英国兴衰的论文
英国的兴衰英语作文
The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe history of the British Empire is a tale of remarkable rise and fall, spanning over five centuries. From a small island nation, Britain emerged as a global power, dominating trade, politics, and culture across the globe. However, the empire's decline was also swift and devastating, leaving a lasting impact on the world.**The Rise of the British Empire**The early history of Britain was marked by conflict and instability. However, by the 16th century, the country had begun to consolidate its power, thanks to the establishment of the Royal Navy and the colonization of far-flung territories. Britain's geographical location, situated between Europe and the Americas, made it a natural hub for trade and exploration.The 17th and 18th centuries saw the apex of Britain's imperial ambitions. The country engaged in a series of wars, known as the Age of Discovery, to expand its territory and influence. These wars resulted in the acquisition of vast tracts of land, including India, Australia, and much ofAfrica. Britain's economic might grew with the establishment of trade routes and colonies, which provided raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods.**The Fall of the British Empire**However, the empire's decline began in the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, which had begun in Britain, had spread to other countries, challenging the country's economic supremacy. The cost of maintaining the empire became increasingly burdensome, and the population of the colonies began to resist British rule.The two world wars in the 20th century further eroded Britain's power. The country's resources were stretched to the limit, and its global influence waned. The end of the Cold War marked the final nail in the coffin of the British Empire, as the country was forced to accept the reality of its diminished status.**The Legacy of the British Empire**Despite its decline, the British Empire left an indelible mark on the world. The languages, culture, and institutions of Britain have had a profound influence oncountries across the globe. The empire's legacy can be seen in the common law system, the parliamentary system of government, and the English language, which is spoken by millions of people worldwide.The rise and fall of the British Empire is a powerful reminder of the fleeting nature of power and influence. While the empire may no longer exist in its former glory,the impact of its legacy continues to be felt across the globe.**英国帝国的兴衰**英国帝国的历史是一部令人瞩目的兴衰史,跨越了五个多世纪。
历史小论文题目
历史专业论文题目本科生论文题目(赵兴胜)1.近代中国的经济学家(群体或个体的研究)2.近代中国的大学校长(群体或个体的研究)3.近代中国的公务员待遇研究4.近代中国教师待遇问题研究5.近代中国军人待遇问题研究6.近代中国的学费问题研究7.民国时代上层社会生活问题研究(资本家、政府高官、世家大族的财富收支、家庭教育、婚丧嫁娶等等)本科毕业论文题目(杨加深)1.中国书法歌诀研究――草书(今草)2.中国书法歌诀研究――篆书3.中国书法歌诀研究――章草4.中国书法歌诀研究――版平本科毕业论文题目(胡新生)1.周代的食物与食礼研究2.汉代的食物与食礼研究3.战国时代的心理分析成就4.刘台拱研究本科毕业论文题目(李巍)1.加拿大联邦制的建立2.加拿大走向独立的宪政道路3.加拿大多元文化政策的历史渊源本科毕业论文题目(徐畅)1.抗战时期中共的对外宣传2.抗战时期国民政府的对外宣传3.图像里的历史——以近代某一时期政治漫画为中心4.国民情绪与近代中国外交(以某一事件为中心)5.国民情绪与近代中国政治(以某一事件为中心)6.近代民族危机与史学使命7.近代“社会公平”思想与“平均主义”思想辨析8.孙中山晚年思想再研究9.陈独秀晚年思想再研究10.胡绳晚年思想再研究本科毕业论文题目(牛淑萍)1.试论我国文化贸易的现状及对策2.试述文化资源开发利用过程中存在的问题及对策3.试论19与20世纪之交远东国际格局的变化本科毕业论文题目(晁中辰)1、论明初的对外政策2、明清时期的海外移民3、明清谏议制度研究4、本科毕业论文题目(董宝讯)1.农业学大寨运动评析2.评《“文化大革命”十年史》.3.“大跃进”时期社会心态研究本科毕业论文题目(周晓瑜)1.龚自珍史学思想研究2.黄宗羲历史批判思想3.欧阳修《正统论》分析4.论班固本科毕业论文题目(张熙惟)1、金代史学家王若虚史学思想评价。
2、元代学者张起岩史学思想评价。
3、清代史学家马骕史学思想评价。
大国崛起激情岁月论文200
大国崛起激情岁月论文200《大国崛起》前言部分有这样的描述“15世纪以来,葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、英国、法国、德国、日本、俄罗斯、美国这九个先后崛起的国家,在历史兴衰和发展方面具有典型的意义。
阐述其发展历史,探寻其发展轨迹,总结其经验教训,对于今天的中国尤其大有裨益。
”这就对本书的高度总结和概括。
《大国崛起》一书以“九大国”的兴衰为主线,剖析其兴盛的背景和原因,并通过大国崛起探究其对世界历史及整个社会发展的深远影响。
为讨论国家发展问题提供了可借鉴的历史资源和文明资源。
全书展示了九国通过不同方式、在不同时期内完成的强国历程,既体现出各自鲜明的不可重复的时代特征和民族个性,同时也探讨了某些相通的规律。
在中国全力争取和平崛起,大国复兴的战略发展时期,此书具有非凡的感召力和时代性。
激发了读者对中国崛起强盛的希望和激情,这也就是我喜欢这部作品的主要原因之一。
15世纪以来,人类社会的发展进入了一个新的阶段,原先割裂的世界开始真正意义上地连成了一个整体,彼此隔膜的世界各国开始相互认识和了解,也展开了相互的竞争。
在近现代以来的世界舞台上,九大国家应运时代的需要以不同的方式迅速崛起。
通过本书不难发现,本来西方大国的定义并不是以国土和人口的大小或多少来衡量,他们之间都或多或少的有着一定的共同之处:第一,曾经有过(或正在经历)对外扩张的历史或以进行殖民统治的方式达到称霸世界的目的;第二,曾经经历_封建王权或殖民统治的资产阶级革命;第三,就是在工业、科技、教育、文化、军事和社会改革方面有过突出表现或对世界近代历史的发展曾经产生过重大影响。
总之,《大国崛起》一书带给人们的思考是多方面的。
五百年来九个世界性大国的兴衰更替启迪人们:崛起,以前瞻性的眼光瞄准事物变化趋势,立足创造性地化解难题,促进生产力飞跃发展的过程。
进入二十世纪后,寻求摆脱危机的良策,保持持续、良好的发展态势,则是崛起的必然要求。
历史昭示我们,在机遇和挑战并存的重要历史时期,只有世界所有国家紧密团结起来,共同把握机遇、应对挑战,才能为人类社会发展创造光明的未来,才能真正建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界”。
英国兴衰的论文
On the Rise and Fall of Great BritainID: 2010211926Name: Sherry / 张旸Score:Class: 5摘要:英国的兴衰史犹如抛弧线一般,从一个不起眼的岛国逐渐发展到崛起到达到顶峰最后又逐渐衰落并回到欧洲,回到开始的地方——大西洋上的岛国。
在这起起伏伏的历程中,风云变化,一切都不可预测,万物瞬息变化。
到底是什么导致了它的起伏,是日益聚集的国家意识,是集中统一的王权,是暴力的革命,是生产力的大解放,还是战争?也许这一切都是,又或许它们只是冰山一角。
本文将从三个方面来论述英国兴衰的过程并探究其中的因果关系:英国的崛起,顶峰,到回到欧洲。
最后从文化中的创新和保守对制度的行与废产生的影响出发,总结全篇。
在英国的崛起过程中,本文强调国家意识的形成和统一国家在这个过程中的作用。
毫无疑问的是,英国的封建统治在一定程度上确实为其资本主义的发展创造了条件,起到了铺垫的作用。
其中,对商业贸易和海外殖民的扩张政策的鼓励尤为突出。
当然,因为本身的民族特点,它在崛起中始终保持着中立与欧洲内陆的外交政策。
这些在崛起到到达顶峰的转折过程中都不同程度上发挥着不可替代的作用。
在英国的顶峰时期,本文侧重于两个表现:“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”。
“日不落帝国”是其殖民统治发展到顶峰的表现,也是它在政治上走出欧洲,站立世界的表现,当然也为后文介绍它的衰落做了一个铺垫。
“世界工厂”,毫无疑问,点明了它在经济上取得的巨大成就。
借此本文进一步探究了英国生产力发展的原因——资产阶级革命和工业革命。
在英国回到欧洲的现状里,本文侧重讲解由于帝国的衰落,殖民地的丧失以及固有文化的保守性而导致英国的衰落。
而它衰落的过程又无一不体现在两次世界大战中,之后英国便沦为二流国家。
这一切归因于文化中的创新与保守在制度行与废上作用。
Abstract:Britain's prosperity and decline history is just like throws the arc to some extent-----develops gradually from a commonplace island country to thecrest,and then gradually declines, finally returns to Europe, returns to the place - - Atlantic's island country,from which it starts. In this fluctuation's course, the wind and cloud changes, all may not predict that myriad things twinkling change.What has caused its fluctuation, is national consciousness which gathers day by day, or is the centralism unified royal power, or is the violence revolution, or is emancipation of productivity , or is it a war? Perhaps they all played a role, or perhaps they were only the tips of the iceberg.This article will elaborate the British prosperity and decline process from three aspects : Britain's rising, the crest, returning to Europe. Simultaneously, it will find out its deep causes behind the surface . At length , it will make a summary on the basis of the influence of its cultural conservatism and creativeness which affected whether the policy was applied or not .On the growth of Great Britain , the article emphasizes the fundamental function of the national consciousness and the unified country . Undoubtedly , Britain's feudal rule, to a certain extent,has created the condition for its capitalism's development and played an upholstery role. Among them, promotion of the development of trade and industry and the encouragement of overseas expansion are outstanding because of their great influence . Of course, foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe is maintaining throughout of the growth owing to its national and cultural characteristics . All of those could not be replaced in the history due to their tremendous benefits on the development of Great Britain.On the prosperity, it attaches great importance to the two aspects :"the Sun-Never-Setting Empire" and "workshop of the world " . The former one indicated its top colonial rule in the world , as the same time , it showed that Britain had walked out of Europe and stood out in the world. Surely , it also foreshadowed the decline of Britain because of its empire . "workshop of the world " reflected its great achievement on the economy ,which led us to think over its causes :The English Bourgeois Revolution and The Industrial Revolution.On the Europe's present situation , this article stresses the