TEST 2
Test 2 Listening
Test 2 ListeningSECTION 1 Questions 1-10Questions 1-3Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Questions 4-10Complete the table below.Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Questions 1111 According to the speaker , the main purpose of the park areA education and entertainment.B research and education.C research and entertainment.Questions 12-14 Lable the plan below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer .North15 When are the experimental areas closed to the public?A all the year roundB almost all the yearC a short time every year16 How can you move around the park?A by tram, walking or bicycleB by solar car or bicycleC by bicycle, walking or bus17 The rare breed animals kept in the park includeA hens and horses.B goats and cows.C goats and hens.18 What is the main purpose of having the Rare Breeds Section?A to save unusual animalsB to keep a variety of breedsC to educate the public19 What can you see in the park at the present time?A the arrival of wild birdsB fruit tree blossomC a demonstration of fishing20 The shop contains books aboutA animals.B local traditions.C the history of the park.Questions 21-24Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Honey Bees in Australia21Where in Australia have Asian honey bees found in the past?A QueenslandB New South WalesC several states22 A problem with Asian honey bees is that theyA attack native bees.B carry parasites.C damage crops.23What point is made about Austarlian bees?A Their honey varies in quality.B Their size stops them from pollinating some flowers.C They are sold to customers abroad.24Grant Freeman says that if Asian honey bees got into Australia,A the country’s economy would be affected.B they could be used in the study of allergies.C certain areas of agriculture would benefit.Questions 25-30Complete the summary below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.SECTION 4 Questions 31-40Questions 31-36 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Research on questions about doctors31 In order to set up her research programme, Shona gotA advice from personal friends in other countries.B help from students in other countries.C information from her tutor’s contacts in other countries.32 What types of people were included in the research?A young people in their first jobB men who were workingC women who were unemployed33 Shona says that in her questionnaire her aim wasA to get a wide range of data.B to limit people’s responses.C to guide people through interviews.34 What do Shona’s initial results show about medical services in Britain?A Current concerns are misrepresented by the press.B Financial issues are critical to the government.C Reforms within hospitals have been unsuccessful.35 Shona needs to do further research in order toA present the government with her findings.B decide the level of extra funding needed.C identify the preferences of the public.36 Shona has learnt from the research project thatA it is important to plan projects carefully.B people do not like answering questions.C colleagues do not always agree.Questions 37-40 Which statement applies to each of the following people who were interviewed by Shona?Choose Four answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to37 a person interviewed in the street_______38 an undergraduate at the university_______39 a colleague in her department _______40 a tutor in a foreign university_______。
全新版大学英语听说教程test2听力原文
大学英语（第二版）听说教程听力原文Test 1Part ADirections: You are going to hear eight short conversations between two speakers. Each will be read only once. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what you have heard. Listen once and choose the right answer to the question you hear. (8 points) 1.M: You like music, don’t you, SallyW: Yes. Classical and light music. But now what you hear everywhere is only noisy music.I can’t stand it.Q: What does the woman mean2.W: I think I’ll wear my red blouse to the party tonight.M: Why don’t you wear the blue one I think you look in better in it.Q: What does the man mean3.W: How do you like the pie you’ve hadM: Never have I had such a delicious pie.Q: What does the man mean4.W: Oh, Peter. I’m hungry. I can’t walk any further.M: How about getting something to eat in the restaurant just round the corner by theparking lotQ: Where are the two speakers5.W: Nice day, isn’t it Want to join us for a swimM: Would you mind waiting for a minute while I get preparedQ: What does the woman mean6.W: Hi, Tony. Haven’t seen you for some time. How have you beenM: I have a car accident last week, but only some minor injuries.Q: What happened to Tony7.W: Maggie, could you forward this mail to Professor WangM: Sorry, Phil. My computer has broken down. But I’ll do it as soon as I have it fixed.Q: What does the woman mean8.W: I’ve been under the weather for quite a few days. I thought my cold was going away.But it seems to get worse now.M: You’ve been complaining too much. Why didn’t you make an appointment with the doctor earlierQ: What does the man meanPart BDirections: You’ll hear two conversations. Each will be read once. Listen carefully and choose the right answers to the questions you hear. (7 points)Conversation 1Alan: Are you going to the football game today, BettyBetty: No, Alan. But I’ll be watching it on television with some friends.Alan: Weren’t you able to get any ticketsBetty: I didn’t try. I really don’t go to games so often.Alan: But don’t you enjoy going Don’t you find it exciting