文献翻译作业

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文献翻译专项练习范例例

关键词：办公大楼，价格估算，混凝土和钢筋类型
1.前言
钢筋混凝土是一种有混凝土和钢合成的建筑材料。在设计安排钢筋混凝土成分时，最重要的因素就是其抗压强度及耐久性。过去十年中在土耳其发生的悲惨事件再次证明了设计钢筋混凝土的重要性。特别是在1999年玛尔玛拉地震后，对不同类型办公楼的随进抽样调查表明这些办公楼的混凝土无法经受里氏7.4级的地震。一个对伊斯坦布尔2879个样品的调查也得出了类似的结果。另外，Zonguldak的调查也表明了建于2000年以前的房屋没有达到质量和抗压强度标准。
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混凝土及钢结构办公楼的成本估算：探索性研究Байду номын сангаас
摘要
本文展示了一种的合并钢筋和混凝土材料的回归模型，以用于模范办公大厦的造价。为此，考虑到土耳其的实践，三座具有代表性的7至15层办公大楼已经在商业软件的帮助下设计出来。在每个项目中，C-16、C-20、C-25、C-30和C-35混凝土类型和S-220和S-420钢筋类型作为定尺寸目的使用了。接着，不同类型的混凝土和钢筋组合的建造费已粗略算出。研究揭示出圆柱在某些特别的混凝土等级的增加而减小。然而，在C-30后，然而，这种减少在C30之后停止。更多的是，钢筋类型S-220和S-420平均成本差异的比率为16%。
在土耳其，钢铁产品主要有三种类型：S-220，S-420和S-500。这些型号以N/mm2为单位，分别代表不同的抗压强度。型号S-500钢材不符合土耳其的地震标准，因此出于危险因素该材料不允许在地震带使用。
在本研究中，办公楼的成本评估包括不同类型的混凝土和钢材。所以该研究方法可用以土耳其办公楼的成本估算，特别是在工程项目的初期。鉴于成本估算在工程项目初期的重要性，本研究试图解释这一领域。为研究目的而采用的回归模型建于三种不同办公楼的基础之上---此三种办公楼均以不同的钢筋混凝土类型而设计。文章分析仅局限于7层楼建筑和15层楼建筑。通过分析更多的办公楼，成本估算的可靠性可进一步提高。值得一提的是，成本估算模型并不只适用于办公楼，同时也适用于居民楼和其他非居民楼。而且，由于可获取大量的成本更新数据，回归模型不仅在工程项目初期为项目提供经济的、迅速的、准确的成本估算，也将在未来为成本估算师提供大量可预测的理性指导。

文献翻译-作业

Synthesis of compound 2a. Refer the method of the literature [7,20,21] to improve. Mix up 1a(4.00g, 6.51mmol) with 40 mL of sulfuric acid (98%) in a 100ml beaker, pestling until the mixture become mushy. The above mixture is transferred to a 250-mL round-bottomed flask.At the same time, 60 mL of sulfuric acid (98%) is added.And then, the mixture is treated with a magnetic stirring bar and heated to 150℃to reflux under an oil bath. After 6h at reflux,the mixture is transferred to a 400-mL beaker, aging for 48h at room temperature.Deionized water (the volume is three times of the mixture) is added to the soltion slowly while stirring. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture is filtered with a 5G sintered glass funnel and rinse the blackish green precipitate with a little acetone.Then the precipitate is placed in a 400- mL beaker with 150 mL of deionized water,treated with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate(NaHCO3),in order to neutralize the soution to become purplish red. Filter again similarly to the above, and adjust the pH of the filtrate to 6.0. The abovefiltrate is transferred to a dialysis bag, and placed in deionized water(the volume is forty times of the filtrate) with a magnetic stirring bar.Changethe deionized water at regular time until no SO2-4 and Cl- can be detected. The solution in the dialysis bag is transferred to a beaker for concentration, and recrystallize twice with the mixed solvent of absolute methanol - absolute ethyl alcohol . After vacuum dried, the product is obtained, with 90% yield.1.3 synthesis and purifying of Manganese porphyrin-5-FuIn a 50mL round-bottomed flask, 49.8mg of compound C1 (0.056mmol), 110.8 mg (0.56mmol) of MnCl2·4H2O and 20mL of DMF are added, refluxing with magnetic stirring for 40 min, monitoring the end of reaction with TLC (silica gel plate, V (chloroform): V (acetone) = 5:1).After cooled naturally, the solvent is removed by reduced pressure distillation.The obtained solid is washed with a little water, and after vacuum drying for 24h the raw material can be obtained. The raw material is dissolved in the chloroform, initially separated with silica gel chromatography and eluted by the mixed solution ofchloroform and acetone (V (chloroform): V (acetone)= 5:1). The greenest band is collected , 16.4 mg of the green solid D1 is obtained after rotary evaporation and dried in the air with 31.2% yield.In a 50ml round-bottomed flask, repeating the experiment instead of 50mg of compound C1 (0.05mmol), 99 mg (0.50mmol) of MnCl2·4H2O and 20 mL of DMF, 14.1 mg of D2 can be obtained, with 27.1% yield.。

江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业

江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业(1)When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.当我试图去理解是什么阻挡了许多美国人得到他们应有的快乐时，我脑海里出现两个原因，而其中一个原因更甚于另一个。

（2）It had been a fine ,golden autumn , a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned yellow again in a peacetime fall.那是个天气晴朗的金色秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。

待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。

（1）It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land , which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rising ,each in its own time and matchless rhythm.绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。

样卷——文献阅读与翻译

江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷考试科目：文献阅读与翻译考试时间：XXXXXXDirections:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet.1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%)2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%)3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%)4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can theabstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds?(10%)5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%)6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%)Basic Point-Set TopologyOne way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it is qualitative geometry. The idea is that if one geometric object can be continuously transformed into another, then the two objects are to be viewed as being topologically the same. For example, a circle and a square are topologically equivalent. Physically, a rubber band can be stretched into the form of either a circle or a square, as well as many other shapes which are also viewed as being topologically equivalent. On the other hand, a figure eight curve formedby two circles touching at a point is to be regarded as topologically distinct from a circle or square. A qualitative property that distinguishes the circle from the figure eight is the number of connected pieces that remain when a single point is removed: When a point is removed from a circle what remains is still connected, a single arc, whereas for a figure eight if one removes the point of contact of its two circles, what remains is two separate arcs, two separate pieces.The term used to describe two geometric objects that are topologically equivalent is homeomorphic. Thus a circle and a square are homeomorphic. Concretely, if we place a circle C inside a square S with the same center point, then projecting the circle radially outward to the square defines a function f :C →S, and this function is continuous: small changes in x produce small changes in f(x). The function f has an inverse f -1:S→C obtained by projecting the square radially inward to the circle, and this is continuous as well. One says that f is a homeomorphism between C and S.One of the basic problems of Topology is to determine when two given geometric objects are homeomorphic. This can be quite difficult in general.Our first goal will be to define exactly what the ‘geometric objects’ are that one studies in Topology. These are called topological spaces. The definition turns out to be extremely general, so that many objects that are topological spaces are not very geometric at all, in fact.7. Match the phrase in the first column with its translation in the second column.(10%)1. Full length paper a.征稿启事2. Sponsoring organization b.会务组3. Call for papers c.全文4. Submission of papers d.提交论文5. Conference venue and fees e.信息牌/布告栏6. Conference editorial board f.主办单位7. Review g.研讨会8. Limousine service h.评审、审稿9. Message board i.客车设施10. Audio visual facilities j.会址和会费11. Colloquia k.视听设施8. How do you understand Yan Fu’s three-word guide xing, da, ya?What’s youropinion on the principles of translation? (10%)9. It is very common that one word has more than one meaning. Theproper choice of word meaning is essential to translation. Choose the correct meaning of the word “story ” in the following sentences.(5%)(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.[The meanings of STORY: a. situation; b. inside information; c. experience; d. law case; e. statement; f. event]10. Put the following abstract into Chinese. (10%)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and sub microgram amount of nicotine is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS. Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.11.Put the following passage into English. (10%)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。

