英语词汇学(第八讲)PPT课件
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英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
The origin and evolution of words
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
Chapter 8 English Idioms 英语词汇学 教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people:
❖ in deep water, tide over, take the helm by seamen;
❖ kill two birds with on stone, if you run after two hares, you will catch neither used by hunters;
❖ Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms
❖ Replacement ❖ Addition or deletion ❖ position-shifting ❖ shortening ❖ dismembering.
First
❖ Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
Introduction
❖ for example: ❖ fly off the handle, put up with ❖ In a broad sense, idioms may include
Rhetorical Features
❖ Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as:
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
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8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
6
8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
7
8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
English Lexicology
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
英语词汇学PPT全
1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation
英语词汇学
英语词汇学
英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始 承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于 20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20 世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学 科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。
英语词汇学
Nature and domain of English lexicology:
Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability；but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.Therefore， “all national character”is the most important of allfeatures that may differentiate words of common use from all others.
英语词汇学
Most words of this stock have five characteristics: a. All national character b. Stability c. Productivity d. Polysemy e. Collocability
英语词汇学
Of course，not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics.
英语词汇学
d. Argot :can-opener e. Dialectal words f. Archaisms:thou,wherein g. Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,data bank 2.By notion,words can be grouped into A. Content words(notional,full words) Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs and numerals. They constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is growing.
英语词汇学课件chapter 8 Meaning and Context
Homonymy is another cause of ambiguity as two separate lexemes share the same form, e.g.
(1) They saw her duck. (2) The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity, e.g.
Chapter 8
Meaning and Context
Context refers to the words around a word, phrase etc., often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
behavior.
(2) become + pron. /n (used as object), meaning ‘suit, befit’, e.g. 1) This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. 2) Sarcasm doesn’t become you.
Context is of great importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the whole speech situation as well. Meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. This chapter will discuss the relationship between meaning and context and the ways in which context affects the meaning of words.
(1) They saw her duck. (2) The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity, e.g.
Chapter 8
Meaning and Context
Context refers to the words around a word, phrase etc., often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
behavior.
(2) become + pron. /n (used as object), meaning ‘suit, befit’, e.g. 1) This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. 2) Sarcasm doesn’t become you.
Context is of great importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the whole speech situation as well. Meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. This chapter will discuss the relationship between meaning and context and the ways in which context affects the meaning of words.
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit8
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A. Grammatical Meaning:
1. Word-class/ part of speech
girl (singular)– girls (plural) The dog bit the man. (SVO) modern (a.) modernize (v.) modernization (n.)
2) Morphological motivation: (form)
shoe-maker flat-foot night-cap sweet-tooth
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这些汉字啥意思？
孬 甭 嫑 歪 忈
9
槑 奤 覅 奣 氼
嘦 勥 巭 恏 兲
10
3) Semantic motivation: (meaning)
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3. Social/ Stylistic Meaning:
（ 社会/ 文体意义）
The appropriateness of language finds its way in the following aspects: 1) The social relationship between Speakers and correspondents; 2) The specific occasion; 3) The subject matter; 4) The mode of discourse.
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The Five Clocks- Martin Joos (1967)
1) frozen style 2) formal style 3) consultative style 4) casual style 5) intimate style
Note: None of these style is better than any other; appropriateness is the key to the good use of the various styles.
A. Grammatical Meaning:
1. Word-class/ part of speech
girl (singular)– girls (plural) The dog bit the man. (SVO) modern (a.) modernize (v.) modernization (n.)
2) Morphological motivation: (form)
shoe-maker flat-foot night-cap sweet-tooth
8
这些汉字啥意思？
孬 甭 嫑 歪 忈
9
槑 奤 覅 奣 氼
嘦 勥 巭 恏 兲
10
3) Semantic motivation: (meaning)
16
3. Social/ Stylistic Meaning:
（ 社会/ 文体意义）
The appropriateness of language finds its way in the following aspects: 1) The social relationship between Speakers and correspondents; 2) The specific occasion; 3) The subject matter; 4) The mode of discourse.