to be part of the crowdBetty: Oh, that’s for sure. Nothing beats the atmosphere at a sporting event: the cheering, all that energy. But sometimes it’s just too inconvenient getting into and out of thestadium before and after the game. And if you watch the game with friends, or at a bar or restaurant…Alan: …you’ve basically created your own crowd.Betty: That’s right. Another reason why I like to watch games on television is that I simply find it easier to follow the action on TV.Alan: Yeah, sometimes it is a little difficult to keep track of the ball when you’re sitting in the stands.Betty: Especially when your seats are high up in the grandstand and far from the field. Alan: It’s like you’re watching from an airplane, sometimes.Betty: Also, good sports commentators on television can add to your understanding and enjoyment of the game.Alan: After listening to you, I’m starting to wonder how they are able to sell any tickets to these games!Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.9.What do you know about the two speakers10.What are the two speakers talking about11.Why does Betty prefer to watch games on TV12.What can you learn from the conversationConversation 2W: OK, everyone. Please be quiet. Today we’re so pleased to have Tom Johnson here to talk to us. He is going to share some safety tips with us. OK, Tom, they’re all yours. Tom: Thanks. Good morning everyone! I’m Tom Johnson, and I’m a firefighter at Station 11.Well, we live in California. As we know there are a lot of earthquakes here. Many are small. But, if there’s a strong earthquake, what should we do Does anyone know Girl: I know! I know! Get under a strong piece of furniture—like a desk or a table.Tom: That’s right. What elseBoy: Move away from the windows. They are so dangerous because they can break. Tom: Good, good. What about after an earthquake then What should you doBoy: Well, we shouldn’t use matches.Tom: Why notBoy: Because many terrible fires start after an earthquake.Girl: Yeah, and when the shaking stops, don’t go outside.Tom: Exactly. A lot of people run to the stores for food and water after an earthquake. But it’s not safe. It’s better to stay indoors.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you’ve heard.13.What is the speaker talking about14.Which of the following are the students advised to do if there’s a strong earthquake15.What are the students advised to do after an earthquakePart CWhat do twenty million people around the world have in common The answer is they all use the Internet.In fact from your desk, you can check the weather in Rio, buy stocks in Hong Kong, or see the latest exhibition in the Louvre museum in Paris. Also, specialist users like language teachers can discuss the latest classroom techniques and activities. On a more serious note, doctors in African can get up-to-the-second information on medical research around the world.All you need is a basic computer, a modem and the software to a phone line. With a single key stroke you’re online and you don’t have to wait long for information. Deliverytime for e-mail from Europe to the USA is about 10 seconds. But is it expensive？Not really – a typical online monthly charge fee in the US can be as low as$10.What’s really extraordinary about the Internet is the amount and variety of information available. You can find out about kite flying in Korea, the prices of hotels in Pakistan, and the best plays on Broadway. You can use electronic bulletin boards to join in political debates, get advice about love, or even analyze your favorite sports teams’performance. Services are available that allow you to do your banking, reserve airline tickets, and even shop for a Mother’s Day gift.Part DPassage 1In some countries video games are fast becoming a social problem. They are banned in the Philippines and Indonesia. In Japan, those who are under 15 years old are forbidden to use the public machines at night. City elders across the United States are campaigning to restrict their numbers, while the Hong Kong government is proposing to license their operation. These video games are causing children to waste their money on them. Even adults are lured into spending working hours playing them.In Singapore, the battle of man against the machines takes place in licensed amusement centers, mostly located in shopping centers. According to one estimated, each establishment can make between ＄250 and ＄1,500 a day. The schoolchildren in uniforms there are not allowed into these centers. However, one cannot help noticing that the majority of those who are often found in these places are youngsters. Many of them are schoolchildren who have changed out of their uniforms. Some play for the fun of it, others have turned them into a form of gambling, and some are hopelessly addicted to them.Now kids and adults alike play these games in the privacy of their homes. Video game sets have invaded most homes. The question that must be asked is: Have they any education value？