英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT12
大学英语三泛读课文翻译
大学英语三泛读课文翻译美国男性—The American Man我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”,似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。
当今的美国男人不再是1630年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。
他们不再是老脑筋,他们不再以内向的性格为荣,他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。
在南方,富裕的受母亲制约的种植园主也发展壮大了,但这两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。
而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。
即使在我们自己的年代,公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。
举个例子说,在20世纪50年代,这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来,成为大多数人认可的模范。
这就是50年代的男人。
上班起早贪黑,干活尽职尽责,养家糊口,遵规守纪。
里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。
这类人弄不懂女人的心,却颇为赏识女人的身体;他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。
他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质,但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下,还有另外的三个特征:孤立、清贫、被动。
他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。
50年代的男人喜欢橄榄球,好斗,他们维护美国,从不流泪,只是默默奉献。
但在这些男人的身上,善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。
他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。
他们还缺乏同情心,正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热;就像后来的里根,他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西,这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人,对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子,乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。
50年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样,男人的职责是什么,但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。
到了60年代,又出现了另外一类男人。
越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑,自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战,他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时,女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人,迫使他们开始理解50年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。
英语泛读教程3_课文翻译
UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌在许多人看来,英国人极为礼貌,同他们交朋友很难。
但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。
对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天,不会流露出太多的情感,并且很少会兴奋。
要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事;他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事,也许你和他工作了几年,却连他住在哪儿,有几个孩子,兴趣是什么,都不知道。
英国人就有类似的倾向。
如果乘公共汽车去旅行,他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子;如果是乘火车,他们会找一个没人的单间。
如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时,那么即使火车驶出了很多英里,他们也不会开口交谈。
一旦谈起来的话,他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁?”或者甚至“你叫什么名字?”等私人问题。
像“你的手表是在哪儿买的?”或者“你的收入是多少?”这样的问题几乎不可想象。
同样,在英国,人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制,大声谈话会被视为没有教养。
在某种程度上,不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质,因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。
而事实上,英国人(也许除了北方人)并不以慷慨和好客而著称。
而另一方面,虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。
如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿,他们可能会满心欢喜。
与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。
在内心深处,英国人可能比任何人都高傲,但是当他们与别人相处时,他们十分看重谦逊的品质,至少要表现出谦虚的样子。
自我标榜会被认为没有教养。
让我们假设,有一个人非常擅长打网球,但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时,他很少会说“是”,不然,人们会认为他很高傲。
他可能会作出类似这样的回答,“不算太差,”或者“嗯,我非常喜欢网球。
”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。
而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时,常常形成一种漠然的气氛,这在外国人看来难于理解,甚至令人恼火。
著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。
英语泛读教程3上课文+译文(Unit1-7)
Unit 11 TextInvented WordsNew words appear in English every day. Do you know how these words are born? Read the following passage to find various ways English words are invented.Scholars guess that English has about 600 000 words, but there are probably more. New words continue to come into the language at such a rate that no dictionary could possibly keep up with them. The old words which were born centuries ago in the Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and French languages make up four fifths of the English language. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words.Ampere, volt and watt are all units of electricity, and they are named for the men who discovered them; Andre M. Ampere, a French physicist; Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist; and James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor. Nowadays we all drink pasteurized milk, that is, milk which is clean and purified. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. There are many words like this in the English language.There is no need to say anything else about these words, for they speak for themselves. You can probably think of many more.Then there are the invented words. English-speaking people have always made up words as it suited them, and they continue to do so every day. One kind of invented word is one which is made up of two other words. Dictionaries call this kind of word a compound. If you put "play" and "thing" together, you get the compound,whole words. Most prefixes and suffixes come from Latin or Greek, and each has a special meaning of its own. When we add a prefix before a word or a suffix at the end of it, we change its meaning. For example, the prefix re- means "again." If we add re- to "do" or "paint", we get two new words meaning "do again" and "paint again." Un- means "the opposite of" or "not." By adding un- to "happy" or "kind", we get "unhappy" or "unkind", meaning "not happy" and "not kind." The suffix -ness means "the condition of." "Happiness" and "kindness" are the conditions of being happy and kind. It is easy to see the meanings of unhappiness and unkindness. The word to which we attach the prefixes and suffixes is called the root word. In a word like unkindness the root word is kind.Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. Astro- is a Greek prefix meaning "having to do with the stars"; naut- means "having to do with sailing." So, an astronaut is a "star-sailor." Other words can be root words, prefixes or suffixes, depending on where they come in the word. Remember, the prefix comes first, the root word second, and the suffix last. As an example, let's take the word "graph" and build several different invented words with it by adding prefixes and suffixes to it or using it as a prefix or suffix. Graph by itself means anything which is shown to us in pictures or writing. For instance, your teacher might want to keep track of your reading progress by drawing a graph of your reading test scores, or a businessman might draw graphs which show the ups and downs of his company's sales records. Now, by adding the prefixes and suffixes listed below to graph, we can make several new words. Notice that graph is part of aYou may have noticed that you can make even other words using some of these prefixes and suffixes without graph. "Biology" is the study of life. What do you think is the meaning of "biologic"? If the prefix anti- means "against," what does "antibiotic" really mean? There are hundreds of Latin and Greek prefixes in the English language, and the possibilities for inventing new words are endless. Every day, as we make new discoveries in science and technology, we invent new words to describe them. Many of these new words are combinations of root words and prefixes and suffixes which have already existed in English for centuries.Another kind of invented word is the nonsense word. Some nonsense words are used for a while by only a few people and then disappear completely from the language, never to be used again. Others, when they become popular enough and are used over a period of time, become a permanent part of the language. If enough people decide and agree on the meaning of an invented word, it is here to stay. Some examples of everyday modern words which probably began as nonsense words centuries ago are: bad, big, lad, lass, chat, job and fun. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. Just who invented them, and when or where remains a puzzle. Puzzle itself is one of these mystery words. No one knows where it came from.Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was a great inventor of nonsense words. As a matter of fact, he created a whole language of nonsense. Most of Carroll's nonsense words are not used in English, except for "chortle." Chortle, Carroll tells us, is a cross between a chuckle and a snort. The word is formed by packing two different meanings together in it. The dictionary calls such words blends. A fairly recent blend, which, unfortunately, we hear almost every day, is "smog," a combination of smoke and fog.People invent nonsense words by combining certain sounds that just seem to fit the things or actions they describe. Often we make up words for anything which is basically rather silly. Spoof was invented by an English comedian some fifty years ago. It means "to poke fun at." Hornswoggle was used a great deal in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it means "to cheat." If a dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the taxpayers, he invents a "boondoggle," which is a useless, expensive project which does nobody any good. Fairly recently someone invented the word "gobbledygook." When people talk or write using long, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many people use gobbledygook because they want to seem more important than they are, or because they don't really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook.When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who used fancy, important-sounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else. The conversation goes like this:"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected."When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.""The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things.""The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be the master -that's all."The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty used words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to use big, important ones and when to use the shorter, equally important simple ones. Winston Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, "Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all."(1545 words) 译文:新造词英语中每天都有新词出现。
英语泛读教程3第三版 课文翻译(Text1--1-7单元)
UNIT 1 创造性思维的艺术约翰·阿代尔创造性对人类发展至美重要。
下面的文章里,约翰·阿代尔为求实的创造性思维者提供了一些颇有见地的见解和技巧。
创造性思维在今天的重要性不需要强调。
在你的职业中或工作领域,如果你能够发展提出新思想的能力,你就有竞争优势。
在你的个人生活中,创造性思维也能将你带上创新活动之路。
它可以丰富你的人生,尽管并非总是以你期待的方式。
人类创造力人类不可能凭空创造东西。
有一次,一位来宾极为仔细地参观了亨利·福特的汽车公司,然后见到了福特。
来宾心中充满了惊奇和崇敬,他对这位实业家说:“福特先生,25年前起家时几乎一无所有的人,不可能实现这一切。
”福特回答说,“这个说法可不太对。
每个人都是靠所有拥有的东西来起家。
这里什么都有——所需要的一切,它们的基本点和实质性的东西都已存在。
”潜在的材料,也就是可以做成或建构成某种东西的元素之成分或者实质的材料,都已存在于我们的宇宙。
你可能已经注意到,我们倾向于将创造性这个词用在与使用的原材料很不一样的产品上。
鲁宾斯的一幅名作,就是蓝色、红色、黄色和绿色的蠕虫般颜料在艺术家画板上的集合。
物质材料,对艺术家来说是颜料和画布;对作家来说是纸和笔——完全是次要的。
这里的创造,更多的是在大脑之中。
感知、思想和感觉都在一种观念或想象中结合起来。
当然,艺术家、作家或作曲家还需要使用技巧和技术,在画布或纸上把头脑中构想出来的东西塑造成型。
和普通意义上的创造性一样,创造性思维遵循同样的原则。
我们的创造性想象必须有可以加工的对象。
我们不能凭空产生新的思想。
如上面福特所说的那样,原材料都在那里。
有创造力的大脑在原材料中看到可能性和相关性,而创造力不强的大脑却看不到。
这一结论让我们大大地松了一口气。
你不用凭空构想新的想法。
作为创造性思维者,你的任务是将已经存在的想法或元素组合在一起。
如果最终把人们从未想过可以联系起来的想法或事物,用看似不可能却很有价值的方式组合起来,那人们就会认为你是创造性思维者。
unit 12 英语泛读教程第三册
Unit 12 Why Are Y ou So Smart?ⅠObjectives1.Understanding the text2.Mastery of some language points3. Learning the hereditary factors that determine thought process2. Mastery of some difficult language points3. Learning the hereditary factors that determine thought processdetermine thought process2. Students might have difficulty in some of the words and phrases.3.Students need to learn some general knowledge of genes and their influeceIV Time ArrangementAbout two periods of class will be used for the analysis and discussion of the passage itself.Total class hours: three periodsAbout the author:Karen E. Wright, Ph.D. Associate Member, Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, and Associate Professor, College of Nursing.Teaching areas: Counseling; family dynamics; grief, loss and bereavement; health and wellness.Research interests: Loss, grief & bereavement; grief & bereavement counseling; family coping; health psychology; child & adolescent development; quality of life; chronic & terminal illness; counselor education; women's issues.2. Text analysis1) Warm-up question:Have you ever taken a IQ test? Do you believe it? What is the advantage and disadvantage of being measured by such test?2) Language notes:1. whether you wind up in jail.(是否你将身陷牢狱。
大学英语泛读教程3(第三版)-电子教案Unit 12
U12-p.146
Reading Comprehension
Based on the reading text, choose the most appropriate answer to the following questions.
a 1. Why were rotten teeth seen as a sign of prestige? Detail a. Because sweet food was expensive. b. Because dentistry was not cheap in those days. c. Because it was considered beautiful. d. Because only married women had black teeth.
U12-p.144
Track 27
A Kick in the Teeth
Everyone loves a nice toothy grin, right? Well, not the Elizabethan English, apparently. In the 16th century, sweet delicacies were treats available only to the wealthy. For this reason, bad teeth were seen as a sign of prestige and it was not uncommon for society’s richest to blacken their teeth in an attempt to demonstrate their status. As daft as this practice seems, the darkening of teeth was not confined to the 16th century English. For centuries, the Japanese died their teeth black. Although, it was mainly women who did this to demonstrate they had come of age or were married, aristocratic men and soldiers who had been injured also adopted the habit. Unlike the Elizabethans, though, the Japanese were actually looking after the teeth, as the dye provided a coating that protected the teeth from decay.