explanation as a result of the empire decline, colony forfeit as well as the inherent cultural conservative nature on Britain's decline. But its decline manifests in two world wars, afterward Britain then degenerates into the second-class country. All in all , the cultural creativeness and conservatism plays great role in the application and the abandonment of policy .Key words: growth--prosperity--back to Europe creativeness--conservatismContentI Growth of England1.1The English Nation AwarenessThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain , Northern Ireland , and a number of smaller islands around them . That is to say , U.K is a island country in the Atlantic ocean , with a population of about 56 million and a total area of some 240000 square kilometres . It is a very small country in the sense of its area and population. But just as this island country , it first stood in the forest of nations , leaving us a trail of questions to evaluate and think about the reason .As far as I am concerned , in the light of community and peoples , nation awareness takes the priority over other reasons and becomes one of its foundation of strong nation . It is the nation awareness that makes people unite as a whole and fight as an one , which , undoubtedly , will be of great benefit for nation power and country prosperity . I will explain it in the following parts .Dating back to ancient times , it was more like a history of being invaded and plundered. For instance, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar , invades England in the first century B.C.. In the first century A.D., the Roman army invaded it for the second time. After that , invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England . Finally came to Anglo-Saxons , who helped English fight against its enemy ,but refused to go and settled down finally . It was not an end of invasion . There came a new wave of invasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Britain . It was an invasion by the Danes from North Europe. What should be emphasized is that those invaded Britain not at the same time . They came stringing along for more than one hundred and fifty years, a few boatloads at a time . Each batch of invaders had a chieftain or king, so England at that time was divided into many kingdoms .Though warring and fighting , the number of kingdoms was gradually reduced and finally all England was united under one king .The reduction of kingdoms takes a very small part of wakening nation awareness . It was the Hundred Y ears' War between England and France that made a big difference of nation awareness . Briefly speaking , because of the appearance of Parliament , the England gradually developed into a strong nation and the bourgeoisie had gained more say on state affairs. Since trade was still the main source of wealth for the new-born bourgeoisie , it certainly desired to expand markets while the nobility was covetous of rich land on the Continent . During about the same time , France had also become a strong state. It also wanted t enlarge its spheres of influence. Hence the conflict between these two countries along with the English king's desire to regain lost territory led to the Hundred Y ears' War.The result of the war deprived the English king of his possessions on the continent . But it wakened the nation awareness in the English people's mind . After losing their territory on the continent, the ruling Normans began to regard England as their home and think of themselves as belonging to the English nation.From then on , the English people did not take "England" just as a name of geography for granted , they knew they were different from those states in the continent . They were civilians of the same country . That meant a lot . That is to say , they were not separated as thousand but united as an one , no matter what they were going to pursue or what they were to confront with , they would be bound up together for their common interests and the future of their generations . As the saying of President Lincoln "united as we stand , divided as we fall ." . That is the magic of nation awareness --- Unity.1.2 Concentration of State PowerAs I have mentioned , in the Hundred Y ears' War , the nation awareness has been increased greatly , simultaneously , as the end of the Wars of theRoses came to the new age in English history . Simply speaking , the war has greatly reduced the power of nobles and destroyed many big feudal households , hence , the position of the Tudor Monarchy , which ascended the throne in the person of King Henry VII, was greatly strengthened . The advantages of this were the concentration of state power , which , in the other hand , was of benefit to the Growth of England . We can have a short look from its policies .●Promotion of the development of trade and industry●Foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe●Encouragement of piracy●Encouragement of overseas expansionThose policies played a great role in the growth of England , not only in international market , but also in the accumulation of wealth . It helped to prepare the conditions for the establishment of the capitalist mode of production in England and need for capitalist development .T aken the two factors into consideration , the Tudor Monarchy served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English history . It prepared soil for a centralized government and helped the increase of bourgeoisie .1.3 TransitionWith the awareness of nation and the concentration of power, the England has come to its new stage . At that stage, many adventures had happened , among which we should pay attention to three events related three aspects of its growth . That is the fast development of clothing industry,the discovery of New Lands and the Renaissance in England .●Development of clothingOwing to its warm moist climate and lush grasslands, the clothing industry has developed rapidly , under the ruling of the Tudor Monarchy . What shouldbe emphasized is that the clothing industry showed its capitalist nature -----Property right was separated from production and labour was divided into several parts . Its development encouraged other industries growth and renewed the national economy . The immediate industry was the sheep-farming industry ,which ,directly aroused the appearance of Enclosures .Tudor Monarchy did not forbid the action , on the contrary , in some degree , promoted the development of clothing industry and the Enclosures . It is the transition from attachment of mercantilism to industry. As a result , the accumulation of capital rapid . A new class , the capitalist class , was growing rapidly .●Discovery of New LandsWith the development of commodity production and international trade , England felt the impact resulting from the shortage of gold and silver , as well as the market. They desperately need to strength the links with Asia and else where .But the traditional routes from Europe to Asia were cut off because of the robbery started by the Mongols and the Turks who captured Constantinople in 1453. In order to solve the problem , during the 15th century and 16th century , many explorers flocked from Europe to Asia and America.The discovery of New Lands and adventurous voyages enlarged man's field of vision and broke the old traditional mentality, speeding up social and economic development . During this time , the England has increased its social stature around the world . It is the transition of the beginning of the world power and nation statures .