文献翻译复试题及答案

文献翻译复试题及答案一、翻译题（共100分）1. 将下列英文文献段落翻译成中文（50分）Original Text:"In the realm of artificial intelligence, the concept of machine learning has become increasingly prominent. Machine learning is a subset of AI that allows systems to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions with minimal human intervention. The applications of machine learning are vast, ranging from simple tasks like email filtering to complex ones such as self-driving cars and medical diagnosis."Translation:在人工智能领域，机器学习的概念变得越来越突出。

机器学习是人工智能的一个子集，它允许系统从数据中学习，识别模式，并在最少的人类干预下做出决策。

机器学习的应用范围非常广泛，从简单的电子邮件过滤任务到复杂的自动驾驶汽车和医学诊断等。

2. 将下列中文文献段落翻译成英文（50分）Original Text:“随着大数据时代的到来，数据安全和隐私保护成为了公众关注的焦点。

个人数据的泄露可能导致严重的后果，包括身份盗窃、金融欺诈等犯罪行为。

因此，开发有效的数据保护技术，构建安全的数据处理环境，对于保护个人隐私和维护社会秩序至关重要。

”Translation:"With the advent of the big data era, data security andprivacy protection have become a focal point of public concern. The leakage of personal data can lead to serious consequences, including crimes such as identity theft and financial fraud. Therefore, the development of effective data protection technologies and the construction of a secure data processing environment are crucial for protecting individual privacy and maintaining social order."二、答案解析1. 英文段落的翻译需要注意专业术语的准确使用，如“machinele arning”翻译为“机器学习”，“AI”翻译为“人工智能”。

文献翻译模板

AirspaceSection 1 GeneralGenerala. There are two categories of airspace or airspace areas:1. Regulatory (Class A, B, C, D and E airspace areas, restricted and prohibited areas); and2. Nonregulatory (military operations areas (MOAs), warning areas, alert areas, and controlled firing areas).Note: Additional information on special use airspace (prohibited areas, restricted areas, warning areas, MOAs, alert areas and controlled firing areas) may be found in chapter 3, Airspace , section 4, Special Use Airspace, paragraphs 3-4-1 through 3-4-7.b. Within these two categories, there are four types:1. controlled;2. Uncontrolled;3. Special use ; and4. Other airspacec. The categories and types of airspace are dictated by:1. The complexity or density of aircraft movements;2. The nature of the operations conducted within the airspace;3. The level of safety required; and4. The national and public interest.d. It is important that pilots be familiar with the operational requirements for each of the various types or classes of airspace. Subsequent sections will cover each class in sufficient detail to facilitate understanding.General Dimensions of Airspace SegmentsRefer to Code of Federal Regulations ( CFRs ) for specific dimensions, exceptions, geographical areas covered, exclusions, specific transponder or equipment requirements, and flight operations.Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designationsa. When overlapping airspace designations apply to the same airspace, the operating rules associated with the more restrictive airspace designation apply.b. For the purpose of clarification:1. Class A airspace is more restrictive than Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E, or。

文献翻译模板(王昆)

毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：钴酸锂的多元掺杂改性学院名称：材料与化工学院班级：应用化学082学号： 200801534205学生姓名：王昆指导教师：王红芳李慧2012年02 月LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2锂电池阴极材料高压、高容量特点的研究P.Periasamy1, N.Kalaiselvi1,*, H.S.-Kim21 Electrochemical Power Systems Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute[CECRI],Karaikudi, India2Advanced Materials for Applied Research Laboratory, KERI, Changwon, South Korea*E-mail: kalakanth2@Received: 14 June 2007 / Accepted: 1 August 2007 / Published: 1 September 2007摘要：通过目前的研究，人们已经可以通过软化学明胶辅助基础(GAC)燃烧方法来合成LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极。

实验发现，长达24小时焙烧温度为750°C的GAC方法对制备有良好的六方排列和更好的循环性能的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2粉末是必要地。

峰强比I(003)/I(104)大于1，表明阳离子混排程度不大。

观测到的CV峰确定了镍、钴、锰离子都是以+3价而存在的。

当合成的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极充电到4.6 V时，它显示出的最大放电容量可达180 mAh/g。

因此，该方法证明通过目前研究合成的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极可以作为一个高电压和高容量的阴极材料用于充电锂电池中。

关键词:明胶辅助燃烧(GAC)方法，LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极，比容量，锂电池1 引言目前，锂离子电池除了应用于包括3C程序在内的便携式电子设备的动力来源外，它们还被认为是未来电动汽车领域最有前景的候选者。

英语历史文献翻译50题

英语历史文献翻译50题1. In the ancient text, "thou art" was often used, which means _____.A. you areB. he isC. she isD. they are答案：A。

本题考查常见的古英语短语“thou art”的翻译。

选项A“you are”是“thou art”的现代英语对应翻译；选项B“he is”意思是“他是”，不符合；选项C“she is”意思是“她是”，也不符合；选项D“they are”意思是“他们是”，不正确。

所以正确答案是A。

2. The phrase "forsooth" in the old document can be translated as _____.A. indeedB. perhapsC. neverD. always答案：A。

“forsooth”这个短语在古代文献中常见，其意思是“确实；的确”，选项A“indeed”与之相符。

选项B“perhaps”表示“也许”；选项C“never”表示“从不”；选项D“always”表示“总是”，都不符合“forsooth”的意思，所以选A。

3. "Yonder lies the castle" should be translated into _____.A. 这里有城堡B. 那里有城堡C. 远处有城堡D. 旁边有城堡答案：B。

“yonder”意思是“那里；那边”，所以“Yonder lies the castle”应翻译为“那里有城堡”，选项B 正确。

选项 A 中“这里”对应的英语是“here”；选项C“远处”常用“far away”等表达；选项D“旁边”常用“beside”等词，均不符合题意。

4. The word "anon" in the historical text could mean _____.A. soonB. lateC. neverD. often答案：A。

文献检索翻译作业

7
可支配收入是指在可用于最终消费的住户成员的一次性的实际收入，非强制性支出和储蓄。这等于总收入减去收入税和社会保障的个人贡献
13
当前收入水平的巨大差异将会保留，然而，虽然在每个级别的编号会出现惊人的转变(展览2）。贫困家庭每年可支配收入为6000元至16,000元（相当于RMB37，000至RMB106，000），这些只是足以支付他们的基本需要。"主流"的消费者，每年可支配收入相对富裕的家庭在16000元到34,000之间（相当于RMB106，000至RMB229，000），通过比较形成一个很小结论。有这种情况少于1400万户，表示只有6%的城市人口。一小群"富裕"的消费者，家庭入息超过34,000，包括只有2%的城市人口或426万户。
.Mainstream consumers driving income growth 13
.Aging population 17
ƒ.Postponed life stages 18
ƒ. Increasingly independent women 18
3. Understanding the mainstream consumer: new spending patterns 20
2数据来源GlobalInsight。
32010年的实际价值。在本文中除非特别指出所有的美元或人民币都是2010年的实际价值。
4数据来源中国统计局2010年人口普查
“会面
中国的经济发展将主要集中在城市地区。在未来的十年里25个全球GDP增速最快的城市中将有14个来自中国。到2020年中国一些城市集群5的GDP将类似于现在的某些发达国家。成都城市集群 — 位于中国西部、包含了29个城市的集群—在2020年的GDP几乎就是2010年的奥地利而2020年的山东半岛城市群的GDP则相当于今天的韩国。在未来的十年里山东半岛城市群的GDP净增量就相当于一个比利时。

