中国科学院+考博真题
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中科院物理所考博试题(固体物理)
固体物理试卷试卷一、第一部分：（在5题中选做4题，每题15分，共60分）简单回答下面的问题：1原胞与单胞有什么不同？何谓布拉菲格子？何谓倒格子？晶体的宏观对称性可以概括为多少点群？多少个晶系？这些晶系分别包括哪些布拉菲格子？什么是晶体、准晶体和非晶体？2原子之间的相联互作用是固体形成的基础，固体中共有哪几种原子结合方式？指出它们的共同特点和各自的特点。
3(a)怎样用能带论来理解导体、绝缘体、及半导体之间的区别（可以画图说明）？（b）在讨论磁场中电子的运动时，画图说明什么是k空间的类电子轨道、什么是类空穴轨道？什么是闭合轨道、什么是开放轨道？什么样的轨道对于德哈斯-范阿芬效应重要或对于磁阻效应重要？4任何固体物质中原子位置并不是固定的，它们在其平衡位置附近不停地振动。
其运动形式可用准粒子—声子来描述。
(a)简述声子的存在和模式对晶体的哪些物性产生明显影响。
(b)简述确定晶格振动谱的实验原理和方法。
5试推导面心和体心立方点阵的x射线衍射的系统消光规律。
第二部分：（在8题中选做5题，每题8分，共40分）1列出你所知道的几种金属—绝缘体相变的名称。
2超导体都有哪些主要的物理特征？3简单阐述物质顺磁性的来源。
4多晶体与单晶体的x射线衍射图有什么区别？5什么是施主杂质？什么是受主杂质？施主能级和受主能级有什么特点？6半导体材料可能发生哪几种光吸收过程？什么是半导体的本征吸收？7简述固溶体的类型。
8什么是系统的元激发？举出三个例子，指出它们服从玻色统计还是费米统计。
试卷二、（试题1—4为必作题，每题15分）（1）（a）固体中原子（或离子）的结合形式有哪几种？都有什么特点？为什么固体中原子（或离子）之间能保持一定的距离而不是无限靠近？（b）何谓晶体、准晶体及非晶体？它们的x光或电子衍射有何区别？(C)何谓布拉菲格子、晶体学点群、晶系和晶体学空间群？（2）已知一正交品系的晶胞参数为a、b、c，晶胞体积为v,(a)试写出其倒格矢，证明倒格子元胞体积v’= (2p)3/V，并画出第一布里渊区示意图。
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。
中科院考博真题
名词解释生物圈、气候、太阳辐射、降水、径流、风蚀作用、植物群落、土地退化、土壤剖面、地域分异规律简答1、气候变化2、基本地貌类型3、水量平衡4、成土学说5、生态系统的组分和结构论述1、试述地带性学说2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征名词解释矿物、地下水的总矿化度、季风、河流、地域分异规律、生物群落、对流层、土壤简答1、生物多样性的价值2、自然区划原则3、土壤的物质组成4、地球表面的基本特征5、影响地貌的形成因素论述1、陆地生态系统的主要类型2、自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系名词解释梅雨、基流、物候谱、山海经、光合潜力、焚风效应、超渗流、雅丹地貌、地域分异、地理大发现简答土壤侵蚀、尺度转化的概念和地理学意义、地理学发展方向名词解释变质作用、大气环流、风化作用、河流阶地、季风、降水强度、流量、生物多样性、土壤质地、纬度简答题1、气候形成的地理因子2、植被分类3、土壤的一般形态4、温室效应5、主要成土过程论述题1、试述地理地带性2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征简答题（10×3）1、自然区域划分原则2、成土学说3、地球表面的基本特征论述题1、陆地生态系统的主要类型（20）2、地球自转和公转的意义（20）3、中国的气候特征（30）中国科学院地理所博士入学考试试题1999年自然地理1.概述土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究及意义。
2.论述自然地域系统研究及其科学意义和应用前景。
3.试述黄河流域的主要环境问题及其管理。
4. 试述青藏高原作为我国一个独特地理单元的自然地理意义《自然地理学》2000年考试题1．关于自然地理学科发展；2．西部土地退化有哪几种类型3．西部开发面临的主要问题4．自然地域分界线（前两题为简答，后两题为论述）《自然地理学》2001年考试题一、简述种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、论述1. LUCC内容与进展2. 我国自然地理基本特征3. 温室效应与全球环境意义2001年自然地理学入学试题一．简答题1．构造地貌2．植物种群与植物群落3．水量平衡4．地理地带5．成土过程二．论述题1．中国自然地理环境的基本特征2．温室效应与全球变化3．土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究内容与进展《自然地理学》2002年考试题一、简述1.流水地貌2.水循环（或土壤地带性）3.生态系统（或生物多样性）（注，因是不同的人回忆的，有点差异，你都看看）二、论述1.简述我国自然地理地域性特征2.论述我国主要土地退化3.论述我国水问题自然地理2003一、种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、1.LUCC内容与进展2.我国自然地理基本特征3.温室效应与全球环境意义土地资源学2006土地资源学耕地保护的目标及其意义土地分类方法与步骤,,举例我国1:100万土地分类图分类体系FAO土地评价方法与美国土地潜力分级的特点与异同我国土地利用存在的问题和对策对<全国土地利用规划修编>的看法和建议2005年土地资源学：当前土地工作中的问题与对策自己设计一个土地相关课题，要研究路线，方法，创新美国和中国的分类体系适应性评价土地利用/土地覆被变化土地资源管理政策分析耕地保护现状问题对策，长效机制土地类型2001土地资源1.综合剖面制图方法（15）2.苏联、澳大利亚、中国土地分级系统（15）3.4.LUCC意义与内容（20）5.西部大开发战略中土地资源开发、利用、治理、保护问题（20）2002土地资源学1.简述土地资源研究中系列制图的综合制图与制图综合问题（10）2.简述联合国粮农组织的土地适宜性评价体系（15）3.简述土地质量指标体系研究中的PSR模型（15）4.论述土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的意义和主要内容（20）5.论述土地资源开发的结构和布局（20）6.论述我国耕地保护的意义、目标和主要措施（20）生态历年考题书：蔡晓明2001年考题：1.名词解释：种群、群落、水量平衡？2.简答、论述：碳循环、氮循环；以森林生态系统为例，描述一下能量流动过程；生态系统健康对全球变化的理解2002年考题1.生态系统健康2.生态系统生产力3.碳氮循环4.生态系统调控（正、负反馈）恢复生态学。