●Renaissance in EnglandThe Renaissance was not started in the England firstly, and , to some degree , it came to England very late compared to European countries . It was during the Tudor Monarchy that Renaissance finally found its way to England and played a great role in the mental field of English . As a matter of fact, TudorMonarchy supported and witnessed the spreading of the Renaissance .The Renaissance was a great emancipation movement in the spiritual world. It attached great importance to the human happiness and power . From that on , people discovered their creative power and began to believe that man could make wonders through their own efforts. And they had the right to enjoy beauty in the life and strive to make it happier . It is the transition of humans knowledge and beliefs .1.4 ConflictGenerally speaking , the England has gradually grown and everything has been prepared for its prosperity but the feudalism . Even though the Tudor Monarchy seemed done much to its capitalism development, its descent chose an upright down road , which leaves us a trail of imagination of the future .II The Prosperity of EnglandAs we have discussed in the previous parts, the nation awareness ,the unity of a British kingdom and the polices during the Tudor Monarchy have prepared soil for the development of England , but its peak time is not coming yet , until the Industrial Revolution. Of course , there are more reasons contributing to its prosperity . In the following parts, we will continue discussing about some important events in the British history , together with analyses behind the surface .This part will be divided into three small parts---the English Bourgeois Revolution ,Industrial Revolution , the expansion of colonization .The English Bourgeois Revolution , politically , ended the feudalism and started the establishment of capital management . While the Industrial Revolution , basically , promoted the productivity , which absolutely has an entire impact on its society both politically and economically ,as long as culturally . The expansion of colonization , is the direct reason of being a sun-never-setting empire . Its influence will be discussed in the following part, owing to its immediate relationship with England decline .2.1 The English Bourgeois RevolutionIt broke out in the 17th century. On one hand , the Wars of the Roses , the Enclosures, the Reformation and the geographical discovery of the New World had greatly weakened the feudal noble class and sped up "primitive accumulation of capital". On the other hand , the relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie became worse after the Elizabeth's reign .James I was capable , knowledge , vigorous and energetic but very despotic . His "Diving Right of Kings " was not good for the development of capitalism . He alienated himself from so many people that class contradictions became acute and complicated because of his behaviours and stubborn beliefs . But yet , he managed his reign . However , after his death , Charles I was not that lucky like his father , JameI. Charles I was incapable , stubborn , war-like , despotic and tyranny . During those years , economic conditions were deteriorating. Finally , the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out .The revolution was not soothing but complicated . Until the parliament declared the throne vacant and proclaimed Williarm and Mary t be joint sovereign . This is called Glorious Revolution . As a matter of fact , this marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in the England . After that , the main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion .2.2 the Industrial RevolutionStarting in the textile industry in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution is an emancipation of productivity . It began after the Bourgeois Revolution ,partly because the Britain focused its effort on economic development . It means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes which transformed Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into a mainly urban and manufacturing one.As a matter of fact , the Industrial Revolution changed the whole England , ranging from the industrial transition to the social life and culture . But at thispart , we focus more on the production capacity . After the revolution , England was entitled as the "workshop of the world " . English products flooded the world market . At that time , no country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century . And this is what I called "Peak".2.3 the Sun-Never-Setting EmpireThe Industrial Revolution had greatly promoted its productivity . More factories had been built . More goods had been produced . But capital class found it hard to make them satisfied because of the shortage of market . What's more, with the application of machines , the higher unemployment gave birth to the viewpoint that Britain was overpopulated . So the expansion of colony was put on the table . As a result , England tried everything they could to expense its colony . It suppressed the revolt of the Canadians , started the Opium War against China in 1840,fought the Russians in the crimea War, and took over the control in India and so forth . At that time , England was named "the Sun-Never-Setting Empire". This is another evidence that England had reached its peak .2.4 Party's polityPolitically , England reached its peak because of being the first country of Party's polity . If we call America as the top powerful country in the world nowadays , then we could call Britian as a leader at that time .III Back to EuropeWe have discussed the growth and prosperity in the previous parts , and we will discus its decline in the following parts .Owing to its culture , Britain people are conservative. This character does no good when it comes to reforming and apply new theory . When the second industrial revolution took place, Britain was too addicted into its previous success and its glory , thus it did not catch the opportunity well . What's more , the sun-never-setting empire pulled its pace back due to the complexity of colonies and the extend of power control . Finally , it became a burden of itsdevelopment because Britain thought it could rely on the colonies and achieved what other countries did . T o some degree , it is true , but just in short terms.The War I and War II proved the decline of Britain. After that , Britain became the second-classed developed country , even nowadays .During its growth , Britain started to walk out of itself and the Europe ; at its peak, Britain dominated the world and became the leader of the world ; now, it came back to Europe and itself .IV Conclusion and ReflectionThroughout the Rise and Fall of Great Britain, there is a rule all over its history . The rule is conservatism and creativeness . When we view the history , we could find that during its growth and prosperity , it is the creativeness that lead its development . Its obvious application was the policies' establishment and abandonment . While during its decline , it is the conservatism that played the big picture . Similarly , we could find clues in the application of new theory .Studying the history will help us find our own way of developing and adjusting as we could learn lessons from it ,whether it is a success or failure . According to the rise and fall of Britain ,what we should do , as a developing country at the challenge and opportunity filling stage , is to catch the opportunity and encourage reforming and study new theory . On in this way can we pace with fast developing world and make a difference right now and in the future .Reference:An Outline Introduction to Britain and America 河南第二新华印刷厂印刷1995年11月第三版第1页到212页论文参考“英国兴衰的启示:制度创新的行与废”张玲玲/姜守明论文页数190~193页2006年2006月论文网/paper_22125841/ 《英国:从称霸世界到回归欧洲》刘成、刘金源和吴庆宏(三秦出版社,2005年5月版)。