西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语文献翻译大作业样例

A Simple Circular-to-Rectangular Waveguide TransitionEric L. Holzman, Senior Member, IEEEAbstract —We describe a novel one-step 11T E -mode circular waveguide to 10T E -mode rectangular waveguide transition. The primary advantage of this device over existing transitions is its ease of fabrication. We have incorporated our transition into a number of waveguide components operating at V-band. The transition’s measured return loss exceeds 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth c entered near 60 GHz.Index Terms —Circular waveguides, rectangular waveguides, waveguide junctions, waveguide transitions, waveguides.Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION①TRANSITIONS between metal electromagnetic waveguides of different cross sections are probably nearly as old as waveguides themselves. ②In particular, horn and reflector antennas often use circular waveguide feeds but require more standard rectangular waveguide for connection to the rest of the microwave system. ③A variety of methods exist for transforming between a circular waveguide propagating the 11T E mode and a rectangular waveguide propagating the mode. A gradualtransition, in which the rectangular cross section is transformed continuously over the length of the transition into a circular cross section, provides very low insertion loss and high return loss over a broad bandwidth, but is relatively long. ④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps [1]–[5]. We also can butt the rectangular and circularwaveguides directly together with an iris at the junction for matching [6]. ⑤All these structures require a significant amount of precision machining, especially in the millimeter-wave bands, where the waveguide dimensions are small.We describe a simple, easy-to-implement, one-step transition for dominant mode circular to rectangular waveguide. ⑥The transition requires a single machining operation to fabricate. Our design appears to be novel.Ⅱ. CONCEPT⑦Fig. 1 shows a conventional one-step circular-to-rectangular waveguide transition, much like that described in [5]. Typically, the step is the output of the component with the circular waveguide. ⑧The circular waveguide has a diameter that is greater than the height of standard rectangular waveguide if we are to operate at least 10% above the 11T E mode cutoff frequency. ⑨Thus, to machine a one-step transition out of a block of metal, the circular waveguide is drilled from one end a precisely controlled depth, leaving exactly enough distance to machine the transition step from the other end of the block.Ourtransition, shownin Fig. 2, is much simpler to fabricate. We drill the circular waveguide completely through the metal block fromeitherside. Then we machine the transition slot to the desired end of the block in a single operation. ⑩This transitioncan even be addedasan“after-thought” to structures that were created without one.⑪Because the circular waveguide diameter is greater than the step height, the transition cross-sectional structure is a complex shape, perturbed by the circular waveguide as shown in Fig. 2(b). However, with available three-dimensional(3-D) numericalelec- tromagnetic simulators and optimizers, we easily can select the transition length and cross-sectional dimensions for the optimum impedance match and lowest insertion loss.The transition in Fig. 2 is sized to operate from 57 to 64 GHz.⑫ For this frequency range, we use WR-15 rectangular waveguide,0.148 in wide and 0.074 in high with aT E mode cutoff frequency of 39.9 GHz. ⑬Full radius WR-15 waveguide, shown in 10Fig. 2(a), is easier to machine, and its width of 164 mils makes it electrically equivalent to the standard waveguide. Our transition will operate with either waveguide. The circular waveguide has aT E mode cutoff frequency of 49.1 GHz.11⑭The next higher order mode, theT M mode, cuts off at 64.1 GHz.01Ⅲ. PERFORMANCEWe have built many of the V-band transitions shown in Fig. 2 and used them on horn antennas, transmitters, and receivers. Fig. 3 shows a photograph of an actual transition. We used computer simulation technology’s (CST) microwave studio to de- sign and analyze the transition, and the predicted and measured input match are shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the predicted performance of a conventional one-step transition (see Fig. 1) is shown for comparison. We measured the transition’s return loss with a WR-15 scalar analyzer. The test fixture consisted of a well-matched circular waveguide horn with the transition machined at its input. We loaded the horn with a crude taper made from foam absorber. The transition’s measured return loss is greater than 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth centered near 60 GHz. The frequency shift of the return loss maximum and overall decrease in return loss are caused by our imperfect V-band load.⑮To understand the impact of machining tolerances better, we performed some tolerance analyses with our simulation software. We observed a roughly 200-MHz change in passband center frequency per 0.001-in change in slot height. The center frequency changed about half as much per 0.001-in change in slot width. In both cases, there was essentially no change to the depth of the return loss null at the band center. ⑯The most sensitive dimension is the depth of the slot, which shifts the passband about 250 MHz higher per 0.001-in decrease.Because higher order rectangular waveguide modes are above cutoff within the slot transition, and the circular waveguideT M propagates above 64 GHz, we01performed simulations to study E- and H-plane misalignment of the WR-15 waveguide relative to the slot transition and circular waveguide, which were kept perfectly aligned. Misalignment along the H-plane (width of slot) slightly perturbs the center frequency of the passband, about 70 MHz increase per 0.001-in offset. Mis-alignment in the E-plane is more deleterious, with the primary effect being the occurance of a low return loss resonance at 59.3 GHz. WR-15 waveguides are precision aligned with dowel pins, and with these in place we observed no resonance in our measurement (see Fig. 4). However, when we removed the dowel pins and intentionally misaligned the transition and WR-15 test waveguide, we measured the resonance in the return loss at 58.9 GHz.Ⅳ.CONCLUSIONWe have described a novel, single-step, simple to fabricate circular waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition. The transition has the same bandwidth as a conventional single-step transition. It requires a single machining operation to construct and can be added as an “after-thought” to structures that were created without a transition.REFERENCES[1]G. Spinner and L. Treczka, “Waveguide transition,” U.S. Patent 3 686 589, Aug. 22, 1972.[2]M. Schneider, “Coupling for two electromagnetic waveguides with dif- ferent cross-sectional shapes,” U.S. Patent 5 886 588, Mar. 23, 1999.[3]S. Stuchly and A. Kraszewski, “Wide-band rectangular to circular wave- guide mode and impedance transformer,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 379–380, May 1965.[4]U. Rosenberg, J. Bornemann, and K. Rambabu, “Analysis and design offlange-integrated rectangular-to-circular waveguide transformers for splashplate antenna feeds,” in Proc. 32nd Eur. Microwave Conf., Milan, Italy, Sep. 2002, pp. 601–604.[5]M. Mongiardo and C. Tomassoni, “Modal analysis of discontinuities between elliptical waveguides,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 597–605, Apr. 2000.[6]C. Fischer, “Radar rotary joint,” U.S. Patent 4 654 613, Mar. 31, 1987.一、语言点①as old as比较级，表示和...一样老②介词for表目的，the rest of...表示剩余的...③propagating动名词作定语修饰前面的waveguide④in which引导的定语从句，说明前面的transition⑤where引导的定语从句，进一步说明前面的东西⑥machining动名词作定语，介词to表目的⑦much like that described in作插入语补充说明，that代词指代前面的东西⑧greater than...比较级用法，表示比...大⑨leaving distance动名词短语作状语，后面的to不定式表目的⑩that引导的定语从句⑪ as shown...如...所示，shown过去分词表示被动⑫介词for表示因为...⑬shown过去分词作定语，表被动⑭theT M mode同位语说明前面的mode01⑮ to不定式表目的⑯the depth of... 表示...的深度二、翻译：1、④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps.当矩形波导通过一个或多个等截面中间结构与圆波导匹配时，阶跃过渡的带宽随阶跃次数的增加而增加。

文献翻译模板

HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 文献翻译学生姓名杨慧凯专业班级安全工程1121学号201150105103完成时间 2012 年 05月 20 日空气过滤技术在房间andpillar吸入粉尘控制采矿Y.P. ChughSouthern Illinois University Carbondale, USAA. Patwardhan & H.G. GurleySouthern Illinois University Carbondale, USAR.C. CartyIllinois Clean Coal Institute, Carterville, IL, USA摘要：一种新型的干，湿空气中的灰尘过滤器的概念构思和成功证明在两个地雷。