中科院应化所考博真题高等物理化学及答案
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二O一O年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题高等物理化学一、选择题〔每题2分，共40分〕1. 物质的量为n 的纯理想气体，该气体的哪一组物理量确定后，其他状态函数方有定值？〔〕〔A〕p 〔B〕V 〔C〕T,U 〔D〕T, p2. 273 K，10p 下，液态水和固态水〔即冰〕的化学势分别为μ(l) 和μ(s)，两者的关系为：〔〕(A) μ(l) >μ(s) (B) μ(l) = μ(s)(C) μ(l) < μ(s) (D) 不能确定3. 一封闭钟罩中放一杯纯水A 和一杯糖水B，静止足够长时间后发现：〔〕〔A〕 A 杯水减少, B 杯水满后不再变化〔B〕 A 杯水变成空杯，B 杯水满后溢出〔C〕B杯水减少, A 杯水满后不再变化〔D〕B杯水变成空杯，A杯水满后溢出4. 硫酸与水可形成H2SO4·H2O(s)、H2SO4·2H2O(s)、H2SO4·4H2O(s)三种水合物,问在101 325 Pa 的压力下，能与硫酸水溶液及冰平衡共存的硫酸水合物最多可有多少种( )(A) 3 种(B) 2 种(C) 1 种(D) 不可能有硫酸水合物与之平衡共存。
5. A 和B 可构成固溶体，在A 中，假设参加B 可使A 的熔点提高，那么B在此固溶体中的含量必_______ B 在液相中的含量。
( )(A) 大于(B) 小于(C) 等于(D)不能确定6. 反响2NH3= N2+ 3H2在等温条件下，标准平衡常数为0.25，那么，在此条件下，氨的合成反响(1/2) N2+(3/2) H2= NH3的标准平衡常数为：( )(C) 2 (D) 17. 在一定温度和压力下，对于一个化学反响，能用以判断其反响方向的是：( )(A) Δr G m(B) K p(C) Δr G m(D) Δr H m8. (1) 处于标准态的CO2(g) 和O2 (g)，其标准燃烧焓值为零(2) 因为Δr G m= -RT ln K p，而K p是由平衡时的组成表示的，所以Δr G m表示平衡时产物的吉布斯自由能与反响物的吉布斯自由能之差(3) 水在25℃, p 下蒸发，求算熵变的公式为ΔS m=(ΔH m-ΔG m)/ T(4) 在恒温，恒压下可逆电池反响，求算熵变的公式为Δr S m= Δr H m/ T上述说法正确的选项是：〔〕(A) 1 , 2(B) 2 , 3(C) 1 , 3(D) 3 , 49.对于催化剂特征的描述，哪一点是不正确的：〔〕(A)催化剂不能实现热力学上不可能实现的反响.(B)催化剂有“中毒〞现象。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
华慧网
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Part II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.I am still recovering from a daunting challenge: to speak about “popular sciences writing” to a conference of literary theorists. This has led me to ask just what such science writing is about. The great immunologist (and the science writer) Peter Medawar 21 analyzed what he called the “fraudulent” 22 of scientific research papers. He showed how they 23 the messy reality of doing research by a 24 as rigid in form as a sonnet, with 25 use of the passive voice, and formal division 26 Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion, 27 denying the accident, failure and serendipity which characterizes most lab work.That’s 28 sometimes science fiction does it better. The more I think about the nature of popular science writing, the more I become 29 that, despite the best of 30, it too is somewhat of a fraud.So what was responsible for the boom in popular science books? Go back to the 1960s and early 1970s and you will find the books people wanted to read were about sociology, politics, Marxism, feminism, revolution in general. The mood was that 31 we understood society, we could change the world. When chose hopes 32 out in the gloomier 1980s, it seemed the world could not be changed so 33. And if it couldn’t perhaps the natural sciences, 34 the new biology, could explain why. Books on genetics and evolution 35 the old bestsellers.21. A. just B. later C. once D then22. A. repute B. nature C. quality D content23. A. exposed B. substituted C. reproduced D disguised24. A. style