17
The Five Clocks- Martin Joos (1967)
1) frozen style 2) formal style 3) consultative style 4) casual style 5) intimate style
Note: None of these style is better than any other; appropriateness is the key to the good use of the various styles.
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (8)
Meaning in the text: 诱惑，诱 使（尤其是得不到的东西）
Tantalus.
e. Argus-eyed.
Argus: the name of a giant in Greek mythology who have 100 eyes.
Modern meaning : 机警的看 守人
Meaning in the text:强求一致
Procrustes.
d. tantalize.
Tantalize is derived from the Greek myth of Tantalus, a son of Zeus. As a punishment, he had to stand in water under a fruit tree. If he reached for food, the branches lifted and if he bent down to drink, the water receded.
Yahoo
Shylock.
A cunning and greedy businessman from Shakespeare’ the Merchant of Venice.
Here it refer to a greedy man who lend money to others and ask for a very high profit
Yahoo.
It is from Guillver’ Travel, the name of a very diguisting animal which is like people
In the text, it is refer to a person who has a very bad character and cause others to hate him or her.
词汇学ppt
homophones(同音异形异义字)
Son n. a male child of a parent
Sun n. the heavenly body from which the earth
gets warmth and light
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2.origins of homonyms
1) Change in sound and spelling Long adj. not short, from lang v. to want very much, from langian 2)Borrowing fair n. a market, borrowed from feria
adj. pretty, borrowed from fager
3）Shortening Add v. to cause an increase NOW n. from the initials of National Organization of
3.Differentlation of homonyms from polysemants（一词多义）
1.types of homonyms
2.origins of homonyms 3.differentlation of homonyms from polysemants
4.rhetorlc features of homonyms
1.types of homonyms
perfect homonyms（完全同音异义词)
6.2 Homonymy (同音异义) Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Unit 1 英语词汇概说
1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins)
《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology
理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及 词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、 成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识； 2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变 过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现 的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
英谷物不是干货heartman换心人不是有心人maddoctor精神病科医生不是发疯的医生eleventhhour最后时刻不是十一点blinddate由第三者安排的男女初次会面并非盲目约会或瞎约会personalremark人身攻击不是个人评论sweetwater淡水不是糖水或甜水confidenceman骗子不是信得过的人criminallawyer刑事律师不是犯罪的律师servicestation加油站不是服务站restroom厕所不是休息室dressingroom化妆室不是试衣室或更衣室horsesense常识不是马的感觉capitalidea好主意不是资本主义思想familiartalk庸俗的交谈不是熟悉的谈话blacktea红茶不是黑茶blackart妖术不是黑色艺术blackstranger完全陌生的人不是陌生的黑人whitecoal作动力来源用的水不是白煤whiteman忠实可靠的人不是皮肤白的人yellowbook黄皮书法国政府报告书以黄纸为封不是黄色书籍redtape官僚习气不是红色带子greenhand新手不是绿手bluestocking女学者女才子不是蓝色长统袜chinapolicy对华政策不是中国政策chinesedragon麒麟不是中国龙americanbeauty一种玫瑰名为美国丽人不是美国美女englishdisease软骨病不是英国病indiansummer愉快宁静的晚年不是印度的夏日greekgift害人的礼品不是希腊礼物spanishathlete吹牛的人不是西班牙运动员fren Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?
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all the difficulties.
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3) Fixed and partly fixed idioms a. A stitch in time saves nine. →一针及时，可省九针；及时处理，事半功倍 b. to come to a bad end
nasty, sticky, no good, untimely take forty winks have, enjoy
Specifically, it refers to a unit of language longer than a word (though often shorter than a sentence) and it plays a facilitative role in comprehension and production.
evening next month. →arrange; perform
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2. The features of English idioms
1) Very short or rather long An Indian summer 小阳春 Forty winks 白天小睡 All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席
phrasal in form
3
Lexical chunks, also calld lexical phrases There are two subtypes of lexical
chunks, notably collocations and idioms.