一钢羊毛，玻璃纤维过滤器，适合于井下使用通过实验室检测鉴定并展示了在矿井。

钢棉过滤器操作与不喷水，而玻璃纤维过滤器，只在干燥的模式运作。

干钢棉过滤器提供了一个37％的粉尘捕捉微不足道的压力下降。

当用细雾喷水钢丝绒的过滤器，粉尘捕捉再次提高到51％，可以忽略不计的压降。

滤网保持清洁和空气中没有变化流量特性的观察作为时间的函数。

干燥的玻璃纤维过滤器但是没有执行，以及实现粉尘捕捉只有11％，同时引入一个重要的阻力气流。

这项技术被认为是在煤矿井下有多个应用程序。

1引言在过去十年中，在煤矿井下生产力美国已由原来的2.54吨至3.99万吨。

这使煤矿的经营者必须遵守的应变2 mg/m3联邦粉尘卫生标准。

一些煤矿已接近监管限制，通常会导致不符合安全要求的尘埃样本时尝试进一步提高生产力。

因此，优化现有的粉尘控制系统和寻找新的有成为当务之急。

在这方面，已经确定空气过滤作为一种可能的技术手段，以改善中的粉尘控制煤矿井下。

一种低成本的灰尘控制装置总石英粉尘控制使用的过滤板井下使用合适的材料的设想，发达国家和证明来实现的目标改进粉尘控制。

这些过滤板可拉伸整个条目的横截面在一个合适的位置离矿山设备的路径，并允许通过一个开放的通道或门口人员在过滤面板。

英语科技文献翻译50题

英语科技文献翻译50题1. The discovery of a new species of bacteria has significant implications for biotechnology. 下列翻译正确的是：A. 一种新的细菌物种的发现对生物技术有重要影响。

B. 一种新细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的意思。

C. 一个新物种的细菌的发现对生物技术有重大暗示。

D. 新的一种细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的含义。

答案：A。

解析：“implication”常见释义为“影响；暗示；牵连”，在此句中取“影响”之意。

“significant”表示“重要的；显著的”。

整句翻译要注意语序和词汇的准确选择。

2. Genetic engineering has the potential to revolutionize medicine. 以下翻译恰当的是：A. 基因工程有潜力去革命化医学。

B. 基因工程具有彻底改变医学的潜力。

C. 基因工程有革命医学的可能性。

D. 基因工程有使医学革命化的可能。

答案：B。

解析：“potential”意为“潜力；可能性”，“revolutionize”表示“彻底改变；使发生革命性变革”。

翻译时要体现出准确的逻辑和含义。

3. The research on stem cells offers promising prospects for treating various diseases. 正确的翻译是：A. 关于干细胞的研究为治疗各种各样的疾病提供有希望的前景。

B. 干细胞的研究提供了治疗各种疾病的有希望的前景。

C. 对干细胞的研究为治疗各种疾病提供了有希望的前景。

D. 关于干细胞的研究给治疗不同的疾病提供了有前景的希望。

答案：C。

解析：“prospect”意为“前景；可能性”，“various”表示“各种各样的；不同的”。

注意“on”表示“关于”，翻译要符合中文表达习惯。

本科生文献翻译(中英文)