B. manner C. stand D mode25. A. faithful B. successful C. tasteful D careful26. A. for B. into C. with D over27. A. thereby B. without C. despite D wherein28. A. whether B. where C. when D why29. A. enlightened B. acknowledged C. convinced D realized30. A. attempts B. intentions C. promotions D endeavors31. A. because B. before C. though D if32. A. boomed B. lingered C. waned D loomed33. A. willingly B. easily C. natured D radically34. A. above all B. in all C. after all D for all35. A. outnumbered B. cornered C. replace D dominatedPart III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passage you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choice marked A, B C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or complete the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneIt is a common error to imagine that a barking dog is threatening you. He may be making a loud noise that appears to be aimed directly at you, but this is misleading. For the bark is a canine "alert call" and is meant for other members of the pack, including the human pack to which he belongs.In the wild it has two effects: it caused puppies to take cover and hide, and it arouses adults to assemble for action. In human terms it is rather like the sounding of a bell, beating of a gong, or blowing of a horn to announce that ‘someone is approaching the gates’ of a fortress. The alarm does not yet tell us whether the arrivals are friends or foes, but it ensures that necessary precautions can be taken. This is why loud barking may greet the arrival of a domestic dog's master, as well as the intrusion of a burglar. Out-and-out attack is, by contrast, completely silent. The fearlessly aggressive dog simply rushes straight at you and bites.Demonstrations of police dogs attacking men pretending to be fleeing criminals confirm this. As the man with the heavily padded arm runs away across the field and the police dog is released by its handler, there is no barking, no sound at all. The silent bounding of the big dog quickly ends with it clamping its jaws on to the padded arm and clinging on tightly.Fleeing is equally silent. The dog trying desperately to escape keeps quiet as it runs off quickly into the distance. V ocalizations are essentially indications of conflict or frustration. The fact that they nearly always accompany aggressive encounters with dogs means simply that even the most hostile of canines is usually afraid. The complete silence of the all-out attack of the police dog is less common than the snarling attack. Snarling, with the lips drawn back to display the canine teeth, is typical of the dog which is strongly aggressive and only mildly fearful. The slight tinge of fear is what converts the silent attack into the snarling one, but this is not a dog to be taken lightly. The urge to attack is still much too strong in relation to the urge to escape. A snarling dog is a postman's nightmare.。