptions项目标准：project standards总结：conclusion文本及陈述：封皮：cover目录：content技术经济指标：technical and economical index概念规划设计：conceptual master paln and architectural design基地分析：location analysis项目区位分析图：description of the region site and city space view analyze 概念构思说明：chief design concept指导思想（设计主旨）：key concepts概述：introduction宗旨：mission statement愿景及设计效果：vision and design concept城市空间景观分析：urban space landscape identity绿化景观分析：landscape analysis交通分析：traffic analysis生态系统：ecological system地块A：area A模型照片：model images案例分析：case study草图：sketches设计构思草图：concept sketches规划总平面图：site plan鸟瞰图：bird view功能分区图：function organization单体透视图：unit perspective1-1剖面图：section 1-1立面图：elevation沿街立面图：street elevation平面图：plan地下一层平面图：basement plan；B1 plan首层平面图：F1 plan；ground floor plan二层平面图：2F floor plan设计阶段 stages of design草图 sketch方案 scheme初步设计 preliminary design施工图 working drawing平面图 plan平面放大图 plan in enlarged scale剖面图 section立面图 elevation节点详图 detail drawing透视图 perspective drawings鸟瞰图 birds-eye view示意图 schematic diagram区划图 block plan位置图 location示意图：schematic diagram背景介绍：project background报告书目的：purpose of report专案区位背景：Context of 。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
建筑学英语【完全版】
建筑学英语【完全版】 01.建筑学序码汉文名英文名注释01.1 总论01.0001 建筑学architecture01.0002 建筑物building01.0003 人体测量学anthropometry01.0004 人体尺寸human dimensions01.0005 人体舒适human comfort01.0006 人类行为human behavior01.0007 [人因]工效学human factorengineering01.0008 人类群居学ekistics01.0009 环境心理学environmentalpsychology01.0010 人类生态学human ecology01.0011 建筑功能building function01.0012 建筑类型学building typology01.0013 空间构图space configuration01.0014 领域性territoriality01.0015 建筑经济学building economics01.0016 价值工程学value engineering01.0017 费用效益cost effectiveness01.0018 建筑美学architectural aesthetics 01.0019 艺术格调artistic touch01.0020 建筑几何学architectural geometry 01.0021 建筑形态学architecturalmorphology01.0022 建筑形式architectural form01.0023 建筑风格architectural style01.0024 建筑环境architectural environment 01.0025 环境艺术environmental art01.0026 建筑文化architectural culture01.0027 建筑文脉architectural context01.0028 建筑符号学architectural semiotics 01.0029 模式语言pattern language01.0030 建筑设计方法学architecturaldesign methodology01.0031 无障碍设计barrier free design01.0032 古建筑保护historical buildingpresvervation01.0033 风水学fengshui01.0034 建筑科学building science01.0035 建筑气候学building climatology01.0036 建筑物理[学]building physics01.0037 建筑光学building optics01.0038 建筑热学building thermodymamics,building thermology01.0039 建筑声学building acoustics01.0040 太阳能建筑solar building01.0041 建筑工程building engineering01.0042 建筑标准化buildingstandardization01.0043 建筑模数building module01.0044 模数协调modular coordination01.0045 建筑工业化buildingindustrialization01.0046 工业化建筑体系industrializedbuilding system01.0047 支撑体系support system01.0048 填充体系infill system01.0049 建筑安全building safety01.0050 建筑防灾building disasterprevention01.0051 建筑节能building energyconservation01.0052 减灾学natural disasterprevention01.0053 建筑防火building fire protection 01.0054 建筑抗震building aseismicity01.0055 建筑病理building pathology01.0056 健康建筑healthy building01.0057 建筑综合症synthetic buildingsyndrome,SBS01.0058 建筑保安building security01.0059 防卫性空间defensible space01.0060 建筑性能building performance01.0061 建筑评价building evaluation01.0062 社会影响评价social impactassessment,SIA01.0063 环境影响评价environmental impactassessment,EIA01.0064 建筑测量building surveying01.0065 建筑勘探building geotechnics01.0066 工程施工engineering construction 01.0067 建筑材料building material01.0068 建筑制品building product01.0069 建筑构造architecturalconstruction01.0070 建筑设备系统building servicesystem01.0071 建筑设备building equipment01.0072 建筑设备安装building equipmentinstallation01.0073 建筑设施building facilities01.0074 建筑设施管理building facilitiesmanagement01.0075 建筑装修builidng finishing01.0076 室内装饰interior decoration01.0077 建筑壁画mural01.0078 浅浮雕bas-relief01.0079 建筑维护building maintenance01.0080 建筑修缮building repair01.0081 建筑管理building management01.0082 建筑业building industry01.0083 建筑立法building legislation01.0084 建筑史architectural history01.0085 古典建筑classical architecture01.0086 古典柱式classical order01.0087 古埃及建筑Egyptian arhcitecture01.0088 美索不达米亚建筑Mesopotamianarchitecture01.0089 古希腊建筑Greek architecture01.0090 古罗马建筑Roman architecture01.0091 拜占庭建筑Byzantine architecture 01.0092 罗曼式建筑Romanesque architecture 01.0093 哥特式建筑Gothic architecture01.0094 文艺复兴建筑Renaissancearchitecture01.0095 巴洛克建筑Baroque architecture01.0096 洛可可建筑Rococo architecture01.0097 伊斯兰建筑Islamic architecture01.0098 新艺术运动Art-nouveau Movement01.0099 现代主义modernism01.0100 国际风格International Style01.0101 后现代主义post-modernism01.0102 功能主义functionalism01.0103 构成主义constructivism01.0104 表现主义expressionism01.0105 手法主义mannerism01.0106 折中主义eclecticism01.0107 结构主义structuralism01.0108 新古典主义neoclassicism01.0109 复古主义revivalism01.0110 民族风格national style01.0111 新理性主义neorationalism01.0112 批判地方主义critical regionalism 01.0113 解构主义deconstruction01.0114 反构成主义deconstructivism01.0115 粗野主义brutalism01.0116 文脉主义contextualism01.0117 新陈代谢主义metabolism01.0118 高技术建筑hightech architecture01.0119 乡土建筑vernacular architecture01.0120 有机建筑organic architecture01.0121 国际建筑师协会Union ofInternational Architects, UIA01.0122 亚洲建筑师协会Architects RegionalCouncil Asia, ARCASIA 01.0123 中国建筑学会Architectural Societyof China, ASC01.2 建筑类型及组成01.0124 单层建筑single-story building01.0125 多层建筑multistory building01.0126 高层建筑highrise building, tallbuilding01.0127 超高层建筑super highrisebuilding, supertall building01.0128 摩天楼skyscraper01.0129 活动房屋mobile house01.0130 建筑队群building group01.0131 裙房podium01.0132 楼层floor01.0133 夹层mezzanine01.0134 底层ground floor01.0135 地下室basement01.0136 半地下室sub-basement01.0137 顶层top floor01.0138 房间room01.0139 走廊corridor01.0140 游廊gallery01.0141 入口entrance01.0142 门斗anteroom01.0143 门厅enrtance hall, vestibule01.0144 接待室reception room01.0145 会议室conference room01.0146 值班室janitor's room01.0147 收发室mail/distribution room01.0148 问询处information desk01.0149 衣帽间coat room, cloak room01.0150 开水间water heater room01.0151 卫生间washroom01.0152 厕所toilet01.0153 浴室bathroom01.0154 电话总机房telephone exchangeroom01.0155 电子计算机房computer room01.0156 广播室broadcasting room01.0157 储藏室storage room01.0158 变电间substation01.0159 锅炉间boiler room01.0160 阳台balcony01.0161 平台terrace01.0162 天井light court01.0163 屋前空地frontage01.0164 居住建筑residential building01.0165 人居human habitat01.0166 住房housing01.0167 独户住宅single family house01.0168 多户住宅multi-family house01.0169 联排式住宅row house, terracehouse01.0170 台阶式住宅stepped house,terraced house01.0171 公寓式住宅apartment house01.0172 板式住宅slab block01.0173 点式住宅point block01.0174 跃层式公寓skip-floor aparment01.0175 外廊式公寓exterior-corridor typeapartmnet01.0176 步行上楼式公寓walk-up apartment01.0177 电梯式公寓elevator apartment01.0178 平房one-story house, bungalow01.0179 农舍cottage01.0180 别墅villa01.0181 庭院式住宅courtyard house01.0182 两层独立公寓maisonette01.0183 宿舍dormitory01.0184 青年公寓youth apartment01.0185 老年公寓house for the elderly01.0186 养老院nursing home01.0187 公共活动室commom room, communityroom01.0188 卧室bedroom01.0189 起居室living room01.0190 书房study01.0191 餐室dining room01.0192 厨房kitchen01.0193 壁柜wall unit, case unit01.0194 吊柜hanging cabinet01.0195 地窖cellar01.0196 教育建筑educational building01.0197 大学建筑university building01.0198 学院建筑institute building,collehe building01.0199 专科学校建筑specail collegebuilding01.0200 中学建筑secondary schoolbuilding01.0201 职业学校建筑professional schoolbuilding01.0202 小学建筑elementary schoolbuilding01.0203 幼儿园kindergarten01.0204 寄宿制托儿所nursery01.0205 全日制托儿所day-care center01.0206 教室classroom01.0207 阶梯教室lecture theater01.0208 电化教室audio-visual classroom01.0209 实验教室laboratory01.0210 美术教室artroom 01.0211 音乐教室music room01.0212 劳作教室handicraft room01.0213 实验工厂practice workshop01.0214 儿童活动室children's playroom01.0215 哺乳室nursing room01.0216 配乳室milk kitchen01.0217 隔离室isolation room01.0218 学生中心students' center01.0219 游戏场地playground01.0220 黑板blackborad01.0221 讲台forum01.0222 文化建筑cultural building01.0223 图书馆library01.0224 博物馆museum01.0225 科技馆science museum01.0226 美术馆art museum01.0227 画廓gallery01.0228 文化中心cultural center01.0229 展览馆exhibition hall01.0230 天文馆planetarium01.0231 水族馆aquarium01.0232 自然博物馆natural history museum 01.0233 青年中心youth center01.0234 妇女中心women's center01.0235 陈列室display room01.0236 展览室exhibition room01.0237 阅览室reading room01.0238 阅览间reading carrel01.0239 微缩图书阅览室microfilm readingroom01.0240 善本图书阅览室rare books readingroom01.0241 文献资料阅览室referenceliterature room01.0242 目录厅catalogue room01.0243 出纳处lending department01.0244 编目室cataloging room01.0245 鉴定室authentication room01.0246 研究室research room01.0247 复印室copying room01.0248 装订室binding room01.0249 书库stack room01.0250 开架管理open stack management01.0251 闭架管理closed stack management 01.0252 书架book shelf01.0253 展览架display shelf01.0254 体育建筑sport building01.0255 体育场stadium01.0256 室内体育场indoor stadium01.0257 体育馆sports hall01.0258 游泳馆swimming hall, natatorium01.0259 健身房gymnasium01.0260 田径场track field01.0261 足球场football court, soccercourt01.0262 篮球场basketball court01.0263 排球场volleyball court01.0264 手球场handball court01.0265 垒球场softball court01.0266 网球场tennis court01.0267 羽毛球场badminton court01.0268 壁球场squash court01.0269 棒球场baseball field01.0270 射击场shooting range01.0271 射箭场archery01.0272 赛马场race course01.0273 斗牛场bullfighting arena01.0274 自行车赛场velodrome01.0275 滑冰场skating rink01.0276 水上运动场aquatic sport waters 01.0277 冰球场ice hockey rink01.0278 曲棍球场hockey field01.0279 高尔夫球场golf course01.0280 跳伞俱乐部parachute club01.0281 保龄球场bowling club01.0282 桑拿浴室sauna bathroom01.0283 按摩室massage room01.0284 练习场warm-up01.0285 看台grandstand01.0286 活动看台movable stand01.0287 裁判席referee's seat01.0288 运动员席sportsman's seat01.0289 固定座位bleacher01.0290 场地field01.0291 跑道track01.0292 跳高场地high jump runway01.0293 跳远场地long jump runway01.0294 三级跳远场地triple jump runway 01.0295 撑竿跳高场地pole vault runway 01.0296 标枪投掷区javelin throwing zone 01.0297 铅球投掷区hammer throwing zone 01.0298 铁饼投掷区discus throwing zone 01.0299 障碍赛跑道hurdle race track01.0300 跳水池diving pool01.0301 武术场地martial arts ground01.0302 举重场地weightlifting platform 01.0303 摔跤场地wrestling ring01.0304 拳击比赛台boxing ring01.0305 击剑场地fencing area01.0306 游泳池swimming pool01.0307 泳道swimming lane01.0308 跳水台diving platform 01.0309 体操台gymnastic floor01.0310 单杠horizontal bar01.0311 双杠parallel bars01.0312 高低杠uneven parallel bars01.0313 吊环rings01.0314 鞍马vaulting horse01.0315 跳马pommel horse01.0316 自由体操free exercise01.0317 平衡木halancing beam01.0318 篮球架backboard01.0319 球门goal01.0320 记分牌scoreboard01.0321 跳伞塔parachuting tower01.0322 观演建筑theatrical building01.0323 剧院theater, playhouse01.0324 表演艺术中心performing artscenter01.0325 歌剧院opera house01.0326 芭蕾舞剧院ballet theater01.0327 京剧院Beijing opera theater01.0328 木偶剧院puppet play theater01.0329 露天剧场open air theater,amphitheater01.0330 话剧院drama theater01.0331 实验剧场experimental theater01.0332 电影院cinema, movie theater01.0333 全景电影院panoramic cinema01.0334 立体电影院stereophonic cinema01.0335 汽车影院drive-in theater01.0336 音乐厅concert hall01.0337 交响乐厅symphony hall01.0338 独唱独奏厅recital hall01.0339 观众厅auditorium01.0340 座席容量seating capacity01.0341 多用途观众厅multiuse auditorium 01.0342 多媒体演出multimedia performance 01.0343 地面升起rakde floor01.0344 视线sight line01.0345 排距row spacing01.0346 错排座席staggered seating01.0347 纵过道longitudinal aisle01.0348 横过道transverse aisle01.0349 天花反射板ceiling reflector01.0350 池座层orchestra level01.0351 池座前排stall01.0352 楼层挑台balcony01.0353 楼面层tier01.0354 包厢box01.0355 迟到席late-comers' seat01.0356 舞台stage01.0357 箱形舞台proscenium frame stage01.0358 旋转舞台revolving stage01.0359 凸出舞台thrust stage01.0360 中心舞台arena stage01.0361 活动舞台flexible stage01.0362 基本台main stage01.0363 侧台side stage01.0364 转台turntable01.0365 升降台elevating stage, stagelift01.0366 车台wagon stage01.0367 表演区acting area01.0368 乐池orchestra pit01.0369 台唇apron, forestage01.0370 台口proscenium01.0371 假台口 false proscenium,adjustable proscenium01.0372 大幕front curtain, house tabs 01.0373 防火幕fire curtain01.0374 天幕cyclorama01.0375 边幕wing sets01.0376 声罩acoustic shell01.0377 布景stage scenery01.0378 道具stage property, prop01.0379 银幕film screen01.0380 宽银幕wide film screen01.0381 立体银幕cinemascope screen01.0382 天桥fly gallery01.0383 灯光渡桥traveling lightinggallery01.0384 舞台塔fly tower01.0385 舞台吊杆flybar, barrten01.0386 手动吊杆hand-driven battern01.0387 电动吊杆motorized winch batten 01.0388 单式吊杆single purchasecounterweight batten01.0389 复式吊杆double purchasecounterweight batten01.0390 排烟窗vent window01.0391 舞台灯光stage lighting01.0392 耳光wall-slot lighting01.0393 面光front lighting01.0394 侧光side lighting01.0395 放映室projection booth,projection room01.0396 放映孔projection port01.0397 观察窗observation port01.0398 后台back stage01.0399 化妆室dressing room, make-uproom01.0400 排练厅rehearsal room01.0401 演员休息室green room 01.0402 舞台监督室stge manager's room 01.0403 灯光控制室light control room01.0404 音响控制室sound control room01.0405 前厅foyer01.0406 售票处box office01.0407 疏散出口emergency exit01.0408 娱乐建筑recreation building01.0409 娱乐中心recreation center01.0410 舞厅ballroom01.0411 俱乐部clubhouse01.0412 夜总会night club01.0413 舞池dancing floor01.0414 医[疗]卫[生]建筑medical building 01.0415 医院hospital01.0416 综合医院general hospital01.0417 精神医院mental health hospital 01.0418 口腔医院dental hospital01.0419 妇科医院gynaecologic hospital01.0420 妇产医院obstetric hospital01.0421 儿科医院pediatric hospital01.0422 传染医院contagious diseasehospital01.0423 肿瘤医院tumour hospital01.0424 眼科医院ophthalmologic hospital 01.0425 疗养院sanatorium01.0426 急球中心emergency care center 01.0427 康复中心rehabilitation center01.0428 中医院traditional Chinesemedical hospital01.0429 医疗站medical station01.0430 卫生所health center01.0431 防疫站health and quarantinestation01.0432 门诊部outpatient department01.0433 急诊部emergency department01.0434 治疗部examination-treatmentcenter01.0435 理疗部therapeutic department01.0436 化疗部chemical treatmentdepartment01.0437 手术部operationdepartment,surgical suite01.0438 针灸部acupuncture department01.0439 放射部radioactive department01.0440 分娩部delivery department01.0441 住院部ward01.0442 同位素室radioisotope unit01.0443 化验室testing laboratory01.0444 挂号处admitting office01.0445 候诊室waiting lounge01.0446 诊室consulting room01.0447 药房pharmacy01.0448 病房patients' room01.0449 隔离病房isolation ward01.0450 阳光室solaria01.0451 营养厨房dietary kitchen01.0452 手术准备室preparation room01.0453 手术消毒室sterilizing room01.0454 麻醉室anesthesia room01.0455 手术洗涤室scrub-up01.0456 停尸房mortuary01.0457 解剖室autopsy room01.0458 中心供应站central supply01.0459 工业建筑industrial building01.0460 火力发电厂steam power station01.0461 选煤厂coal preparation plant01.0462 炼油厂oil refinery01.0463 液化石油气厂liquid petroleum gasplant, LPG plant01.0464 自来水厂water supply andpurification plant01.0465 钢铁厂iron and steel works01.0466 铝厂aluminium factory01.0467 焦化厂coke plant01.0468 机械厂machine making factory01.0469 汽车厂automobile factory01.0470 拖拉机厂tractor factory01.0471 机车车辆厂locomotive and coachwagon factory01.0472 机床厂machine tool factory01.0473 电机厂electric motor factory01.0474 冷冻机厂refrigerating machinewagon01.0475 锅炉厂boiler making factory01.0476 轴承厂bearing factory01.0477 齿轮厂gear factory01.0478 电镀厂electroplating factory01.0479 电解厂electrolysis tactory01.0480 建筑机械厂building equipmentfactory01.0481 建筑材料厂building materialfactory01.0482 建筑五金厂building hardwarefactory01.0483 建筑陶瓷厂building ceramicsfactory01.0484 水泥厂cement works01.0485 砖瓦厂brick and tile factory01.0486 木材厂woodworking factory01.0487 大理石厂marble factory01.0488 精密仪器厂precision instrumentfactory 01.0489 仪器仪表厂instument and meterfactory01.0490 钟表厂clock and watch factory01.0491 眼镜厂spectacles factory01.0492 化工厂chemical plant01.0493 塑料厂plastics plant01.0494 制药厂pharmaceutical factory01.0495 油漆厂paint factory01.0496 制管厂piping factory01.0497 皮毛加工厂leather factory01.0498 纺织厂textile mill01.0499 针织厂knitting mill01.0500 印染厂dyeing plant01.0501 服装厂tailor shop01.0502 鞋厂shoemaking factory01.0503 工艺美术厂handicraft factory01.0504 印刷厂printing press01.0505 玩具厂toy making factory01.0506 面包厂bakery01.0507 面粉厂flour mill01.0508 食品厂food products factory01.0509 清真食品厂muslem food productsfactory01.0510 豆制品厂bean products factory01.0511 饮料厂beverage01.0512 酿酒厂winery01.0513 啤酒厂brewery01.0514 屠宰厂butchery01.0515 肉类加工厂meat products factory 01.0516 卷烟厂cigarette factory01.0517 茶厂tea factory01.0518 糖厂sugar mill01.0519 厂房factory building01.0520 车间workshop01.0521 堆场storage yard01.0522 原料加工车间raw material handingplant01.0523 治炼车间smelting shop01.0524 铸造车间casting shop01.0525 锻造车间forging shop01.0526 冲压车间drop forging shop01.0527 焊接车间welding shop01.0528 金工车间machine-cutting shop01.0529 木工车间carpentry shop01.0530 加工车间 processing plant01.0531 装配车间assembly plant01.0532 冷拉车间cold-drawing shop01.0533 热处理车间heat-treatment shop01.0534 电镀车间electroplating shop01.0535 电解车间electrolysis shop01.0536 油漆车间painting shop01.0537 机修车间machine repair shop01.0538 中试车间pilot plant01.0539 烧制车间furnace room01.0540 精密车间precision workshop01.0541 洁净车间dust-proof workshop,clearoom01.0542 中央试验室central laboratory01.0543 动力站power plant01.0544 锅炉房boiler house01.0545 煤气发生站gas generating station 01.0546 压缩空气站compressed air station 01.0547 氧气站oxygen station01.0548 乙炔站acetylene generatingstation01.0549 充电站battery recharge room01.0550 仓库warehouse, godown01.0551 总仓库central warehouse01.0552 成品库final product storage01.0553 装卸站台loading platform01.0554 厂前区administration quarter01.0555 生活间changing room, lockerroom01.0556 吊车crane01.0557 汽车地磅truck-weighing platform 01.0558 水塔water tower01.0559 电瓶车库battery car room01.0560 商业建筑commercial building01.0561 百货商店department store01.0562 超级市场supermarket01.0563 自选商场self service store01.0564 