A study of the role played by renewable energies inChina’s sustainable energy supplyAbstract:This paper first provides an overview of the context of renewable energy development in China, including the country’s recent renewable energy legislation. Further, it summarizes the current status of renewable energy development and the role it plays in the national energy supply. Next it introduces the national indicative targets for renewable energies in 2010 and 2020, and conducts a long term scenario of the role of renewable energies in China’s energy system transition till 2050. It discusses the main risks involved in China’s renewable energy development, and proposes some policy measures for risk management.Keywords: Renewable energy,Energy supply,Market development,Public policy,China1.IntroductionChina is the largest developing country as well as the second largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter in the world .China’s energy issue has recently become a focus of many talks regarding global energy, environment, and security. Domestically, it is the first time that the Chinese Central Government set a target for improving energy efficiency of the economy together with the economic growth target in its social and economic development plan during the 11th Five-Year-Plan period 1, which was endorsed by the Congress in March 2006. The features of China’s energy system evolution in the future will have significant implications on global energy investment, energy market restructuring, and environmental protection. Increasing the share of renewable energies could be an important dimension of China’s energy system transition.China’s Renewable Energy Law was passed by the Congress on February 28, 2005, and took effect on January 1, 2006. The Law recognizes the strategic role of renewable energies in optimizing China’s energy supply mix, mitigating environmental pollution,improving energy supply security, and promoting rural social development. It also directly relates renewable energy development and utilization to China’s energy system transition. More importantly, the Law largely shapes an integrated renewable energy policy framework by providing a set of directives encouraging renewable energies, including national renewable energy targets, a feed-in tariff, a special fiscal fund, tax relief, and public R&D support as well as education and training.It is accepted beyond doubt that an enabling environment for renewable energy development and utilization is emerging in China. While recognizing the new opportunities that the Law brings for China’s renewable energy development and utilization, it must also be noted that the main technological, financial, and institutional risks associated with China’s renewable energy developmen t and utilization still remain. The context of the country’s renewable energy development and utilization has never been this complex .To what extent will renewable energies contribute to China’s sustainable energy system transition? What are the characteristics of the main risks for China’s renewable energy development and utilization? What policies and strategies should be in place to manage the risks? Although these questions have been addressed to some extent by a number of studies in the past , yet those studies were not able to take the context of China’s new complex renewable energy development into account. As a consequence, it is of significance and required to carry out a new study to gain answers to these questions, which would largely contribute to formulating China’s new strategy for renewable energy development and utilization.The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of the context of renewable energy development in China, including the country’s recent renewable energy legislation.Section 3 summarizes the current status of renewable energy development and the role that it plays in national energy supply.Next, it introduces the national indicative targets for renewable energies in 2010 and 2020, and conducts a study of the long term scenario of the role that renewable energies play in China’s energy system transition till 2050. It discusses the main risks involved in the country’s renewable energy development, and proposes some policy measures for risk management.2.Context of renewable energy development2.1. Renewable energy resourcesChina has abundant renewable energy resources. The country’s annual solar energy ranges from 3360 to 8400 MJ/m2, and two thirds of her area’s solar radiation is more than 5020 MJ/m2. China’s wind energy resource is pretty rich, too. The development potential of the on-shore wind resource is as much as 253 GW at a 10 m height with an annual electricity generation of more than 50 billion kWh. China’s hydro power potential amounts to 400 GW; 128 GW of which is for small hydro power plants with an installed capacity below 50MW. The country produces 700 million tons of agricultural residues each year, and approximately 350 million tons of them could be used for energy purposes, equivalent to 170 million tons of coal equivalent (tce). The firewood production amounts to 220 million tons each year, equivalent to 130 million tce . Further, solid wastes and wastewater discharged from livestock and poultry farms and light industry could be used to produce 31 billion m3 of biogas, equivalent to 26 million tce. The volume of discharge of combustible municipal waste, a renewable source for power generation, has been growing in most Chinese cities. Taking the ase of Beijing for example, it discharged 4.5 million tons of combustible municipal wastes in 2004, and the volume will be growing at 4–5% per year.2.2. Energy supply securityIn general terms, energy security means that a nation’s energy demands could be met at a reasonable price. The new target for China’s economic development set by the country’s government is to quadruple the gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for in 2000 by 2020, ensuring China’s attainment of a well-off society overall. To achieve this target, the total primary energy consumption will reach approximately 3 billions tce, once the substantial energy conservation and economic restructuring efforts are taken into consideration [1]. Under this scenario, the total demand for oil will be 0.45 billion tons with more than 0.2 billion tons relying on imports. Natural gas demand will reach 160 billionm3 with a domestic supply deficiency of 50–60 billion m3. Therefore, there would be a large gap between China’s energy demand and supply capacity to achieve the country’s new social and economic de velopment target, raising significant energy security concerns. In addition to strengthening the country’s energy conservation efforts, development and utilization of renewable energies seem to be an inevitable choice to diversify energy supply and ensure China’s long term energy security [2].From an even far-sighted perspective, China’s demand for energy would reach 5.4 billion tce in 2050 to maintain her sustainable economic growth and social development. But the domesticsupply capacity of coal, oil, and natural gas would be 2.5–2.7 billion tons, 100–200 million tons, and 120–140 billion m3, respectively [3]. The risks involved in China’s energy supply would be even higher without the increasing energy supply from renewable energies.2.3. Environmental managementChina’s total primary energy consumption was approximately 2032 million tce in 2004, of which coal, oil, and natural gas account for 68%, 22.33%, and 2.60%, respectively [4]. The consumption of a huge amount of fossil fuels has caused severe local, regional, and global environmental pollution. Now, one-third of the whole country area is suffering from acid rain, and the combustion of fossil fuels contributes 90% of the sulfur dioxide emissions causing this problem. The economic damage from air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels was estimated at 2–3% of GDP [5]. China is currently the second largest CO2 emitter in the world, just after the United States. However, there is a possibility that by 2025, China’s CO2 emission would exceed that of the United States, and become the largest CO2 emitting country of the world [6]. China has been under increasing pressure from the world to reduce her CO2 emissions. Increasing the share of renewable energies in China’s energy supply mix is one of the most important measures to control the country’s local, regional, and global environmental pollution.2.4. Rural, social, and economic developmentApproximately 27 million people living in remote and mountainous areas of China did not have access to electricity by the end of 2004, and most of them are among the lowest income earners. Electricity supply plays a very important role in promoting social and economic development in remote and mountainous areas, and renewable energy power generating options, such as small hydro system, small-sized wind generating systems, and solar photovoltaic systems are often more cost-effective than the extension of conventional power grids.Some renewable energy technologies can also increase the productivity of agriculture. Human wasteand animal dung after anaerobic fermentation in biogas digesters are quality organicfertilizers. Both the output and the quality of vegetables and fruits can be increased markedly by using such fertilizers. Moreover, the use of these fertilizers can also lead to a decrease in the use of pesticides. As a result, biogas digesters cannot only produce the gas to be used for cooking and lighting in rural households, but also help farmers earn more money from agriculture. Geothermal technology can be applied to increase the output and quality of fisheries as well. Solar greenhouses are a common productivity raising technology in the plantation of vegetables, fruits, and flowers.2.5. The renewable energy lawRecognizing the strategic significance of renewable energy development in China, China Renewable Energy Law was passed by the Congress on February 28, 2005, and took effect on January 1, 2006. The Renewable Energy Law has put forward a comprehensive renewable energypolicy framework, and institutionalized a number of policies and instruments for China’s renewable energydevelopment and utilization. Among others, the major policies and/or institutions covered by the Law include●Directives on setting indicative renewable energy targets;●Directives on renewable energy planning;●Directives on functions and responsibilities of the relevant government agencies in renewableenergy management;●Directives on removal of barriers of renewable energy products to entry energy market;●Directives on grid connection of renewable power generation project;●Directives on feed-in tariff of renewable power generation;●Directives on taxation measures;●Directives on special fiscal fund of renewable energy development; and●Directives on renewable energy technology standards and certification.3. Current status of renewable energy development3.1. Small hydroIn 2005, the installed capacity of small hydro power plants was 38 GW, about 30% of the estimated 128 GW small hydro potential. Small-scale hydro technologies and turbines are improving. Moreover, the performance of the automated control systems has improved, too. Over 30 research institutes are involved in R&D and 160 small-scale hydro equipment manufacturers exist at present. This market grew by 12–15% in 2004, and 10% annual growth in 2005. Domestic industry can meet current development needs.Small hydro technologies have been primarily used for rural electrification, often in small county-size grids. However, in recent years, the development has become more multi-dimensional, with small hydro technologies serving centralized grids, the smaller county grids becoming interconnected, and also replacing or reducing the growth of other small-scale power plants, like small coal plants. In the future, the electrification supply in rural areas will still be the major aim for small hydro development, including the estimated 7 million rural households that still function without access to electricity.There are a number of factors which could accelerate and improve market development and power plant performance in the future, including market aggregation, better operation and management, improved technology, and standardized tariffs and power delivery.3.2. Wind farmThe rate of growth of wind turbine installations in China is impressive, and this growth could likely continue indefinitely. The installed capacity rose from 550MW in 2003, to 760MW in 2004, and then ultimately to 1250MW in 2005. The growth rate in 2004 was 65%, on top of a 40% growth in 2003. Only one domestic manufacture dominates the domestic market, constituting 20% of the market share. Imported turbines constitute 75% of the market share.China’s wind technology level has fallen behind Europe, as most of 1–2MW scale turbines have to be imported from Europe. Key R&D priorities for wind are large-capacity turbines, variable speed technologies, variable screw distance, and off-shore turbines and wind farm designs. The production costs have been decreasing, in line with the international costs, over the past decade, and these cost declines need to continue among Chinese manufacturers.3.3. Solar photo voltaic (PV)A total of 65MW solar PV was installed as of 2004, about 50% of this in rural (off-grid) areas. Communications and industry account for most of the other 50%, with consumer products constituting a small share. The grid-connected PV is still marginal, falling on the order of a few MW. The domestic market is growing