拓展句的写法

类比法（Analogy）
类比法（Analogy): 以比较熟悉的事物比喻
说明一个比较抽象复杂的概念或事物，有助于
读者的理解。
An analogy is defined as a relation or resemblance existing between two things that are basically different. That is, one thing is like another thing in that they have similar characteristics, features, or effects.
Similarly, many sororities have a queen bee, a girl who represents true royalty. Any sight threat of opposition that might come from the “workers” or the “guards” meets with sudden and sure retaliation. Accordingly, they seldom show any signs of opposing her. Even a brief acquaintance with a sorority leads one to believe that all the other girls in the sorority exists to serve their “queen bee.” she gets first choice of the males on campus who are leaders, wealthy athletes, or who have positions of power. These males became her escorts, her dates. Any other male not fitting the above groups is automatically a “drone,” and he is left for the inferior bees to fight over. The workers and the guard bees in the sorority serve the same functions as their counterparts in the hive. They maintain their queen’s room, her clothing, her reputation, and, frequently, her scholastic standing. They are at her beck and call to serve as needed. On the whole, the girls seem to regard their queen with the same respect and awe that the bees regard their queen. Rather than a stinger, however, the girls have an equally pointed and deadly weapon---their tongues. A tongue can paralyze or destroy an enemy as surely as a bee’s stinger.
说明性段落的基本原则：
首先，明确自己写作的目的，即表达什么样的中心 思想。
其次，要使段落中的所有语句都与该段落的主题思 想密切相关。（要保证主题思想合乎逻辑的发展，条 理清楚，集中表达作者的思路和意图）。
说明性段落的基本写法：
首先，在段首用主题句（topic sentence）点明全段 的主题思想。 然后，通过拓展句（supporting sentences）以各种 形式的细节对主题句所表达的思想观点进行阐述和论 证。 最后，用强有力的结尾句（conclusion sentence）结 束段落，帮助读者回顾或更清楚地理解段落的要点。
And so, the next time you are walking past a sorority house and hear a buzzing within, do not think that your ears are playing tricks. You, my friend, have just come across a real, honest-to-goodness, growup hive of human bees.
4. Literary analogies are called similes or metaphors and are used in describing, explaining, arguing, and the like.
5. Don’t use figures of speech and let it go at that. Thus, to say that A is like B is not enough. You must explain why A is like B, what they have in common, and how they differ.
The Queen Bee
After I pledged a fraternity, I became aware of a type of girl on campus who is highly analogous to the queen bee in a hive. I think the similarities are remarkable.
英语说明文 的段落及拓展
按文体分类，英语文章主要有四大类：说明
文（Exposition）、议论文（Argument）、描
写文（Description）、记叙文（Narrative）。
说明文是向读者说明和解释人和事物的文章。 教科书、杂志文章、新闻社论等都属于说明文。通过 说明文，可以提供知识、解释事实、介绍发展过程。说 明的对象比较广泛，可以是观点、概念、事实，也可以 是原因、步骤、 方法、过程、体系等。在实际写作中， 还可以对解释或说明的对象进行一定的分析。
段落的拓展方法
1、类比法（Analogy） 2、辩论法（Argument）
3、因果法（Cause and Effect）
4、分类法（Classification） 5、比较与对比法（Compare and Contrast） 6、定义分析法（Definition-Analysis） 7、概述法（Summary）
Application (Does and Don’ts)
1. Most analogies involve using the common, the simple, or the known to explain the uncommon, the complex, or the unknown. Or, to put it another way, analogy is used when the complex is explained by breaking it down into simple parts with which the reader is familiar.
The queen bee in a hive represents true royalty. Her instincts tell her there can be only one leader in each hive. For this reason, she is quick to destroy or drive away any opposition. All the other bees live to serve her and to keep her well fed and protected. The male bee is of no value except as a mate for the queen. He serves no other purpose, such as producing honey or fighting enemies of the hive, as do the workers and the guard bees. Were it not for the queen, these drones would be killed or banished. The workers supply the queen with honey. The guards protect her with a barbed weapon called a stinger. In short, it appears as though thousands of bees exist solely to serve the queen bee.
6. Don’t use false analogy. That is, make sure the things in the analogy are similar, that the simple is a logical simplification of the complex or a logical simplification of part of the complex. If things are alike in one way, they may not be alike in others. 7. Don’t try to explain the very difficult unless you are familiar with it. 8. Remember that no analogy is exact. The complex is only partially explained by the simple.
辩论法（Argument）

论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者是批驳 某一错误的观点、看法和主张的文章。辩论的 目的是阐述思想，说服读者，使其接受自己的 观点和主张。
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An argumentative theme is one that presents and develops reasons that lead to a generalization, or a conclusion, which in turn leads to an application. In order to effectively argue, we should do one of two things:
2. Make sure that “the known” is known to your reader.
3. Most of our everyday inferences are by analogy----from past experiences to future predictions. Most analogues are brief. Most analogies are found in other forms of writing: Deductive, Inductive, Compare/Contrast.
In short, two things are discussed in terms of each other either to show how much they are alike or to explain how the “complicated” is really the “simple” with advancements.