Keys to Reading Course 3 泛读教程第三册(王守仁 著)(Unit1~Unit18) 参考答案
《泛读教程3》第三册上海外语教育出版社(王守仁著)(Unit1~Unit18) 参考答案Unit 1Section AWord PretestBCBBBAACCBReading SkillCBCABBAAVocabulary Building11 practicable practice practices practical practiced2worthless worthy worthwhile worth worth3vary variety variation various various4absorbing absorbed absorb absorption absorbent21effective efficient effective2technology technique3middle medium mediumClozegoing expectations questions answers predictions tell know end develop worth Section BTFTT CBCC TFF CAACCASection CFFTFFTTTUnit 2Section AWord PretestABACCABABCCReading SkillCBB FTFFTTVocabulary Building11mess 2preference 3aimlessly 4remarkable 5decisive 6shipment 7fiery 8physically 9action 10housing21aptitude attitude2account counted counted3talent intelligenceClozeother just has some than refuse see that without if ready wrongSection BACCCCCCCACBABASection CCCDDACUnit 3Section AWord PretestABCCBDCDCReading SkillBABCAACBCVocabulary Building1Admission admit admissible admissiblyReliance rely reliable reliablyDefinition define definite definitelyAssumption assume assumed assumedlyBehavior behave behavioral behaviorallyVariety vary various variouslyPart part partial partiallyManager manage managerial manageriallyCorrelation correlate correlative correlativelyAdaptation adapt adaptive adaptively21inspired aspired inspired2token badges token3contemporaries temporary contemporaryClozeCommunicate ways using in of message meet causes meaning to eyesSection BBABBAC FFTTTF CCBSection CBBDDBCCA FFTFFTUnit 4Section AWord PretestCACAABBBCCReading SkillBBACBCCAAVocabulary Building11moist 2betrayal 3exclusively 4inhumane 5amazed 6endangered 7marvels 8deadly21dessert deserted2favourite favorable favorable3awarded reward awardedClozeParents idea at seen landmarks instance migrate guide pole effect it if experimentsSection BCCB FTF BCACCBACCSection CFFTFFFTTFTUnit 5Section AWord PretestCAABCACCCReading SkillCABCB FFTFTTVocabulary Building1Assumption assume assumed assumedlyAcknowledgement acknowledge acknowledgedlyReflection reflect reflective reflectivelyDomination dominate dominant dominantlyCategory categorize categorical categoricallyImplication imply implicative implicativelyReassurance reassure reassuring reassuringlyDefinition define definite definitely21historical historic2rejected resist3test analyzedClozeExisted over head body found language use single passed ahead survival handlingSection BCABCBB TTTFTT CACSection CBBAAACBCUnit 6Section AWord PretestC ACBABACABABReading SkillCAACACCAVocabulary BuildingAvailability avail available availablyConquest conquer conquering conqueringlyLuxury luxuriate luxurious luxuriouslyOrgin orginate original originallyOccurrence occur occurrentSystem systematize systematical systematicallyPhonology (这个是没有动词形式的)phonological phonologicallyDecision decide decided decidedlyVariety vary various variouslySuperiority (这个是没有动词形式的)superior superiorlyPeculiar particular particularAssess access accessResources source sourcesClozeSex men differs compliment complimenting causes makes languages have outside understood have use circleSection BCBBBACBCCCCBACCBASection CBBCABBACCBUnit 7Section AWord PretestABABCBACReading SkillBBBCCBCBVocabulary BuildingDeduced behavior adhere replacement option delicacy enormous pursuit Inquired required inquire requiredCompatible comparable compatible comparableClozeSatellite some space asked life sort orbiting have living were believe own solar where likely living throughSection BFTFFTTTTTFFFBBCACCSection CBCBCCAEDEBAFDCUnit 8Section AWord PretestBCABCBBCCAReading SkillCBABCBCCCCVocabulary BuildingOccupation occupy occupational occupationallySegregation segregate segregated(这个没有副词)Discrimination discriminate discriminating discriminatinglyEnforcement enforce enforceable enforceablyExclusion exclude exclusive exclusivelyPerseverance persevere persevering perseveringlyConviction convict convictive convectivelyAmendment amend amendable(这个没有副词)Superficiality superficialize superficial superficiallySpectator spectate spectatorial (这个没有副词)Job career jobs careerPrincipal principles principal principleFeminine female feminineClozeAcceptable domestic property wages husband divorce claims legal suit permitted make excluded lacked belonged determinedSection BBACCCCACCCAABBACTTFSection CCCAACBUnit 9Section AWord PretestBAABCACBBABCReading SkillCACCBBBBBACBVocabulary BuildingTypifies dominant familial competitive vibrate descended departure boom countless symbolizesRecreation recreates recreationRhythm rhyme rhymes rhythmClozeSea within of divides built celebrated inside attract together whenSection BFTFTTCCBBCBAACCACSection CBAACABCCCCUnit 10Section AWord PretestCABCBBBBABReading SkillCBCACCCABBVocabulary BuildingConsequence(这个没有动词形式)consequent consequentlySophistication sophisticate sophisticated sophisticatedlyReference refer referable referablyConversation converse conversational conversationallySpace space spatial spatiallyDetachment detach