浅析英国重商主义的兴衰及其影响-西方经济学说史期末论文
浅析英国重商主义的兴衰及其影响学院:商学院专业:国际经济与贸易学号:1102013046姓名:张珂时间:2013.06摘要本文主要概述重商主义的基本思想及其产生的历史条件;论述近代英国重商主义的兴盛与主要政策;分析近代英国重商主义的衰落及其原因;论述重商主义对英国的影响。
本文的结论是:重商主义是时代的产物。
它对当时英国社会经济的巨大发展产生了积极而深刻的影响。
重商主义的某些正确观点亦不无借鉴意义。
关键词:英国;重商主义;影响目录一、引言 (4)二、重商主义的基本思想及其产生的历史条件 (4)三、近代英国重商主义的兴盛与主要政策 (4)(一)英国重商主义政策的背景 (4)(二)英国的重商主义政策 (5)四、近代英国重商主义的衰落及其原因 (6)(一)重商主义的衰落 (6)(二)英国重商主义衰落的原因 (7)五、重商主义对英国的影响 (7)六、结语 (7)一、引言重商主义是西欧封建社会向资本主义过渡时期的社会经济。
政治和文化等领域所发生的一系列深刻变化的产物。
它既是一种经济学说,更是一种政策体系。
重商主义认为金银货币是唯一的财富,是衡量国家财富和经济发展的标准,也是推动经济发展的唯一动力。
重商主义是16世纪中叶到17世纪中叶遍及西欧各国的主流思潮和基本国策,是西方市场经济理论的萌芽。
但由于各国情况特别是资本主义发展程度的不同,重商主义在各国的表现和发展特色各异。
最早走上资本主义发展道路的国家之一的英国,受其国内外一系列条件的影响,从近代初期始逐渐走到西欧各国的前列,重商主义不仅是其奉行的基本国策,更使英国成为重商主义理论和实践具有代表性的国度。
由于英国的重商主义具有典型形态,因此,深入考察英国重商主义的发展轨迹及影响,对于准确理解和把握近代英国成功的秘密,具有重要的意义。
而且,英国的经验对于我国建设具有中国特色的社会主义也不无借鉴意义。
二、重商主义的基本思想及其产生的历史条件重商主义(Mercantilism)是指西欧封建制度解体和资本主义生产方式萌芽及形成时期,代表商业资产阶级利益的经济学说和政策体系。
英国的兴衰英语作文
英国的兴衰英语作文(中英文实用版)Title: The Rise and Fall of BritainThe history of Britain is a tale of peaks and valleys, a journey filled with remarkable achievements and significant challenges.From its early beginnings as a small island nation, to its heyday as a global imperial power, to its present-day role as a leading member of the European Union, Britain"s story is one of constant transformation and adaptation.In the 15th and 16th centuries, England began to establish itself as a major player on the international stage.The Tudor dynasty, particularly Henry VIII, played a crucial role in this process by securing territorial gains and establishing a strong central government.The Elizabethan era, which followed, was a golden age for the nation, marked by economic prosperity, exploration, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.The 17th century saw the development of a global empire, as Britain colonized vast territories in North America, the Caribbean, and India.The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, propelled the nation to even greater heights of power and influence.With the advent of new manufacturing techniques and the expansion of railways, Britain became the world"s leading industrial nation, exporting its goods across the globe.However, the 20th century was a period of significant upheaval forBritain.The two World Wars exacted a heavy toll on the nation, both economically and culturally.The end of the Second World War saw the beginning of the decline of the British Empire, as many of its colonies gained independence.The Suez Crisis in 1956 was a particularly humbling moment for the once-vaunted empire.In the second half of the 20th century, Britain faced new challenges as it grappled with economic decline and social change.The post-war period saw the creation of a welfare state, the expansion of education, and the rise of a consumer culture.However, it also saw the nation struggle with high inflation, labor disputes, and the Troubles in Northern Ireland.In the early 21st century, Britain faced new challenges, including the 2008 financial crisis and the 2016 Brexit referendum, which resulted in the nation voting to leave the European Union.These events have sparked debates about the future of British democracy, the nature of its identity, and its role in the world.In conclusion, the history of Britain is a complex and multifaceted narrative, marked by both triumph and adversity.Its rise and fall as a global power is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its people, as well as the constant shifts in global politics and economics.As Britain continues to navigate the challenges of the modern world, its past serves as a valuable lesson in the importance of unity, innovation, andinternational cooperation.。
围绕英国现代运河兴衰及经验教训的作文
围绕英国现代运河兴衰及经验教训的作文《运河的兴衰史》哎呀妈呀,说起英国那些老运河,我可是有一大堆故事要讲!这些运河啊,就像咱们中国的长城一样,历史悠久,见证了无数的变迁。
但是呢,它们也经历了不少风风雨雨,有的甚至因为种种原因而消失不见了。
今天,我就来给大家讲讲英国的运河是怎么从兴盛到衰败,再到重获新生的故事。
话说在工业革命那会儿,英国可真是热闹非凡,到处都是机器轰鸣的声音。
人们为了运输货物,开始修建了许多运河。
这些运河就像是一条条大动脉,把各地的资源和市场紧密地连接起来。
一时间,英国的经济就像开了挂一样,飞速发展。
好景不长。
随着科技的进步和交通方式的改变,传统的运河运输逐渐失去了优势。
人们开始更多地依赖铁路和公路,不再需要那么长的水路。
这样一来,许多原本繁忙的运河变得冷清了起来,甚至有的运河因为长期无人问津而慢慢干涸了。
不过呢,这并没有让英国人放弃对运河的热爱。
他们开始反思,为什么自己的运河会落得如此田地?是不是可以借鉴其他国家的经验,让运河重新焕发生机?于是,他们开始着手修复那些已经干涸的运河,同时引进新的技术和理念,让运河变得更加智能和环保。
就这样,英国的运河慢慢地又开始恢复了往日的繁华。
它们不仅成为了城市景观的一部分,还成为了人们休闲娱乐的好去处。
有时候,我走在运河边,看着那些古老的船只在水面上缓缓行驶,心里就感觉特别踏实。
当然了,英国的运河也不是一帆风顺的。
它们也曾遇到过各种困难和挑战,比如环境污染、水资源短缺等等。
但正是这些困难,让它们变得更加坚韧和智慧。
每当我看到那些努力工作的运河工人,我就深深地感到敬佩。
他们用自己的双手和智慧,为这座城市的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
总的来说,英国的运河虽然经历了很多波折,但它们最终还是成功地走出了困境,成为了英国文化的重要组成部分。
我想,这也是我们每个人都应该学习的吧——无论遇到什么困难,都要勇敢地去面对,去克服,最后一定能够取得成功。
好了,今天的分享就到这里啦。
大国兴衰论文-V1
大国兴衰论文-V1大国兴衰论文作为一个国家,能否崛起和维持强盛地位不仅关乎政治和军事实力,同样重要的还有经济发展和文化影响力。
本文将从历史和现实两个方面,分别探讨大国兴衰的原因和影响。
一、历史上的大国兴衰1.政治和军事实力历史上的大国往往都拥有强大的政治和军事实力。
例如古代的中国、罗马帝国等都曾经是在政治上居于至高地位,而且它们强大的军事实力也为其扩张了疆域和维护了国家的安全。
2.经济发展另外,经济的发展也是一个国家能否强大的关键因素。
历史上的一些大国如荷兰、英国和美国等都曾经发展起了强大的经济体,从而成为其中的佼佼者。
3.文化影响力在文化影响力方面,历史上的一些大国也曾经拥有过强大的影响力,例如古希腊、古印度和中国等。
它们的文化不仅在当时得到了广泛传播,而且也对后世产生了深远的影响。
二、现实中的大国兴衰1.政治和军事实力现代国家的政治和军事实力也是其强大与否的重要因素。
在这方面,美国一直是世界上的强国之一,其在全球范围内的军事基地和政治影响力都得到了广泛的认可。
而一些国家如中国和俄罗斯也在近年来得到了更多的关注和具有更多的话语权。
2.经济发展经济的发展一直是现代国家的重要标志之一,目前世界排名前列的国家一般都拥有着强大的经济实力。
例如,中国近年来的经济增长一直都在受到国际社会的高度关注,而美国作为全球经济体最为发达的国家,则更是在全球经济中具有不可替代的地位。
3.文化影响力在文化影响力方面,美国一直是当之无愧的领先者。
美国的电影、音乐、文学等艺术形式一直都深受全球范围内的人们喜爱。
而中国和日本等国则在亚洲范围内具有着极大的文化影响力。
总之,一个国家的强大与否不仅与政治和军事实力、经济发展水平有关,同时也与其文化影响力水平有着密切的关系。
任何一个国家要想在世界舞台上获得更加彰显的地位和发挥更加重要的作用,这三个因素都需要得到充分的重视和维护。
英国的崛起与衰落英文作文
英国的崛起与衰落英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The rise of the United Kingdom can be traced back toits colonial expansion and industrial revolution. At its peak, the British Empire was the largest empire in history, with colonies and territories spanning the globe. The UK was a dominant global power, with significant influence in politics, economics, and culture.However, the UK's decline began after World War II, as its empire gradually disintegrated and decolonization took place. The loss of colonies and global influence weakened the UK's position on the world stage. Additionally, economic challenges and social changes further contributed to the country's decline.Despite its decline, the UK remains an influential player in global politics and economics. It is a member of the G7 and G20, and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. The UK also maintains a strong cultural presence, with its music, literature, and film industries continuingto have a global impact.In recent years, the UK's decision to leave the European Union, known as Brexit, has raised questions about its future role in the world. The process of disentangling from the EU has been complex and contentious, and its long-term impact on the UK's economy and global influence remains uncertain.The UK's rise and fall have been shaped by a complex interplay of historical, political, and economic factors. While its global influence may have waned, the UK continues to be a significant player in the international arena.。
大国崛起1一12集论文
大国崛起1一12集论文改革是社会发展的推动力,中国改革开放的成果证明,只有不断地进行改革,我们的国家才会国富民强。
我们要积极学习外国的长处,学习外国先进的科学技术和管理经验。
要坚持对外开放,走出国门,选择西方文明为我用,对西方文明不能生搬硬套,应取其精华,去其糟粕,才能有利于我国社会和经济的发展。
《大国崛起》(英文:The Rise of the Great Powers)是2006年在中国中央电视台经济频道(CCTV-2)首播的一部12集电视纪录片,记录了葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、英国、法国、德国、俄国、日本、美国九个世界级大国相继崛起的过程,并总结大国崛起的规律。
该电视片在2006年11月13日—24日(CCTV-2)黄金时间21:30首播,每集大约45分钟。
本片播出后,中央电视台和中国民主法制出版社合作推出了本片的一套八册同名系列图书,内容有了大规模扩充,并于2007年5月1日黄金时间20:55起在中国中央电视台综合频道(CCTV-1)再次播出。
(1)大国的和平崛起必须以雄厚的经济实力和国际竞争力为基础,必须全面提升综合国力。
(2)大国的和平崛起需要良好的周边环境,而不是通过组成军事集团建立势力范围和安全地带。