购物中心shopping center01.0565 市场market hall01.0566 农贸市场farm product market01.0567 鱼市fishmonger, fish stall01.0568 肉市butcher shop01.0569 禽市poultry stall01.0570 蛋市egg stall01.0571 果市fruit stall01.0572 菜市场vegetable market01.0573 批发商店wholesale store01.0574 零售商店retail store01.0575 专卖店speciality shop01.0576 粮店grain store01.0577 副食店foodstuffs store01.0578 食品店provisions shop01.0579 熟食店delicatessen shop01.0580 点心铺pastry store01.0581 杂货铺grocery01.0582 饭馆restaurant01.0583 饮食店cafeteria01.0584 小吃店snack bar 01.0585 快餐店fast food restaurant01.0586 茶馆 tea house01.0587 包子铺stuffed bun house01.0588 食堂canteen01.0589 中药店traditional Chinsesmedicine store01.0590 西药店drugstore01.0591 布店cloth store01.0592 呢绒绸缎店silk and wool fabricstore01.0593 服装店clothing store01.0594 鞋帽店hat and shoes store01.0595 床上用品店bed linens store01.0596 家具店furniture store01.0597 眼镜店spectacles store01.0598 钟表店clocks and watches store01.0599 文具用品店stationary store01.0600 书店bookstore01.0601 花店flower shop01.0602 服饰店haberdashery01.0603 洗染店laundering and dyeingshop01.0604 干洗店dry cleaning shop01.0605 工艺美术品店arts and caftsstore01.0606 金银手饰店jewelry store01.0607 珠宝店jewelry shop01.0608 照相馆photo studio01.0609 理发店barber shop01.0610 美发廊hair salon01.0611 美容院beauty parlour01.0612 浴堂bath house01.0613 旅馆hotel01.0614 旅店inn01.0615 宾馆guesthouse01.0616 汽车旅馆motel01.0617 银行bank01.0618 储蓄所saving bank01.0619 证券交易所stock exchange01.0620 营业厅shopping hall01.0621 售货区Sales area01.0622 顾客活动区customers' area01.0623 橱窗shop window, show window01.0624 收款柜台cashier01.0625 货架shelf01.0626 货柜counter01.0627 卸货间delivery room01.0628 卸货台delivery platform01.0629 主食加工间staple food processingroom01.0630 副食加工间non-staple foodprocessing room01.0631 主食库staple food storage01.0632 副食库non-staple food storage01.0633 调料库condiment storage01.0634 备餐间pantry, food preparationroom01.0635 食具洗涤消毒间ware washing andsterilizing room01.0636 烧火间firing sector01.0637 冷[藏]库cold storage01.0638 冷藏间refrigerated storage room01.0639 冷冻间freezed storage room01.0640 制冻间ice-mking room01.0641 客房guest room01.0642 套间客房suite01.0643 总统客房presidential suite01.0644 单床间single-bed room01.0645 双床间double room01.0646 休息厅looby, loung01.0647 接待厅reception hall,front desk01.0648 总服务台reception desk01.0649 餐厅dining hall01.0650 中餐厅Chinese restaurant01.0651 西餐厅west restaurant01.0652 咖啡厅coffee house, coffee shop01.0653 风味餐厅speciality restaurant01.0654 宴会厅banquet hall01.0655 多功能厅multi-function hall01.0656 酒巴间bar01.0657 洗手间rest room01.0658 洗衣房laundry01.0659 交通建筑transportain building01.0660 航空港airport01.0661 候机楼air-terminal01.0662 售票厅booking hall01.0663 候机厅departure hall01.0664 行李托运站baggage check-in01.0665 旅客通道passenger concourse01.0666 海关检查处customs examination01.0667 登机口boarding gate01.0668 行李提取站bagggage claim01.0669 停机坪apron01.0670 直升机坪helistop01.0671 指挥塔command tower01.0672 飞机跑道runway01.0673 火车站railway terminal, railwaystation01.0674 汽车客运站bus passenger terminal,bus passenger station01.0675 水路客运站waterway passengerterminal, watermqy passengerstation01.0676 候车室waiting lounge01.0677 行李室luggage room01.0678 站台railway platform01.0679 站台雨棚platform shed01.0680 灯塔beacon, lighthouse01.0681 汽车库garage01.0682 多层车库multistory garage01.0683 加油站petrol filling station01.0684 汽车修理站car repair pit01.0685 汽车洗车台car wash01.0686 岗亭sentry box01.0687 农业生产建筑farm building01.0688 粮库granary01.0689 筒仓silo01.0690 种子库seed storage01.0691 选种室seed selection room01.0692 粮食加工厂grain processing plant 01.0693 晒场sunning ground01.0694 温室greenhouse01.0695 塑料大棚plastic-cover greenhouse 01.0696 农机站farm machinery station01.0697 保养间maintenance shop01.0698 农具棚agricultural tools shed01.0699 零件库machine parts storage01.0700 农机修理站agricultural machinerepair station01.0701 种马场stallion barn01.0702 役马场military horse harn01.0703 马厩horse stable01.0704 乳牛场dairy farm01.0705 牛舍stanchion barn01.0706 公牛舍bull barn01.0707 犊牛舍calf barn01.0708 挤乳间milking parlour01.0709 牛乳处理间milkhouse01.0710 养鸡场poultry yard01.0711 鸡舍hencoop01.0712 养猪场pig farm, hog lot01.0713 猪舍pigsty01.0714 饲料储存处feed storage01.0715 饲料加工间feed processing plant 01.0716 食槽manger01.0717 饮水池drinking water pool01.0718 人工采精室sperm collection room 01.0719 授精配种室sperm fertilizationroom01.0720 病兽隔离室isolation barn01.0721 兽医站veterinary stastion01.0722 积肥场fertilizer yard01.0723 沼气池biomass pool01.0724 农业服务中心agricultural servicecenter01.0725 办公建筑office building01.0726 多层办公楼multistory office01.0727 高层办公楼office tower01.0728 行政办公楼administrative building 01.0729 专用办公楼special-use officebuilding01.0730 综合性办公楼multiuse officebuilding01.0731 智能办公楼intelligent building,smart building01.0732 单间式布局private office layout 01.0733 大空间布局open landscape layout 01.0734 单走道布局single-corridor layout 01.0735 双走道布局double-corridor layout 01.0736 单外廊布局singleexterior-corridor layout01.0737 双外廊布局doubleexterior-corridor layout01.0738 办公室office room01.0739 设计室design studio01.0740 绘图室driafting room01.0741 档案室file room01.0742 晒图室reproduction room01.0743 图档室drawings and documentsroom01.0744 打字室typing room01.0745 模型室model shop01.0746 公共建筑public building01.0747 国际会议大厦internationalconvertion hall01.0748 国家会议大厦state conventionhall01.0749 市政厅municipal hall, city hall 01.0750 会议厅assembly hall01.0751 礼堂auditorium01.0752 主席台presidium01.0753 同声传译控制室simultaneousinterpretation booth01.0754 翻译室interpreters' room01.0755 监听室monitor room01.0756 扩音控制室broadcasting controlroom01.0757 电视转播室television transmissionroom01.0758 电视转播车television transmissionvehicle01.0759 总指挥室general director's room 01.0760 法院courthouse 01.0761 法庭courtroom01.0762 法官室judge's suite01.0763 秘书室law clerk's room01.0764 律师室lawyer's room01.0765 证人室witness' room01.0766 拘留室detention room01.0767 警察局police station01.0768 派出所police substation01.0769 监狱prison, jail01.0770 牢房prison cell01.0771 接收牢房incarceration cell01.0772 隔离牢房isolation cell01.0773 检查室examination room01.0774 讯问处interrogation room01.0775 看守室guards' room01.0776 瞭望室watchtower01.0777 消防站fire station01.0778 消防车库fire engine room01.0779 训练塔training tower01.0780 通信建筑communication building 01.0781 邮局post office01.0782 电信楼telecommunication building 01.0783 营业柜台clerk counter01.0784 书写台writing counter01.0785 电话间telephone booth01.0786 广播楼broadcasting station01.0787 电视中心television center, TVcenter01.0788 卫星通信地面站satellite groundstation01.0789 录音室recording room01.0790 演播室studio01.0791 微波塔microwave transmissiontower01.0792 电视塔TV transmission tower01.0793 电影制片厂motion picture studio 01.0794 科学建筑science building01.0795 研究中心research center01.0796 试验楼laboratory building01.0797 试验室laboratory room01.0798 物理试验室physics laboratory01.0799 化学试验室chemistry laboratory 01.0800 光学试验室optics laboratory01.0801 声学试验室acoustic laboratory01.0802 混响室reverberationroom01.0803 隔声室soundproof room01.0804 消声室sound attenuation room,anechoic room01.0805 热工试验室thermal sciencelaboratory01.0806 生物试验室biology laboratory01.0807 机械性能试验室mechanicalproperties laboratory01.0808 无菌室bacteria-free room01.0809 计量室metrology room01.0810 天平室balance room01.0811 电子显微镜室electronic microscopyroom01.0812 试验台testing counter01.0813 通风罩ventilation hood01.0814 天文台observatory01.0815 气象台meteorological station01.0816 宗教建筑religious building01.0817 庙temple01.0818 寺buddhist temple01.0819 庵nunnery01.0820 祠shrine01.0821 观taoist temple01.0822 山门temple gate01.0823 大殿main temple hall01.0824 经堂scripture hall01.0825 钟楼bell tower01.0826 鼓楼drum tower01.0827 纪念建筑memorial building01.0828 纪念碑memorial monument01.0829 台座pedestal01.0830 纪念堂memorial hall01.0831 纪念牌坊monumental gateway01.0832 地下建筑underground building01.0833 人防地下室air-raid shelter01.0834 防核尘地下室fallout shelter01.0835 地铁车站subway station, metrostation01.0836 地下商场underground store01.0837 地下窑居underground dwelling01.0838 地下珍宝馆underground treasurechamber01.0839 地下车库underground garage01.0840 地下仓库underground warehouse01.0841 地下金库underground goldtreasury01.0842 地下冷库underground cold storage 01.0843 地下粮仓underground granary01.0844 地下试验室underground testinglaboratory01.0845 生土建筑earth building01.0846 窑居cave dwelling01.0847 夯土房rammed earth construction 01.0848 土筑房earthwork house01.0849 土坯房adobe house01.0850 覆土建筑earth-coveredconstruction 01.0851 自行车棚bicycle shed01.0852 围墙fence wall, enclosure wall 01.0853 大门entrance gate, main door01.0854 门房gatehouse01.3 建筑设计01.0855 设计管理design administration01.0856 建筑法buliding law,buildingordinance01.0857 建筑师注册法architects'registration ordinance 01.0858 职业工程师法professionalengineers' law01.0859 建筑主管机关building authority01.0860 建筑设计院building design institute 01.0861 建筑设计所building design office01.0862 建筑师architecf01.0863 结构工程师structural engineer01.0864 职业工程师professional engineer01.0865 咨询工程师design consultant01.0866 估价师estimator, quantity surveyor 01.0867 设计委托design commission01.0868 设计协议design agreement01.0869 设计合同design contract01.0870 设计义务design liability01.0871 损害义务tort liability01.0872 设计费design fee01.0873 收费标准fee scale01.0874 百分比收费percentage cost fee01.0875 单位面积收费unit area fee01.0876 总额收费lump sum fee01.0877 成本附加费cost plus fee01.0878 资质审查qualification01.0879 注册registration01.0880 执照license01.0881 合伙制设计事务所design partnership 01.0882 设计规范design code01.0883 设计标准design approval01.0884 职业道德守则code of professionalethics01.0885 设计程序design process01.0886 可行性研究feasibility study01.0887 机会研究opportunity study01.0888 建筑策划architectural programming 01.0889 场址选择site selection01.0890 需求预测demand forecasting01.0891 价格分析price analysis01.0892 建筑条件construction conditions01.0893 设计方案design alternative01.0894 劳动定员manpower quota01.0895 实施计划implementation schedule01.0896 投资额investment cost。
中英文建筑术语翻译1
常见的建筑术语中英文对译(1)以下整理了一些常见的建筑术语，中英文对译，以供有需要的朋友使用，仅供参考。
对译集合之一：1. 建筑设计- Architectural Design2. 建筑结构- Building Structure3. 建筑材料- Building Materials4. 建筑施工- Building Construction5. 建筑成本- Construction Cost6. 建筑风格- Architectural Style7. 建筑师- Architect8. 建筑规划- Building Planning9. 建筑模型- Architectural Model10. 建筑面积- Building Area11. 建筑高度- Building Height12. 建筑容积率- Plot Ratio13. 建筑法规- Building Codes and Regulations14. 建筑节能- Energy Efficiency in Buildings15. 建筑智能化- Intelligent Buildings16. 绿色建筑- Green Buildings17. 可持续建筑- Sustainable Buildings18. 建筑声学- Architectural Acoustics19. 建筑光学- Architectural Optics20. 室内设计- Interior Design21. 景观设计- Landscape Design22. 结构设计- Structural Design23. 给排水设计- Water Supply and Drainage Design24. 暖通空调设计- HVAC Design25. 电气设计- Electrical Design26. 消防设计- Fire Protection Design27. 智能化系统设计- Intelligent System Design28. 施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design29. 施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design30. 装饰装修设计- Decoration and Finishing Design31. 建筑声学设计- Architectural Acoustics Design32. 建筑光学设计- Architectural Optics Design33. 建筑热工设计- Architectural Thermal Design34. 建筑美学设计- Architectural Aesthetic Design35. 建筑环境设计- Architectural Environment Design36. 建筑风水学- Feng Shui37. 建筑日照分析- Solar Analysis for Buildings38. 建筑通风分析- Ventilation Analysis for Buildings39. 建筑声环境分析- Acoustic Environment Analysis for Buildings40. 建筑光环境分析- Daylighting Environment Analysis for Buildings41. 建筑热环境分析- Thermal Environment Analysis for Buildings42. 建筑面积计算- Building Area Calculation43. 建筑楼层高度- Storey Height44. 建筑消防设计- Fire Protection Design for Buildings45. 建筑结构安全评估- Structural Safety Evaluation for Buildings46. 建筑抗震设计- Seismic Design for Buildings47. 建筑防洪设计- Flood-resistant Design for Buildings48. 建筑工程招标- Building Engineering Tendering49. 建筑工程施工许可- Construction Permission for Building Projects50. 建筑工程造价咨询- Engineering Cost Consulting for Building Projects51. 建筑工程监理- Project Supervision for Building Projects52. 建筑工程验收- Acceptance of Building Projects53. 建筑工程质量检测- Quality Detection of Building Projects54. 建筑工程质量评估- Quality Evaluation of Building Projects55. 建筑工程质量保修- Quality Guarantee of Building Projects56. 建筑工程档案- Construction Project Archives57. 建筑工程安全- Construction Safety58. 建筑工程管理- Construction Project Management59. 建筑工程合同- Construction Contract60. 建筑工程保险- Construction Insurance61. 建筑工程材料- Construction Materials62. 建筑工程机械- Construction Machinery63. 建筑工程劳务- Construction Labor64. 建筑工程施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design for Building Projects65. 建筑工程施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design for Building Projects66. 建筑工程施工进度计划- Construction Progress Plan for Building Projects67. 建筑工程施工质量控制- Construction Quality Control for Building Projects68. 建筑工程施工安全管理- Construction Safety Management for Building Projects69. 建筑工程施工现场管理- Construction Site Management for Building Projects70. 建筑工程施工成本管理- Construction Cost Management for Building Projects71. 建筑工程施工环境保护- Environmental Protection in Building Construction72. 建筑工程施工节能管理- Energy-saving Management in Building Construction73. 建筑工程施工水土保持- Soil and Water Conservation in Building Construction74. 建筑工程施工质量控制要点- Key Points of Construction Quality Control for Building Projects75. 建筑工程施工安全控制要点- Key Points of Construction Safety Control for Building Projects76. 建筑工程施工质量验收规范- Acceptance Specification for Construction Quality of Building Projects77. 建筑立面设计- Façade Design78. 建筑剖面设计- Section Design79. 建筑立面分析图- Façade Analysis Diagram80. 建筑剖面分析图- Section Analysis Diagram81. 建筑结构分析图- Structural Analysis Diagram82. 建筑平面图- Floor Plan83. 建筑立面图- Façade Drawing84. 建筑剖面图- Section Drawing85. 建筑轴测图- Axonometric Drawing86. 建筑渲染图- Architectural Rendering87. 建筑模型制作- Model Making88. 建筑绘画- Architectural Drawing89. 建筑表现图- Architectural Representation90. 建筑动画- Architectural Animation91. 建筑摄影- Architectural Photography92. 建筑信息模型- Building Information Modeling (BIM)93. 建筑环境评估- Building Environmental Assessment94. 建筑节能评估- Building Energy Efficiency Assessment95. 建筑可持续性评估- Building Sustainability Assessment96. 建筑健康评估- Building Health Assessment97. 建筑设备系统设计- Building Equipment System Design98. 建筑电气系统设计- Electrical System Design for Buildings99. 建筑给排水系统设计- Water Supply and Drainage System Design for Buildings 100. 建筑暖通空调系统设计- HVAC System Design for Buildings待续。
建筑学专业外文翻译--挪威Romsdal民俗博物馆
中文3500汉字，2000单词，10500英文字符外文翻译学院建筑学院专业建筑学专业姓名学号指导教师完成时间1.外文资料原文Norway Romsdal Folk MuseumPhotograph from : Stiftelsen RomsdalsmuseetThe Romsdal Folk Museum is an architectonic attraction and a treasured landmark that embodies the history and identity of the entire region. Our intention in this project was to let the structure signal its meaning and function through an architectural expression and the use of local materials. The scale of the building refers to the urbanity and morphology of the town. The overall layout of the museum grounds the connections to the town by linking different surrounding areas in an overall plan where all circulation is linked in a unified structure. The project conveys an open and progressive attitude that makes diverse utilization possible.The Museum design approach is rooted in rationality and sustainability. The plan geometry is deceptively simple, the characteristic angled shapes are limited to the roof and the external wall, making the circulation and internal organisation clear and flexible. The public areas are clearly separated from the administration wing, which is located on both the ground and first floor. Exhibition rooms, the auditorium and the library are all placed on the ground floor to increase flexibility and user experience. The transparency of the reception room permits supporting internal and external activities. Large sliding doors separate the permanent and temporary exhibition areas, giving the curators the ability to combine or separate the spaces. The archives and workshops are located on the basement level, with the vertical circulation of large items facilitated by a large goods lift.Pine is the primary building material of the museum. Exterior walls and roof are made of solid timber in combination of steel beam when required. The terrain entailed the use of concrete, however its use was reduce to the foundations. Exterior walls and ceilings covered with maintenance-pine relief tempered with bio-based oil.Different openings filter the daylight in such way that the internal space are enriched by gradations and translucency nuances. However, the main exhibition rooms are black boxes, giving the curators total control of artificial lightening inthese areas. All the glazing units have high-energy performance glass, in some locations with silk printed colours and patterns.The impact on the Nordic society:The Romsdal Folk Museum is a great example of strategic use of low-tech building solutions. It embodies the national policy in Norway to aim for a more sustainable future. The museum is built using Norwegian timber technology and acts as a hub for cultural development.In this building, the people of Molde as well as visitors and tourists are given the opportunity to connect and to build a wider community. The museum hosts not only exhibits about Norwegian culture but also concerts, workshops and lectures on a day-to-day basis.The architectural form brings together the region's folk culture and the area's characteristic landscape qualities in a larger composition. The range of perspectives and activities ensures a broad audience, with the museum becoming a living centre for the exploration of the region’s history, contemporary culture, and future.Schöningen Germany paleontology research and experience centerArchitects: Holzer Kobler ArchitekturenLocation: Schöningen, GermanyArea: 4,090 ㎡Year: 2013Photographs from : Courtesy of Holzer Kobler ArchitekturenFrom the architect. ArchitectureThe PALÄON pushes itself out of the slightly hilly topography and cuts into the forested meadows.The volume of the three-story building and the paths emanating from it form lines of sight that divide the landscape into vectors. A second winding path system forms synapses thatconnect to the surroundings. The building is a camouflage –a hyperrealistic abstraction of the landscape.The metallic skin of the PALÄON mirrors the meadows and forests that surround it as well as the movements of the clouds in the sky passing by. Through its archaic form, the research and experience center becomes one with its surroundings. Sharp, large- formatted cuts into the building façade offer wide-reaching and fascinating views to the place where the spears were discovered, the pit of the brown coal mine, the nearby forest, and the Przewalski horses grazing in the meadows. The expressive openings cut into the building like spears in the skin of the horses and reflect this dynamic in the form language. The abstract cuts into the building also formally react to the neighboring traces of opencut mining. The resulting expressive architecture mediates between manmade and natural landscape and forms an emblem for the place.ExhibitionThe experience exhibition, with its presentation of the original site from Schöningen lies at the heart of the project. Memorable images speak to the visitor’s senses and emotions. New findings on our ancestors, the homo erectus, his daily life and the flora and fauna that existed around 300,000 years ago are presented as well as connections to current themes such as climate change and sustainability.The circuit through the exhibition begins in the three-story foyer in the middle of the building, which connects all of the views to the outside. The tall space creates view axes to the research and exhibition areas in the first and second floors as well as vistas to the brown coal mine. Here is where all paths leading to the programmatic areas, such as exhibition, educational areas, administration, restaurant or shop, begin and end. The foyer then leads one back to prehistoric times through the lacquered cross-section of the geological and archaeological layers of the excavation.Central to the exhibition design is the sculptural white exhibition structure, whose form vaguely resemble those of horse bones. Through enlargement and abstraction, a row of theme cabinets form a spatially activating element with views alternating with large-format artwork. Highlight to the exhibition circuit is the spears` cabinet that presents the world-wide uniques wooden spears from the stone age. Finally the panoramic cinema makes 300,000 years emotionally experiential.Upon leaving the main exhibition space and crossing the foyer one last time high above the entrance, current archaeological excavation and research work in Schöningen can be experienced in the research area. In the laboratory, visitors solve a tricky case with modern archaeological methods.The professional laboratory and workspaces of the archaeologists on-site are strung along the exhibition circuit and can be examined by the visitors. The ‘Adventure Research’ that takes place here daily is made comprehensible for laymen, children and experts and allowed to be experienced close-up – in the PALÄON itself and the exhibition site outdoors.LandscapeFor the design of the outdoor spaces of the new research and experience center, two complementary form languages were introduced into the landscape.They differ functionally and formally in the newly created park landscape echoing an inter-glacial cycle of primeval times and in the access and gathering areas, which are strongly influenced architectonically through the building. To the east, dense woods will soon cover half of the area of the site. To the west and surrounding the PALÄON stretch dappled forests, as well as meadows and a lake, which also accommodate the fenced- in area for the Przewalski horses. A curving network of paths leads the visitor to special viewpoints, attractions, and makes necessary connections. For example, the design of the playground was inspired from extinct primeval animals. And from a slightly raised point at one area of the lake, the visitor is given an ideal view of where the wild horses reside.Spa Hot Springs Resort Ming Tang, Bazhou,Hebei Province of China. Architect: CT Design + Cooperation TeamLocation: Bazhou City, Hebei Province, ChinaSite Area: About 12 hectares at the first phaseInvestment: About 600,000,000 TWDHot Spring Hotel Area: About 13,000 ㎡Completion: Nov 2010Photographs: TonyBACKGROUNDWith advantage of location about distance from Beijing city by car in 1 hour and resource of hot spring, Bazhou has been planed and developed as hot spring town in Hebei Province of China. There are 6 pieces of land allotted to 6 investment groups in the new development area and the project is 1 of 6 hot spring resorts.ISSUE & AGENDAHow to redefine quality for 5 star resort hotel which is not mai nly by it’s physical luxury but more about rich nature experience is the issue we have and how to create resort as one sustainable environment is our main concern. Therefore, environment goes first, then landscape experience, architectural form is just based on how to integrate it with surroundings.SITE SITUATIONThe site is flat which is about 18 hectares in rectangle shape (12 hectares for the first phase) and as normal northern landscape in China. Cold winter wind comes from northwest direction and cool summer wind comes from southeast direction. Moreover climate and landscape situation is very different at 4 reasons – spring is comfortable, summer is hot which will reach to 32 degree at highest, autumn is cool, and winter is cold about minus 10 degree at lowest. So how to use these varied experience for resort is the one of main points for design.ABOUT PLANNING & LANDSCAPEMore Nature, More SustainableNew topography created intends to respond to site’s situation wh ich is to have high hill at north side working as defence for cold winter wind and low hill at south side to guide cool summer wind into the site.Topography also works as base to creates three landscape typologies which will create multiple landscape experience – the hilltop as grassland, the hillside as forest, and the low land as hot spring. Hotel and villas will be set at different position and zoning as groups with different landscape theme such as hot spring, forest, and lake.As hot spring resort, water is the main subject and is used as main landscape element. From hot spring to SPA, from dam to waterfall, and from water courtyard to surrounding lake, we intend to create more chance for guest to experience hot spring in many different ways.About water system, secondhand hot spring is collected and pumped into waterfall and water wall in courtyard. Water will flow from high level to low level, from inside to outside, from water courtyard to entrance pool and down to lake and river. Finally water will be pumped back to water courtyard at the end pool of river as one circulating system.ABOUT ARCHITECTURE & SPACEArchitecture in Nature, Nature in Architecture“Architecture in Nature, Nature in Architecture” is our basic concept for the hotel. In the way, we intend to create weak and humble architecture which is harmonious and consistent with surroundings.We take linear form for building as the way to integrate it with surroundings in stead of creating one big solid object as normal business hotel on landscape. Linear form is as loop putting on topography which still will keep landscape inside and can give maximum proximity and access to the landscape. Moreover, it also works as corridor to guide guest experiencing environment and as the best circulation for flow of people as well.Based on arrangement of landscape, the hotel space is arranged in 3 loops following topography from level +0.2m up to level +1.1m.3 LOOPSLoop 1: Lobby, Café, SPA, indoor / outdoor swimming pool – water zoneSurrounded by water and looks like standing on it, our intention is to integrate inner space with surrounding big water. And due to temperature difference, hopefully hot spring could create kind atmosphere that hotel will look like as in mist in winter.Loop 2: Restaurant – flower zoneSurrounded by flower and encircling sakura courtyard, we intend to create kind atmosphere which is comfortable and refined in restaurant.Loop 3: Guest room area – bamboo forest zoneDue to it’s special charact er and ability to survive in winter, bamboo is chosen to create forest for guest room area which is not just only to provide privacy but also create kind feeling of meditation, especially for hot spring area in guest room towards bamboo courtyard.EXPECTATIONWe hope this resort could be as an environment which people can experience by not just only vision, but hearing, smell, and touch as well. It is just simply you can hear voice of water, birds, and wind going through bamboo, and can feel hot spring and smell flower as well.2.外文资料翻译挪威Romsdal民俗博物馆图片来源：Stiftelsen Romsdalsmuseet这是由Reiulf Ramstad建筑事务所设计的Romsdal民俗博物。
建筑学专业词汇中英文翻译
. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书planning proposals设计任务书design order标准规范standards and codes条件图information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original data设计进度schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案scheme, draft草图sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判negotiation可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design询价图enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰wind rose主导风向prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风hurricane台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual rainfall湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature冰冻期frost period冰冻线frost line冰冻区frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office服务用房service room换班室shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室living room浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室locker room厕所lavatory门厅lobby foyer诊室clinic工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor档案室archive电梯机房lift motor room车库garage清洁间cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting room衣柜间ward robe暖风间H.V.A.C room饭店restaurant餐厅canteen, dining room厨房kitchen入口entrance接待处reception area会计室accountant room秘书室secretary room电气室electrical room控制室control room工长室foreman office开关柜室switch gear前室antecabinet (Ante.)生产区production area马达控制中心Mcc多功能用房utility room化验室laboratory room经理室manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet雨蓬canopy屋脊roof ridge坡度slope坡跨比pitch分水线water-shed二毡三油2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口eave挑檐overhanging eave檐沟eave gutter平屋面flat roof坡屋面pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P)汇水面积catchment area泛水flashing内排水interior drainage外排水exterior drainage滴水drip屋面排水roof drainage找平层leveling course卷材屋面built-up roofing天棚ceiling檩条purlin屋面板roofing board天花板ceiling board防水层water-proof course检查孔inspection hole人孔manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick wall砌块墙block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙bearing wall非承重墙non-bearing wall纵墙longitudinal wall横墙transverse wall外墙external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙filler wall防火墙fire wall窗间墙wall between window空心墙cavity wall压顶coping圈梁gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断glazed wall防潮层damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板sunshade阳台balcony伸缩缝expansion joint沉降缝settlement joint抗震缝seismic joint复合夹心板sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding panel复合板composite panel轻质隔断light-weight partition牛腿bracket砖烟囱brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实rammed earth炉渣夯实tamped cinder填土filled earth回填土夯实tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层covering, finish结合层bonding (binding) course找平层leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete floor水泥地面cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面terrazzo flooring马赛克地面mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅joist硬木毛地面hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡floor with 2% slope集水沟gully集水口gulley排水沟drainage trench沟盖板trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑sump pit孔翻边hole up stand电缆沟cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled door夹板门plywood door铝合金门aluminum alloy door卷帘门roller shutter door弹簧门swing door推拉门sliding door平开门side-hung door折叠门folding door旋转门revolving door玻璃门glazed door密闭门air-Tight door保温门thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire door(大门上的)小门wicket门框door frame门扇door leaf门洞door opening结构开洞structural opening单扇门single door双扇门double door疏散门emergency door纱门screen door门槛door sill门过梁door lintel上冒头top rail下冒头bottom rail门边木stile门樘侧料side jumb槽口notch木窗wooden window钢窗steel window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow steel window固定窗fixed window平开窗side-hung window推拉窗sliding window气窗transom上悬窗top-hung window中悬窗center-pivoted window下悬窗hopper window活动百叶窗adjustable louver天窗skylight老虎窗dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced brick lintel窗扇casement sash窗台window sill窗台板window board窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条cover mould窗帘盒curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliament hinge闭门器door closer地弹簧floor closer插销bolt门锁door lock拉手pull链条chain门钩door hanger碰球ball latch窗钩window catch暗插销insert bolt电动开关器electric opener平板玻璃plate glass夹丝玻璃wire glass透明玻璃clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof glass石英玻璃quartz glass吸热玻璃heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃polished glass着色玻璃pigmented glass玻璃瓦glass tile玻璃砖glass block有机玻璃organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane ladder直爬梯vertical ladder踏步step扇形踏步winder (wheel step)踏步板tread档步板riser踏步宽度tread width防滑条non-slip insert (strips)栏杆railing (balustrade)平台栏杆platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手handrail梯段高度height of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing (platform)操作平台operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair landing客梯passenger lift货梯goods lift客/货两用梯goods/passenger lift液压电梯hydraulic lift自动扶梯escalator观光电梯observation elevator电梯机房lift mortar room电梯坑lift pit电梯井道lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖red brick粘土砖clay brick瓷砖glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire brick空心砖hollow brick面砖facing brick地板砖flooring tile缸砖clinkery brick马赛克mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦glazed tile脊瓦ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheetLime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏gypsum大理石marble汉白玉white marble花岗岩granite碎石crushed stone毛石rubble蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩pearlite水磨石terrazzo卵石cobble砾石gravel粗砂course sand中砂medium sand细砂fine sandCement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate cement火山灰水泥pozzolana cement白水泥white cement水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal mortar防水砂浆water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar joint素混凝土plain concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete轻质混凝土lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土foamed concrete炉渣混凝土cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石granitic plaster斩假石artificial stone刷浆lime wash可赛银casein大白浆white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰lath and plasterAsphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材asphalt felt沥青填料asphalt filler沥青胶泥asphalt grout冷底子油adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝bitumastic oakum石棉板asbestos sheet石棉纤维asbestos fiberTimber 木材裂缝crack透裂split环裂shake干缩shrinkage翘曲warping原木log圆木round timber方木square timber板材plank木条batten板条lath木板board红松red pine白松white pine落叶松deciduous pine云杉spruce柏木cypress白杨white poplar桦木birch冷杉fir栎木oak榴木willow榆木elm杉木cedar柚木teak樟木camphor wood防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber胶合板plywood三(五)合板3(5)-plywood企口板tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated plank胶合层夹木材glue-laminated lumber纤维板fiber-board竹子bambooMetallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属ferrous metal圆钢steelbBar方钢square steel扁钢steel strap,flat steel型钢steel section (shape)槽钢channel角钢angle steel等边角钢equal-leg angle不等边角钢unequal-leg angle工字钢I-beam宽翼缘工字钢wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧hot-rolled冷轧cold-rolled冷拉cold-drawn冷压cold-pressed合金钢alloy steel钛合金titanium alloy不锈钢stainless steel竹节钢筋corrugated steel bar变形钢筋deformed bar光圆钢筋plain round bar钢板steel plate薄钢板thin steel plate低碳钢low carbon steel冷弯cold bending钢管steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe黑铁管iron pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast iron生铁pig iron熟铁wrought iron镀锌铁皮galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝galvanized steel wire钢丝网steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded metal锰钢managanese steel高强度合金钢high