detachable detachablyIntervention intervene intervening(这个没有副词)Type typify typical typicallyAssure ensure assured ensureArises raised rise raised arisenClue cues clue cueClozeWell separating is own close need look order respect follow prior sign help was elseSection BBBCTTFBCACACTFFSection CTFFTFFFFUnit 11Section AWord Pretest1---5 ACBCB 6---8 ABBReading Skill1---5 BCBAC 6---10 CCCCCVocabulary Building1.information inform informative informativelyspecification specify specific specificallyaddition add additional/additive additionally/additivelyspecialty specialize special speciallynarration narrate narrative narrativelyextension extend extensive extensivelyorigin originate original originallyexplosion explode explosive explosivelyambiguity ambiguous ambiguouslyestablishment establish established1.extension2. ambiguity3.original4.specified5. additional6.unambiguously7.explosionrmation9.specialized 10.narrative 11.establishment2.1.a.transform b.transferred c.transferred d.transformed2.a.lonely b.alone c.lonely d.aloneClozelibrary amounted own burned/destroyed by counties’ send suggestion/proposal librarySection B1---5 ACBCB 6---10 ACCAC 11---17 ABABBABSection C1---5 BCACC 6---10 CBCCCUnit 12Section AWord Pretest1---5 CCBBC 6---12 AACCCBAReading Skill1---5 CABBC 6---8 CBBVocabulary Building1.1.reaction2.mass3. polluting4.planetary5.suspicious6.alarming7.emitted8.emerged2.1.a.warned b.threatened2.a.spread b.spread c.sprayed3.a.emergency b.emergenceClozesolve communities creative preventiondisposal resources recycling wasteincrease place measures amountSection B1---5 FFTTB 6----10 CACFT11---15 FFABC 16---18 CBCSection C1---5 BCAAC 6---8 CBCUnit 13Section AWord Pretest1---5 ABAAC 6---10ABCBAReading Skill1---6 CCBABB 1---5 FTFTTVocabulary Building1.symptom symptomize symptomatic symptomatically longing long longing longinglyaddition add additional/additive additionally/additively manifestation manifest manifest manifestlydepression depress depressed/depressing depressedly/depressing invariability invariable invariablyseparation separate separate separately condemnation condemn condemnable condemnably imagination imagine imaginary imaginarilyaffection affect affecting affectingly2.1.a.remedies b.recipe c.remedy d.recipe2.a.alternate b.altered c.alternate d.alter3.a.acknowledged b.knowledge c.acknowledgedClozestep acknowledge prevent essentialphysician due physical psychosomaticdisease confidence symptoms thoroughemotional upsettingSection B1---5 CBCAB 6---10 CBBCB 11---15 ABCACSection C1---5 TFFFT 6----10 FTFFFUnit 14Section AWord pretest1---5 BCABA 6---8 CBAReading Skill1---4 CACC 1---4 TTFTVocabulary Building1.1.reluctant2.evolution3.attributed4.catastrophic5.associate6.indifferent7.emerged8.stir2.1.a.evolved b.revolves c.evolved2.a.dismay b.dismal c.dismal d.dismay3.a.contribute b.attributed c.contributed d.attributed Clozecharacteristic/trait/nature changed/had to longget/eat possessed/developed/had stretched/lengthened longer passed After have theoryeffect/influence notion/idea changeSection B1---5 DABFT 6---10 FTFDA 11---17 DBACFTF Section C1---8 TFTFTFTFUnit 15Section AWord Pretest1---5 BBADA 6---11 DBBDCCReading Skill1---5: A A C C C 6—10: B B A B BVocabulary Building1.prevention prevent preventive preventivelyfederation federate federal federallyinadequacy / inadequate inadequatelydeception deceive deceptive deceptivelyprosperity prosper prosperous prosperouslylife live live/living/alive /effect effect effective effectivelyevaluation evaluate evaluable/evaluative /resident reside residential residentiallyvision vision visional/visionary visionally/visionarily 1. evaluation 2. federal 3.prospertiy 4. residential5. effect6. are living7. deceptively8. preventive/effective 2.1.a.simile b.,metaphor2. a.ultimate b.unanimous c.ultimate d.unanimous Clozetransportation distance/away ground Stemtrains electric station/stop name train threetrains stairs/steps passengers/peopleSection B1---6 D C D C C C 7---12 C C A B C BSection C1--- 8 C C A C C C C CUnit 16Section AWord pretest1-8: C C B B B B B CReading skill1-6: B A C C B CVocabulary building1.1. identification2. arbitrary3. practical4. foundation5. logic6. dictatorial7.occurence8. revise2.1. a. presentation b. representation c. presentationd. representation2. a. base b. base c. basis d. basisClozeclocks wall pendulum ground/floor woodmakers names clocks/timepieces invented/created/madefake/false/imitatedSection B1.A2.A3.C4.F5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T 10.T 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.ASection C1-8: A B A D D D C AUnit 17Section AWord Pretest1---5 CCACA 6---10 BCCBCReading Skill1---3 CCC 1---7 TFTFFFTVocabulary Building1.contradiction contradict contradictory contradictorily center center central centrallyseduction seduce seductive seductivelynecessity necessitate necessary necessarilyvisibility visualize visible visiblymobilization mobilize mobilizable mobilizably function function functional functionally