Passage 2Amy Johnson was a pioneer airwoman in Britain. She was born on July 1, 1903, in Yorkshire and lived there until 1923 when she went to Sheffield University to study for a BA. After graduation she took a job as a secretary to a London lawyer. At the same time she became interested in flying. Soon her hobby became a determination, not simply to make a career in aviation, but to succeed in some project which would prove to the world that women could be as competent as men in a male-dominated field in those days.Early in 1930, she chose her objective: to fly to Australia all by herself and to break the previous record of 16 days. Her parents and some of her friends lent her money to buy a used airplane.Amy set off on May 5, 1930. Her route took her over Vienna and Baghdad. She was caught in a sandstorm and had to make an emergency landing in the desert. Six days later she landed in India. After experiencing much hardship, she finally reached Australia on May 24, completing a flight of 11,000 miles. She was the first woman to fly alone to Australia. In later years, she set several other records in flight history.During World WarⅡ, Amy joined other professional pilots to serve her country. Her flying duties consisted of transporting aircraft from factories to British air bases. It was during one of those flights in 1941 that Amy crashed into a river and was drowned, a tragic and early end to the life of Britain’s most famous women pilot.Passage 3Bargaining customs are very different around the world. Few tourists would go shopping in another country without knowing the exchange rate. However, many travelers do not learn anything about the local shopping customs the place they are visiting before spending money. Understanding when it is OK to bargain can save you a lot of money and make your shopping experience much more enjoyable.In some countries, bargaining is an important of part of the shopping culture. In others, bargaining is not done at all. Here is a bargaining guide for some countries around the world:Morocco: Bargaining is always expected in the shopping markets. Here bargaining is more than just getting the best price. If you go into a shop and agree to the first price a seller offers, the seller may not be happy. For Moroccans, bargaining is a form of entertainment; it is a game of skill, a little bit of acting, and it is a chance to chat about the weather, business, and family. So be sure to have fun and try to get a better price!Switzerland: Bargaining is not the custom here. Shop clerks can almost never give you a lower price. However, some hotels may give you a lower rate during the less popular times of the year. It cannot hurt to ask.Tahiti: Bargaining is not appropriate in the South Pacific. In fact, it is considered disrespectful to ask for a better price. In the food markets, sellers will even take their fruits and vegetables back home with them, rather than give a discount!Test 2Part ADirections: You are going to hear eight short conversations between two speakers. Each will be read only once. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what you have heard. Listen once and choose the right answer to the question you hear. (8 points) 1.M: Do you feel like jogging with me this afternoonW: I’d love to, but I have to go to my cousin’s. She’s got the flu and I have to look after her baby.Q: What will the woman do2.M: What a remarkable performance the young pianist gave inCarnegie Hall!W: I felt the same way.Q: How did the woman think of the performance3.M: Is it going to be a warm day tomorrow, BillW: A warm day Haven’t you listened to the weather forecastQ: What does Bill think of the weather tomorrow4.M: The food in this restaurant is really horrible. I wish we’d go to the school canteen.W: Well, food isn’t everything, is it It’s so nice to get away from the noise once in a while.Q: What does the woman mean5.M: Would you like to try some banana pie It’s very good.W: I’m sorry but I don’t care much for dessert.Q: What does the woman mean6.M: I can’t figure out why those youngsters are so eager to go afterbrand name clothing. It really doesn’t make sense to spend so much money on it.W: You’re right. Especially nowadays when styles change so quickly.Q: On what do the two speakers agree7.M: The flowers are so lovely. And I like the music too. Thanking youfor inviting me here.W: It’s a pleasure. Shall we order some soup firstQ: Where does the conversation take place8.M: You know I’m majoring in business and I really need to take acourse in computer science. But the trouble is I hate the computer.It’s so complicated.W: You need to know something about the computer first. You’ll find it very useful once you understand how it works. I can guarantee you that.Q: What can you learn from the conversationPart BDirections: You’ll hear two conversations. Each will be read once. Listen carefully and choose the right answers to the questions you hear. (7 points)Conversation 1W: Ah, Mr. Stone. Do come in and sit down.M: Thank you.W: How are you Are you still feeling very tired all the timeM: Yes, I am. Occasionally I have a pain in the chest.W: Well, your blood pressure is very high. And if you don’t change your lifestyle, you’re going to have a heart attack sooner or later.M: Oh, dear. What do I have to doW: Well, there are three things that you ought to do. First, stop smoking. Secondly, you really must lose weight, and you must reduce the amount of fat that you eat. And lastly, you must take more exercise.M: What sort of exercise should I doW: Walking is best. You should walk about three miles four or five times a week.M: But I don’t have time. I’m just so busy at work.W: That’s another thing. You mustn’t work so hard. Look, take this information and read it through. Then make an appointment to see our lifestyle consultant. She will work out a full diet and exercise program for you. And don’t worry. That’s the last thing you should do. I’ll see you again next month.M: OK, Thank you, Doctor. Goodbye.W: Goodbye.