fast, with 20MW added during 2004. The solar PV installation in China amounted to 70MW.Ch ina’s PV industry is growing faster than perhaps any other country in the world, but from a small initial base. As of 2004, China had a module production capacity of 100MW of PV, compared to the total world production capacity of 1200MW. Chinese production capacity doubled during 2004, from 50MW in 2003, and most production is exported. Cell production capacity was 65MW in 2004, and wafer production capacity was 15MW.As production increases rapidly in the coming years, a rapid declining share of production will go to domestic installation, as the domestic market does not keep pace with the production. This is because the grid-connected applications, which are now the predominant market globally, are still in infancy in China, and the price differential between solar PV and conventional power is still very large, on the order of 3 yuan/kW h.The key research areas are quality and cost improvements in materials and components, advanced solar light–heat transforming material, heat collector structure components, new pattern solar cell material and groupware technology, grid-connected and roof solar photovoltaic power system and integrated solararchitecture.3.4. Solar hot waterSolar hot water sales continue to boom. The estimation of the total sales volume in 2004 is 13.5 million m2 with the same growth rate of 19% as in 2003, and about 70% were below 1500 yuan/m2. The solar water heater installation was 80 million m2 as of 2005. The glass vacuum tube solar water heater was the most common type in the Chinese market. Ten brands of solar water heaters had annual sale volumes of over 100 million yuan. But the market is still highly diverse, as those top 10 brands had a combined market share of only 20%. There are more than 1000 manufacturers throughout the country, and an estimated 250,000 people work in the Chinese solar hot water industry. Some famous household appliance enterprises from outside the sector have also recently entered the solar hot water market, including Haier, Ocma, and Huati.Smaller towns and villages, with a large rooftop area per capita, are likely to continue to be the primary market, although multifamily apartment buildings can effectively use solar hotwater if not too tall.Future priorities include test and certification systems, better quality control, better integration into architectural practice and the construction industry, standardization of products, consumer education and awareness, new financing mechanisms, and favorabletax and tariff policies.3.5. Biomass power generationFor heating and power generation, biomass-fueled combustion technology is mature in China, and there are many biomass boiler manufacturers. Most biomass boilers have small or medium capacity, because their feed stocks are not abundant which are collected from nearby area not from distant area. The advanced biomass power generation efficiency has reached 40%. Biomass gasification has developedstrongly in China, with gasifiers up to 6MW in capacity, and system efficiencies reaching 28%.Biomass power generation capacity was about 2000MW in 2005. Current biomass power generation is dominated by bagasse fueled power plants. In 2005, the capacity of bagasse fueled power plants was about 1700MW or 85% of the total biomass power generation capacity. Power generation capacity from agricultural and forestry wastes, biogas, municipal waste incineration, and land fills was 60MW, 20MW, 200MW, and 20MW, respectively.The uncertainty involved in the biomass-fueled power generation development is still quite high in China. Presumably, with the renewable energy law taking effect, and favorable tariffs for biomass, increases will be seen in power generation. But the use of biomass at the local level is likely to be constrained by resource availability, including competing uses, plus collection, and transport infrastructure and businesses.3.6. BiogasChina leads the world in terms of household biogas technology development and diffusion. Approximately 14 million small-sized biogas digesters were built by 2004 with an annual biogas production of 3.5 billionm3, equivalent to 2.5 Mtce. In addition to providing gas for cooking and lighting purposes in rural households, household biogas technology is an important measure to help farms increase their income. The Chinese government attaches great importance to household biogas technology, and gives special fiscal support for the development and deployment of thetechnology.A remarkable progress has also been achieved in the development of large- and medium-sized biogas plants in China. Fifteen hundred large- and medium-sized biogas plants were in operation in livestock breeding farms as of 2004, producing 100 million m3 of biogas, equivalent to 70 thousand tce. Also approximately, 700 large- and medium-sized biogas plants were in use in the food, alcohol, and paper-making industries, producing 1.4 billion m3 of biogas, equivalent to 1 million tce. In addition to producing biogas, these plants serve as the major facility for treating wastes from livestock farms and effluents from alcohol and paper-making companies. Hence, the biogas technology is not only an energy technology but also environmental technology. As of 2005, the total production of biogas from householdsystems and large- and medium-size biogas plants reached 8 billionm3, equivalent to 4 Mtce.3.7. BiofuelsChina’s ethanol production was 1.02 million tons in 2005. As of late 2004, five provinces Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, and Anhui required ethanol to be mixed with gasoline in a 10% ratio (E10). Four other provinces Hebei, Hubei, Shandong, and Jiangsu were added by late 2005.Ethanol distilleries have already been established in China with a production capacity of 1 million tons, to use ‘‘deteriorative’’ grains as feed stocks. Most fuel ethanol production in Chin a currently comes from the ‘‘deteriorative’’ grain. In 2005, China produced 50 thousand tons of biodiesel. Most biodiesel production currently comes from waste oil.Sorgo plantations have been set up in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygar A.R., Liaoning, and Shandong. Sorgo appears to be a promising crop in China for biofuels, as it grows in colder northern climates and is better able to endure drought.Research is continuing on biofuels crops and distillation/production processes. Research is progressing in southern provinces on bio-oils, including colza oil, cottonseed oil, wood oil, Chinese tallow oil, and tea oil.3.8. SummaryIf all renewable energies were taken into account, China’s total primary energy supplywas 2337 Mtce in 2005. Renewable energies contributed approximately 17.8% of primary energy supply, of which traditional biomass3 10.7%, and all new renewable energies4 together 7.1% (Fig. 1). Electricity dominated the energy supply from renewable energies (Fig. 2). In 2005, the total installed capacity of renewable energy power systems was 119.7 GW, accounting approximately for 23.4% of total installed power capacity of China, of which large and small hydro power was 78 GW and 38 GW, respectively (Fig. 3).Renewable energy technologies can be categorized by four phases: R&D, pilot and demonstration, early commercialized5, and commercialized. Table 1 relates China’s major renewable energy technologies to the four phases. As shown in Table 1, only a small number of the technologies listed are commercialized. They are small hydropower plants/turbines, solar water heater, solar stove, geothermal space heating, and biomass stoves.4. A long term scenario of China’s renewable energy supplyThe scenario assumes that the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law and China’s Medium and Long Term Planning for Renewable Energy Development6 will create an enabling environment for the development of renewable energies in China. The scenario largely represents the economic potential of renewable energy development which is larger than the market potential but smaller than the technological potential.The trajectory of renewable energy supply evolution in China’s primary energy supply mix under the scenario is indicated in Table 5 and Fig. 4. Renewable energies will contribute approximately 21% of China’s total primary energy supply by 2050. Please note that the contribution from traditional biomass will decline from 10.7% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2010, 4.0% in 2020, and 2.3% in 2030. By 2050, traditional biomass will be completely replaced by modernbiomass. The contribution from new renewable energies, however, will grow from 7.1% in 2005 to 12.1% in 2020, 17.3% in 2030, and 21% in 2050, respectively.Most of the renewable energy supply is in the form of electricity.Table 6 and Fig. 5 show the picture of China’s power generation capacity installations till 2050 under the reference scenario. The installed capacity of renewable based power generation systems will reach 141 GW in 2010, 362 GW in 2020, 733 GW in 2030, and 1130 GW in 2050, respectively. The share of renewable based generation capacity will increase from 23.4% in 2005 to 30.8% in 2020, 40.8% in 2030 and 43.1% in 2050, respectively. Renewable energies will play a very important role in diversifying C hina’s power generation sources.5. Risks and uncertainties5.1. Financial risksAs shown in Table 1, most renewable energy technologies fall either in the R&D stage, in the pilot and demonstration stage, or in the early commercialization stage, and a few of them have also been fully commercialized. Often the substantive input of the financial resource is needed before a renewable energy technology is able to compete with conventional fossil energy technologies. Private companies are often reluctant to invest in the demonstration, and preliminary commercialization stage due to low economic return. Further private companies often have difficulties borrowing money from banks and other financial institutions due to the high risks involved in these stages. Due to the free-rider issue private companies are also not willing to invest in the R&D stage. As a result, financial resources are often under-provided during the R&D, demonstration, and preliminary commercialization stage. Financial risks are important barriers that impede China’s renewable energy development in the future.5.2. Market entry risksConventional energy enterprises dominate China’s current energy industry. They stay in an advantageous position in competition with renewable energy companies in terms of both company scale and market penetration. The power grid is often not willing to accept electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as wind, biomass, solar PV, and small hydro mainly because of higher cost and smaller scale of renewable electricity compared with the coal-fired electricity.On the other hand, China’s oil market is monopolized by three large groups: China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC), China Petrochemical Corp (Sinopec Group), and China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC). To safeguard a market share of liquid fuels from renewable energies, such as biodiesel, substantive investment is needed to build or restructure the current production and sale infrastructure. Thecooperation from the three companies is of critical importance in this regard.5.3. Technological risksChina holds a leading position in terms of development and deployment of household biogas technology and small hydro technology. However, there is a large technological gap that China has to bridge in the future for most other renewable energy technologies. Although the size of mainstream wind turbines in the European market is as large as 1–1.5MWper unit, China does not yet have the capacity to manufacture wind turbines of more than 1MW. The country does not yet have the property rights of the core technologies for manufacturing solar PV cells. So far China has heavily depended on importing technologies and systems to develop her biomass-fuel power generation industry. In context of the large scale biogas plants, the technological gap between China and the world advanced level is still big in some aspects. More importantly, there is a lack of qualified researchers and engineers to conduct renewable technology R&D, design, and manufacture in China.AcknowledgementThis study is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant no. 90410016). References[1] Zhou DD, editor. China sustainable energy scenarios for 2020. Beijing: China Environment Science Press; 2003.[2] Shi LS. China’s energy is sues and renewable energy planning. Energy Policy Research 2004;(No.4)::17–21.[3] Available from: </nynx/nyhg/2005-06/09/ 153.html>.[4] China energy statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2006.[5] Wang YQ. ‘China’s energy consumption and environment protection’. China Development Forum, November 2003. Beijing: 2003.[6] ERI (Energy Research Institute), editor. Climate change mitigation. Beijing: Meteorological Press; 2004.[7] Sijim JPM. The performance of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable electricity in European Countries. The Netherlands: Working Paper, ECN-C-083; 2002.[8] Bechberger M, Reiche D. Renewable energy policy in Germany: pioneering and exemplary regulations. Energy for Sustainable Development 2004;8:47–57.[9] Langni? O. ‘International best practice for renewable energy legislations’ Senior Forum of Renewable Energy Legislation Issue, May 15–16, 2004. Beijing: 2004一项关于再生能源在中国可持续能源供应中地位的研究摘要本文首先提供了中国范围内可再生能源的发展，包括该国最近的可再生能源法的概况。