dominance dominate dominant dominantly selection select selective selectivelyvocality vocalize vocal vocally1.visibility2.necessities3.seductive4.mobilize5.central6.functioning7.vocal8.dominant9.contradictory 10.selected2.1.a.immersed b.emerged c.immersed d.emerged2.a.dormant b.dominant c.Dormant d.dominant Clozenumber happening house saidgraduates viewing TV schoolcases children reaches/draws imitatewatching practice face backSection B1---1 CBBCB 6---10 FFFTC 11---15 ACBBC Section C1---5 TTFTF 6---10 FFFTTUnit 18Questions on “If”1---5 AAABCQuestions on “The Rose Family”1---3 ABBQuestion on “My Candle Burns at Both Its Ends”1—3 BBCQuestions on “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”1---3 CBBQuestions on “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”1---5 ACCBC 6---7 BCQuestions on “Sonnet 29”1---5 ABBCBQuestions on “In School Days”1---4 ABBC。
英语泛读教程3第三版答案
英语泛读教程3第三版(刘乃银版)答案Unit 1 Text:A. cB. bdabb ddc D. addad cdbFast Reading: dbdda abaad cbbdcHome Reading: dacdd aabUnit 2 Text:A. bB. ddbcd cca D. badda caacFast Reading: dbbdc bdbdb cddbdHome Reading: cbdcc dbbdUnit 3 Text:A. dB. badab bdddc D. bddba cbcaaFast Reading:cbbba ccdda ccdadHome Reading: dbcbd dbdbUnit 4 Text:A. cB. ddbcd dc D. abdbb addadFast Reading: dbccd bdadd badcdHome Reading: dadac bcdUnit 5 Text:A. cB. abdaa dcbd D. dbabb dabcb da Fast Reading: caabd cbddc cdbab Home Reading: bccdb dcUnit 6 Text:A. bB. cbcab ddad D. badaa cbaacFast Reading: cabcd aadcb ccdabHome Reading: ccdcd abcUnit 7Text:A. dB. acbda dcaac D. abaac daccd adFast Reading:daada cddbc bdcdb Home Reading: cbadb cddbcUnit 8 Text:A. cB. cddcc dccb D. abdac aaaFast Reading:ccacd bbdad babddHome Reading: dbdbc cbcdUnit 9 Text:A. cB. bccbc dbba D. dcbab dacba c Fast Reading:dcbca bccbc bcddd Home Reading: dcdca bdUnit 10 Text:A. cB. cdccd bacac D. dcdbc acadc bd Fast Reading:dbdcc dccdb bddca Home Reading: cadcb acbbUnit 11 Text:A. dB. adacc dcb D. abacb dcaab adc Fast Reading: dcdab ccbda ccbca Home Reading: bcadb bcdddUnit 12 Text:A. bB. bbbdd ccc D. cdccd acdba dca Fast Reading:bbddc dbdbc cdcdd Home Reading: bcdcc badbb c Unit13 Text:A. cB. cdcad bab D. cbada cabdbFast Reading:cdacc caccd bdbdb Home Reading: bdbcc bdd Unit 14 Text:A. cB. ddcad dab D. dacad babad bFast Reading:ddabb bddca dcccb Home Reading: cdcda ddUnit 15 Text:A. cB. abbac bccdb b D. babcc aaacd bb Fast Reading: caccb accd c ddada Home Reading: cdacd ddc。
英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT12
UNIT12你为何如此聪明?卡伦·赖特科学家们正在试图寻找可能管理着智力的“聪明”基因。
但是智力基因能被用来测定遗传的智商吗?与生俱来的基因在多大程度上与智商有关系?下面的文章将告诉我们在这个问题上的最新研究。
这是经济和社会成功最为重要的预测者之一。
它帮助决定你在哪儿工作,在哪儿生活,和谁结婚,是否会离婚,是否会未婚生子,是否会有牢狱之灾。
它可以被非常精确地测算,一生中很少变化。
它受你的基因的重大影响。
真是如此吗?当讨论说的是人类智能时,你不必太费力就能够找到论据。
自从英国心理学家查尔斯·斯皮尔曼提出一种单个的综合智力管理着认知行为的许多方面的主张,一个世纪以来,科学家们和社会已对智力进行了长期而不断的争论:它是什么,作用是什么,谁拥有它,如何改进它,如何测算它,以及如何最好地解释和利用测算方式。
最近,由1994年出版的书《钟形曲线》所引发的争议,再次引起了人们对先天禀性和后天培育这个问题的争论:智力是可训练的还是遗传不变的?人类的思想是天生的还是创造出来的?经过几十年的研究,绝大多数智力科学家的结论是,两者兼而有之,分量大致均等。
因此,某处某人会开始寻找“聪明”基因,也许是不可避免的,。
那个“某人”就是罗伯特·普洛明,一个从事智力研究已有25年之久的有经验的专家,他目前在伦敦的精神病学学院工作。
去年,普洛明公开了一个基因与高智商相联系的第一个证据。
今年,他又宣布发现了三个聪明基因的位置。
在此后的几个月里,他期望发现至少两打最为重要的智力遗传决定因素。
他的工作已经引起了和认知器管打交道的DNA医生的想象――以及不安。
"我知道,没有别的人会发疯,以至来做这件事情,”他说。
普洛明的探索,是行为遗传学领域中最为大胆的探索之一。
行为遗传学是一门致力于发现影响人类行为的遗传因素的学科。
其中一项研究是通过比较双胞胎儿一起喂养和分开喂养的情况,来发现影响人类行为的遗传因素。
Unit 12 “Take Over, Bos’n!”课文翻译综合教程三
Unit 12“Take Over, Bos’n!”Oscar Schisgall1 Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men. From the lifeboat’s stern, where I’d sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered. If I had to shoot at such close qu arters, I wouldn’t miss. They realized that. Nobody jumped at me. But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts.2 Especially Barrett, who’d been bos’n’s mate; Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, “You’re a fool, Snyder. Y-you can’t hold out forever! You’re half asleep now!”3 I didn’t answer. He was right. How long can a man stay awake? I hadn’t dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours. Very soon now I’d doze off, and the instant that happened they’d jump on the li ttle water that was left.4 The last canteen lay under my legs. There wasn’t much in it after twenty days. Maybea pint. Enough to give each of them a few drops. Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they’d gladly kill me for those few drops. As a man I didn’t count any more. I was no longer third officer4 of the wrecked Montala. I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.5 The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension. Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot –so hot it scorched your skin. My own tongue was thick enough to clog my throat. I’d have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.6 But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we’d have nothing to look forward to but death. As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for. We had to make it last as long as possible. If I’d given in to the curses, we’d have emptied the last canteen days ago. By now we’d all be dead.7 The men weren’t pulling on the oars. They’d stopped that long ago, too weak to go o n. The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and Iprobably looked as bad as the rest. Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing. The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.8 When they were n’t looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.9 Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. The bos’n’s mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. He’d been in a hundred fights, and they’d left their marks on him.10 Barrett had been able to sleep —in fact, he’d slept through most of the night – and I envied him that. His eyes wouldn’t close. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.11 Every now and then he taunted me in that hoarse, broken voice:12 “Why don’t you quit? You can’t hold out!”13 “Tonight,” I said. “We’ll ration the rest of the water tonight.”14 “By tonight some of us’ll be dead! We want it now!”15 “Tonight ,” I said.16 Couldn’t he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn’t be sweated out of us so fast? But Barrett was beyond all reasoning. His mind had already cracked with thirst. I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes. I aimed the gun at his chest – and he sat down again.17 I’d grabbed my Luger on inst inct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat. Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.18 These fools —couldn’t they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here — that was the difference. I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all.19 Barrett’s eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him. I hated him all the more because he’d slept. He had that advantage now. He wouldn’t keel over.20 And long before noon I knew I couldn’t fight any more. My eyelids were too heavy to lift. As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis. I bent my head. It fil led my brain like a cloud. I was going, going …21 Barrett stood over me, and I couldn’t even lift the gun. In a vague way I could guess what would happen. He’d grab the water first and take his drop. By that time the others would be screaming and tearing at him, and he’d have to yield the canteen. Well, there was nothing more I could do about it.22 I whispered, “Take over, bos’n.”23 Then I fell face down in the bottom of the boat. I was asleep before I stopped moving…24 When a hand shook my shoulder, I could hardly raise my head. Jeff Barrett’s hoarse voice said, “Here! Take your share o’ the water!”25 Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak. I looked at the men, andI thought my eyes were going. Their figures were dim, shadowy; but then I realized it wasn’t because of my eyes. It was night. The sea was black; there were stars overhead, I’d slept the day away.26 So we were in our twenty-first night adrift —the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up – but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship. He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen, his other hand with gun steady on the men.27 I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage. Hadn’t they finished that pint of water this morning? When I looked u p at Barrett’s ugly face, it was grim. He must have guessed my thoughts.28 “You said, ‘Take over, bos’n,’ didn’t you?” he growled. “I’ve been holding off these apes all day.” He hefted the Luger in his hand. “When you’re boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest — you —you sure get to see things different, don’t you?”“水手长,接手吧!”奥斯卡·希斯高尔1. 一小时又一小时,我用枪指着其他九个人。
泛读教程 第三册 cloze 答案 原文
Unit1。
The ability to predict what the writer is going/ about/ trying to say next is both an aid to understanding and a sign of it.A prediction begins from the moment you read the title and from expectations of what he book is likely to contain。
Even if the expectations/predictions are contradicted, they are useful because they have started you thinking about the topic and made you actively involved。
If you formulate your predictions as questions which you think the text may answer, you are preparing yourself to read for a purpose: to see which of your questions are in fact dealt with and what answers are offered。
If your reading is more purposeful you are likely to understand better.Naturally your predictions/expectations will not always be correct。
This does not matter at all as long as you recognize when they are wrong, and why. In fact mistaken predictions can tell you the source of misunderstanding and help you to avoid certain false assumptions。
综合英语教程3第三版课文翻译+课后翻译
Unit1Text1我并不真正了解父亲,他不是个很容易相处的人。
我觉得他比较以自我为中心, 还有一点虚荣, 有时候还会让人觉得有距离感。
公众们肯定都认为他很随和,其实在家的时候他基本上都是独处,不怎么跟我们交流的。
我小的时候父亲很少在家的,因为那时几乎没有什么关于他的记忆。
他对家庭生活一直是有一些生疏。
对他来说,工作总是放在第一位,而且记忆中他总是在外地演戏或是排练。
他喜欢别人找他签名,也喜欢被别人认出的感觉。
他获得过几个奖项,并为此感到骄傲。
记得在他获得大不列颠影帝奖时,我们必须到白金汉宫去领取奖牌。
那真是令人难以臵信的无趣。
还有其他数以百计的人拿同样的奖项,所以你得一直坐在那等好几个小时。