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.9.What cause the man’s problem according to the doctor10.Which of the following does the doctor tell the man to do11.What do you know about the manConversation 2M: Hi, Marry. Do you like musicW: Yes, very much, especially classical music.M: Do you like rock musicW: No, it’s too noisy. What about youM: I like it very much. You know rock stars play exciting music and their unusual clothes impress me a lot. I often go to their concerts.W: I don’t understand why rock stars are so famous.M: It’s because of their fans. They go to their concerts, buy their records and wear the same kind of clothes.W: I see. Did you watch TV last nightM: No, I didn’t. What was onW: Zed Hawks was interviewed on TV.M: Really He’s one of my favorite stars and he’s world famous. At least I suppose so. He’s given concerts in 12 countries and sold over 20 million records. What did he say in the TV interviewW: He didn’t say anything actually. During the interview the hostess suggested that Zed should behave better because his fans imitate him. Believe it or not. He reacted very angrily. And he walked out. The interview lasted less than two minutes.M: He really behaved badly. I’m so disappointed. Doesn’t he know rock stars need the public They earn money from the public. So why shouldn’t the public criticize them They shouldn’t complain when they are criticized. If they do, they’ll lose their fans. W: You said it.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.12.What do you know about the woman13.Why are rock stars famous according to the man14.What did Zed Hawks do during the TV interview15.Which of the following is true of the manPart CThe weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately, as Britain does not experience extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The temperature rarely rises above 32℃in summer, or falls below—10℃in winter.Summers are generally cool, but due to global warming they are starting to get drier and hotter. Hot weather causes terrible jams on the roads as Britons rush to the coastal resorts.Winters are generally mild, with the most frequent snowfalls in the Scottish Highlands, where it is possible to go skiing. People enjoy discussing the snow, complaining about the cold and comparing the weather conditions with previous winters.Contrary to the popular opinion, it does not rain all the time. There is certainly steady rainfall throughout most of the year, but the months from September to January are the wettest. Thanks to the rain, Britain has a richly fertile countryside which is famous for its deep green colour.Part DPassage 1People's understanding of health also becomes deeper with the progress in scientific research. Recently the term "health" has come to have a wider meaning than it used to. It no longer means just the absence of illness. Today, health means the well-being of your body, your mind and your relationship with other people. This new concept of health is closely related to another term-quality of life. Quality of life is the degree of overall satisfaction that a person gets from life.Why has the emphasis of health shifted from the absence of disease to a broader focus on the quality of a person's life One reason for this has to do with the length and conditions of life that people can now expect. Medical advances have made it possible for people today to live longer, healthier lives. Imagine for a moment that you were born in the year 1900. You could have expected on average to live until about the age of 47. In contrast, if you were born in the year 1999, you could expect to live to the age of 75.Passage 2I often dreamed about what the world would be like one hundred years from now. I’m sure it will have changed a lot. For example, I think many people will be living in space. In fact, I imagine that all the advanced countries will have established space cities by then. OnEarth, in my opinion, most people will be communicating in English “online” by computers and videophones.As for my country, I think life will have also changed in many ways. First of all, the population will be decreasing. People will have fewer children and everyone will be living in smaller, high-tech communities. In general, cities will have become much smaller. I also think most of the environmental and transportation problems of today’s big cities will have been solved. In fact, I think life in my country will be a lot healthier. If I’m lucky, maybe I’ll still be living.Passage 3Earthquakes are something that most people fear. In the world there are some places that have few or no earthquakes. However, most places in the world have earthquakes regularly. Some places, like Iran and Guatemala, have them frequently. Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite mountainous.The most talked about earthquake in the United Stated was the one that hit San Francisco in 1906. But the strongest one in North America was in 1964. It happened in Alaska.Strong earthquakes can kill a great many people. In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded happened in Portugal. Around 20, 000 people died. And in 1923, the great Kanto Earthquake in Japan claimed 142,000 lives.Earthquakes are not the only acts of nature which we fear. Floods, tidal waves and bad storms also cause us to be afraid, as they often claim many lives and do great damage to the environment. But they probably do not worry us as much as earthquakes, especially in modern times. The reason is that we often know they are coming. We have some warning. Someday we may be able to know when an earthquake is coming. However, so far no sure way is known to predict an earthquake. When one comes, it is a surprise. People cannot prepare for it, so hundreds of lives may be lost in earthquakes such as those in China in 1976 and in 2008.。
