2017年高考英语-阅读理解Ⅰ：主旨大意题(讲)-专题练习(三)

2017年高考英语专题练习（三）阅读理解Ⅰ：主旨大意题（讲）BThe meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap（间隙）with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied（暗示）is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care­givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing（治愈）value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.35．What may be the best title for the text? ________A．Sound and silenceB．What it means to be silentC．Silence to Native AmericansD．Speech is silver; silence is goldCReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing. com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, travelling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both. ”Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.Book Crossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual（虚拟）. The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.12．What is the best title for the text? ________A．Online reading: a virtual tourB．Electronic books: a new trendC．A book group brings tradition backD．A website links people through booksDBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （监控）in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The’if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media, ” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer. ”Researchers analyzing word­of­mouth communication—e­mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的）, but that didn′t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e­mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused（激发）one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On.15．What can be a suitable title for the text? ________A．Sad stories travel far and wideB．Online news attracts more peopleC．Reading habits change with the timesD．Good news beats bad on social networks考点一精确归纳标题【例1】From gobbling（狼吞虎咽）down turkey to spending time with family to watching football, Thanksgiving is filled with traditions. But one of the most popular-pulling the wishbone—dates back centuries.The upside-down VT shaped bone is actually called the formula. It is a bone located between a turkey’s neck and its breast. Furculum means “little fork” in Latin. All birds have a wishbone.At Thanksgiving, the tradition is for two people to hold one end of the bone, make a wish, and then tug（用力拉）. The winner is the person who ends up with the bigger piece. If you believe the legend, the winner’s wish will come true.The practice of making a wish on a bird’s formula dates back to the ancient Etruscans, a people who lived in what is today northern Italy. They believed birds were powerful and divine（非凡的）creatures. After killing a chicken, an Etruscan would leave the wishbone in the sun to dry. Passersby would pick it up, stroke it for good luck, and make a wish- That is how the formula got the name “wishbone,”The Etruscans passed the ritual（仪式）along to the Romans. Soon, the practice of making a wish on a chicken’s formula became popular in ancient Rome* According to legend, it was so widespread that there weren’t enough chickens or wishbones to go around so the Romans began breaking the wishbone in two. Now, twice as many people could make wishes.Then the English picked up the tradition. In the 16th century, English settlers brought the practice to the New World There, they found an abundance of wild turkeys. So they starting using a turkey formula for their wishes. Today a wishbone tug-of-war is as much a part of Thanksgiving as is gobbling down turkey.24．What is the best title for the passage? ________A．Turkey Tug-of-WarB．A Lucky TurkeyC．The New WorldD．The Stories of Thanksgiving【变式精练】Back in the 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterflyspecies, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat.Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that?After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question-it is all down to a gene（基因）called “doublesex”, according to a study published on March 6in the journal Nature.In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadn’t been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible.Scientists at the University of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a single gene, “doublesex”.This was much to the scientists’ surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part.However, the “doublesex” gene doesn’t quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch-it “tells” other genes to change the wing patterns. Isn’t that clever?Scientists believe that this special ability of the “doublesex” gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. “The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators（捕食者）avoid,” Sean Carroll, a scientist told Nature. “it was obvious evidence for natural selection. ”35．What is the best title of this passage? ________A．How Common Mormons stay safeB．How butterflies changed wings’ patternC．What American scientists discoveredD．What genetic structures of butterflies have考点二概括文章大意【例2】For every cup of coffee you made, about two spoons of grounds end up in the waste. That doesn’t seem like a lot, but just think about the millions of coffees consumed around the world every single day, and you’ll see the problem. Sure, some of those coffee grounds are recycled as fertilizer to enrich the soil or beauty products like face masks, but most will be buried into the ground. It was while considering this issue that German product designer Julian Lecher came up with a new way of recycling coffee grounds–turning them into tableware.“We were always drinking coffee at university,” Lecher remembers. “And that’s how I started to wonder. What happens to all that coffee? It was all just getting thrown away. ” He began consulting with his professors about ways of using coffee grounds to create a solid material.“We tried combining with a lot of different things,” Lecher said, “We even tried sugar. That was close, but basically it was a candy cup. It just kept melting after being used three times. ” The whole point was to make it last long, so Lecher and his partners went back to the institute to continue their research. Finally, after many failed experiments, they came up with a mix of coffee grounds and a biopolymer（生物高聚物）that seemed to behavethe way Lecher had expected it.