(3)大国的和平崛起需要全面、系统的制度建设和能力建设,借鉴他国制度的先进性,根据本国国情和社会经济结构的发展水平,推进经济的市场制度建设和政治的民主制度建设。
(4)大国的和平崛起需要国民素质的全面提高,尤其应防止崛起过程引发狂热的民族主义思潮。
吸取世界的先进文化,都是改变国民素质的必要手段。
(1)结合所学知识,分析葡萄牙、西班牙崛起的最主要因素是什么?新航路的开辟(或地理大发现)和海外殖民掠夺。
(2)结合17—18世纪的史实,从政治、经济、文化、外交方面概述英国成为世界大国的原因。
政治上,英国通过资产阶级革命推翻了封建制度,建立了资本主义制度;经济上,最早进行工业革命,积极开拓世界市场;文化上,牛顿建立近代力学体系,瓦特改进蒸汽机;外交上,在亚非拉地区进行殖民掠夺。
大国兴衰论文(1)
大国兴衰论文(1)大国兴衰,是一个历经时间的话题。
从古代国家的崛起到现代国家的兴衰,这个话题呈现了不同的面貌。
本文将探讨大国兴衰的原因及其对于一个国家的影响。
一、大国兴衰的原因1. 经济因素作为一个大国,经济的发展具有决定性的意义。
经济发展强,国家的实力自然会得到提升。
比如说英国、荷兰等国家在工业革命时期,由于其先进的经济发展,成为维持强国地位的重要基础。
2. 政治因素政治制度是国家实现治理和发展的重要基础。
大国的政治稳定和政府的明智决策对其长期发展具有重要作用。
比如说中国秦朝统一六国和明朝的弘治中兴都与君主的能力和决策密切相关。
3. 军事因素军事力量是保证国家安全和领土完整的重要力量。
强大的军事力量不仅能够有效地遏制外来侵略,也能够促进国家的扩张和领土的拓展。
美国积极推行的“保护主义”,很大程度上就是建立在其强大军事力量的基础之上。
二、大国兴衰的影响1. 对经济的影响大国的兴衰对经济的影响是巨大的。
如果大国的经济出现衰退,将会对世界经济产生重大影响,特别是对其贸易伙伴和邻国。
2008年美国次贷危机的影响就是一个很好的例子。
2. 对国际秩序的影响大国对国际秩序的维护扮演着重要角色。
当一位大国强势崛起时,可能会使国际秩序出现一定的混乱或者重新调整。
比如,近年来中国崛起,显著地改变了世界格局。
3. 对世界政治的影响大国的兴衰会对世界政治产生深刻的影响。
世界上一些政治事件往往影响到很多其他国家。
例如,苏联的解体对以前它所支持的政权和邻国的政治极其严重,导致了一系列的政治和社会问题。
结论:由于大国的兴衰对社会和国家体系的影响是如此重要,因此他们在决策和行动时应该特别小心。
大国的成功需要提供动力,而不是靠压迫其他社会。
强大的大国需要承担更多的责任,维护国际关系,并能够在全球解决重要问题。
英国的兴衰英语作文
The Rise and Fall of Britain: A HistoricalPerspectiveBritain, a country that has played a pivotal role in world history, has seen its share of rises and falls throughout the centuries. From being a small island nationto becoming a global superpower, Britain's journey has been filled with both triumphs and tragedies.The rise of Britain can be traced back to theIndustrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century. This period marked a significant shift in the economic and social landscape of the country. With the advent of new technologies and innovations, Britain's economy boomed, and it soon became the workshop of the world. This economic prosperity led to a significant increase in the country's military power, and by the 19th century, Britain had established itself as a global empire, with colonies spanning across the globe.The 19th century was a period of unprecedented growth and influence for Britain. The country's navy was the most powerful in the world, and its influence was felt in almost every corner of the globe. Britain's political system,culture, and language became models for many nations to emulate. However, this period of dominance was not without its challenges.The 20th century brought about significant changes for Britain. The two World Wars, especially the Second World War, took a heavy toll on the country's economy and military. While Britain emerged victorious from both conflicts, it was no longer the undisputed superpower it once was. The Empire began to crumble, and by the end of the century, most of the colonies had gained their independence.The decline of Britain's empire was加速 by a number of factors. The industrial revolution had led to the rise of other powers, such as the United States and Germany, who were quick to capitalize on the advancements in technology and industry. Britain's dependence on its colonies for resources and markets also made it vulnerable to changes in the global economy. Additionally, the social and political upheavals within the country, such as the Industrial Revolution and the two World Wars, took a significant toll on the country's infrastructure and social fabric.The 21st century has brought about further challenges for Britain. The financial crisis of 2008 hit the country hard, and the subsequent austerity measures implemented by the government have led to further social and economic strains. Britain's relationship with the European Union has also been a source of contention, leading to the country's decision to leave the union in 2020. This decision, known as Brexit, has had far-reaching consequences for theBritish economy and society.Despite its challenges, Britain remains a significant power on the global stage. The country's economy is still one of the largest in the world, and its influence is felt in many areas, including politics, culture, and technology. Britain's universities and research institutions are among the best in the world, and the country continues to make significant contributions to science, literature, and the arts.In conclusion, Britain's rise and fall is a testament to the dynamics of global power. While the country has seen its share of triumphs and tragedies, it remains a force to be reckoned with on the global stage. Britain's history isa reminder that power and influence are not permanent, and that even the mightiest empires can face decline and change. **英国的兴衰:历史视角**英国,这个在世界历史上扮演了关键角色的国家,历经了几个世纪的兴衰。
英国的崛起与衰落英文作文
英国的崛起与衰落英文作文英文:The rise and fall of Britain is a fascinating topic that has captivated historians and scholars for centuries. From its humble beginnings as a collection of warring tribes to its status as a global superpower, the story of Britain's rise and fall is both complex and compelling.One of the key factors in Britain's rise to power was its ability to adapt and innovate. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain was at the forefront of technological advancements, which allowed it to become a dominant force in global trade and commerce. The British Empire, at its peak, controlled a quarter of the world's land area and population, and its influence was felt in every corner of the globe.However, with great power comes great responsibility, and Britain's imperial ambitions eventually led to itsdownfall. The cost of maintaining such a vast empire proved to be unsustainable, and the two devastating world wars of the 20th century further weakened Britain's position on the world stage. Additionally, the rise of other global powers, such as the United States and China, challenged Britain's dominance and hastened its decline.Despite its diminished global influence, Britain remains a significant player in world affairs, particularly in areas such as finance, culture, and diplomacy. The legacy of its empire can still be seen in the many countries that were once part of it, and the English language continues to be a lingua franca in many parts of the world.中文:英国的崛起和衰落是一个引人入胜的话题,几个世纪以来一直吸引着历史学家和学者。
英国崛起历史小论文(精选五篇)
英国崛起历史小论文(精选五篇)第一篇:英国崛起历史小论文英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权,通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
英国是通过其优越的地缘位置、制度领域的创新所导致的生产力的巨大发展、根据机会所制定的合理政策而崛起为一个世界性大国的。
虽然时代背景发生了巨大的变化,但是英国的崛起对当今寻求崛起的国家仍然具有重要的借鉴意义。
以下是英国崛起历史小论文,欢迎阅读。
英国从一个在15世纪并不为欧陆国家所重视的岛国逐步发展成为在19和20世纪大部分时间里其统治范围覆盖了非洲南部广大地区、南亚、东南亚、太平洋大部分地区及北美和加勒比海地区的庞大帝国。
这个帝国控制的区域范围相当于其国土面积的近40倍,人口达到了3亿多。
英国从一个位于北大西洋上的岛国崛起为一个庞大的殖民帝国是通过与西班牙、荷兰、法国争夺海上霸权三个阶段逐步实现的。
一、英国崛起的过程分析英国是在相继击败西班牙、荷兰、法国之后才真正荣登世界霸主的宝座的。
地理大发现对国际政治所造成的一个重要后果是使欧洲经济中心逐渐从地中海沿岸转移到大西洋西北沿岸诸国,这些国家包括了伊比利亚半岛上的葡萄牙、西班牙,欧陆大国法国,波罗的海沿岸的荷兰与隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望的英国,同时在某种程度上还有斯堪的那维亚国家。
英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权,通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
(一)第一轮勃兴(1588—1674年)这里把英国第一轮勃兴的起始时间界定为1588年是从英西海战以西班牙失败而告终这一在国际关系中具有重要影响的历史事件这一角度来分析的。
英国的地缘政治条件和伴随着地理大发现而开始的国际性的海外贸易和拓殖决定了英国的崛起是一种海洋战略的崛起,而这不可避免的会与处于海上霸权地位的西班牙殖民帝国产生矛盾。
1588年,西班牙国王腓力二世派遣了一支由130多艘舰船组成的“无敌舰队”进攻英国,其结果是英国凭借着巧妙的战术和先进的技术取得了这次战争的胜利。
媒介变迁帝国兴衰论文
媒介变迁与帝国兴衰按照史学研究的体例,《帝国与传播》可谓是一部跨越千年人类文明的通史著作。
而作者从媒介变迁的角度,将人类文明划分为六个阶段,切入到每一个帝国内部的兴衰更替过程与媒介变迁之间的细节性过程,是一个由时间线索串联起来、以某一时期内帝国综合因素的兴衰体现与媒介形式的变迁为主体的一副历史演进图景。
我们横向解剖历史,从媒介变迁与帝国兴衰于政治、经济和文化等要素的具体关联中,以横向切面中的纵向历史变迁,来理解作者所研究的帝国兴衰与媒介变迁之间的关联性。
一、帝国兴衰之政治因素与媒介变迁(一)君权与神权斗争与媒介变迁古代埃及社会生活的各个方面都与宗教有着密不可分的关系,神权成为皇权得以维持的重要依托。
文字的产生和发展作为,宗教发展的产物,与宗教相结合而影响了国家政治、社会的发展。
在古埃及从倚重石头为媒介到倚重莎草纸为媒介的变化中,其王权的绝对权威在一点点削弱,其也影响到了宗教的发展。
知识垄断有利于僧侣垄断并增加了僧侣的控制权,挫败了国王试图垄断权力建立帝国的可能。