C语言编程Test 2作业
[
（1）学会调试程序的基本步骤。
（2）掌握switch语句的使用和break的作用。
（3）熟练掌握分支结构程序设计。
[
第一题，调试程序（实验教材P15实验2.2），按照书中介绍的方法进行调试。
改正下列程序中的错误，输入x计算并输出下列分段函数f(x)的值（保留1位小数）。
y=f(x)=1/x (x≠0)
printf("Enter salary:");
scanf("%d",&salary);
printf("Enter rate:");
scanf("%lf",&rate);
switch(salary)
{
case 1:rate=0;
case 2: 850<salary<=1350,rate=0.05;
case 3:1350<salary<=2850,rate=0.10;
return 0;
}
正确解题过程如下
#include <stdio.h>
int main(voiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้)
{
double x, y;
printf("Enter x: ");
scanf("%lf", x);
if(x != 0){
y = 1 / x
}
else{
y = 0;
}
printf("f(%.2f) = %.1f\n", x, y);
解题程序如下：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture: the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a ‘fire finish’. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could net boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six- millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company £100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes -melting, refining,homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Question 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassQuestion 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage9. The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10. Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11. Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12. The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.puters are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Little Ice AgeA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather -as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout thenorthern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and -1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D–F from the list of headings below.write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.16Paragraph E17 Paragraph FQuestion 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of inthedistant past are 18 …………and19 ………… . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20 ………… , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 …………and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 …………with no rain at all.Question 23-Classify the following events as occurring during theA. Medieval Warm PeriodB. Little Ice AgeC. Modem Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A. B or C in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23. Many Europeans started farming abroad.24. The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25. Europeans discovered other lands.26. Changes took place in fishing patterns.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being.A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognisethousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It smells like…., ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Question 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.28Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32Paragraph FQuestions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the writer doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalD describing limitations36 What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the ………… belonging to theirhusbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ………… .39 The sense of smell may involve response to ………… which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain ………… are not regarded as unpleasant in others.参考答案1 spinning2 (perfectly) unblemished3 labour/labor-intensive4 thickness5 marked6 (molten) glass7 (molten) tin/metal8 rollers9 TRUE10 NOT GIVEN11 FALSE12 TRUE13 TRUE14 ii15 vii16 ix17 iv18&19 (IN EITHER ORDER) C B20A21H22G23C24C25A26B27 viii28 ii29 vi30 i31 iii32 v33C34A35C36D37 clothing38 vocabulary39 chemicals40 cultures。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Why pagodas don’t fall downIn a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo -Japan's first skyscraper -was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the Shinbashira actually carries noload at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the Shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr. Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short, the Shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance -with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.Question 1-4Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1. Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.2. The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.3. The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.4. The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.Question 5-10Classify the following as typical ofA. both Chinese and Japanese pagodasB. only Chinese pagodasC. only Japanese pagodasWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.5. easy interior access to top6. tiles on eaves7. use as observation post8. size of eaves up to half the width of the building9. original religious purpose10. floors fitting loosely over each otherQuestion 11-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11. In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashiraA. bears the full weight of the building.B. bends under pressure like a tree.C. connects the floors with the foundations.D. stops the floors moving too far.12. Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order toA. improve skyscraper design.B. be able to build new pagodas.C. learn about the dynamics of pagodas.D. understand ancient mathematics.13. The storeys of a Japanese pagoda areA. linked only by wood.B. fastened only to the central pillar.C. fitted loosely on top of each other.D. joined by special weights.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The True Cost of FoodA For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the west at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.B First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering -the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.C Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic - a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren't paying for it, are they?D But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world's leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate.E The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates; ￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.F So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture asthe solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.G But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a ‘Greener Food Standard', which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14. a cost involved in purifying domestic water15. the stages in the development of the farming industry16. the term used to describe hidden costs17. one effect of chemicals on water sourcesQuestion 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18. Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.19. The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.20. The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognised.21. One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.Question 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 …………are higher than most people realise, because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its reliance on 23 ………… .Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to 24 …………, Professor Pretty wants thegovernment to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a 25 ………… . He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both 26 ………… and………… .Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Makete Integrated Rural Transport ProjectSection AThe disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.The concept of ‘integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.Section BWhen the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.Section CHaving determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys -a donkey costs less than a bicycle-and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.Section DAt the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before. Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.Section EIt would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a’top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of thedistrict.It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.Section FToday, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.Question 27-30Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-FChoose the correct heading for paragraphs B, C, E and F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.28 Section C30 Section FQuestion 31-35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.32. Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.33. Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.34. The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.35. MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country's capital. Question 36-39Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, into boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths39 The isolation of Makete for part of the yearChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?A. to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countriesB. to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it wasC. to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeysD. to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems参考答案1 YES2 NO3 NOT GIVEN4 YES5 B6 A7 B8 C9 A10 C11 D12 C13 C14 E15 B16 C17 B18 YES19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21YES22 food bills/costs23 (modern) intensive farming24 organic farming25 Greener Food Standard26 (IN EITHER ORDER) farmers (and) consumers27 ii28 v29 x30 i31 NO32 YES33 NO34 YES35 NOT GIVEN36 D37 I38 G39 E40B。
TTT(Test-Teach-Test)语言教学法研究-精品文档
TTT(Test-Teach-Test) 语言教学法研究、TTT语言教学法概述1.教前测试(Test 1)教前测试(Test 1) 是指让学生在没有教师的帮助之下独立完成设定好的关于目标语言结构的任务或活动，其主要目的发现并诊断学生对目标语言的认知和掌握情况以及以往所学知识对新知识的迁移作用。
教师可根据教学前测试的反馈评估学生的实际情况并实时调整教学策略以适应教学对象的实际需求。
在设计教前测试的时候教师必须遵循以下原则。
(1)、预测旧有知识对目标语言的迁移作用。
在设计教前测试的时候，教师必须充分考虑教学对象的旧有知识与目标语言之间的关系，明确旧知识对新知识的影响，以及学生在完成测试时可能犯的语言错误，以利于教师根据测试结果调整教学策略。
比如，在教学现在进行时表将来用法时，教师要考虑一般将来时对现在进行时表将来这一用法的影响，以及现在进行时的一般用法对表将来用法的影响。
举例如下：根据一般情况推测，大部分学生的答案趋向于“ will+do ” 因为根据语境判断二者讨论的是将要发生的事情，而will+do ”是一般将来时的基本构成，其用法就是谈论将来发生的事情。
但是根据所给动词的性质判断，移动动词一般要用进行时表将来，所以答案只能是“ be+doing ”。
这时，学生又有可能将之与现在进行时的一般用法混淆。
在接下来的教学环节，教师就要将这三种容易混淆的用法进行对比，加以区别，以便学生掌握进行时表将来的用法。
(2)、测试的难度应该与学生的实际水平一致。
教前测试如果太难或太易都容易失去其诊断的功能，无法暴露学生的知识漏洞，不利于教师根据测试反馈调整教学策略。
因此教师必须编制适合目标学生实际水平的教前测试题目，以期达到准确诊断的效果。
(3)、测试的活动应该多种多样。
这里所说的测试不仅限于类似试卷试题的形式。
无论是何种任务、活动，只要能起到诊断作用都可以作为教前测试。
当然，为了便于教师准确及时把握问题，笔者更倾向于书面的活动。