文献翻译

文献原文Steel-Frame ConstructionSteel has been used for more than 150 years in shaping the built environment. Although the idea of steel conjures up images of a heavy or cumbersome material, the steel used in residential construction is quite the opposite. Cold-formed steel (CFS) is lightweight, easy to handle, cost effective, and a high quality alternative to traditional residential framing materials. CFS offers the builder a strong, dimensionally stable, easy-to-work framing system whose use can be traced back to 1850.In the late 1920s and early 1930s cold-formed steel entered the building construction arena with products manufactured by a handful of fabricators. Although these products were successful in performance, they faced difficulties with acceptance for two reasons: (1) there was no standard design methodology available, and (2) cold-formed steel was not included in the building codes at that time. Many of the CFS applications were unable to be used due to the lack of design methodology and product recognition.Growth in PopularityBetween 1979 and 1992 the number of steel-framed homes saw a substantial increase Cold-formed steel framing was used in 5% of housing starts in the U.S. in 1993. This percentage increased to 8% in 2000 and had reached 12% in 2005. The emphasis has been on single-family homes in the Sunbelt and on multi-family homes in the north. The popularity of steel framing in the Sunbelt is expected to continue to increase rapidly because of the concern over termites, decay, and high winds. Urban areas and fire hazard districts are also expected to show a growing interest in steel framing.In Florida, however, every building built must have an Energy Code Compliance Form prepared and submitted when applying for a permit. Included in this form is a description of the exterior wall configuration including the type of building system. Presented below is a summary of the mix of building systems used in Florida in 2000 and 2001. Based on a random sample of over 1,600 single-family detached homes, more than 1% of the homes built in the Central climatic zone employed steel framing. Environmentally FriendlyThe Steel Framing Alliance claims that cold-formed steel framing is an environmentally friendly building system because:• Steel is recyclab le, using old cars, buildings, bridges, steel cans, etc.• Steel is the world’s most versatile material to recycle.• Yearly, steelmakers recycle about 500 million tons of steel world-wide.• It takes at least 60% less energy to produce steel from scrap th an it does from iron ore.Easy on Land FillsIn addition to being environmentally friendly, steel framing results in a reduction in construction waste that would normally end up in a land fill:• The average landfill consists of approximately 60% construct ion debris - mostly concrete, wood, and plastic.• Every ton of steel recycled conserves 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal, and 120 pounds of limestone.• Less than 6% of landfill is steel - such as staples, nails in wood, and steel rebar inside chunks of concrete.• Debris from a typical wood-framed home accounts for 50 ft3 of landfill waste, compared to only 2 ft3 from a steel-framed houseAdvantages of Steel Framing• Non-Combustible Material• Consistent Material Quality• Dimensionally Sta ble in any Climate• Insect Resistance and steel will not Rot• Engineering not required for common home designsManufacturing ProcessCold-formed steel products begin as a very large coil of steel. These coils may weight up to 13 tons. After the hot coil has been rolled to the desired thickness and after it has cooled, the ribbon of steel passes through a series of rollers to form the desired products. Rolling the coiled ribbon of steel produces a variety of cold-formed steel components used in construction. However, the basic cold-formed C-shape is by far the most common component.Steel and FireSteel is non-combustible, will not support flame, and does not generate smoke. However, steel looses strength at high temperatures and should be protected from excessive temperatures in accordance with code requirements (e.g., gypsum wallboard or other approved material).Price StabilityPrice and stability of supply have driven many builders to adopt residential steel framing. While the price of steel has remained relatively stable since the 1980s and continuing through 2003, steel mill product prices jumped about 50% in 2004. In 2005, steel prices declined about 12% and then climbed nearly 30%. Such volatility in pricing makes it very difficult for estimators to predict prices more than a couple weeks ahead, let alone months ahead. As a result, the market penetration ofcold-formed steel has slowed significantly. In addition to steel fluctuating, concrete prices have risen 15%; asphalt has increased 14%; and lumber has increased 7% during the same period.According to the NAHB Research Center’s Toolbase Services at current steel prices, the steel framing materials required to frame a typical house (average 2,150 sq. ft.) will be less expensive than the wood framing materials required to frame the same house when the “Random Lengths Composite Index” is $350 or higher for lumber. However, if the builder, framing contractor or other subcontractor is new to steel, then labor costs could account for a $1.00 –$2.50 per square foot premium for steel framing. Historically speaking, steel material prices have remained flat, while wood material prices have fluctuated greatly. The steel industry continues to improve the processes by which steel homes are built, bringing hard construction costs down to a minimum, so that builders will be able to enjoy a competitive and stable framing package price.Benefits of SteelThere are benefits for both the builder and the homeowner associated with steel. From the builder’s perspecti ve it is important that steel will not rot, twist, warp, swell, or split and it is non-combustible. Steel framing is a proven technology that is considered to be user friendly and offers an easy transition from other materials. Competitive pricing and consistent quality are clearly important benefits to builders. The strength of steel usually translates into fewer members and many of those members are as much as 60% lighter than the corresponding wood members. Nationally, cold-formed steel members have come to be produced in a variety of standard pre-cut shapes and sizes. Standardized patterns for pre-punched holes for running electrical wiring and plumbing lines help to minimize preparation work for tradesmen. This standardization serves to minimize construction waste. The finished steel framing accommodates all types of commonly used finish materials.Homeowners reap many of the same benefits. In addition, homes can be designed to meet the highest seismic and wind load specifications in any part of the country. Because steel framed homes can be so resistant to natural forces, some homeowners save as much as 30% on their homeowner’s insurance. Steel framing does not need to be treated to resist termites and is free of resin adhesives and other chemicals used to treat wood. Because of its strength, steel can span greater distances offering the homeowner larger open spaces and greater design flexibility. Remodeling is also easily accomplished by removing, altering, and relocating non-load-bearing walls. Environmentally SensitiveAll steel products are recyclable! The overall recycling rate for steel products in the US is 60%. In steel building products, the minimum recycled content is 25%. Thisrecycling is accomplished with no degradation in product quality or loss of properties.A contributing factor in the steel industry’s ability to achieve significant recycling is that magnetic separation is the easiest and most economical method of removing steel from the solid waste stream. The amount of energy needed to produce a ton of steel has been reduced by 34% since 1972.Barriers to Steel FramingFive key barriers to the expansion of residential steel framing have been identified.• Cost of Construction - To have wide spread markets, the steel industry has to make cold-formed steel framing economically competitive. It is not now competitive because it costs more in labor to frame a house out of steel. All of the workers have tools and accessories that were optimized for wood construction, not steel. The steel industry is committed to taking away this barrier by doing their own product development, causing product development to happen, orfunding product development as necessary to bring these things for steel framing at the same price.• Distribution Infrastructur e- Buying 800 wooden studs from a lumberyard is routine. Steel framing has achieved that status in most markets. One of the reasons is that the industry did not have the material distribution system in place to provide the necessary supply quantities.• S tandardized Product- Another barrier was that there were no standardized products. There were 73 steel manufactures in the nation, and all of them previously made basically identical shapes, called them all different names, published different section properties, and published different load tables. The industry has now standardized these products.• Consumer Preference - The last barrier is consumer preference. What the industry did was turn the standard profiles into standard section properties with standard load tables and then into prescriptive methods. Houses in about 80% of the country are designed by purely prescriptive methods, no engineering is required. The other 20% are a combination of prescriptive and engineering. Steel framed structures originally had to be completely engineered and that costs three to six weeks and $0.70 to $2.00 a square foot. The prescriptive tables have solved the problem and may be found in the International Residential Code (IRC). Nearly everyday somewhere in North America a seminar is being conducted in front of a group of plan checkers and building inspectors to try and get them to understand how to use the prescriptive method and then to adopt it so that steel structures can be designed prescriptively like wood structures. That eliminates the engineering barrier.Even though the steel products were standardized, the whole world doesn’t knowwhat they are. Nearly everyone knows what a 2 4 is; not everyone knows what a C-section ste el stud is designated with the designation: “550S162-54”. As a result software has been developed and is available for building designers. If you can do a takeoff with wood, then this software will turn it into a steel takeoff and produce the order sheets and the sheets for the job site.• Thermal Performance - Steel studs are excellent conductors of heat. They conduct heat better than wood. Because of this characteristic, the steel industry has had to take remedial action such as adding foam board on the outside of the exterior wall framing. As long as builders have to take this step, it may solve the thermal problem, but it costs something. It costs $0.65 a square foot or more to make steel houses as energy efficient as wood framed houses. This added insulation is a major cost barrier that will have to be resolved for steel to become a serious competitor for wood.文献翻译钢结构建筑钢材应用在建筑领域已经150多年了。