“The moment of knowing the cup would actually stand was super-exciting,” he recalls. “It was wonderful to drink that first coffee out of the cup. It proved to be totally worth the wait. ” And his creation has proven commercially successful, which is just the icing on the cake. The coffee cups are now present in ten shops across Europe, and the company can hardly keep up with demand, regularly selling out of its stock online.Lecher will soon launch a larger line of coffee grounds cups and also work on a travel mug. But those are just short-term plans, as Lecher hopes to one day use recycled coffee grounds to create all sort of useful stuff—like sheets and furniture in cafés and restaurants.31．What is the main idea of the passage? ________A．A new way of recycling coffee cups.B．Commercial success from consuming coffee.C．Recycling coffee grounds into stuff like coffee cups.D．Different product designers of recycling coffee grounds.【变式精练】Most penguins died after a huge iceberg grounded near their habitat in Antarctica, forcing them to make a long way to find food, scientists say in a newly published study. The B09B iceberg, measuring about 100 square kilometers, grounded in Commonwealth Bay in East Antarctica in December 2010, the researchers from Australia and New Zealand wrote in the “Antarctic Science” journal.The Adeline penguin population at the bay’s Cape Denison was measured to be about 160, 000 in February 2011 but by December 2013 it had decreased to about 10, 000, they said. The iceberg′s grounding meant the penguins had to walk more than 60 kilometers to find food, preventing their breeding attempts, said the researchers from the University of New South Wales’（UNSW）Climate Change Research Centre and New Zealand’s West Penguin Trust.“The Cape Denison population could disappear completely within 20 years unless B09B relocates or the fast ice within the bay breaks out,” they wrote in the research published in. Fast ice is sea ice which forms and stays along the coast. During their survey in December 2013, the researchers said “hundreds of abandoned eggs were noted, and the freeze-dried dead bodies of previous season’s little penguins lay everywhere on the ground.”“It’s strangely silent,” UNSW’s Chris Turnkey, who led the 2013 exploration, told the “Sydney Morning Herald Friday”. “The ones that we saw at Cape Denison were terribly low-spirited, almost unaware of your existence. The ones that are surviving are clearly struggling. They can hardly survive themselves, let alone give birth to the next generation. We saw lots of dead birds on the ground. ”In contrast, penguins living on the eastern edge of the bay just 8kilometers from the fast ice edge were full of vigor, the scientists said. The researchers said the study had important influence on the wider East Antarctic if the current situation of increasing sea ice continued. Sea ice around Antarctica is increasing, in contrast to the Arctic where global warming is causing ice to melt and icebergs to decrease. Scientists believe the growth in Antarctic sea ice is likely to be driven by changes in wind and local conditions before long.27．What’s the main idea of the passage? ________A．Global warming caused penguins’ death.B．Iceberg harmed penguins’ life.C．Penguins need more habitats.D．Antarctic extreme weather caused penguins’ death.考点三总结段落大意【例3】Breakthroughs in science and technology are paving the way for modern cities to support bigger populations. Now, we see the most exciting urban innovations to show you exactly how they’ll improve your city’s infrastructure （基础设施）.Lighting Up The NightAnthony Di Mari dreamed up an electric tree to help irrigate public parks and light them at night. These electric trees contain a special infill（填充物）that collects water from rainfall. The water is then distributed through a shallow underground irrigation system with the help from the trees’ swaying movement. An electric motor turns energy from the waving of the artificial trees into electricity, which is used to light up the trees’ outer LEDs.Thinking Outside The BoxAs more people flock to urban areas, city planners will need to get increasingly creative about how to satisfy residents’ health and transportation needs within decreasing available space. One way to achieve this is by updating infrastructure to support biking and walking by building suspended（悬浮的）roundabouts like hovering in the Netherlands. By lifting bicycle and pedestrian traffic above busy roadways, cities can significantly decrease over-crowded traffic condition.Waving Hello To Clean EnergyCities that don’t receive enough sunlight may find an attractive alternative in wave power. Since ocean waves rarely experience disruption（中断）, electric engines driven by their clockwork push-and-pull can reliably provide power throughout the year. Further, thanks to advances in wave power technology, engineers have been able to move wave power engines farther offshore, where the waves pack the most punch, making the engines extremely efficient. So in the future, heavily populated coastal cities may use wave to meet their energy needs.23．What does the author mainly tell us in the last paragraph? ________A．The advantages of wave power. B．The ways to use wave power.C．The future of wave power. D．The advances in wave power technology.【变式精练】What makes one person more intelligent than another? What makes one person a genius, like the brilliant Albert Einstein, and another person a fool? Are people born intelligent or stupid, or is intelligence the result of where and how you live? 16 .We know, however, that just being born with a good mind is not enough. In some ways, the mind is like a leg or an arm muscle. 17 Mental（done with the mind）exercise is particularly important for young children. Manychild psychologists think that parents should play with their children more often and give them problems to think about. 18 If, on the other hand, children are left alone a great deal with nothing to do, they are more likely to become dull and unintelligent.19 According to some psychologists, if parents are always telling a child that he or she is a fool or an idiot, then the child is more likely to keep doing silly and foolish things. So it is probably better for parents to say very positive（helpful）things to their children, such as “That was a very clever thing you did.” or “20 ”A．A healthy body contributes to one’s intelligence.B．Parents should also be careful with what they say to young children.C．What people want to express is like this.D．The children are then more likely to grow up bright and intelligent.E．These are very old questions and the answers to them are still not clear.F．It needs exercise.G．You are such a smart child.。