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855, and became a well-known landscapephotographerAlexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for thesetypes of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities oft he two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.blographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.2 Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.3 Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.4 There were many similarities between Henderson's early landscapes and those of Notman.5 The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.6 Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.7 When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax linehad been finished.8 Henderson's last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Questions 9-13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Back to the future of skyscraper designAnswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuriesA The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.'The crisis in building design is already here.' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve Energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed -to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioningsystems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.E'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas -toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago -built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.* pathogens: microorganisms that can cause diseaseQuestions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century15 a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige16 a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modernstandards17 how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building18 an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning Questions 19-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wardsProfessor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ________ of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ________ in the air coming from patients suffering from 21 ________ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22 ________ in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23 ________ areas.A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the24 ________ for protection against bad air, known as 25 ________ . These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Questions 27-34Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HWhy companies should welcome disorderA Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all those inboxes and calendars -or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively, increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.B Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?C This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.D New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organisational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend timeand money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.E What's more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.F In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.G In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvement in worker productivity in all facets of the business.In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the 'boundaryless' organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.H A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work. Questions 35-37Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.35 Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not ________ enough.36 Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as ________37 Many people feel ________ with aspects of their work.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.39 Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.40 Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 FALSE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 FALSE8 TRUE9 merchant10 equipment11 gifts12 canoe13 mountains14 F15 C16 E17 D18 B19 design(s)20 pathogens21 tuberculosis22 wards23 communal24 public25 miasmas26 cholera27 vi28 i29 iii30 ii31 ix32 vii33 iv34 viii35 productive36 perfectionists37 dissatisfied38 TRUE39 FALSE40 NOT GIVEN。
雅思OG test 2 passage 1
READINGREADING PASSAGE 1 ( 35 points)You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The Flavor of PleasureWhen it comes to celebrating the flavor of food, our mouth gets all the credit. But in truth, it is the nose that knows.No matter how much we talk about tasting our favorite flavors, relishing them really depends on a combined input from our senses that we experience through mouth, tongue and nose. The taste, texture, and feel of food are what we tend to focus on, but most important are the slight puffs of air as we chew our food - what scientists call ‘retronasal smell’.Certainly our mouths and tongues have taste buds, which are receptors for the five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, or what is more commonly referred to as savory. But our tongues are inaccurate instruments as far as flavor is concerned. They evolved to recognize only a few basic tastes in order to quickly identify toxins, which in nature are often quite bitter or acidly sour.All the complexity, nuance, and pleasure of flavor come from the sense of smell operating in the back of the nose. It is there that a kind of alchemy occurs when we breathe up and out the passing whiffs of our chewed