strength alloy steel Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金gold白金platinum铜copper黄铜brass青铜bronze银silver铝aluminum铅leadAnti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯polythene, polyethylene尼龙nylon聚氯乙烯PVC (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯polycarbonate聚苯乙烯polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic resin乙烯基酯vinyl ester橡胶内衬rubber lining氯丁橡胶neoprene沥青漆bitumen paint环氧树脂漆epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆zinc oxide primer防锈漆anti-rust paint耐酸漆acid-resistant paint耐碱漆alkali-resistant paint水玻璃sodium silicate树脂砂浆resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂epoxy resinBuilding Hardware 建筑五金钉子nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail螺丝screws平头螺丝flat-head screw螺栓bolt普通螺栓commercial bolt高强螺栓high strength bolt预埋螺栓insert bolt胀锚螺栓cinch bolt垫片washerPaint 油漆底漆primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆anti-corrosion paint调和漆mixed paint无光漆flat paint透明漆varnish银粉漆aluminum paint磁漆enamel paint干性油drying oil稀释剂thinner焦油tar沥青漆asphalt paint桐油tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red lead铅油lead oil腻子puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业建筑architecture土木civil给排水water supply and drainage总图plot plan采暖通风H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应electric power supply电气照明electric lighting电讯telecommunication仪表instrument热力供应heat power supply动力mechanical power工艺process technology管道pipingConventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理architectonics建筑形式architectural style民用建筑civil architecture城市建筑urban architecture农村建筑rural architecture农业建筑farm building工业建筑industrial building重工业的heavy industrial轻工业的light industrial古代建筑ancient architecture现代建筑modern architecture标准化建筑standardized buildings附属建筑auxiliary buildings城市规划city planning厂区内within site厂区外offsite封闭式closed type开敞式open type半开敞式semi-open type模数制modular system单位造价unit cost概算preliminary estimate承包商constructor, contractor现场site扩建extension改建reconstruction防火fire-prevention防震aseismatic, quake-proof防腐anti-corrosion防潮dump-proof防水water-proof防尘dust-proof防锈rust-proof车流量traffic volume货流量freight traffic volume人流量pedestrian volume透视图perspective drawing建筑模型building model Architectural Physics 建筑物理照明illumination照度degree of illumination亮度brightness日照sunshine天然采光natural lighting光强light intensity侧光side light顶光top light眩光glaze方位角azimuth辐射radiation对流convection传导conduction遮阳sun-shade保温thermal insulation恒温constant temperature恒湿constant humidity噪音noise隔音sound-proof吸音sound absorption露点dew point隔汽vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理project manager (PM)设计经理design manager首席建筑师principal architect总工程师chief engineer土木工程师civil engineer工艺工程师process engineer电气工程师electrical engineer机械工程师mechanical engineer计划工程师planning engineer助理工程师assistant engineer实习生probationer专家specialist, expert制图员draftsman技术员technicianDrafting 制图总说明general specification工程说明project specification采用标准规范目录list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录list of drawings平面图plan局部放大图detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic plan of...．．．平剖面图sectional plan of...留孔平面图plan of provision of holes剖面section纵剖面longitudinal section横剖面cross (transverse) section立面elevation正立面front elevation透视图perspective drawing侧立面side elevation背立面back elevation详图detail drawings典型节点typical detail节点号detail No.首页front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例legend示意图diagram草图sketch荷载简图load diagram流程示意图flow diagram标准图standard drawing．．．布置图layout of ...地形图topographical map土方工程图earth-work drawing展开图developed drawing模板图formwork drawing配筋arrangement of reinforcement表格tables工程进度表working schedule技术经济指标technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures编号coding序列号serial No.行和栏rows and columns备注remarks等级grade直线straight Line曲折线zigzag line虚线dotted line实线solid line影线hatching line点划线dot and dash line轴线axis等高线contour Line中心线center Line双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola切线tangent Line尺寸线dimension Line园形round环形annular方形square矩形rectangle平行四边形parallelogram三角形triangle五角形pentagon六角形hexagon八角形octagon梯形trapezoid圆圈circle弓形sagment扇形sector球形的spherical抛物面paraboloid圆锥形cone椭圆形ellipse, oblong面积area体积volume容量capacity重量weight质量mass力force米meter厘米centimeter毫米millimeter公顷hectate牛顿/平方米Newton/square meter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic meter 英尺foot英寸inch吨ton加仑gallon千磅kip平均尺寸average dimension变尺寸variable dimension外形尺寸overall dimension展开尺寸developed dimension 内径inside diameter外径outside diameter净重net weight毛重gross weight数量quantity百分比percentage净空clearance净高headroom净距clear distance净跨clear span截面尺寸sectional dimension 开间bay进深depth单跨single span双跨double span多跨multi-span标高elevation, level绝对标高absolute elevation设计标高designed elevation室外地面标高ground elevation 室内地面标高floor elevation 柱网column grid坐标coordinate厂区占地site area使用面积usable area辅助面积service area通道面积passage area管架pipe rack管廊pipeline gallery架空管线overhead pipeline排水沟drain ditch集水坑sump pit喷泉fountain地漏floor drain消火栓fire hydrant灭火器fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器halon extinguisher。
外文翻译.建筑学
NATURE AND MODERNISM IN CONTEMPORARY FINNISH ARCHITECTURE 当代芬兰建筑中的自然和现代主义Juhana Lahti(尤哈得·拉赫蒂)Fin nish architecture is renowned primarily for two things: pragmatic and no-nonsense modernism and a mythical relationship with nature. This has been the case ever since Alvar Aalto and his contemporaries, including Erik Bryggman and Pauli E. Blomstedt, designed the first masterpieces of Finnish modern architecture some 80 years ago. Aalto's 1930s designs, especially the Paimio Sanatorium completed in 1933, Bryggman's private houses and blocks of flats in the city of Turku, and Blomstedt's church designs, most importantly the Kannonkoski Church completed in 1938, mark the early stage of Finnish modern architecture.Modernism has subsequently been the movement that the mainstream, and often also the alternative, Finnish architecture has learned on. The commitment to modernism is related to Finland's social development since it gained independence in 1917 and the Nordic approach to architecture and design.Northern Location and CultureIn the Nordic variety of modernism, the architecture is interwoven with many Northern European cultural traits. The determining factors at play are climate and natural surroundings, but also a communal spirit, drawing on Lutheranism, which has been embodied by the Nordic welfare state. A key characteristic in the formation of the local people's relationship with nature, which is worth mentioning here, is the idea of "freedom to roam", which, in a nutshell, means that everyone has the right to access the natural environment and what it offers, within certain limits. This tradition, which is known globally by people who live in close connection with nature, has stood its ground in the Nordic countries.The natural environment in the Baltic Sea region is very rich, varied and small in scale. The inland, again, features an endless number of lakes that form vast waterways. Finland is known as the land of a thousand lakes. In fact, you can say that Finnish nature is filled with unique places. We do not have endless sandy beaches by oceans or particularly great differences in height. Instead, we have rivers, lakes and archipelagos. This varied and omnipresent alternation of land and water provides arhythm to the Finnish natural landscape. This rhythm is both visual and spatial. In addition, the changing of the four seasons, with warm and light summers and dark, snowy and cold winters when the waterways freeze, accentuates the variability of he landscape and has a considerable effect on the use of natural space.On Finnish ArchitectureI see that all the above is closely associated with what people perceive as good architecture in Finland. Being tied to a site or place and spatial experience are key issues here.Firstly, what is considered good architecture is linked with having respect for a site and its history, whether in a natural or an urban setting. The leading Finnish architects from the 1930s to the 1960s, most importantly Alvar Aalto, consistently insisted that the trees on building sites were to be protected against damage throughout the projects. This was a way to allow nature to be a concrete part of the buildings’ yard areas. During this era, zone thinking became part of urban planning, and the link between residential areas and natural green zones assumed particular prominence in suburban planning. In urban planning, having an appreciation for historic building stock is a phenomenon of recent decades. As a flip side to the development of modernisation, the 1970s still saw numerous historic wooden buildings pulled down in practically all Finnish cities. The demolition frenzy has since subsided, although things have not changed completely. Over the decades, modern architecture, too, has been accepted as part of our built heritage. Similarly, historic urban environments are now considered worth preserving. In Finland, there are no cases of vertical expansion of historic buildings, as, for example, in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, Finland's southern neighbour. A revealing example of the situation is the controversy over the Cloud City design by ALA Architects, which is presented in this magazine.Secondly, it is linked with viewing a building's immediate surroundings as its expansion and an integral part of the overall architectural design. The entry into a building and the views from inside are a particularly important part of the architecture and the way it is experienced. Allowing natural light into a building, an idea prevalent in modern architecture, was enthusiastically welcomed at our northern latitudes, where there are precious few hours of sunlight in the wintertime. Placing special emphasis on a site or place, which I mentioned above, is closely related to architectural character. The carefully thought-out views that open onto the building's surroundings tie it to the site andthe surrounding nature to the architectural design. A well-known example of this is the Otaniemi Chapel by Heikki Siren and Kaija Siren, completed in 1957. The approach to and exit from a building play an important role in creating a spatial experience. A case in point is the Chapel of St. Lawrence designed by Avanto Architects. Located in a historical setting, the essence of the chapel design is the movement towards the building, into it and back out of it into the churchyard.Thirdly, it includes the ideal of low-density living, which is related to the fact that Finland is a very sparsely populated country. In this respect, the Finnish architectural culture in urban planning differs considerably from the situation in international metropolises or other densely populated areas. How this ideal is realised in today's .increasingly dense urban environment is arguable, but Finns still value natural environments as part of their cities and remain sceptical about high-rise buildings. The appreciation of natural environments shows, for example, in the“ forest suburbs” built in the 1950s in the Helsinki region. One of these is Tapiola, in which fairly low blocks of flats sit amidst trees, laid out according to the contours of the terrain and without fences separating the plots. High-rise construction is presently a topic of lively discussion in the Helsinki region, and the Cloud City project is one example of this. The arguments against high-rises include the preservation of historic urban spaces and the importance of natural light: people do not want tall buildings to rise above the current skyline for fear of changing the cityscape and overshadowing the rest of the city, especially in the winter, when the sun barely rises above the horizon.The Significance of Public BuildingsVarious public buildings are importantly linked to the welfare state services, which encompass public health care, public libraries, the education system and the state church. Most Finns are members of the Lutheran church. In the Lutheran tradition of Christianity, church buildings feature little ornamentation and hey are mostly used for silent worship. Chapels are smaller buildings that are designed for funeral ceremonies. The more recent religious buildings highlight communality, nature as a visual element, and traditional building methods. The Chapel of St. Lawrence by Avanto Architects is a fine example of how the heritage of modern architecture has been updated to meet contemporary needs. The elegant and unique material choices and lighting solutions perfect this Hirvilammiarchitectural work of art, which at the same time takes its place in the chain of modern Finnish chapel buildings, including the Resurrection Chapel by ErikBryggman (1941) and the Chapel of the Holy Cross by Pekka Pitkänen (1967), which form a pair on the same cemetery site in the city of Turku.The heritage of modern architecture is also shown in the St. Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel in Hirvensalo by Sanaksenaho Architects (2005) and the Kuokkala Church in Jyväskyläby Lassila Hirvilammi Architects (2009). The interior solutions of these projects demonstrate the architects' familiarity with the designs of the Salla Church by Eero Eerikäinen and Osmo Sipari (1950) and the Vatiala Chapel in Kangasala by Viljo Revell (1960).Schools and nurseries are another example of architecture designed for communities. The current Finnish education system is among the best in the world and is perhaps the greatest achievement of the Finnish welfare state. Everyone is given equal opportunities in education, starting from the nursery. The education system also plays a role in maintaining cultural cohesion in Finland. The design of comfortable facilities that support teaching has a strong tradition. School playgrounds are considered to be part of the overall design, which is especially important with nurseries, as playing games outside is a significant part of the childdren's day. Safe playgrounds should therefore an integral part of buildings for children. Fine examples of designs in this category are the Kirkkojärvi School by Verstas Architects (2010) and the Saunalahti Children's House by JKMM Architects (2011), both located in Helsinki's neighbouring city of Espoo.The Ideal of Modest LivingHaving a long-lasting tradition of a democratic society shows in housing forms and ideals. Making high-quality housing available for everyone has been at the core of the Nordic welfare state ideology. A case in point is the small and low-rent student flats. Often, some of the best architects are hired for the design of student housing, and projects are subject to architectural competition. This was the case with the HOAS student housing unit in Viikki by Playa architects (2010), which was inspired by the 1950s Nordic residential architecture, and the HOAS student housing unit at Intiankatu 20 in Kumpula by Brunow & Maunula (2007), which is designed to function as a quiet pocket in a noisy urban setting.From another angle, the democratic tradition and the, as yet, natural relationship between people and their environment is linked to the tradition of summer residences, with which most Finns are familiar. The tradition is also closely related to our natural landscape, which, as I mentioned above,is seen to contain countless places. A noteworthy example of summer residences designed to beavailable to all are the summer cottages that are located on rented plots in public recreation areas and that were originally designed for the underprivileged. This is an interesting extension to the right of freedom to roam, and there are thousands of summer cottages like these in Helsinki alone. At the start of the 21st century, this tradition is enjoying a revival, as new generations of city residents have discovered it. The City Cottage in Lauttasaari by Verstas Architects (2010) is a superb update of the traditional concept. The summer cottages are sought after and new areas to accommodate them are being planned. As an example, summer cottage areas are included in the plan of Kruunuvuorenranta, a forthcoming new residential area in eastern Helsinki Many of the projects presented in this magazine reflect the characteristics mentioned above. A large number of them have been realised as a result of architectural competitions. The practice of architectural competitions has a long tradition that goes back to the late 19th century. Competitions are an effective way of finding the best possible solution but they also serve as a manifestation of our democratic culture, as everyone gets an opportunity to showcase their skills. In this article, I have highlighted specific projects to illustrate in more detail the issues discussed. The projects relate to the forms of housing and the design of communal spaces, in which traditions and exciting contemporary solutions meet in a way that is characteristic of Finnish architecture. Moreover, they all, to a greater or lesser extent, exhibit an awareness of the tradition o f Nordic modern architecture, and they do so with pride and respect. □1 内容1.1内容芬兰建筑主要因两点而闻名：实用而直接的现代主义和一种同自然之间的虚构的关系。