外文文献翻译范例

The 6,700m² site on which the building is constructed was formerly the location of Murray House. After its brick-by-brick relocation to Stanley, the site was sold by the Government for "only HK$1 billion" in August 1982 amidst growing concern over the future of Hong Kong in the run-up to the transfer of sovereignty.
As designed by architect Bruce Graham and engineer Fazlur Khan of the Chicago office of Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM), the structure was a "bundled tube" system of nine squares with sides of 75 feet (for an overall 225 x 225 ft), sheathed in a curtain wall of dark tinted glass. Above the fiftieth floor, some squares dropped away as the tower rose to create smaller floor plates and a distinctive stepped silhouette.
正如建筑师和工程师Bruce Graham，Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.（SOM）的芝加哥办公室设计，结构为（225 x为一整体225英尺）一个“绑定圆管状造型”的九个方面的75英尺广场系统，嵌装在一个深色玻璃幕墙。五十层以上，有的就离开广场的塔上升到创建更小的地板加强板和独特的剪影。

文献翻译 2(DOC)

文献翻译（二）无机曾欣0843014053 碳包覆对LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的正极材料倍率性能的提高关键词：5V尖晶石阴极碳涂层倍率性能锂离子电池摘要为了增强LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料的倍率性能，用蔗糖作碳源在其表面涂覆一层导电炭。

碳涂层对材料物理性能，电化学性能方面的影响由XRD,SEM,TEM,XPS（X射线光电子能谱），CV（伏安循环）,EIS（电化学阻抗谱）以及循环性能和倍率性能的测定来获知。

结果表明，表面包覆碳后，可以大大提高放电比容量，倍率性能和循环性能，而且不会降低尖晶石结构。

在掺碳量的质量分数为1％是，样品的性能最佳。

该样品在以1C的放电率循环100次后，仍有130mAhg-1的容量，保持率高达92％；在以5C的放电率循环后仍保持114130mAhg-1的稳定容量。

碳包覆后样品的倍率性能显著提高，这是由于固体电解质层得发展受到阻碍，以及Li+的扩散和电荷转移反应的加快。

1简介目前对能源的有限问题以及减少温室气体的排放的关注，对混合动力电动汽车中的锂离子电池，光能的储存以及风力发电的商业化提供了便利，增强了在便携式电子产品中的主导地位。

增强了在便携式电子产品中的霸主地位。

诸如此类设备的日益增长的能源和动力需要促进了锂离子电池的发展。

这些发展改进关键取决于电极材料的创新方法。

由于尖晶石型LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的大容量以及非常高的放电潜能，被认为是非常有前途的锂离子电池正极材料而被广泛研究。

它惊人的放电电压可以为电池提供更大的工作潜能，更高的能量以及潜在的更高的功率密度。

但是不幸的是，LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4在大电流时是较低的放电性能和循环性能阻碍的它的应用。

其中一个原因就是LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4和电解液在高电压下的表面反应导致了SEI膜的形成。

而SEI膜极大的阻碍了Li+离子的嵌入和提取反应，电荷转移，以及此后的电化学过程的反应动力学。

另一个原因是起内在的较低的电子电导率。

分子生物学文献翻译作业

分子生物学文献翻译作业文献标题：DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation Patterns in Cultured Bovine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells (BADSCs)姓名：…学号：…专业：…学位：…电话：…邮箱：…时间： 2015年12月15日表观遗传学参与记忆重整过程，可模糊远程恐惧记忆总结创伤性事件会产生一些最持久的记忆。

焦虑症终生患病率上升，但尚缺乏有效减轻长期创伤记忆的方法。

基于记忆更新机制，唤醒记忆的过程是减轻近期记忆（即日龄）损伤最有效的治疗方法。

我们研究发现在小鼠中，对于近期记忆再现适用的整理更新模式却并不适用于远程（即月龄）记忆。

我们发现，海马神经可塑性参与再现近期记忆，其中一部分是人组蛋白脱乙酰化酶（HDAC2）亚硝基化和组蛋白乙酰化参与的，但却并未在远期记忆中发现。

然而，在记忆重整过程中加入HDAC2靶向抑制剂（HDACi）时，我们发现，即使是很久之前的记忆也会发生持续减弱。

这种表观遗传学上的干预后产生的神经再塑相关的基因，伴随着较高的代谢、较多突触以及结构可塑性。

因此，在记忆巩固过程中，应用组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂可能成为修复远程创伤的方法。

引言在经历了类如严重的身体或心理伤害的创伤性事件之后，人们会罹患恐惧和其他焦虑症。

研究表明人们约29%终生患病率，并且由于存在强烈的情感基础而使得创伤记忆非常强大，难以治疗。

焦虑症的治疗方法中，最有效的是暴露疗法，即将患者置于安全的环境中，在这期间重复给予最初引起恐惧的刺激，从而使得最初的恐惧刺激变成中性或安全的刺激。

成功的暴露疗法的基本要求是创伤记忆的激活，在有限的时间内记忆变得易于修改即记忆再巩固过程。

在暴露疗法中，已证明再巩固更新方法是能够减轻人类和啮齿类动物对可怕的刺激的反应有效的方法，类似的方法已成功地用于预防药物依赖和再发。

基于在记忆巩固过程中存在一段时间的更新和学习的假设，人们在做药理学研究来论证该说法。

论文翻译作业

通过有机催化烯丙基与叠氮化物酮的1,3 - 偶极环加成反应直接生成1,2,3 - 三唑(此仅为翻译作业)摘要：这是一篇关于的有机催化烯丙基酮和各种叠氮化物1,3 - 偶极环加成反应的报道。

该反应由一种仲胺催化生成高选择性的1,2,3三取代唑。

在过去的几年中，我们发现含有1,2,3-三唑分子的物质具有潜在药用价值。

许多1,2,3-三唑类物质具有重要的生物学意义，例如：抗病毒，抗菌，抗真菌和抗肿瘤等。

如该图1所示，四环1,2,3-三唑具有良好的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制活性; 叔丁基-二甲基神经蛋白酶氧化物（称为TSAO），一种核苷酸衍生物，被识别为有效的非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂; 4-烷氧基羰基-1，5 -二芳基-1,2,3 - 三唑的3位被标记为有活性的大麻素CB1接受体. 最近成功发现具有药效高功能的抗病毒1,2,3-三唑环状氨基酸衍生物-奥司他韦和扎那米韦，这种物质有望拓展到更多的三唑化合物上。

另外，部分1,2,3-三唑基被发现是一种包含许多修饰基组成部分的核苷或核苷酸，它们具有抗病毒，抗HIV或抑制细胞生长的活性。

此外，三唑的化学应用并不仅仅局限药物方面的发现，也在很大程度上扩展到许多其他科学领域，如生物标记，高分子化学和聚合物科学。

最受瞩目的1,2,3 -三唑的合成与乙炔有机叠氮化合物的胡伊斯根1,3- 偶极环加成。

经典休斯根反应，包括热引发的，给出了一个约1：1.41混合物-和1,5 -二取代的1,2,3 -三唑的异构体。

然而，当使用一价铜的催化剂时，反应具有区域选择性了，在相当短的时间1.5秒内只产生1,4-区域异构体。

最近，由于其广泛的适用性和效率化学概念Cu（I）催化的叠氮化物-炔环加成（CuAAC）已成为研究的热点。

这一发现已明确提出对1,2,3 - 三唑及相关化学研究是在过去十年中，“最热”的研究领域之一。

这一功能强大的方法已被广泛应用到各个领域，作为温和的条件下结合不同功能的一种有效策略。