在古希腊,作者认为口语传承的强大与字母的弹性相结合,使古希腊人能够抗拒东方帝国的绝对君权和神权统治。
希腊人在倚重空间媒介的政治帝国和倚重时间媒介的宗教帝国之间打入了一个楔子,“把时间和空间压缩到城邦这种合理的规模”。
“字母对于不同语言的适应能力,削弱了抹平差别、整齐划一的可能性,增加了治理的难度,给大规模的政治组织带来致命的后果”。
在古老的中世纪,羊皮纸给僧侣(修道院)组织提供了强大的动力,因而教会实力强大,知识垄断在少数的教士和皇室贵族那里。
但君权与神权之间也存在不断地冲突。
原因在于,拜占庭帝国、伊斯兰教的阿拉伯国家波斯,及其后来的穆斯林两大王朝倭马亚王朝、阿拔斯王朝因为远离莎草纸补给地埃及,加上禁止使用猪皮,且不愿意使用其他畜皮,所以中国的“纸张”及造纸技术开始引进并逐渐向西方传送。
此时的西方世界,往往体现出政教合一的特点,君权和神权的斗争在媒介演进的过程中得到进一步激化。
关于大国崛起海洋时代的论文
现在的世界是个充满竞争的世界,不论是国与国之间,还是人与人之间,都存在着激烈,甚至是残酷的竞争。
一个人若想在各种比拼中脱颖而出,就要总结、吸取自己和他人的经验和教训;一个国家若想在在如今这强国林立的世界中崛起,也必然要借鉴他国崛起中的经验和教训。
《大国崛起》一书介绍了15世纪以来9个世界性大国的崛起历程,反应了葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、英国、法国、德国、日本、俄罗斯、美国等9个大国成功的经验和失败的教训。
早期的大国,即葡萄牙和西班牙,他们真可谓是勇敢的探险者、拓荒者。
他们勇于向未知挺进。
当其他欧洲国家的活动范围还仅限于欧洲本身时,葡萄牙、西班牙已开始了对欧洲外的土地的探索与争夺。
于是,世界第一次被瓜分、地理大发现等都成了西班牙、葡萄牙的“杰作”,这两个国家也从外部掠夺来了大量财富。
而最终,他们衰落了,因为他们的贪心、享乐之心等等。
荷兰、俄罗斯两国人民的坚强给了我很深刻的印象。
荷兰在独立前的抗争着实令我叹服;俄国人在强敌临近之际的英勇无畏令我对其深表敬佩。
但是,荷兰成了“生于忧患,死于安乐”的活例子,苏联最终也未脱出僵化的模式。
英国、法国、德国都曾拥有强大的军队,同时也有强大的综合实力。
若是和平地、与时俱进地发展,他们不仅不会成为明日黄花,而且还会使世界人民少受些磨难。
但他们的野心决定了他们失败的命运。
日本是一个善于学习,善于将所学来的东西快速、充分地消化利用的国家,可他们唯独没有学会与人为善,并最终葬送在自己的野心和缺乏远见上。
美国从独立到现在成为世界唯一的超级大国,其间运用了各种手段,极力地使自己获得的利益最大化。
虽说美国崛起的手段没什么值得赞扬之处,但是其维护主权的坚定、与时俱进的精神是值得我们学习和借鉴的。
从这9个大国的兴衰史中,我们不难发现,他们在崛起的过程中全部奉行扩张政策,而这扩张政策也为他们当中的大多数的衰败埋下了祸根。
不论是从这些国家的经验教训来看,还是从现在的国际形势来看,要实现中华民族的伟大复兴,就决不能重蹈列强们的扩张政策的覆辙。
商务英语大英帝国的兴衰
商务英语--大英帝国的兴衰The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe British Empire, once the largest empire in history, had a profound impact on the world. It spanned across continents and shaped societies, economies, and political systems. However, this empire also experienced a rise and fall that is worth examining。
The rise of the British Empire can be traced back to the 16th century when explorers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh began venturing into unknown territories. These explorations led to the establishment of colonies in North America, such as Jamestown in 1607. The acquisition of territories continued through the 17th and 18th centuries, with the British East India Company playing a significantrole in establishing trade and control in India。
The 19th century marked the height of the British Empire's power and influence. The Industrial Revolution in Britain fueled its economic growth and provided the resources necessary for expansion. The empire's naval superiority allowed for the establishment of colonies and protectorates around the world. The British Empire became known as "the empire on which the sun never sets" due to its vast territories and the fact that it had colonies in every inhabited continent。
国家的兴衰
《国家的兴衰》读后感政法学院社会学1512030136张聪聪本书从经济学角度揭示了历史学家忽视的问题――利益集团对历史进程的影响,强调了分利集团对于一个国家经济增长的重要性。
在这部著作中,他提出了一生致力研究的核心问题:为什么有的国家兴盛发达,有的国家不断衰落?奥尔森在《国家的兴衰》一书中指出,任何一个国家,只要有足够长时间的政治稳定,就会出现特殊利益集团,而且,它们会变得越来越明白、成熟、有技巧。
然后它们就会对这个国家最重要的公共政策,国家的经济发展、社会发展、政治机器,尤其是行政和法律,会越来越知道该怎样操纵,懂得在操纵时怎样找到好的理由。
由于他们的技巧越来越娴熟,因而获得的利益也就越来越持续、越多。
最终慢慢导致这个国家的经济、社会、行政、法律等方面的体制、政策、组织,变成最符合特殊利益集团的安排,使得该国发展的新动力越来越被抑制,各个部门越来越僵化,最终,导致国家的衰落。
一、本书的主要内容(一)作者对现有观点的质疑和看法作者在第一章中提出了自己对于现在存在的一些观念的想法和问题,作者认为历史参考书中对于国家兴衰的解释并不是很有成效;在先前的一些经济学家对经济增长的解释并没有从根本上探索增长的源泉,也没有解释是什么原因阻塞了经济进步的通道,经济学家们认为政治上不稳定或者经常遭受外敌入侵的社会比稳定或少遭受外敌入侵的社会有更低的生产性投资或者更低的增长率,然而法国在第二次世界大战之后被占领,经历了持续不断的政治动乱和外地入侵,经济却迅速增长甚至1970年的人均收入超过了英国。
作者在第一章中连着提出几个国家兴衰的例子,这些都是《国家的兴衰》这本书中试图解释的问题:①为何法国在二战后经历了政治动乱和外地入侵经济却增长成为在1970年人均收入与德国并列仅此于美国的国家。
②为什么法国、联邦德国、意大利与比、荷、卢三国共同组成了欧洲共同体使得六个过奖的经济发展在战后不仅恢复还赶上了某些原先较为稳定的社会。
从外交政策的演变来看大英帝国的衰落
试论大英帝国的衰落——帝国外交政策的演变内容摘要:1从十八世纪英国资本主义的大发展开始,英国无论从的殖民地、金融、工业还是海军等方面都在全球建立起了绝对优势,而在十九世纪末期到两次世界大战,大英帝国逐渐丧失其霸主地位,英国开始由世界霸主沦为二流强国。
本文以这一段时期英国外交政策的演变作为线索,来探讨大英帝国的衰落。
前言关于英国外交的研究,有许多通史类著作如《英国简史》等都有提及,而作为一个研究,无论是从研究对象的选择还是研究层级的把握,国内外的学者对于这个主题也做出了很多的研究成果。
计秋枫、冯梁合著的《英国文化与外交》,从文化分析的角度出发,系统的叙述了英国各个历史时期的外交特点,阐明了英国基于实际出发的均势外交政策。
关于英国兴衰的著作有刘金源、吴庆宏、刘成著《从称霸世界到回归欧洲》,此文虽未直接写出英国外交,但是从英国兴衰的历史趋势能更好的把握住英国外交政策演变的脉络。
除专著之外,各大期刊上对英国外交研究的著作也不少,比如登载在1992年《世界历史》第五期上陈乐民所著的《英国外交史论要》,以历史发展为主要线索,总结出英国实力的衰落是英国外交政策演变的基础。
英国外交历史久远,经验丰富,被认为是一个奉行“均势外交”政策的典型国家。
三十年战争以及之后签订的《威斯特伐利亚和约》标志着近代国际关系史的开端,欧洲因此进入了威斯特伐利亚时代。
《威斯特伐利亚和约》是各交战国相互妥协的产物,它勉强调和了错综复杂的利害关系,在欧洲建立了一个相对均势的国家体系,但也为以后列强发起新的战争埋下了隐患。
人们一般认为英国现代均势外交发端于15 世纪末16 世纪初都铎王朝早期的对欧关系,经过300多年的征战和外交实践,英国逐步形成了均势外交传统。
并且这个均势传统始终贯彻于英国历史发展的每个时期,无论其是处于强盛还是衰落。
一个国家的外交不能作为一个独立的个体来研究,如陈乐民先生在《英国外交史论要》中提及的:“外交问题实质上反映了这个国家对外部环境的要求和为实现这些要求所作的努力。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain ID: 2010211926Name: Sherry / 张旸Score:Class: 5摘要:英国的兴衰史犹如抛弧线一般,从一个不起眼的岛国逐渐发展到崛起到达到顶峰最后又逐渐衰落并回到欧洲,回到开始的地方——大西洋上的岛国。
在这起起伏伏的历程中,风云变化,一切都不可预测,万物瞬息变化。
到底是什么导致了它的起伏,是日益聚集的国家意识,是集中统一的王权,是暴力的革命,是生产力的大解放,还是战争?也许这一切都是,又或许它们只是冰山一角。
本文将从三个方面来论述英国兴衰的过程并探究其中的因果关系:英国的崛起,顶峰,到回到欧洲。
最后从文化中的创新和保守对制度的行与废产生的影响出发,总结全篇。
在英国的崛起过程中,本文强调国家意识的形成和统一国家在这个过程中的作用。
毫无疑问的是,英国的封建统治在一定程度上确实为其资本主义的发展创造了条件,起到了铺垫的作用。
其中,对商业贸易和海外殖民的扩张政策的鼓励尤为突出。
当然,因为本身的民族特点,它在崛起中始终保持着中立与欧洲内陆的外交政策。
这些在崛起到到达顶峰的转折过程中都不同程度上发挥着不可替代的作用。
在英国的顶峰时期,本文侧重于两个表现:“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”。
“日不落帝国”是其殖民统治发展到顶峰的表现,也是它在政治上走出欧洲,站立世界的表现,当然也为后文介绍它的衰落做了一个铺垫。
“世界工厂”,毫无疑问,点明了它在经济上取得的巨大成就。
借此本文进一步探究了英国生产力发展的原因——资产阶级革命和工业革命。
在英国回到欧洲的现状里,本文侧重讲解由于帝国的衰落,殖民地的丧失以及固有文化的保守性而导致英国的衰落。
而它衰落的过程又无一不体现在两次世界大战中,之后英国便沦为二流国家。
这一切归因于文化中的创新与保守在制度行与废上作用。
Abstract:Britain's prosperity and decline history is just like throws the arc to some extent-----develops gradually from a commonplace island country to the crest,and then gradually declines, finally returns to Europe, returns to the place - - Atlantic's island country,from which it starts. In this fluctuation's course, the wind and cloud changes, all may not predict that myriad things twinkling change.What has caused its fluctuation, is national consciousness which gathers day by day, or is the centralism unified royal power, or is the violence revolution, or is emancipation of productivity , or is it a war? Perhaps they all played a role, or perhaps they were only the tips of the iceberg.This article will elaborate the British prosperity and decline process from three aspects : Britain's rising, the crest, returning to Europe. Simultaneously, it will find out its deep causes behind the surface . At length , it will make a summary on the basis of the influence of its cultural conservatism and creativeness which affected whether the policy was applied or not .On the growth of Great Britain , the article emphasizes the fundamental function of the national consciousness and the unified country . Undoubtedly , Britain's feudal rule, to a certain extent,has created the condition for its capitalism's development and played an upholstery role. Among them, promotion of the development of trade and industry and the encouragement of overseas expansion are outstanding because of their great influence . Of course, foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe is maintaining throughout of the growth owing to its national and cultural characteristics . All of those could not be replaced in the history due to their tremendous benefits on the development of Great Britain.On the prosperity, it attaches great importance to the two aspects :"the Sun-Never-Setting Empire" and "workshop of the world " . The former one indicated its top colonial rule in the world , as the same time , it showed that Britain had walked out of Europe and stood out in the world. Surely , it also foreshadowed the decline of Britain because of its empire . "workshop of the world " reflected its great achievement on the economy ,which led us to think over its causes :The English Bourgeois Revolution and The Industrial Revolution.On the Europe's present situation , this article stresses the explanation as a result of the empire decline, colony forfeit as well as the inherent cultural conservative nature on Britain's decline. But