建筑学外文翻译
建筑学外文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1淮阴工学院毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑学姓名：张宇成学号：19外文出处：Procedia Engineering 165( 2016 ) 315 – 325附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文通过开发公共地下空间为德黑兰市提供所需的绿色空间与宏大的建筑穆罕默德·迈赫迪Safaee马里安Ghafoori伊朗伊斯兰阿扎德大学（IAU），伊朗南德黑兰分部摘要：德黑兰市是曾经被花园和农场包围的小城市;现在一天已经变成了巨大的高度与其他建筑相比，建筑结构不合理，几乎失去了绿色。
自德黑兰市成为伊朗首都以来，人口增长迅速，汽车不断增长，以及改变了城市特点的建设项目已经过去了200多年。
这使得德黑兰面临很多短缺，如绿色空间，安静和灿烂的气氛，可能已经建立了人们之间的社会关系。
这个城市现在严重面临缺乏绿色空间，导致缺乏足够的氧气，空气污染和生活质量下降和缺乏城市生活，这些不利的结果可以在灵魂，头脑和身体上看到的公民。
在本文中强调的是对地下空间发展的社会因素，技术和结构条件。
这一案例表明，在德黑兰一个人口稠密的老区域开发绿地。
因此，我们不仅要维持该区所需的许多公共空间，例如商业场所，大厅，电影院，停车场，人行道等服务处所;我们还可以在儿童游乐场，人行道，有氧运动的地面空间上免费，并且还形成许多景观。
此后，可以在这些开放空间周围形成许多住宅空间，享有美丽的景色和景观。
因此，这将导致更多的社会关系，动态，可持续的城市生活和辉煌的建筑。
在城市不同距离的这些中心的发展可以减少我们已经提到的消极方面。
关键词：地下空间，精致的建筑，辉煌的建筑，绿地，空气污染，免费场地，德黑兰市。
1.简介德黑兰的综合计划缺乏一些非常重要的组件和细节在其设计和法规。
根据德黑兰市政府的建筑规则和法规，住宅建筑的面积比（FAR）要求为60％-70％，只有在确认和保留邻居权利的情况下才允许向北延伸。
建筑类外文翻译+译文
Architecture in a Climate of ChangePage52-Page62Low energy techniques for housingIt would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the best chance of rescue lies with the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erection are the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burning fossil fuels,accounting for over 50 per cent of total emissions.If you add the transport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.It is the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairly rapid change without pain.In fact,upgrading buildings, especially the lower end of the housing stock,creates a cluster of interlocking virtuous circles. Construction systemsHaving considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunities to generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the demand side of the energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is the greatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in pole position accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920s this has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that a saturated external leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apart from wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proof course level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initially deemed necessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice to introduce insulation into the cavity.For a long time it was mandatory to preserve a space within the cavity and a long rearguard battle was fought by the traditionalists to preserve this‘sacred space’.Defeat was finally conceded when some extensive research by the Building Research Establishment found that there was no greater risk of damp penetration with filled cavities and in fact damp through condensation was reduced.Solid masonry walls with external insulation are common practice in continental Europe and are beginning to make an appearance in the UK.In Cornwall the Penwith Housing Association has built apartments of this construction on the sea front, perhaps the most challenging of situations.The advantages of masonry construction are:● It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes.● It is durable and generally risk free as regards catastrophic failure–though not entirely.A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded.● Exposed brickwork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish.● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonryinternal walls and concrete floors.Framed constructionVolume house builders are increasingly resorting to timber-framed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry construction.The attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfortunate history behind this system due to shortcomings in quality control.This can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or seasoned.Framed buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs. With timber framing it is difficult to avoid piercing the barrier.There can also be problems achieving internal fixings.For the purist,the ultimate criticism is that it is illogical to have a framed building clad in masonry when it cries out for a panel,boarded,slate or tile hung external finish.Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry.The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material.From the energy point of view,framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls.Innovative techniquesPermanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in Britain.The principle behind PIFS is the use of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded polystyrene.They can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade concrete.When the concrete has set the result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior finishes.They can achieve a U-value as low as 0.11 W/m2K.Above three storeys the addition of steel reinforcement is necessary. The advantages of this system are:● Design flexibility; almost any plan shape is possible.● Ease and speed of erection;skill requirements are modest which is why it has proved popular with the self-build sector.Experienced erectors can achieve 5 m2 per man hour for erection and placement of concrete.● The finished product has high structural strength together with considerable thermal mass and high insulation value.Solar designPassive solar designSince the sun drives every aspect of the climate it is logical to describe the techniques adopted in buildings to take advantage of this fact as‘solar design’. The most basic response is referred to as‘passive solar design’.In this case buildings are designed to take full advantage of solar gain without any intermediate operations.Access to solar radiation is determined by a number of conditions:● the sun’s position relative to the principal facades of the building(solar altitude and azimuth);● site orientation and slope;● existing obstructions on the site;● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary.One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form of sun chart.Most often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be plotted.On the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are also drawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month); also marked are the times of the day.The intersection of the obstructions’outlines and the solar trajectories indicate times of transition between sunlight and shade. Normally a different chart is constructed for use at different latitudes (at about two degree intervals).Sunlight and shade patterns cast by the proposed building itself should also be considered.Graphical and computer prediction techniques may be employed as well as techniques such as the testing of physical models with a heliodon.Computer modelling of shadows cast by the sun from any position is offered by Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) with its‘Suncast’program.This is a user-friendly program which should be well within normal undergraduate competence. The spacing between buildings is important if overshading is to be avoided during winter months when the benefit of solar heat gain reaches its peak.On sloping sites there is a critical relationship between the angle of slope and the level of overshading.For example, if overshading is to be avoided at a latitude of 50 N,rows of houses on a 10 north-facing slope must be more than twice as far apart than on 10 south-facing slope.Trees can obviously obstruct sunlight.However,if they are deciduous,they perform the dual function of permitting solar penetration during the winter whilst providing a degree of shading in the summer.Again spacing between trees and buildings is critical.Passive solar design can be divided into three broad categories:● direct gain;● indirect gain;● attached sunspace or conservatory.Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effect’as a means of absorbing and retaining heat.The greenhouse effect in buildings is that process which is mimicked by global environmental warming.In buildings,the incident solar radiation is transmitted by facade glazing to the interior where it is absorbed by the internal surfaces causing warming.However,re-emission of heat back through the glazing is blocked by the fact that the radiation is of a much longer wavelength than the incoming radiation.This is because the re-emission is from surfaces at a much lower temperature and the glazing reflects back such radiation to the interior.Direct gainDirect gain is the design technique in which one attempts to concentrate the majority of the building’s glazing on the sun-facing facade.Solar radiation is admitted directly into the space concerned.Two examples 30 years apart are the author’s housein Sheffield,designed in 1967 and the Hockerton Project of 1998 by Robert and Brenda Vale.The main design characteristics are:● Apertures through which sunlight is admitted should be on the solar side of the building, within about 30 of south for the northern hemisphere.● Windows facing west may pose a summer overheating risk.● Windows should be at least double glazed with low emissivity glass (Low E) as now required by the UK Building Regulations.● The main occupied living spaces should be located on the solar side of the building.● The floor should be of a high thermal mass to absorb the heat and provide thermal inertia,which reduces temperature fluctuations inside the building.● As regards the benefits of thermal mass,for the normal daily cycle of heat absorption and emission,it is only about the first 100 mm of thickness which is involved in the storage process.Thickness greater than this provides marginal improvements in performance but can be useful in some longer-term storage options.● In the case of solid floors,insulation should be beneath the slab.● A vapour barrier should always be on the warm side of any insulation.● Thick carpets should be avoided over the main sunlit and heatabsorbing portion of the floor if it serves as a thermal store.However,with suspended timber floors a carpet is an advantage in excluding draughts from a ventilated underfloor zone. During the day and into the evening the warmed floor should slowly release its heat, and the time period over which it happens makes it a very suitable match to domestic circumstances when the main demand for heat is in the early evening.As far as the glazing is concerned,the following features are recommended: ● Use of external shutters and/or internal insulating panels might be considered to reduce night-time heat loss.● To reduce the potential of overheating in the summer,shading may be provided by designing deep eaves or external louvres. Internal blinds are the most common technique but have the disadvantage of absorbing radiant heat thus adding to the internal temperature.● Heat reflecting or absorbing glass may be used to limit overheating.The downside is that it also reduces heat gain at times of the year when it is beneficial. ● Light shelves can help reduce summer overheating whilst improving daylight distribution.Direct gain is also possible through the glazing located between the building interior and attached sunspace or conservatory;it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory designs.In each of these cases some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces.In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a half times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area.Indirect gainIn this form of design a heat absorbing element is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated;thus the heat is transferred in an indirectway.This often consists of a wall placed behind glazing facing towards the sun,and this thermal storage wall controls the flow of heat into the building.The main elements● High thermal mass element positioned between sun and internal spaces,the heat absorbed slowly conducts across the wall and is liberated to the interior some time later.● Materials and thickness of the wall are chosen to modify the heat flow.In homes the flow can be delayed so that it arrives in the evening matched to occupancy periods. Typical thicknesses of the thermal wall are 20–30 cm.● Glazing on the outer side of the thermal wall is used to provide some insulation against heat loss and help retain the solar gain by making use of the greenhouse effect.● The area of the thermal storage wall element should be about 15–20 per cent of the floor area of the space into which it emits heat.● In order to derive more immediate heat benefit,air can be circulated from the building through the air gap between wall and glazing and back into the room.In this modified form this element is usually referred to as a Trombe wall. Heat reflecting blinds should be inserted between the glazing and the thermal wall to limit heat build-up in summer.In countries which receive inconsistent levels of solar radiation throughout the day because of climatic factors (such as in the UK),the option to circulate air is likely to be of greater benefit than awaiting its arrival after passage through the thermal storage wall.At times of excess heat gain the system can provide alternative benefits with the air circulation vented directly to the exterior carrying away its heat,at the same time drawing in outside air to the building from cooler external spaces.Indirect gain options are often viewed as being the least aesthetically pleasing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out from remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces.As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely used as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest.Attached sunspace/conservatoryThis has become a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing homes.It can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for plants.On balance it is considered that conservatories are a net contributor to global warming since they are often heated.Ideally the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in summer.The area of glazing in the sunspace should be 20–30 per cent of the area of the room to which it is attached.The most adventurous sunspace so far encountered is in the Hockerton housing development which will feature later.Ideally the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter.At the very least,air flow paths between the conservatory and the main building should be carefully controlled.Active solar thermal systemsA distinction must be drawn between passive means of utilising the thermal heat of the sun, discussed earlier,and those of a more‘active’nature Active systems take solar gain a step further than passive solar.They convert direct solar radiation into another form of energy.Solar collectors preheat water using a closed circuit calorifier.The emergence of Legionella has highlighted the need to store hot water at a temperature above 60 C which means that for most of the year in temperate climes active solar heating must be supplemented by some form of heating.Active systems are able to deliver high quality energy.However,a penalty is incurred since energy is required to control and operate the system known as the ‘parasitic energy requirement’.A further distinction is the difference between systems using the thermal heat of the sun,and systems,such as photovoltaic cells, which convert solar energy directly into electrical power.For solar energy to realise its full potential it needs to be installed on a district basis and coupled with seasonal storage.One of the largest projects is at Friedrichshafen.The heat from 5600 m2 of solar collectors on the roofs of eight housing blocks containing 570 apartments is transported to a central heating unit or substation.It is then distributed to the apartments as required.The heated living area amounts to 39 500 m2.Surplus summer heat is directed to the seasonal heat store which,in this case, is of the hot water variety capable of storing 12 000 m3.The scale of this storage facility is indicated by Figure 5.9.The heat delivery of the system amounts to 1915 MWh/year and the solar fraction is 47 per cent.The month by month ratio between solar and fossil-based energy indicates that from April to November inclusive,solar energy accounts for almost total demand,being principally domestic hot water.In places with high average temperatures and generous sunlight,active solar has considerable potential not just for heating water but also for electricity generation.This has particular relevance to less and least developed countries.环境变化影响下的建筑学房屋设计中的低能耗技术显而易见，在工业化国家，最好的营救机会依赖于建筑环境，因为不论是在使用的建筑或者是在建设的建筑，都是最大的、单一的、间接地由化石燃料的燃烧所引起的碳排放的源头，而这些站了所有排放的50%。
建筑专业词汇《中英文对照》