每当有人来拜访我们家时,父亲总爱把他的奖项拿出来炫耀。
我上过公立学校,但是因为缺乏学习兴趣并且总是缺课,被勒令退学了。
最主要的是我一点也不想去那上学,因为这样我就和我的朋友们分开了。
把我送到那个学校读书他一定很高兴,但事实上到最后这一切只是浪费钱而已。
我想我一定让他感到非常失望。
后来我也试着做过几份工作但是都不能安心长久地做下去,然后我意识到我真正想做的是生活在乡村,并且,这也是我现在做的事情。
作为一家人,无论是情感上还是空间上我们都有距离。
这些日子我们很少见到彼此。
我和父亲的性格大相径庭。
我的兴趣一直都在乡村,而他则喜欢书和音乐,尤其是歌剧,这恰恰是我所讨厌的。
如果他们来看我,他们的衣着也完全不适合在乡村穿—貂皮大衣和漂亮的但不适合在田间走长路的小皮鞋。
父亲对我的婚姻更是完全反对。
他一直希望我和我的丈夫分开。
我想我丈夫出身太卑微了。
而父亲一定是想让我嫁给一个有名望的人,但结果并不能使他如愿。
而且事情往往就是这样。
我们夫妇俩并不打算要孩子,但是我的父亲总是不停地谈论着他想抱孙子。
人总不能仅仅因为自己迫切地想抱孙子就逼着别人要孩子吧。
我看电视时从来不看他。
我对那些没什么兴趣,更何况他通常都不记得告诉我们他什么时候会出现在电视上。
大学英语专业泛读教程第三册课文翻译
UNIT 1课文一新造词英语中每天都有新词出现。
你知道这些词是怎么产生的吗?阅读下文你就能找到造英语单词的各种方法。
学者们估计英语大约有600 000个单词,不过也许更多。
新的词语不断进入英语,其速度之快,大概没有一本字典能跟得上。
几个世纪以前,源于盎格鲁•撒克逊语、日尔曼语以及法语的原有词汇,占英语的五分之四。
余下的五分之一,一部分由外来词组成,另外的部分由其它三种词组成,它们是:表示人名、地名的专有名词;象声词以及新造的词。
安培、伏特和瓦特都是电学的计量单位,它们都是用发现者的名字命名的,他们分别是是法国物理学家安德烈•M•安培、意大利物理学家阿勒森德罗•伏特、苏格兰工程师兼发明家詹姆士•瓦特。
今天我们都喝用巴氏灭菌法消毒的牛奶,这种奶即清又纯。
巴氏灭菌法便得名于法国医生路易斯•巴斯德,是他发明了消毒牛奶的制作方法。
在英语中像这样的词有许多。
象声词代表它们模仿的事物或行为的声音。
现举例如下:嗡嗡滴答砰砰咕哝喳喳嚎啕扑通啪啪嘀咕咯咯嘤嘤呼哧对于上述单词无需再作任何解释,因为它们不言自明。
或许你还可以想出更多类似的单词来。
接下来是新造的词。
讲英语的人总是根据需要创造词汇,而且每天仍在这样做。
一种新造的词是由另外两个词构成的。
字典里将这种词称为复合词。
如果把“玩耍”和“物品”放在一起,我们就可以得到复合词“玩具”。
你还能为下表添加多少类似的词呢?雨衣奶昔楼上停顿前灯关闭帆船楼下收入标题除了把两个词放在一起之外,我们还可以给单词添加一些成分,即前缀和后缀。
大多数前缀和后缀来自拉丁语和希腊语,而且它们都有自己特别的意义。
当我们在词的前面加前缀或在其后面加后缀时,我们就改变了它的意思。
例如,前缀re-意思为“再”。
如果把re-加到“作”或者“画”的前面,我们就得到了两个新词,意思为“再作一次”和“再画一次”。
Un-意思为“相反的”或者“不”。
把un-加到“快乐的”或者“和蔼的”前边,我们就得到了“不快乐”和“不和蔼”。
大学英语泛读教程3PPT教学课件-unit 12
U12-p.143
Reading
Track 27
Do you Remember When We Used to …?
U12-p.144
Track 27
A Fish Out of Water
Quite how swallowing live fish became a popular fad with American college students in the late 1930s is anyone’s guess, but several sources have traced the origins of this activity back to a young Harvard freshman called Lothrop Withington, Jr. Responding to a dare from his roommates, Withington ate a live fish in front of a crowd of onlookers at the Harvard Union. For reasons unknown, his antics sparked a frenzy for feasting on goldfish, and students around the country joined in. At the time animals rights groups were up in arms, and the media said it was a sign of the decadence of the youth. Looking back, as silly as the whole thing was, it all seems like a storm in a teacup.
英语泛读教程3Unit 12
The optician says that my vision is perfect. (ability to see) a man of vision as leader of the party (wise understanding of how the future will be; foresight) He conjured up a vision of the future. (a picture seen in the mind; idea) tinker with: to work without a fixed plan or useful results, making small changes, esp. when trying to repair or improve sth It’s no use jut tinkering with the problem; we’ve got to made some fundamental changes 处理这个问题仅仅小修小补没有用,我们得进行一些 根本性的变革。
Language points 1. Bicker(p223): to quarrel, esp about sth unimportant The two children used to bicker with each other over/about who should do the washing-up.这两个小孩子过去常为该由谁洗 餐具一事而相互争吵。 2. (p224) His work has provoked visions --- and fears --- of DNA doctors tinkering with the gears of cognition. provoke: to be the sudden cause of (a usu. unpleasant feeling or reaction); to cause Don’t throw one bone to two dogs; you will provoke a fight. 不 要把一块骨头扔给两只狗,那只会引起他们打架。 provoke interest引起兴趣 ;provoke the appetite引起食欲 provoke a smile惹得发笑 evoke:to produce or call up (a memory or feeling, or its expression) That old film evoked memories of my childhood. 那部老片子唤起 了我对童年的记忆。 A good joke evoke a laugh.好笑话逗人笑 evoke strong opposition激起强烈反抗
泛读第三册课文翻译
泛读第三册课文翻译第一单元第一篇脐带血:未来的干细胞研究吗?明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近宣布,他们能够在很大程度上扭转中风影响在实验室老鼠发现利用干细胞培育人类脐带血中。
在实验中,进行低神经科沃特和他的同事们,移植的干细胞特性的脑细胞了,似乎刺激大鼠的大脑“负责”自己。
研究人员几乎完全愈合后48小时的大鼠动物持续大脑损伤。
通常医生需要三个小时内行动治疗中风病人人类成功。
脐带血细胞移植是一种治疗已成为一般为血液病。
现在科学家们喜欢低发现干细胞从脐带blood-once的思想只能变成血可能是能够生长成其他类型的细胞。
(见《华夏地理》杂志的特征科学的干细胞和周围的争议。
) 先进铸造脐带血,此前视为医学废料在分娩后,一个新的视角。
虽然专家们对未来感到乐观的脐带血来源为新的干细胞疗法,他们也不同意关于这可能保命的资源应该如何处理。
一个吸引人的干细胞的来源目前尚不清楚是否治疗的研究团队使用低的老鼠身上会是安全的,也在人体上的效果。
但许多人与其他危及生命安全的疾病已经痊愈收集这容易的干细胞来源。
今天医生使用脐带血细胞治疗大约70的疾病,大部分贫血或血液系统肿瘤,如白血病或淋巴瘤)。
方法将免疫diseases-like患者重症联合免疫缺陷,俗称男孩也回应了泡沫Disease-have脐带血治疗。
“[脐带血干细胞]可以用来代替失败的血细胞,\他解释Kristine Gebbie教授、护理位于纽约的哥伦比亚大学。
全球六千例治疗脐带血干细胞移植到目前为止,尽管美国食品与药品管理局仍然认为实验的程序。
为治疗,医生通常会获得脐带血的志愿捐赠从胎盘生后。
血是库存的那几个公共登记处。
如果供者的和耐心不是足够的基因相似,病人的身体会拒绝输血。
结果可能是致命的。
“一个战争继续[差、供受体细胞],而你想要捐赠(细胞)来取得胜利,”玛丽说劳克林专家脐带血移植的凯斯西储大学的教授在俄亥俄州。
但脐带血移植是更包容比其他的过程,如骨髓移植,如果供者的不是一个最好的遗传的比赛。
泛读3Unit12
泛读3Unit12Unit121、toil [t??l] n. productive work (especially physical work done for wages)辛苦,苦工eg I say to the House as I said to Ministers whohave joined this government, I havenothing to offer but blood, toil, sweat and tears.正如我曾对参加本届政府的成员所说的那样,我要对下院说:"我没什么可以奉献,有的,只是热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。
v. work hard辛苦工作eg They were toiling at their experiment.他们正在辛苦地做试验。
trench n a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth深沟eg;He added:"When you getcloser,the fortress opens up to you thro ugh a narrow trench.他还补充道:“当你走近时,城堡就会通过一条窄窄的沟渠向你敞开。
2、fringe n the outside boundary or surface of something边缘eg And these nationalists are not the fringe.这些爱国者不是边缘势力。
