高中英语语法精讲：基本句子结构之句子成分

句子成分

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。1）主语（subject)

一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。比如：

1. The room is very clean. （名词）

2. We often speak English. （代词）

3. To teach them English is my job.（动词不定式）

4. Swimming is good for our health. (动名词）

5. What we need is food. （从句）

6. The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)

2）谓语(predicate)

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”，“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词，体现时态和语态，一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如： He practices running every morning.

2、复合谓语：

a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。

如：He can speak English.

b. 助动词：帮助构成时态和语态，不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。

He doesn't like speaking Chinese.

I have seen the film before.

He didn't finish his homework last night.

3) 表语(predicative)

表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样，它一般位于系动词之后，构成主系表结构，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。

常见的系动词：

1. 表状态：be

2. 表感官：look, sound, smell, taste, feel

3. 表变化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go

4. 表持续,保持：keep, remain, stay

5. 表似乎,像：seem，appear

例子：划线部分均为表语：

•1. I am a teacher. （名词）

•2. I am ten. （数词）

•3. He became rich and successful. （形容词）

•4. They are at home now. （介词短语）

4）宾语（object）

宾语：表示动作所涉及的对象，内容或承受者。

宾语的种类：动宾：动词+宾语介宾：介词+宾语

例子：划线部分为宾语。

1. He is playing the piano.（名词）

2. He often helps me.（代词）

3. He likes to watch TV. (动词不定式）

4. He likes watching TV. （动词ing)

5）宾语补足语

英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。例子：划线部分为宾语补足语

1. We called him Dongming.（名词）

2. We saw him playing soccer. （现在分词）

3. We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)

4. We found math difficult.（形容词）

6) 状语(adverbial)

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。

1. Tom runs quickly.

2. I get up at six every day.

3. I play soccer very well.

4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.

5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.

6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework.

7）双宾语：IO +DO

直接宾语：在动词后所跟的双宾语中，表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object（简称“直宾”），表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)。

1.He read us the text.

→ He read the text to us.

2.My sister wrote me a letter.

→ My sister wrote a letter to me.

3.Henry teaches us English.

→ Henry teaches English to us.

4.My mother bought me a watch.

→ My mother bought a watch for me.

5.Her mother made her a cake.

→ Her mothe r made a cake for her.

简单句的基本句型结构

简单句：英语中简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。

英文的基本句型有五种，它们是：

A.主语+ 系动词+ 表语（SVP）

B.主语+ 动词（SV）

C.主语+ 动词+ 宾语（SVO）

D.主语+ 动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语（SVOO）

E.主语+ 动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语（SVOC）