4
Collocations in English
10
2) Take different structures A. irregular and illogical structure I am good friends with him. Diamond cut diamond. The devil take the hindmost. (irregular meaning, clear meaning)
11
B.regular structure, unclear meaning To have a bee in one’s bonnet [head] →to have a strange fixed idea about something. C.irregular structure, unclear meaning (to do) through thick and thin →through both good and bad times; in spite of
5
Example:
The doctor performed the operation while the committee was holding a discussion.
6
II. English Idioms
1.Definition An idiom is a fixed group of words or
2
Example: A: When did you leave the party? B: I got out of there as soon as they
ran out of food.
A few chunks sentential How do you do? The majority lexical in kind and
to spill the beans
8
Idioms and free phrases
blue sky, blue jacket blue moon I haven’t seen you in a blue moon. 我很久没见到你了。 We get up early yesterday. The students will get up an English
Collocation is the way in which words are used together.
Collocations are the words that tend to co-occur in a language---in grammatical patterns, compounds or fixed phrases.
English Lexicology
第八讲
The Idiomatic Aspect of English Word Combination
1
I. Chunks in English
Definition
In linguistics, a chunk is a unit of language that forms a syntactic or semantic unit but also has its internal structure.
a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure.
7
An idiom is a multi-word expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from the sum of its separate parts. That is, it has a holistic meaning which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.
13
4) It has a special meaning. 5) It is relatively widely used. 6) They consist of obsolete（废弃） words. hither and thither---in all directions kith and kin--- friends and relations 7) They represent a semantic unit. make up one’s mind: decide look down on: depise
12
3) Fixed and partly fixed idioms a. A stitch in time saves nine. →一针及时，可省九针；及时处理，事半功倍 b. to come to a bad end
nasty, sticky, no good, untimely take forty winks have, enjoy
Specifically, it refers to a unit of language longer than a word (though often shorter than a sentence) and it plays a facilitative role in comprehension and production.
evening next month. →arrange; perform
9
2. The features of English idioms
1) Very short or rather long An Indian summer 小阳春 Forty winks 白天小睡 All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席
phrasal in form
3
Lexical chunks, also calld lexical phrases There are two subtypes of lexical
chunks, notably collocations and idioms.
4
Collocations in English
10
2) Take different structures A. irregular and illogical structure I am good friends with him. Diamond cut diamond. The devil take the hindmost. (irregular meaning, clear meaning)
11
B.regular structure, unclear meaning To have a bee in one’s bonnet [head] →to have a strange fixed idea about something. C.irregular structure, unclear meaning (to do) through thick and thin →through both good and bad times; in spite of
5
Example:
The doctor performed the operation while the committee was holding a discussion.
6
II. English Idioms
1.Definition An idiom is a fixed group of words or
2
Example: A: When did you leave the party? B: I got out of there as soon as they
ran out of food.
A few chunks sentential How do you do? The majority lexical in kind and
to spill the beans
8
Idioms and free phrases
blue sky, blue jacket blue moon I haven’t seen you in a blue moon. 我很久没见到你了。 We get up early yesterday. The students will get up an English
Collocation is the way in which words are used together.
Collocations are the words that tend to co-occur in a language---in grammatical patterns, compounds or fixed phrases.
English Lexicology
第八讲
The Idiomatic Aspect of English Word Combination
1
I. Chunks in English
Definition
In linguistics, a chunk is a unit of language that forms a syntactic or semantic unit but also has its internal structure.
a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure.
7
An idiom is a multi-word expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from the sum of its separate parts. That is, it has a holistic meaning which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.
13
4) It has a special meaning. 5) It is relatively widely used. 6) They consist of obsolete（废弃） words. hither and thither---in all directions kith and kin--- friends and relations 7) They represent a semantic unit. make up one’s mind: decide look down on: depise