建筑专业词汇《中英文对照》~~建筑专业词汇建设,建筑,修建 to build, to construct建筑学 architecture修筑,建筑物 building房子 house摩天大楼 skyscraper公寓楼 block of flats (美作:apartment block) 纪念碑 monument宫殿 palace庙宇 temple皇宫,教堂 basilica大教堂 cathedral教堂 church塔,塔楼 tower十层办公大楼 ten-storey office block柱 column柱列 colonnade拱 arch市政 town planning (美作:city planning)营建许可证,建筑开工许可证 building permission 绿地 greenbelt建筑物的三面图 elevation设计图 plan比例尺 scale预制 to prefabricate挖土,掘土 excavation基 foundations, base, subgrade打地基 to lay the foundations砌好的砖列 course of bricks脚手架 scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书 certification of fitness 原材料 raw material底板 bottom plate垫层 cushion侧壁 sidewall中心线 center line条形基础 strip footing附件 accessories型钢 profile steel钢板 steel plate熔渣 slag飞溅 welding spatter定位焊 tacking引弧 generating of arc熄弧 quenching of arc焊道 welding bead坡口 beveled edges外观检查 visual inspection重皮 double-skin水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction成型 molding直线度 straightness accuracy焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion水平度 levelness铅垂度 verticality翘曲变形 buckling deformation角尺 angle square对接焊缝 butt weld母材 parent metal法兰密封面 flange sealing surface夹层 interlayer表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration挠曲变 bending deformation超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination 压力容器 pressure vessel预制下料 prefabrication baiting排版直径 set-type diameter焊缝 welding line中幅板 center plate测量方法 measuring method基准点 datum mark跳焊 skip welding允许偏差 allowable variation补强板 stiffening plate开孔 tapping对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing角钢 angle iron安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱 hoisting upright column焊接钢管 welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope 带板 band plate槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring环口 collar extension局部变形 local distortion环缝 circumferential weld顶板 top plate拱顶 vault顶板加强肋 stiffening rib对接 butt joint胎具 clamping fixture卷板机 plate bending rolls中心支架 center bearing bracket椭圆度 ovality等分线 bisectrix搭接宽度 lap width点焊 spot welding搭接焊 overlap welding对称 symmetrically螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs放料阀 baiting valve液位计 content gauge芬兰维萨拉 Vailsla OY美国美科 "Met-coil, USA"集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system 裙房 annex热源 heat source平面位置的空间 space of planimetric position密封性能 sealing performance机房 machine room节点 timing专业 "profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文"连体法兰 coupling flange垂直井笼 vertical well cage变风量 variable air rate施工面展开 construction unfolds违约行为 noncompliance合同交底- contract presentation管理承包商 Management Contractor party工程量 work amount实施的形象进度 progress of implementation完工资料 as-built documentation文整 clear-up审核 review汽车式起重机 Autocrane深化图纸 deepen drawing设备配置计划 equipment furnishment plan结构预埋配合阶段 Structure pre-embedment assistance stage精装修阶段 Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段 Construction stage工程竣工阶段 Completion stage台钻 Bench drill冲击钻 Churn drill手电钻 Electric portable drill砂轮切割机 Abrasive cutting off machine角钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器 Pipe cutting machine铜管调直机 Copper pipe straightening machine管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine for pipes管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine for pipes角向磨光机 Angle polishing machine电动套丝机 Electric threading machine电动卷扬机 Electric winch电动试压泵 Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device阀门试压机 Valve pressure test deviceTDC(F)风管加工流水线 TDC(F)air ductwork fabricationstream line等离子切割机 Plasma cutting machineTDC(F)法兰条成型机 TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill 勾码成型机 Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机 TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill多普勒超声波流量检测仪 Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器 "Temperature, humidity senor"精密声级计 Precision sound level meter风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置 "Duct air leakage tester, airchamber air leakage testing device"风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪 "Micromanometer ,pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"潜水泵 Submerged pump电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender液压弯管机 Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪刀 Electric clipper液压铆钉钳 Hydraulic riveting clamp线槽电锯 Trunking electric saw开孔器 Tapper电动空压机 Electric air compressor液压千斤顶 Hydraulic jack液压手推车 Hydraulic trolley焊条烘干箱 Welding rod drying box手拉葫芦 Chain block道（垫）木 Sleeper转速表 Tachometer电流钳型表 Clip-style ammeter压力表 Pressure gauge接地电阻测试仪 Earthing resistance testing device氧气表 Oxygen gauge乙炔表 Acetylene gauge对讲机 Walkie talkie文件和资料 documents and information建设单位 Construction unit安装单位 Installation unita. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书 planning proposals设计任务书 design order标准规范standards and codes条件图 information drawing设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图 process flowchart工程地质资料 engineering geological data原始资料 original data设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案 scheme, draft草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究 feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design询价图 enquiry drawing施工图 working drawing, construction drawing竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照 sunshine风玫瑰 wind rose主导风向 prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速 maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载 wind load最大(平均)降雨量 maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量 annual rainfall湿球温度 wet bulb temperature干球温度 dry bulb temperature冰冻期 frost period冰冻线 frost line冰冻区 frost zone室外计算温度 calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区 region with heating provision不采暖地区 region without heating provision 绝对大气压 absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度 relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房 service room换班室 shift room休息室 rest room (break room)起居室 living room浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室 locker room厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switch room走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间 cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室 meeting room衣柜间 ward robe暖风间 H.V.A.C room饭店 restaurant餐厅 canteen, dining room厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处 reception area会计室 accountant room秘书室 secretary room电气室 electrical room控制室 control room工长室 foreman office开关柜室 switch gear前室 ante cabinet (Ante.)生产区 production area马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房 utility room化验室 laboratory room经理室 manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室 guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊 roof ridge坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐 overhanging eave檐沟 eave gutter平屋面 flat roof坡屋面 pitched roof雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P)汇水面积 catchment area泛水 flashing内排水 interior drainage外排水 exterior drainage滴水 drip屋面排水 roof drainage找平层 leveling course卷材屋面 built-up roofing天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板 roofing board天花板 ceiling board防水层 water-proof course检查孔 inspection hole人孔 manhole吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling 檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙 brick wall砌块墙 block wall清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering 抹灰墙 rendered wall石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board 空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙 bearing wall非承重墙 non-bearing wall纵墙 longitudinal wall横墙 transverse wall外墙 external (exterior) wall内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙 filler wall防火墙 fire wall窗间墙 wall between window空心墙 cavity wall压顶 coping圈梁 gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断 glazed wall防潮层 damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony伸缩缝 expansion joint沉降缝 settlement joint抗震缝 seismic joint复合夹心板 sandwich board压型单板 corrugated single steel plate 外墙板 cladding panel复合板 composite panel轻质隔断 light-weight partition牛腿 bracket砖烟囱 brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实 rammed earth炉渣夯实 tamped cinder填土 filled earth回填土夯实 tamped backfill垫层 bedding course, blinding面层 covering, finish结合层 bonding (binding) course找平层 leveling course素水泥浆结合层 neat cement binding course混凝土地面 concrete floor水泥地面 cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面 machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面 terrazzo flooring马赛克地面 mosaic flooring瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面 hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面 hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS, GLASS, WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门 galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁 reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁 reinforced brick lintel窗扇 casement sash窗台 window sill窗台板 window board窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条 cover mould窗帘盒 curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链 parliament hinge闭门器 door closer地弹簧 floor closer插销 bolt门锁 door lock拉手 pull链条 chain门钩 door hanger碰球 ball latch窗钩 window catch暗插销 insert bolt电动开关器 electric opener平板玻璃 plate glass夹丝玻璃 wire glass透明玻璃 clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃 bullet-proof glass石英玻璃 quartz glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃 polished glass着色玻璃 pigmented glass玻璃瓦 glass tile玻璃砖 glass block有机玻璃 organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯 emergency stair旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯 crane ladder直爬梯 vertical ladder踏步 step扇形踏步 winder (wheel step)踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度 tread width防滑条 non-slip insert (strips)栏杆 railing (balustrade)平台栏杆 platform railing吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole扶手 handrail梯段高度 height of flight防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台 landing (platform)操作平台 operating platform装卸平台 platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台 stair landing客梯 passenger lift货梯 goods lift客/货两用梯 goods/passenger lift液压电梯 hydraulic lift自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯 observation elevator电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑 lift pit电梯井道 lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖 red brick粘土砖 clay brick瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖 fire brick空心砖 hollow brick面砖 facing brick地板砖 flooring tile缸砖 clinkery brick马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土 ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦 glazed tile脊瓦 ridge tile石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦 corrugated asbestos cement sheet Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉 white marble花岗岩 granite碎石 crushed stone毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂 course sand中砂 medium sand细砂 fine sandCement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥 silicate cement火山灰水泥 pozzolana cement白水泥 white cement水泥砂浆 cement mortar石灰砂浆 lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆 thermal mortar防水砂浆 water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆 acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆 alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆 bituminous mortar纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝 mortar joint素混凝土 plain concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete轻质混凝土 lightweight concrete细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete炉渣混凝土 cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石 granitic plaster斩假石 artificial stone刷浆 lime wash可赛银 casein大白浆 white wash麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道 sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆 cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰 lath and plasterAsphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材 asphalt felt沥青填料 asphalt filler沥青胶泥 asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiberTimber 木材裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材 preservative-treated lumber胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材 glue-laminated lumber纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bambooMetallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steel Bar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel strap,flat steel型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢 light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steelNon-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 leadAnti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯 PVC (poly vinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resinBuilding Hardware 建筑五金钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉 annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washerPaint 油漆底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水 water supply and drainage总图 plot plan采暖通风 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应 electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 pipingConventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings 附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume建筑模型 building model Architectural Physics 建筑物理照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technicianDrafting 制图总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录 list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图 schematic plan of...．．．平剖面图 sectional plan of...留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面 cross (transverse) section立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明 list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing．．．布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋 arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标 technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表 list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线 dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation设计标高 designed elevation室外地面标高 ground elevation室内地面标高 floor elevation柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器 carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher。
关于建筑学的英文词汇
关于建筑学的英文词汇以下是一些关于建筑学的英文词汇：1.Architecture - 建筑学2.Building - 建筑物3.Design - 设计4.Planning - 规划5.Site - 现场6.Structure - 结构7.Space - 空间8.Form - 形态9.Function - 功能10.Material - 材料11.Light - 光线12.Shadow - 阴影13.Color - 颜色14.Finish - 细部15.Ornamentation - 装饰16.Detail - 细节17.Model - 模型18.Rendering - 渲染19.Floor Plan - 平面图20.Section - 剖面图21.Elevation - 立面图22.Perspective - 透视图23.Site Plan - 基地平面图24.Area - 面积25.Volume - 体积26.Mass - 质量27.Moment of Inertia - 惯性矩28.Stability - 稳定性29.Resilience - 弹性30.Durability - 耐久性31.Design Solution 设计解决方案32.Historic Preservation 历史文物保护33.Interior Design 室内设计ndscape Architecture 园林景观设计35.Sustainable Architecture 可持续建筑36.Urban Planning 城市规划37.Architectural Drawing 建筑绘图38.Building Code 建筑规范39.Building Science 建筑科学40.Space Planning 空间规划41.Materials Selection 材料选择42.Site Analysis 场地分析43.Structural Engineering 结构工程44.Lighting Design 照明设计45.Acoustics 音响效果46.Ventilation 通风系统47.Heating and Cooling Systems 供暖和制冷系统48.Water Supply and Sewerage 供水与污水处理系统49.Utilities 公用设施50.Building Physics 建筑物理。
(完整word版)建筑术语中英文对照