its decline manifests in two world wars, afterward Britain then degenerates into the second-class country. All in all , the cultural creativeness and conservatism plays great role in the application and the abandonment of policy .Key words: growth--prosperity--back to Europe creativeness--conservatismContentI Growth of England1.1The English Nation AwarenessThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain , Northern Ireland , and a number of smaller islands around them . That is to say , U.K is a island country in the Atlantic ocean , with a population of about 56 million and a total area of some 240000 square kilometres . It is a very small country in the sense of its area and population. But just as this island country , it first stood in the forest of nations , leaving us a trail of questions to evaluate and think about the reason .As far as I am concerned , in the light of community and peoples , nation awareness takes the priority over other reasons and becomes one of its foundation of strong nation . It is the nation awareness that makes people unite as a whole and fight as an one , which , undoubtedly , will be of great benefit for nation power and country prosperity . I will explain it in the following parts .Dating back to ancient times , it was more like a history of being invaded and plundered. For instance, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar , invades England in the first century B.C.. In the first century A.D., the Roman army invaded it for the second time. After that , invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England . Finally came to Anglo-Saxons , who helped English fight against its enemy ,but refused to go and settled down finally . It was not an end of invasion . There came a new wave of invasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Britain . It was an invasion by the Danes from North Europe. What should be emphasized is that those invaded Britain not at the same time . They came stringing along for more than one hundredand fifty years, a few boatloads at a time . Each batch of invaders had a chieftain or king, so England at that time was divided into many kingdoms . Though warring and fighting , the number of kingdoms was gradually reduced and finally all England was united under one king .The reduction of kingdoms takes a very small part of wakening nation awareness . It was the Hundred Years' War between England and France that made a big difference of nation awareness . Briefly speaking , because of the appearance of Parliament , the England gradually developed into a strong nation and the bourgeoisie had gained more say on state affairs. Since trade was still the main source of wealth for the new-born bourgeoisie , it certainly desired to expand markets while the nobility was covetous of rich land on the Continent . During about the same time , France had also become a strong state. It also wanted t enlarge its spheres of influence. Hence the conflict between these two countries along with the English king's desire to regain lost territory led to the Hundred Years' War.The result of the war deprived the English king of his possessions on the continent . But it wakened the nation awareness in the English people's mind . After losing their territory on the continent, the ruling Normans began to regard England as their home and think of themselves as belonging to the English nation.From then on , the English people did not take "England" just as a name of geography for granted , they knew they were different from those states in the continent . They were civilians of the same country . That meant a lot . That is to say , they were not separated as thousand but united as an one , no matter what they were going to pursue or what they were to confront with , they would be bound up together for their common interests and the future of their generations . As the saying of President Lincoln "united as we stand , divided as we fall ." . That is the magic of nation awareness --- Unity.1.2 Concentration of State PowerAs I have mentioned , in the Hundred Years' War , the nation awareness has been increased greatly , simultaneously , as the end of the Wars of the Roses came to the new age in English history . Simply speaking , the war has greatly reduced the power of nobles and destroyed many big feudal households , hence , the position of the Tudor Monarchy , which ascended the throne in the person of King Henry VII, was greatly strengthened . The advantages of this were the concentration of state power , which , in the other hand , was of benefit to the Growth of England . We can have a short look from its policies .●Promotion of the development of trade and industry●Foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe●Encouragement of piracy●Encouragement of overseas expansionThose policies played a great role in the growth of England , not only in international market , but also in the accumulation of wealth . It helped to prepare the conditions for the establishment of the capitalist mode of production in England and need for capitalist development .Taken the two factors into consideration , the Tudor Monarchy served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English history . It prepared soil for a centralized government and helped the increase of bourgeoisie .1.3 TransitionWith the awareness of nation and the concentration of power, the England has come to its new stage . At that stage, many adventures had happened , among which we should pay attention to three events related three aspects of its growth . That is the fast development of clothing industry,the discovery of New Lands and the Renaissance in England .●Development of clothingOwing to its warm moist climate and lush grasslands, the clothing industry has developed rapidly , under the ruling of the Tudor Monarchy . What should be emphasized is that the clothing industry showed its capitalist nature -----Property right was separated from production and labour was divided into several parts . Its development encouraged other industries growth and renewed the national economy . The immediate industry was the sheep-farming industry ,which ,directly aroused the appearance of Enclosures .Tudor Monarchy did not forbid the action , on the contrary , in some degree , promoted the development of clothing industry and the Enclosures . It is the transition from attachment of mercantilism to industry. As a result , the accumulation of capital rapid . A new class , the capitalist class , was growing rapidly .●Discovery of New LandsWith the development of commodity production and international trade , England felt the impact resulting from the shortage of gold and silver , as well as the market. They desperately need to strength the links with Asia and else where .But the traditional routes from Europe to Asia were cut off because of the robbery started by the Mongols and the Turks who captured Constantinople in 1453. In order to solve the problem , during the 15th century and 16th century , many explorers flocked from Europe to Asia and America.The discovery of New Lands and adventurous voyages enlarged man's field of vision and broke the old traditional mentality, speeding up social and economic development . During this time , the England has increased its social stature around the world . It is the transition of the beginning of the world power and nation statures .