3. trench 英 [tren(t)?] 美 [tr?nt?]n.<1> a long, narrow ditch in the earth;an open ditch for draining.沟,沟渠eg. When you get closer, the fortress opens up to you through a narrow trench.他还补充道:“当你走近时,城堡就会通过一条窄窄的沟渠向你敞开.<2>a deep ditch dug in a zone of battle and held as a defensive position or as a base from which to attack.(军)壕沟eg.We fought with them in the trenches.我们在战壕里与他们作战。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
UNIT12你为何如此聪明?卡伦·赖特科学家们正在试图寻找可能管理着智力的“聪明”基因。
但是智力基因能被用来测定遗传的智商吗?与生俱来的基因在多大程度上与智商有关系?下面的文章将告诉我们在这个问题上的最新研究。
这是经济和社会成功最为重要的预测者之一。
它帮助决定你在哪儿工作,在哪儿生活,和谁结婚,是否会离婚,是否会未婚生子,是否会有牢狱之灾。
它可以被非常精确地测算,一生中很少变化。
它受你的基因的重大影响。
真是如此吗?当讨论说的是人类智能时,你不必太费力就能够找到论据。
自从英国心理学家查尔斯·斯皮尔曼提出一种单个的综合智力管理着认知行为的许多方面的主张,一个世纪以来,科学家们和社会已对智力进行了长期而不断的争论:它是什么,作用是什么,谁拥有它,如何改进它,如何测算它,以及如何最好地解释和利用测算方式。
最近,由1994年出版的书《钟形曲线》所引发的争议,再次引起了人们对先天禀性和后天培育这个问题的争论:智力是可训练的还是遗传不变的?人类的思想是天生的还是创造出来的?经过几十年的研究,绝大多数智力科学家的结论是,两者兼而有之,分量大致均等。
因此,某处某人会开始寻找“聪明”基因,也许是不可避免的,。
那个“某人”就是罗伯特·普洛明,一个从事智力研究已有25年之久的有经验的专家,他目前在伦敦的精神病学学院工作。
去年,普洛明公开了一个基因与高智商相联系的第一个证据。
今年,他又宣布发现了三个聪明基因的位置。
在此后的几个月里,他期望发现至少两打最为重要的智力遗传决定因素。
他的工作已经引起了和认知器管打交道的DNA医生的想象――以及不安。
"我知道,没有别的人会发疯,以至来做这件事情,”他说。
普洛明的探索,是行为遗传学领域中最为大胆的探索之一。
行为遗传学是一门致力于发现影响人类行为的遗传因素的学科。
其中一项研究是通过比较双胞胎儿一起喂养和分开喂养的情况,来发现影响人类行为的遗传因素。
另外一个办法是比较收养孩子的特征与他们的生父母、养父母及亲兄妹和非亲兄妹的特征相比较。
如果进行得顺利,这些研究能决定一种特征的遗传性:在多大程度上个人之间的差异是由于基因的关系,而不是教养,营养,和教育这样的环境因素的作用。
一旦一个特征的遗传模式建立起来,研究者们就可以确定有关的基因。
但是当要寻找的基因是聪明基因时,研究就变得复杂起来。
一方面,智商测试所测量出来的智力是人类行为中可靠而稳定的部分。
一生中它变化甚微,不同的测量往往得出相同的结果。
智力也是所知道的精神特征中最能够遗传的:双胞胎和收养儿的研究表明,人们之间百分之三十到七十智商的差异可归因于基因。
许多专家,包括普洛明,认为百分之五十是最为可能的数字。
(像身高和体重这样的特征的可遗传性能高达百分之九十。
)但智力是一个复杂的现象,它受到数百个甚至数千个基因的控制。
因此遗传模式并不明显。
任何一个单个智力基因的发现都不可能会有太大的影响,普洛明承认。
“任何植物或动物中任何一个复杂的特征,我们都不知道它涉及了多少基因,”他说。
但是大多数聪明基因中的任何一个都有可能占不到百分之一的智力遗传性。
科学家们通过使用一条条在染色体上的位置已被精确地分配好了的DNA标记,把基因和特征联系起来。
每一个标记的次序可以变化,正如蓝色眼睛的基因与棕色眼睛的基因稍稍有所不同。
每个标记的这些不同形式称作对偶基因,与附近不同形式的基因相对应。
如果带有一个DNA标记的特定对偶基因的人具有一种特征而不带有该对偶基因的人不具有此特征,那么此特征的基因就可能紧邻着那个标记,甚至与那个标记相同。
运用这种办法,普洛明比较了两组孩子:一组51人,平均智商是103,另一组51人,平均智商是136。
他使用了一个染色体上的37个标记,选择该染色体是因为它与阅读能力的丧失有关联。
他的试验发现了激素受体基因内部在一个部位上的差异。
这个激素受体可能在学习和记忆方面很活跃。
普洛明认为,在这个基因或附近那个基因中的差异可能说明了智商分数百分之一到百分之二的变化。
要在整个人类基因组中发现更小的基因成分,普洛明就需要更多的人和上千倍的DNA标记。
直到后来普洛明的同事迈克尔·欧文建议省去费力的对个别实验对象的基因描绘之前,这样大规模的研究看起来是不切实际的。
欧文提议把实验对象的DAN集中起来,用标记只对从每组研究对象集中起来的DNA进行一次梳理。
普洛明说,尽管DNA汇集法无法精确确定一个被研究群体中对偶基因的频率,但它能够指明一般智商和高智商人群的差别。
普洛明已经利用DNA汇集法又确认了三个与高智商相连系的部位,这次是在染色体4上的。
到年底时,他和他的同事们将会完成对好几百个有3000个标记的志愿者进行的实验。
基于目前的研究成果,他期望再找到20至30个基因。
然后又怎么样呢?他说,智力基因将会被用来测定人们的遗传智商,这几乎是必然的,但这样的试验不会带来更多的新信息。
“我们已能通过测量父母亲的智商,预知一个孩子的智商,这比我们通过DNA测试效果好得多,”普洛明解释说。
“如果学校要根据能力来挑选学生,通过DNA测试它们将会做得更好。
我认为它对科学的意义比其社会意义更大。
”科学上的意义能够包括更好地认识涉及总体推理、学习和记忆的神经系统路径。
找储出和跟踪那些聪明基因的成果,能够帮助研究者们理解这些具有潜在的深远意义的能力的来源。
“如果我们对[智力]遗传学发展诸方有更多的了解,我们就能对发展的哪些方面的可以改变,在多大程度上以及什么时候可以改变做出现实的估计,”伯明翰市阿拉巴马大学心理学家克雷格·雷米这样说。
他在设计干预项目,以提高发育不良的婴儿和初学走路的孩子的智商。
“我们现在用的方法更多地是应急之策。
”虽然如此,有人还是无法放弃进行基因改良的想法。
“激发大多数人想象的是:我们能够通过遗传操纵或干预来补救低智力或增进一般智力吗?”琳达·戈特弗莱森,特拉华大学的心理学研究者问道。
“既然已有人大力提倡通过药物提高智力的研究,那么,为什么不推进通过遗传提高智力的研究呢?”确实每个聪明基因效果都较小,戈特弗莱森说,但是,即使智商有一点点的提高也是有重大意义的。
例如,普洛明所发现的第一个基因,在智商分数的变化里有百分之二就是靠它得来的。
它转化成了4分的智商――这对一个人来说不是一个太大的数字。
但再多得几个产生相当效果的基因,就会使一个人在聪明的天平上高出15点来。
“多15点的智商是个相当大的优势,” 戈特弗莱森说。
“那就是在中学里表现平平,而在大学里表现优异的差别所在。
多15点的智商可以使你找到一个不同的工作,遇上不同的邻居,交上不同的朋友,过上不同的生活。
我可想要这15点。
”正是这样的描绘使得有关寻找聪明基因的争议变得更加沸沸扬扬。
当然,目前还不存在从遗传上提高智商的办法,但是,基因疗法方面的大的进展有朝一日会使它变得可能。
普洛明说,他的想法则较为简单。
“正是基础科学在驱使着我。
我曾希望,当我不声不响地从事几年这方面的研究后,人们就会对遗传在智能领域的影响较为接受了。
”如果普洛明最近的项目按计划进展,那么他多年埋头寻找基因的工作很快会激起新一轮关于智力的争论。
聪明的不同形式萨拉·吉尔伯特书本型聪明人、艺术型聪明人、身体型聪明人、街头型聪明人,以及人情型聪明人:这些标签描述了不同形式的智力及其作用。
正如你会想象的那样,心理学家和其他研究智力本质的人,已经对他们区分出来的类型给出了更为正式的术语。
通常使用的一套标签是:汇聚型、发散型、吸收型、容纳型。
汇聚者和吸收者就像是书本型聪明的人;发散者就像艺术型聪明的人;容纳者就像街头型和人情型聪明的人。
不管用什么样的分类,我们都会发现一些聪明形式在个人身上交叠出现。
事实上,对于“什么是聪明的不同形式”这个问题的回答,多得可能像宇宙中的人一样数不清,因为我们每个人都是独特的。
我们不会是定型的角色;我们每个人都有多方面的特殊才干。
尽管如此,我们每一个类别,你也许都熟悉至少一个符合条件的人。
在你阅读对不同类型之人的详细描述时,要记住这些人。
起初,那些类型中每个人都必须具有不同的能力,以表现其特有的聪明。
但事实上,我们所列出的智力分类中的每一个人,都必须利用同样的要素:学习能力、记忆、速度、判断力、解决问题的技巧、对语言和其它符号的熟练运用,以及创造力。
而且,不同类型聪明的人其思维过程包括相同的步骤:计划、理解、想象、记忆、感觉和行动。
智力以不同的形式表现出来,部分是因为每个人的身体和大脑先天和后天所具有的不同素质,部分是由于每个人所学到的价值观和动机。
然而,每种不同类型的聪明都使用相同的步骤,这一事实意味着,任何人都可以学习或发展任一个或所有类型的技能。
下面我们来更仔细地看一看聪明的许多不同形式。
书本型聪明人是一个在学校里表现好,在考试、包括智力测试中能得高分的人。
他(她)办事会极有条理,解决问题符合逻辑,按部就班,语言运用能力强。
对书本型聪明人的另外一个标签是“知识分子”,即那种运用头脑更多地去了解,而不是感觉或控制的人。
而且一个书本型聪明的人特别以拥有知识而自豪。
知识的范围会从文学到科学到数学,但它很可能集中在某一领域。
研究表明,不同的知识区域在大脑里占据不同的簇,因此一个在复杂计算方面高度发达的人,在控制讲话和写作的领域就不会那么发达。
尽管我们说过,目前的研究表明学习的中心可能分散在大脑左右两半,但在书本型聪明的人的生活中,掌管逻辑活动的左脑可能是最重要的。
书本型聪明的人也会富有创造性。
比如,如果没有创造性的洞察力,许多数学的或科学的问题就不可能被解决。
不过,一个书本型聪明的人首要关注的是知识的增加。
另一方面,艺术型聪明的人主要依靠创造力。
他们创造出音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧、摄影或其它形式的艺术,却说不出他们为什么或如何选择了某个特定的形式或设计。
他们被称为“右脑型”的人,因为像触觉和直觉――不使用词语来形成观念――这样的能力,其控制中心似乎在右脑。
从事艺术的人总是通过看、听和感觉,而不是通过认认真真地阅读和记忆来获得知识。
艺术型聪明的人在学校可能会表现不是太好,这并不是因为他(她)不聪明,而是因为他解决问题的方式与老师和测试通常所用的方式不很适应。
一个书本型聪明的人在数学考试中会按照逻辑来解题,一步步地算出结果;而一个艺术型聪明的人只是“知道”结果,却不能列出计算过程。
在社会研究的考试中,书本型聪明的人会仔细地列举事实,而有艺术细胞的人却会把事实仅仅当作材料来编织故事。
可以肯定,在这两种情况中,书本型聪明的人会得到更高的分数。
当然,想真正成为艺术家的人,可能需要吸收大量的“书本知识”,以便为他们的能力打下坚实的基础。
也有其它的重叠情况。
比如,有极高音乐能力的人,也会很擅长数学,可能是因为这两种过程大脑细胞的交互作用相同的缘故。