建筑术语中英文对照建筑 build; architecture; construct; architectural; architectural & industrial ceramics建筑安装工程量 construction work quantity建筑板材 building board建筑材料表 list of building materials建筑材料检验 building material testing建筑材料行 building material dealer建筑材料运输列车 construction train建筑草图 architectural sketch建筑朝向 building orientation建筑成本预算 construction cost estimate建筑承包商 building contractor建筑尺度 architectural scale建筑处理 architectural treatment建筑创作 architectural creation建筑大五金 architectural metalwork建筑大样 architectural detail建筑单元 building unit建筑费 construction cost建筑风格 architectural style建筑辅助系统 building subsystem建筑钢 construction(al) steel建筑钢板 building sheet建筑高度 building height; height of building建筑高度分区 building height zoning; height zoning建筑工程升降机 builder's lift建筑工地选择 siting建筑工羊角锤头 builder's claw hammer head建筑工业 building industry; construction industry建筑工种 building trades建筑构思 architectural conception建筑构图 compostion on architecture; architectural composition 建筑构造 building construction建筑估价 building cost estimate建筑管理 architectural control建筑规程 building regulations建筑规范 building code建筑机械 construction machinery; building machinery建筑及维护规则 recommendation建筑结构 building structure建筑结构分析语言 structural engineering system solver (STRESS) 建筑立面 elevation of building; building elevation建筑沥青 bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10建筑力学 architectural mechanics建筑铝型材生产线 architectural aluminium profile production line 建筑毛面积 gross floor area建筑毛造价 gross building cost建筑面积 area of structure; covered area建筑面积比 floor-area ratio (F.A.R.)建筑面积指标 floor-space index (F.S.I.)建筑模数 building module建筑配景 entourage of building建筑平面 architectural plane; building plane建筑起重机 building crane; construction-site crane建筑砌块 building block建筑气候分区 climate region of building建筑青铜 architectural bronze建筑青铜合金 architectural bronze建筑声学 architectural acoustics建筑石 paring stone建筑石料 building stone建筑时期观念 construction period concept建筑史 architectural history; history of architecture 建筑收进线 building setback line建筑陶板 architectural terra-cotta (ATC)建筑陶瓷 architectural pottery建筑特色 architectural feature建筑体积 architectural volume; cubage建筑体积计算 cubing建筑体系 building system建筑体形 building size建筑透视 architectural perspective建筑外壳 building shell建筑外形 architectural appearance建筑物 building; structure建筑物保险 building insurance建筑物朝向 direction of building建筑物基础 building foundation建筑物间距 distance between buildings建筑物理 architectural physics; building physics建筑物缺隐 building deficiency建筑物入口 building entrance建筑物租约 building lease建筑现场 construction建筑限制 building restriction建筑限制线 building restiction line建筑效果 architectural effect建筑型钢轧机机座 structural stand建筑型式 type of construction; architectural form建筑遗产 architectural heritage建筑艺术 architectural art建筑艺术处理 artistic treatment in architecture; architectural  treatment建筑艺术形式 artistic form of architecture建筑用地 building lot; building site; lot建筑用地规划 plot planning; block planning建筑用钢铁 constructional iron建筑用黄铜 architectural brass建筑用木材 building timber建筑用提升机 service-building elevator建筑原理 architectonics; architectural principle建筑造型艺术 art of architectural modelling建筑占地系数 coefficient of land used for buildings建筑障碍 architectural barriers建筑照明 architectural lighting建筑折旧准备 buildings depreciation reserve建筑哲理 architectural philosophy建筑柱式 architectural orders; orders of architecture建筑装饰 architectural decoration; architectural ornament建筑装饰彩釉砂涂料 colour-glazed sand paint for building decoration建筑装饰学 architectural decoration建筑装修五金 architectural metalwork建筑自动化 building automation建筑自重 structural weight per square meter建筑渲染 architectural rendering; rendu施工 construct; execution; construction; execution of works施工安装图 construction and erection drawing施工安装用的机械及工具 machines and tools for construction and erection施工标桩 construction stake施工布置图 construction plan施工步骤 construction procedure; construction steps施工测量 construction survey施工程序 construction program; execution programme for works施工程序网络图 project network施工贷款 construction loan施工单位 construction organization; builder施工道路 construction road施工地点 job location施工吊车 construction hoist施工定额 construction norm施工队 construction team施工方法 job practice施工方式 form of construction work施工费用 construction cost施工缝 construction joint施工工程 construction work施工工程师 construction engineer; operating engineer施工工程学 construction engineering施工工期 construction period施工工种 construction trade施工规模 scope of construction item; size of construction施工荷载 construction loads; working load施工合同 construction contract施工机械 construction machinery施工机械费 cost of constructor's mechanical plant施工机械化 mechanization of building operation; mechanization of  construction施工机械化系数 coefficient of construction mechanization施工技术财务计划 financial plan for construction technology施工计划 construction plan; construction program(me)施工监督 supervision of construction; supervision; monitoring施工检查 inspection of construction施工检查员 construction inspector施工阶段 construction stage; construction phase施工进度 construction progress施工进度表 schedule of construction; schedule of operations; work-schedule施工进度计划 detailed construction schedule; construction schedule施工经济学 construction economics施工经理 construction manager施工经验 construction experience施工卷扬机 builder's hoist; builder's winch施工临时螺栓 construction bolt施工流水作业法 construction streamline method施工面积 floor space under construction施工平面图 construction plan施工期 construction period施工起重机 construction hoist施工企业 construction enterprises施工前阶段 preconstruction stage施工区 construction area施工缺陷 constructional deficiency施工人员 constructor; builder施工设备 plant for construction; construction equipment施工设计 detail design; detailed engineering施工水平仪 builder's level施工说明 general des cription of construction施工说明书 construction specifications施工图设计 construction documents design施工图设计阶段 construction documents design phase; construction  documents phase施工图预算 working drawing estimate施工文件 construction documents (包括施工图及说明)施工误差 construction error施工现场 fabricating yard; job location施工详图 detail of construction; construction detail; working drawing施工项目 project under construction; construction item施工项目编号 construction item reference number施工效率 efficiency of construction施工性能 workability施工许可证 builder's licence施工验收技术规范 technical code for work and acceptance施工依据 manufacture bases施工营业执照 builder's licence施工预算 construction estimate施工执照 building permit施工准备 preliminary work for construction; preparations for  construction施工准备计划 preparatory plan施工总平面图 overall construction site plan施工总则 general conditions of construction施工组织设计 construction management plan施工作业计划 work element construction program项目 subject of entry; item项目报告 project paper项目编制阶段 project preparation phase项目标记 project mark项目财务估价 project financial evaluation项目采购 project purchasing项目成本 project cost; item cost项目筹备融通资金 project preparation facility (PPF)项目贷款 project finance; project-financing loan; project loan 项目单 menu项目的拟订 project formulation项目的所有者 owner of the project项目的总投标价值 total tender value of project项目发展周期 project development cycle项目范围 scope of project项目方案 project alternatives项目分隔符 item separation symbol项目分类 classification of items项目分配 allocation of items项目分析 item analysis项目工程师 project engineer项目工程师负责制 project engineer system项目管理人 project manager项目号 item number项目核对法 check list (市场调查技术之一)项目核准权 projects approval authority项目后评价 post project evaluation项目后评价和后继行动 post project evaluation and followup项目划分 segregation of items项目化组织 projectized organization项目环境生态评价 environmental appraisal of a project项目货款额度 project line项目技术评价 project technology evaluation项目计划 project plan项目计划设计图 project planning chart项目记录 item record项目加权 item weighting项目检验回归曲线 item-test regression curve项目建设费用 cost of project implementation项目建设进度表 project implementation scheduling项目建议书 proposals for the projects项目经济估价 project economic evaluation; economic evaluation of a project项目经理 project manager项目矩阵组织 project matrix organization项目控制 project control项目块 entry block项目历史 history of project项目目标管理 project management by objectives项目匹配法 matching item项目评估 project appraisal; project evaluation项目评估法 Project Evaluation and Review Technique项目企业经济评价 enterprise's economic appraisal of a project 项目删除 deletion of items项目上端 item top项目社会评价 project's social value appraisal项目设备 project equipment项目设计 item design项目设计工程师负责制 project engineer responsibility system 项目生产 project production项目说明 item des cription项目说明书 specification of an item项目投资时期 investment phase of a project项目图与布置图 project charts and layouts项目网络法 project network technique项目网络分析 project network analysis项目文件 item file项目小组 project group; project team organiztion项目行 item line项目修理通知单 item repairing order项目选择 project selection项目训练法 project training项目研究编目 item study listing项目研究小组 project team项目一次采购法 project purchasing项目一览表 itemized schedule项目预算 program budget; project budget项目预算编制 program budgeting项目政治评价 political appraisal of a project项目支助业务 project supporting services项目执行 project implementation项目执行情况审计报告 project performance audity report (PPAR) 项目指标 project indicators项目转移 item advance项目资金筹措 project financing。
建筑专业英语课文翻译
建筑专业英语课文翻译建筑专业英语课文翻译学习建筑专业的同学们，我们的课本上有很多专业的英语文章大家知道怎么样翻译吗？以下是店铺精心准备的建筑专业英语课文翻译，大家可以参考以下内容哦！建筑专业英语课文翻译【1】一般术语1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程 civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程 highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程 railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程 port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
8. 水利工程 hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
建筑学外文翻译
Perceptible worlds，feasible worldsAuthor：Cristina BrumatCity changing is not a recent subject. Since many years, critics and planners have debated about city decline, even in a "sort of playback of urban history". A great many and contradictory images and anticipations have characterized the last twenty years. In the Sixties the urbanization process seemed relentless and the term "megalopolis", provided by Gottman to de-fine the new urban settlements, had soon acquired an evocative meaning of a "nearly pathological phenome-non: a cancer that is spreading throughout the world's surface". Since the Seventies all the industrialized countries have witnessed the drop of the urban growth. This reversed tendency led many re-searchers to put forward the hypothesis of a crisis, the death of urban growth model. The decrease in the popu-lation growth affected basically the big cities, though this aspect was not given much thought. There was therefore talk of the so-called "counter-urbanization" phenome-mon which, according to Berry is a tendency that continued throughout the twentieth century. This would lead to the creation of an "urban civilization without ci-ties". According to the author, this tendency is to be ascribed to an attitude of individualism, the free cir cula-tion of people and the fear of violence afflicting the Ame-rican cities urged people to search for "safe areas". He actually maintained that expansion and urban degrada-tion are "the product of an array of individual decisions in the framework of a tr adition of privatism". The dangers and the evils that, in the past, had been at-tributed to a rapid urbanization process began to be ascribed to the decline of big cities, with the result that the analyses and the studies carried out by different schools gradually con-firmed the urban crisis picture.The recognition of the demographic decline affecting big cities coincided with the evolution of the productive or-ganization processes optimizing space and labour Elec-tronic technology with its outstan-ding product and process innovations produced an inten-sification and dematerialization of trade, a compression of time and space; besides an overall mo-dification of personal, social, productive and spatial communications.Today's reality demonstrates that the city is far from dying or declining. The urbanizationprocess of the ground goes beyond the city as well as the everyday crowding of cities and the worsening of environmental issues basically related to air, water and sound pollution. In order to interpret the dynamic "key of the metropoli-tan transformation", it is still resorted to the mental categories of the past, while the decision to move to the neighbouring su-burbs is not to be meant as an escape, but as an expres-sly chosen location within the boundaries of the new ur-ban system under development.Therefore we are going through a time when the urban structure and individuals' habits, behaviours and values are changing radically. The house turns into the "core", meant as the "intersection between family and reproduc-tive functions"; revival and mobility seem to be part of the processes through which occurs this transition. In the case of revival, there pre-vails the continuity with the past; in view of integration, the symbolism an architectural and urban design past can generate, is estimated to be useful. The mobility, vi-ceversa, views the city in terms of functions and spaces necessary to the present: the important values are those heading for change, innovation and are not concerned with the search for the symbolic spatial and historical "sense" of the site.People living in cities suffer the pressure and the threat coming from new groups. This derives not only from the recent migration movements, but also from the invasions of city users, commuters and metropolitan consumers who use and abuse the city.The result is a reduced capability of the city to involve the individuals in getting familiar, participating and de-ciding about the city's issues and, as a consequence, its difficulty to emerge as an "object making sense". The leading urban life style seems to be that described by Simmerl first and Wirth afterwards: unconcerned, superficial, anony-mous, with deviation and borderline phenomena affec-ting growing numbers of people.The spatial sense proposed does not always correspond to that desired or expected by citizens. The adaptation to the urban environment is basically perceptive. It is preci-sely through the analysis of perceptive phenomena, the images the individuals have of the site that it is possible to identify the needs and the aspirations for the future. The perception of a spatial organization offers planning the possibility to un-derstand these elements and the guarantee that design represents the synthesis of the environmental aspirations of the groups who make up the social structure. There does not exist a unique image of the city, each in-dividual makes a personal experience that reflects in the uniqueness of the perceptiveprocess. Yet, to the uni-queness of this experience correspond perceptive simili-tudes experienced by individuals belonging to the same social, cultural, economic categories and with the same age. According to Gurvitch, in fact, perceiving a space means making a selection and this selection can but be related to the reference patterns which often coincide with the social spheres to which the subject of perception belongs. Stereotypes, myths, biasses, lead to the creation of similar mental charts, at times clashing with reality.There exist as many images of the city as the images of the groups who are part of it; their understanding can help planning in protecting and favouring, for instance, those elements aiding cultural integration and, hence, enabling citizens to live better .This theme of analysis, dealt with by five different di-sciplines, highlights the need to take an interdiscipli-nary approach, of the contributions given by psychology, geography, urban design, sociology, prossemic and anthropology to the analysis of the subjective relation-ship between individual and environment. We can refer to two main currents: the cognitive mapping, applied mostly by the Americans, and the espace vecu developed in France.The origins of cognitive mapping are to be attributed to the American social psychology of the Thirties even if its systematization oc-curred at a later time thanks to Downs and lttel-son, who traced back the cognitive process lea-ding to the creation of the image.It was Lynch，who taking inspiration from the Ge-stalt psychology, introduced the concept of "image of the city". His interest was centred upon the relationship between image and physical forms: the map of the city differentiates in the mind of its inhabitants by "routes", "borders", "districts", "knots", "references". Accor-ding to urban design, the "mental map" is the operatio-nal instrument that allows to improve citizens' living conditions, yet, in deepening these studies, he neglected some aspects which, instead, have a major part in the formation of mental images.The author, in fact, focussed on the visual aspects of the city without keeping in mind the biographic-emotional elements, the diversity of images among individuals be-longing to different social and cultural categories and the historical dimension of the city.The subjective investigation of Lynch is opposed by Gould's spatial perception that highlights the diversity of its relevant values. He correlated and translated the data gathered in geographical maps consisting of isograms. Together with Wolpert, he la-ter on analyzed thedecisional processes that develop in a spatial context: the migration flows seem to be related to the kind of information, experience and emotional aspects. In this way the biographic and cul-tural sphere were revived, while the structural aspects influencing these decisions were disregarded. Moreo-ver, the weight given to information, mass-media in determining the mental maps, seems to doubt the exi-stence of the map itself. The studies on this issue became more and more numerous and next to the notion of "mental map", was introduced the concept of "socio-spatial scheme" that underlines the social aspects of the city.Interesting spurs for reflection came from semiologic studies and prossemic. The latter is a discipline concer-ned with the criteria through which man structures and uses the space. The percep-tion of space results being determined by the culture and the language that exert an influence on the thought of the person who speaks and on the way reality is concei-ved of As to the pre-ordered space, Hall asserts that who was born in an European city where emphasis is placed upon the lines, the streets which bear a name, will feel lost in Japan where attention is focussed on the intersection points rather than on the streets. Yet this cognitive pre-sumption may be reversed if we privilege the notion of environment and ascribe to it the origin of linguistic dif-ferences. As reported by Bettanini, with respect to the solid state of water, most of the European langua-ges distinguish between ice and snow, whereas, in the Arctic areas we find a great many distinctions between different types of ice and snow. The theory of the cultu-ral relativity is thus reversed and leads to the relativity of the various environments and spaces. There arc, then, studies that intend to analyze the spatial experience as dccodification of environmental codes ori-ginated spontaneously or created by leading groups as well as the"espace vecu"current, which intends to be concerned with the physical, subjective space of everyday life. The space where we live is a dynamic space, which evolves conti-nuously. It is shaped through "the eyes of the people who live-inhabit it, it is the space produced by values". Therefore, there is a continuous reference to the inter-subjectivity, practice and social fabric of a specific place with the goal to trace back its "sense" and individual processes of familiarity and identification with it. Next to the studies on the region, the city, the district, the hou-se as space lived, a great deal of research was carried out on the relations with the environment among cultures different from the European.The researchers of the space lived broaden the field of analysis to the deepest and subjective components deter-mining a particular spatial domain. The notion of "men-tal map"became by far more productive than Lynch could expect. Underneath the apparent standardization of behaviours and ideas, there emerged differences,"home areas", mental processes which differ from the obvious patterns. Yet they must be analyzed in their everyday mi-croenviwnments.Our urban life,Caccia-ri maintains,"can but take place beyond all tradi-tional limits, all boundaries of the city". Its dimension seems to be mental rather than physical and this leads us to dwell upon the mentalities, the experiences, the fears, the interactions that occur in our everyday life. Also the analysis of modern urban le-gends and recounts can help us to understand some of the contradictions produced by modernity. Like ancient le-gends, they are necessary "to assimilate psychologically, in the form of symbols, situations of public distress with the conflicts subjected to it".可认知的世界，可实现的世界作者：克里斯蒂娜·布鲁玛蒂城市变迁并不是最近才出现的问题。