●Renaissance in EnglandThe Renaissance was not started in the England firstly, and , to some degree , it came to England very late compared to European countries . It was during the Tudor Monarchy that Renaissance finally found its way to Englandand played a great role in the mental field of English . As a matter of fact, Tudor Monarchy supported and witnessed the spreading of the Renaissance .The Renaissance was a great emancipation movement in the spiritual world. It attached great importance to the human happiness and power . From that on , people discovered their creative power and began to believe that man could make wonders through their own efforts. And they had the right to enjoy beauty in the life and strive to make it happier . It is the transition of humans knowledge and beliefs .1.4 ConflictGenerally speaking , the England has gradually grown and everything has been prepared for its prosperity but the feudalism . Even though the Tudor Monarchy seemed done much to its capitalism development, its descent chose an upright down road , which leaves us a trail of imagination of the future .II The Prosperity of EnglandAs we have discussed in the previous parts, the nation awareness ,the unity of a British kingdom and the polices during the Tudor Monarchy have prepared soil for the development of England , but its peak time is not coming yet , until the Industrial Revolution. Of course , there are more reasons contributing to its prosperity . In the following parts, we will continue discussing about some important events in the British history , together with analyses behind the surface .This part will be divided into three small parts---the English Bourgeois Revolution ,Industrial Revolution , the expansion of colonization .The English Bourgeois Revolution , politically , ended the feudalism and started the establishment of capital management . While the Industrial Revolution , basically , promoted the productivity , which absolutely has an entire impact on its society both politically and economically ,as long as culturally . The expansion of colonization , is the direct reason of being a sun-never-setting empire . Its influence will be discussed in the following part, owing to itsimmediate relationship with England decline .2.1 The English Bourgeois RevolutionIt broke out in the 17th century. On one hand , the Wars of the Roses , the Enclosures, the Reformation and the geographical discovery of the New World had greatly weakened the feudal noble class and sped up "primitive accumulation of capital". On the other hand , the relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie became worse after the Elizabeth's reign .James I was capable , knowledge , vigorous and energetic but very despotic . His "Diving Right of Kings " was not good for the development of capitalism . He alienated himself from so many people that class contradictions became acute and complicated because of his behaviours and stubborn beliefs . But yet , he managed his reign . However , after his death , Charles I was not that lucky like his father , JameI. Charles I was incapable , stubborn , war-like , despotic and tyranny . During those years , economic conditions were deteriorating. Finally , the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out .The revolution was not soothing but complicated . Until the parliament declared the throne vacant and proclaimed Williarm and Mary t be joint sovereign . This is called Glorious Revolution . As a matter of fact , this marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in the England . After that , the main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion .2.2 the Industrial RevolutionStarting in the textile industry in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution is an emancipation of productivity . It began after the Bourgeois Revolution ,partly because the Britain focused its effort on economic development . It means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes which transformed Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into a mainly urban and manufacturing one.As a matter of fact , the Industrial Revolution changed the whole England ,ranging from the industrial transition to the social life and culture . But at this part , we focus more on the production capacity . After the revolution , England was entitled as the "workshop of the world " . English products flooded the world market . At that time , no country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century . And this is what I called "Peak".2.3 the Sun-Never-Setting EmpireThe Industrial Revolution had greatly promoted its productivity . More factories had been built . More goods had been produced . But capital class found it hard to make them satisfied because of the shortage of market . What's more, with the application of machines , the higher unemployment gave birth to the viewpoint that Britain was overpopulated . So the expansion of colony was put on the table . As a result , England tried everything they could to expense its colony . It suppressed the revolt of the Canadians , started the Opium War against China in 1840,fought the Russians in the crimea War, and took over the control in India and so forth . At that time , England was named "the Sun-Never-Setting Empire". This is another evidence that England had reached its peak .2.4 Party's polityPolitically , England reached its peak because of being the first country of Party's polity . If we call America as the top powerful country in the world nowadays , then we could call Britian as a leader at that time .III Back to EuropeWe have discussed the growth and prosperity in the previous parts , and we will discus its decline in the following parts .Owing to its culture , Britain people are conservative. This character does no good when it comes to reforming and apply new theory . When the second industrial revolution took place, Britain was too addicted into its previous success and its glory , thus it did not catch the opportunity well . What's more , the sun-never-setting empire pulled its pace back due to the complexity ofcolonies and the extend of power control . Finally , it became a burden of its development because Britain thought it could rely on the colonies and achieved what other countries did . To some degree , it is true , but just in short terms.The War I and War II proved the decline of Britain. After that , Britain became the second-classed developed country , even nowadays .During its growth , Britain started to walk out of itself and the Europe ; at its peak, Britain dominated the world and became the leader of the world ; now, it came back to Europe and itself .IV Conclusion and ReflectionThroughout the Rise and Fall of Great Britain, there is a rule all over its history . The rule is conservatism and creativeness . When we view the history , we could find that during its growth and prosperity , it is the creativeness that lead its development . Its obvious application was the policies' establishment and abandonment . While during its decline , it is the conservatism that played the big picture . Similarly , we could find clues in the application of new theory .Studying the history will help us find our own way of developing and adjusting as we could learn lessons from it ,whether it is a success or failure . According to the rise and fall of Britain ,what we should do , as a developing country at the challenge and opportunity filling stage , is to catch the opportunity and encourage reforming and study new theory . On in this way can we pace with fast developing world and make a difference right now and in the future .Reference:An Outline Introduction to Britain and America 河南第二新华印刷厂印刷1995年11月第三版第1页到212页论文参考“英国兴衰的启示:制度创新的行与废”张玲玲/姜守明论文页数190~193页2006年2006月论文网/paper_22125841/ 《英国:从称霸世界到回归欧洲》刘成、刘金源和吴庆宏(三秦出版社,2005年5月版)。