建筑工程英语翻译
建筑工程英语翻译《建筑工程英语翻译》建筑学architecture建筑物building房子house摩天大楼skyscraper公寓楼block of flats(美作:apartment block)纪念碑monument宫殿palace庙宇temple皇宫,教堂basilica大教堂cathedral教堂church塔,塔楼tower十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column柱廊colonnade拱arch营建许可证,建筑开工许可证building permission绿地greenbelt立面elevation设计图plan/design drawing比例尺scale预制to prefabricate挖土,掘土excavation基foundations/base打地基to lay the foundations砌好的砖列course of bricks脚手架scaffold,scaffolding质量合格证书certification of fitness原材料raw material底板bottom plate垫层cushion侧壁sidewall中心线center line条形基础strip footing附件accessories型钢profile steel钢板steel plate熔渣slag飞溅welding spatter定位焊tacking引弧generating of arc熄弧quenching of arc焊道welding bead坡口beveled edges外观检查visual inspection重皮double-skin水平方向弧度radian in horizontal direction成型molding直线度straightness accuracy焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion水平度levelness铅垂度verticality翘曲变形buckling deformation角尺angle square对接焊缝butt weld母材parent metal法兰密封面flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concentration挠曲变bending deformation超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ultrasonic examination 压力容器pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径set-type diameter焊缝welding line中幅板center plate测量方法measuring method基准点datum mark跳焊skip welding允许偏差allowable variation补强板stiffening plate开孔tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing角钢angle iron安装基准圆installation fundamental circle吊装立柱hoisting upright column焊接钢管welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope槽钢胀圈channel steel expansion ring环口collar extension局部变形local distortion顶板top plate拱顶vault顶板加强肋stiffening rib胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls中心支架center bearing bracket椭圆度ovality等分线bisectrix点焊spot welding搭接焊overlap welding对称地symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计content gauge集中式空调系统centralized air conditioning system热源heat source平面位置的空间space of planimetric position密封性能sealing performance连体法兰coupling flange垂直井笼vertical well cage变风量variable air rate管理承包商Management Contractor工程量works amount审核review结构预埋配合阶段Structure preembedment assistance stage 精装修阶段Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段Construction stage工程竣工阶段Completion stage台钻Bench drill冲击钻Churn drill手电钻Electric portable drill角钢卷圆机Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器Pipe cutting machine电动试压泵Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机Valve pressure test device等离子切割机Plasma cutting machine多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler ultrasonic flow detector温、湿度传感器Temperature&humidity senor 精密声级计Precision sound level meter风罩式风量测试仪Air hood air rate tester潜水泵Submerged pump电动弯管机Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机Copper pipe bender液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪刀Electric clipper电动空压机Electric air compressor液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack压力表Pressure gauge。
建筑学双语
01.建筑学序码汉文名英文名注释01.1总论01.0001建筑学architecture01.0002建筑物building01.0003人体测量学anthropometry01.0004人体尺寸human dimensions01.0005人体舒适human comfort01.0006人类行为human behavior01.0007[人因]工效学human factoren gineering01.0008人类群居学ekistics01.0009环境心理学environmental psychology01.0010人类生态学human ecology01.0011建筑功能building function01.0012建筑类型学building typology01.0013空间构图space configuration01.0014领域性territoriality01.0015建筑经济学building economics01.0016价值工程学value engineering01.0017费用效益cost effectiveness01.0018建筑美学architectural aesthetics01.0019艺术格调artistic touch01.0020建筑几何学architectural geometry01.0021建筑形态学architectural morphology01.0022建筑形式architectural form01.0023建筑风格architectural style01.0024建筑环境architectural environment01.0025环境艺术environmental art01.0026建筑文化architectural culture01.0027建筑文脉architectural context01.0028建筑符号学architectural semiotics01.0029模式语言pattern language01.0030建筑设计方法学architectural design methodology 01.0031无障碍设计barrier free design01.0032古建筑保护historical building presvervation01.0033风水学feng shui01.0034建筑科学building science01.0035建筑气候学building climatology01.0036建筑物理[学]building physics01.0037建筑光学building optics01.0038建筑热学building thermodymamics,building thermology 01.0039建筑声学building acoustics01.0040太阳能建筑solar building01.0041建筑工程building engineering01.0042建筑标准化buildingstandardization01.0043建筑模数building module01.0044模数协调modular coordination01.0045建筑工业化building industrialization01.0046工业化建筑体系industrialized building system01.0047支撑体系support system01.0048填充体系infill system01.0049建筑安全building safety01.0050建筑防灾building disaster prevention01.0051建筑节能building energy conservation01.0052减灾学natural disaster prevention01.0053建筑防火building fire protection01.0054建筑抗震building aseismicity01.0055建筑病理building pathology01.0056健康建筑healthy building01.0057建筑综合症synthetic building syndrome ,SBS01.0058建筑保安building security01.0059防卫性空间defensible space01.0060建筑性能building performance01.0061建筑评价building evaluation01.0062社会影响评价social impact assessment ,SIA01.0063环境影响评价environmental impact assessment ,EIA 01.0064建筑测量building surveying01.0065建筑勘探building geotechnics01.0066工程施工engineering construction01.0067建筑材料building material01.0068建筑制品building product01.0069建筑构造architectural construction01.0070建筑设备系统building service system01.0071建筑设备building equipment01.0072建筑设备安装building equipment installation01.0073建筑设施building facilities01.0074建筑设施管理building facilities management01.0075建筑装修building finishing01.0076室内装饰interior decoration01.0077建筑壁画mural01.0078浅浮雕bas-relief01.0079建筑维护building maintenance01.0080建筑修缮building repair01.0081建筑管理buildingmanagement01.0082建筑业buildingindustry01.0083建筑立法buildinglegislation01.0084建筑史architecturalhistory01.0085古典建筑classicalarchitecture01.0086古典柱式classicalorder01.0087古埃及建筑Egyptianarhcitecture01.0088美索不达米亚建筑Mesopotamianarchitecture01.0089古希腊建筑Greekarchitecture01.0090古罗马建筑Romanarchitecture01.0091拜占庭建筑Byzantinearchitecture01.0092罗曼式建筑Romanesquearchitecture01.0093哥特式建筑Gothicarchitecture01.0094文艺复兴建筑Renaissancearchitecture01.0095巴洛克建筑Baroquearchitecture01.0096洛可可建筑Rococoarchitecture01.0097伊斯兰建筑Islamicarchitecture01.0098新艺术运动Art-nouveauMovement01.0099现代主义modernism01.0100国际风格InternationalStyle01.0101后现代主义post-modernism01.0102功能主义functionalism01.0103构成主义constructivism01.0104表现主义expressionism01.0105手法主义mannerism01.0106折中主义eclecticism01.0107结构主义structuralism01.0108新古典主义neoclassicism01.0109复古主义revivalism01.0110民族风格nationalstyle01.0111新理性主义neorationalism01.0112批判地方主义criticalregionalism01.0113解构主义deconstruction01.0114反构成主义deconstructivism01.0115粗野主义brutalism01.0116文脉主义contextualism01.0117新陈代谢主义metabolism01.0118高技术建筑hightecharchitecture01.0119乡土建筑vernaculararchitecture01.0120有机建筑organicarchitecture01.0121国际建筑师协会UnionofInternationalArchitects,UIA 01.0122亚洲建筑师协会ArchitectsRegionalCouncilAsia,ARCASIA 01.0123中国建筑学会ArchitecturalSocietyofChina,ASC01.2建筑类型及组成01.0124单层建筑single-storybuilding01.0125多层建筑multistorybuilding01.0126高层建筑highrisebuilding,tallbuilding01.0127超高层建筑superhighrisebuilding,supertallbuilding 01.0128摩天楼skyscraper01.0129活动房屋mobilehouse01.0130建筑队群buildinggroup01.0131裙房podium01.0132楼层floor01.0133夹层mezzanine01.0134底层groundfloor01.0135地下室basement01.0136半地下室sub-basement01.0137顶层topfloor01.0138房间room01.0139走廊corridor01.0140游廊gallery01.0141入口entrance01.0142门斗anteroom01.0143门厅enrtancehall,vestibule01.0144接待室receptionroom01.0145会议室conferenceroom01.0146值班室janitor'sroom01.0147收发室mail/distributionroom01.0148问询处informationdesk01.0149衣帽间coatroom,cloakroom01.0150开水间waterheaterroom01.0151卫生间washroom01.0152厕所toilet01.0153浴室bathroom01.0154电话总机房telephoneexchangeroom 01.0155电子计算机房computerroom01.0156广播室broadcastingroom01.0157储藏室storageroom01.0158变电间substation01.0159锅炉间boilerroom01.0160阳台balcony01.0161平台terrace01.0162天井lightcourt01.0163屋前空地frontage01.0164居住建筑residentialbuilding01.0165人居humanhabitat01.0166住房housing01.0167独户住宅singlefamilyhouse01.0168多户住宅multi-familyhouse01.0169联排式住宅rowhouse,terracehouse 01.0170台阶式住宅steppedhouse,terracedhouse 01.0171公寓式住宅apartmenthouse01.0172板式住宅slabblock01.0173点式住宅pointblock01.0174跃层式公寓skip-flooraparment01.0175外廊式公寓exterior-corridortypeapartmnet 01.0176步行上楼式公寓walk-upapartment01.0177电梯式公寓elevatorapartment01.0178平房one-storyhouse,bungalow01.0179农舍cottage01.0180别墅villa01.0181庭院式住宅courtyardhouse01.0182两层独立公寓maisonette01.0183宿舍dormitory01.0184青年公寓youthapartment01.0185老年公寓housefortheelderly01.0186养老院nursinghome01.0187公共活动室commomroom,communityroom 01.0188卧室bedroom01.0189起居室livingroom01.0190书房study01.0191餐室diningroom01.0192厨房kitchen01.0193壁柜wallunit,caseunit01.0194吊柜hangingcabinet01.0195地窖cellar01.0196教育建筑educationalbuilding01.0197大学建筑universitybuilding01.0198学院建筑institutebuilding,collehebuilding 01.0199专科学校建筑specailcollegebuilding01.0200中学建筑secondaryschoolbuilding01.0201职业学校建筑professionalschoolbuilding 01.0202小学建筑elementaryschoolbuilding01.0203幼儿园kindergarten01.0204寄宿制托儿所nursery01.0205全日制托儿所day-carecenter01.0206教室classroom01.0207阶梯教室lecturetheater01.0208电化教室audio-visualclassroom01.0209实验教室laboratory01.0210美术教室artroom01.0211音乐教室musicroom01.0212劳作教室handicraftroom01.0213实验工厂practiceworkshop01.0214儿童活动室children'splayroom01.0215哺乳室nursingroom01.0216配乳室milkkitchen01.0217隔离室isolationroom01.0218学生中心students'center01.0219游戏场地playground01.0220黑板blackborad01.0221讲台forum01.0222文化建筑culturalbuilding01.0223图书馆library01.0224博物馆museum01.0225科技馆sciencemuseum01.0226美术馆artmuseum01.0227画廓gallery01.0228文化中心culturalcenter01.0229展览馆exhibitionhall01.0230天文馆planetarium01.0231水族馆aquarium01.0232自然博物馆naturalhistorymuseum 01.0233青年中心youthcenter01.0234妇女中心women'scenter01.0235陈列室displayroom01.0236展览室exhibitionroom01.0237阅览室readingroom01.0238阅览间readingcarrel01.0239微缩图书阅览室microfilmreadingroom 01.0240善本图书阅览室rarebooksreadingroom 01.0241文献资料阅览室referenceliteratureroom 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01.0885设计程序designprocess01.0886可行性研究feasibilitystudy01.0887机会研究opportunitystudy01.0888建筑策划architecturalprogramming01.0889场址选择siteselection01.0890需求预测demandforecasting01.0891价格分析priceanalysis01.0892建筑条件constructionconditions01.0893设计方案designalternative01.0894劳动定员manpowerquota01.0895实施计划implementationschedule01.0896投资额investmentcost01.0897运行成本runningcost,operatingcost01.0898资金返本期paybackperiod01.0899投资返回率rateofreturn01.0900投资决策investmentdecision01.0901面积定额buildingareaquota01.0902设计任务书designbrief01.0903建设单位client又称“业主”01.0904建设项目buildingproject01.0905建设规模buildingsize01.0906建设场址buildingsite01.0907建设工期constructionperiod01.0908设计标准designstandard01.0909投资限额controlbudget01.0910人均指标percapitaindex01.0911设计阶段designstage,designphase01.0912方案设计schematicdesign01.0913构思设计conceptdesign01.0914方案估算schematicdesignestimate01.0915初步设计preliminarydesign01.0916设计概算preliminaryestimate01.0917扩大初步设计expandedpreliminarydesign 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建筑学外文翻译剖析
淮阴工学院毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑学姓名：张宇成学号：1121403219外文出处：Procedia Engineering 165( 2016 ) 315 – 325附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文通过开发公共地下空间为德黑兰市提供所需的绿色空间与宏大的建筑穆罕默德·迈赫迪Safaee马里安Ghafoori伊朗伊斯兰阿扎德大学（IAU），伊朗南德黑兰分部摘要：德黑兰市是曾经被花园和农场包围的小城市;现在一天已经变成了巨大的高度与其他建筑相比，建筑结构不合理，几乎失去了绿色。
自德黑兰市成为伊朗首都以来，人口增长迅速，汽车不断增长，以及改变了城市特点的建设项目已经过去了200多年。
这使得德黑兰面临很多短缺，如绿色空间，安静和灿烂的气氛，可能已经建立了人们之间的社会关系。
这个城市现在严重面临缺乏绿色空间，导致缺乏足够的氧气，空气污染和生活质量下降和缺乏城市生活，这些不利的结果可以在灵魂，头脑和身体上看到的公民。
在本文中强调的是对地下空间发展的社会因素，技术和结构条件。
这一案例表明，在德黑兰一个人口稠密的老区域开发绿地。
因此，我们不仅要维持该区所需的许多公共空间，例如商业场所，大厅，电影院，停车场，人行道等服务处所;我们还可以在儿童游乐场，人行道，有氧运动的地面空间上免费，并且还形成许多景观。
此后，可以在这些开放空间周围形成许多住宅空间，享有美丽的景色和景观。
因此，这将导致更多的社会关系，动态，可持续的城市生活和辉煌的建筑。
在城市不同距离的这些中心的发展可以减少我们已经提到的消极方面。
关键词：地下空间，精致的建筑，辉煌的建筑，绿地，空气污染，免费场地，德黑兰市。
1.简介德黑兰的综合计划缺乏一些非常重要的组件和细节在其设计和法规。
根据德黑兰市政府的建筑规则和法规，住宅建筑的面积比（FAR）要求为60％-70％，只有在确认和保留邻居权利的情况下才允许向北延伸。
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芬兰建筑主要因两点而闻名实用而直接的现代主义和一种同自然之间的虚构的关系。
从阿尔瓦·阿尔托和他同时代——包括埃里克·布吕格曼和保利·布卢姆斯泰特 . 在内——的那些设计了年前的芬兰现代建筑作品的建筑师开始就是如此。
阿尔托在年代的设计特别是完成于年的帕伊米奥疗养院布吕格曼设计的私人住宅和图尔库的公寓区以及布卢姆斯泰特的教堂设计都是芬兰现代建筑早期阶段的标志。
在这之后现代主义运动的主流和分支总是成为芬兰建筑学习的对象。
如此忠诚于现代主义的原因可以归结到芬兰自年独立以来的社会发展以及北欧人一贯的建筑和设计方向。
北部的地理位置和文化在北欧的多种现代主义中建筑是与众多北部欧洲的文化特性交织在一起的。
起决定性的因素是气候和自然环境同时还有从路德教而来、体现在北欧福利国家的一种共有的精神。
这里值得一提的是在当地民众与自然之间的关系形成的过程中有一个关键因素——“自由信步”的理念简而言之即在一定限度内每个人都有权利进入到自然环境及其所赋予的一切中去。
这一传统在那些居住环境与自然紧密相联的地方广为人知在北欧国家更是根深蒂固。
波罗的海地区的自然环境十分富足、多样且尺度较小。
内陆中不计其数的湖面形成了广阔的水路。
芬兰被称为“千岛之国”。
实际上可以说芬兰的自然环境充满了各种独特的场所。
我们没有一望无际的海岸沙滩或巨大的高差但是我们拥有河、湖和群岛。
多样且无所不在的水陆交替为芬兰的自然环境提供了一种韵律。
这种韵律既是视觉上的也是精神上的。
此外四季的变换——温暖明亮的夏季和寒冷多雪的冬季——强化了景观的多变对自然空间的应用有着显著影响。
关于芬兰建筑前文所述都与芬兰人所认知的好建筑密切相关。
在这里成为好建筑的关键因素是同地段或场所的联系及其空间体验。
当代芬兰建筑中的自然和现代主义尤哈那·拉赫蒂孙凌波译: . , . , . ' , , ' , ' , , . , , . Finland' , . , , , . ' , , " ", , , , . , , , . , , . Finland . , . . , , .. . , , , , .Finland. , , . , , . ’ . , , . , . ,首先成为好建筑要尊重地段及其历史无论它是在自然环境里还是在城市之中。
以阿尔瓦·阿尔托为代表的年代的芬兰建筑师一贯坚持在项目进程中对地段上的树木加以保护。
这是让自然成为建筑院落一部分的方式之一。
在这个时代区域划分成为城市规划的一部分。
在郊区规划中居住区同自然绿色区域的联系尤为重要。
对历史建筑遗产的评估是近年城市规划中的一种现象。
历史性木构建筑作为现代化发展中被忽视的一面在年代的芬兰城市中被大量摧毁。
破坏的疯狂在那之后平息下来但事情还未完全改变。
数年过去之后现代建筑也已经成为我们建筑遗产的一部分。
同样历史性的城市环境现在也被认为是值得保留的。
在芬兰并不存在像芬兰南部邻国爱沙尼亚首都塔林所出现的那种历史建筑竖向扩建的案例。
类似的一个启示性案例就是关于收录在本期专辑中的建筑师事务所的“云城市”设计的论战。
第二它把建筑紧邻的环境视为建筑的延伸和整体建筑设计的一部分。
进入一栋建筑的路径和从室内看到的室外景观是建筑及其体验的一个特别重要的部分。
让自然光线进入建筑是现代建筑中的一个普遍理念在我们这个冬季只有极短时间宝贵日照的北纬度地区尤为受欢迎。
上面提到过的对一个地段或场所的特别强调与建筑的特色紧密相关。
对于建筑周围景观视野的细致考量则会将建筑设计与地段和周围自然环境联系在一起。
完成于年、由海基·西伦和凯亚·西伦设计的礼拜堂是一个著名的案例。
接近和离开一栋建筑的方式在创造空间体验的过程中扮演着重要角色。
与此相关的案例是亚梵拓建筑师事务所设计的圣劳伦斯礼拜堂。
该礼拜堂处在一个历史性的环境之中设计的精华在于接近建筑、进入建筑和离开它进入教堂庭院的一系列运动。
第三它包含低密度居住的理想这与芬兰人口极为稀少的现实有关。
在这方面芬兰在城市规划中的建筑文化同一些国际大都市或人口稠密区域差别很大。
这种理想在今天日渐稠密的城市环境中如何实现是具有争议的但是芬兰人仍把自然环境视为他们城市的一部分并对高层建筑持有怀疑态度。
对于自然环境的偏爱在年代建于赫尔辛基区域的“森林郊区”项目中有所体现。
其中一个在塔皮奥拉依据地形曲线布局的低层公寓街区坐落在树林中地块间也没有围墙分隔。
高层建筑目前是赫尔辛基区域的一个活跃的讨论话题“云城市”项目就是这样的案例之一。
反对高层建筑的论据包括对历史性城市空间的保护和自然光线的重要性这两方面。
人们不希望高层建筑超越、破坏目前的天际线并对城市的其他部分产生遮挡特别是在太阳几乎很少升到地平线以上的冬天。
公共建筑的重要性包括公共医疗、公共图书馆、教育体系和国有教堂在内的各种各样的公共建筑与福利国家服务有着重要关联。
大部分芬兰人都是路德教教徒。
在基督教的路德教会传统中教堂建筑少有装饰多用于安静的礼拜仪式。
礼拜堂是为葬礼仪式而设计的更小型的建筑。
最新的宗教建筑强调了集体性及传统的建造方式并把自然作为一种视觉元素。
. , . , , , . , . Finland, , , , Tallinn, Estonia, Finland' . Cloud City , . , ' . . , , , . , , . ' . , . . . . , , , ,Finland . , . ' , . , , “ ” Helsinki . , , . Helsinki , Cloud City .亚梵拓建筑师事务所设计的圣劳伦斯礼拜堂是将现代建筑传统升级而满足当代需求的一个范例。
雅致而独特的材料选择和采光方案使这个建筑艺术作品近乎完美同时令其在现代芬兰礼拜堂建筑的链条中占据了一席之地。
在此之前著名的礼拜堂建筑还包括位于土尔库、在同一块墓地园区中相对而立的由埃里克·布吕格曼设计的复活礼拜堂和佩卡·皮特凯宁ä设计的神圣十字礼拜堂。
现代建筑传统也体现在萨纳克森纳胡建筑师事务所设计的位于希文萨洛的圣亨利基督教会艺术礼拜堂和郎安溪海希莱: , , ., , , . . , . . , , . . . 建筑师事务所在于韦斯屈莱设计的库奥卡拉教堂。
这些项目的室内方案会令人联想到埃罗·埃里凯宁ä和奥斯莫·西帕里设计的萨拉教堂和维尔约·雷维尔设计的位于康阿斯阿拉的礼拜堂。
学校和托儿所是社区建筑的另一类案例。
目前的芬兰教育体系是全世界最优秀的体系之一这可能是芬兰作为福利国家的最大成就。
每个人从托儿所开始都有同等的教育机会。
教育体系也为保持芬兰的文化凝聚力做出了贡献。
对于舒适的教学设施的设计传统由来已久。
学校的体育场一直被作为整体设计的一部分加以考虑这对于托儿所来说尤为重要因为户外游戏是儿童日常生活的一个重要部分。
安全的体育场地由此应该成为儿童建筑的一个组成部分。
位于紧邻赫尔辛基的埃斯坡的两栋建筑——维斯塔斯建筑师事务所设计的克蔻加尔维综合学校和建筑师事务所设计的萨乌娜拉赫蒂儿童之家是这类建筑中的典范。
适度居住的理念一个民主社会的悠久传统体现在住宅的形式和理想上。
让每个人都拥有高品质的住宅已经成为北欧, , () ä(), . ' () Kuokkala Church ää(). ' ä() () . . , . Finland. . , , ' . . äSchool () ' (), Helsinki' . . . , , . (), , (), , , , , . , , , . . , Helsinki . , , .。
与此相关的案例是低租金的小型学生公寓。
通常一些最优秀的建筑师会通过建筑竞赛获得委托设计学生住宅。
这样的案例包括受到年代北欧居住建筑启发的由建筑师事务所设计的位于维基的学生公寓以及布鲁诺毛努拉事务所设计的位于、作为喧嚣城市中宁静一隅的学生公寓。
从另一个角度来看民主传统和迄今为止的人与其环境的自然关系都同大多数芬兰人所熟悉的夏季住宅的传统有关。
这一传统也与我们的自然景观密切相关——正如上文提到的我们的自然景观中包含着无以计数的场所。
夏季住宅案例中值得一提的是那些在公共娱乐区域的租赁地块上、对所有人开放的夏季别墅它们最初是为穷困民众设计的。
这是“信步自由”理念的一种有趣的延伸仅在赫尔辛基一地就有数千个这样的夏季别墅。
在世纪之初这一传统通过新一代城市居民的发掘而重获新生。
维斯塔斯建筑师事务所设计的位于的“城市别墅”实现了对传统概念的一次完美的更新。
夏季别墅广受欢迎人们还为此规划了新的服务区域。
比如夏季别墅区就被包括在了赫尔辛基东部的新居住区——的规划之中。
本期专辑中所展现的很多项目都体现了上文提到的特点。
它们大多通过建筑设计竞赛而实现。
在芬兰建筑设计竞赛的传统可以追溯到世纪晚期。
竞赛是找到最佳可能方案的一种有效的方式这也是我们民主文化的一种体现——每个人都有机会展现他们的才能。
在本文中我对专辑中的某些项目进行了较为详尽的说明。
在关系到住宅形式和公共空间设计的项目中传统与激动人心的当代方案相结合而形成了芬兰建筑的特色。
而所有的项目都或多或少地带着骄傲与尊敬展现了对于北欧现代建筑传统的认知。
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