food. Unlike a hound’s skull with its extra long nose, which evolved specifically to detect external smells, our noses have evolved to detect internal scents. Primates specialise in savoring the many millions of flavor combinations that they can create for their mouths.Taste without retronasal smell is not much help in recognizing flavor. Smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by Yale University’s Gordon Shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings. Shepherd has come up with the term ‘neurogastronomy’ to link the disciplines of food science, neurology, psychology, and anthropology with the savory elements of eating, one of the most enjoyed of human experiences.In many ways, he is discovering that smell is rather like face recognition. The visual system detects patterns of light and dark and, building on experience, the brain creates a spatial map. It uses this to interpret the interrelationship of the patterns and draw conclusions that allow us to identify people and places. In the same way, we use patterns and ratios to detect both new and familiar flavors. As we eat, specialized receptors in the back of the nose detect the air molecules in our meals. From signals sent by the receptors, the brain understands smells as complex spatial patterns. Using these, as well as input from the other senses, it constructs the idea of specific flavors.This ability to appreciate specific aromas turns out to be central to the pleasure we get from food, much as our ability to recognize individuals is central to the pleasures of social life. The process is so embedded in our brains that our sense of smell is critical to our enjoyment of life at large. Recent studies show that people who lose the ability to smell become socially insecure, and their overall level of happiness plummets.Working out the role of smell in flavor interests food scientists, psychologists,and cooks alike. The relatively new discipline of molecular gastronomy, especially, relies on understanding the mechanics of aroma to manipulate flavor for maximum impact. In this discipline, chefs use their knowledge of the chemical changes that take place during cooking to produce eating pleasures that go beyond the ‘ordinary’.However, whereas molecular gastronomy is concerned primarily with the food or ‘smell’ molecules, neurogastronomy is more focused on the receptor molecules and the brain’s spatial images for smell. Smell stimuli form what Shepherd terms ‘odor objects’, stored as memories, and these have a direct link with our emotions. The brain creates images of unfamiliar smells by relating them to other more familiar smells. Go back in history and this was part of our survival repertoire, like most animals, we drew on our sense of smell, when visual information was scarce, to single out prey.Thus the brain’s flavor- recognition system is a highly complex perceptual mechanism that puts all five senses to work in various combinations. Visual and sound cues contribute, such as crunching, as does touch, including the texture and feel of food on our lips and in our mouths. Then there are the taste receptors, and finally, the smell, activated when we inhale. The engagement of our emotions can be readily illustrated when we picture some of the wide-ranging facial expressions that are elicited by various foods- many of them hard- wired into our brains at birth. Consider the response to the sharpness of lemon and compare that with the face that is welcoming the smooth wonder of chocolate.The flavor-sensing system, ever receptive to new combinations, helps to keep our brains active and flexible. It also has the power to shape our desires and ultimately our bodies. On the horizon we have the positive application of neurogastronomy: manipulating flavor to curb our appetites.Questions 1 - 5 Questions 6 - 9 Questions 10 - 13。
SAT Math Practice Test Two SAT数学模拟试题二
16 A B C D E
234
Practice Test II
Practice Test IIA: 25 Minutes, 18 Questions (8 Multiple-Choice and 10 Grid-in) Practice Test IIB: 25 Minutes, 20 Multiple-Choice Questions Practice Test IIC: 20 Minutes, 16 Multiple-Choice Questions
235
Part III: Math Practice Tests
Practice Test IIA
Time: 25 minutes 18 questions (8 multiple-choice and 10 grid-in)
Directions: This section is composed of two types of questions. Use the 25 minutes allotted to answer both question types. For Questions 1–8, select the one correct answer of the five choices given and mark the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. Your scratch work should be done on any available space in the section.
A. –12 B. –4 C. 0 D. 3 E. 4
剑桥BEC真题集 第二辑 中级 Test 2
Test 2READING 1 hourPART ONEQuestions 1-7●Look at the statements below and the text on the opposite page about theimportance of listening●Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement (1-7) refer to?●For each statement (1-7), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.●You will need to use some of these letters more than once.1 Sometimes it is necessary to insist on further explanation.2 You shouldn’t focus on your response while others are still speaking.3 People are reluctant to admit that they don’t listen well.4 There are benefits in seeing things from the speaker’s perspective.5 Keen observation of the speaker can support our listening skills.6 It is risky to think about a different issue while someone is speaking.7 People do not mind hearing their own views summarised.Good listener, better managerAToo often we accuse others of not listening, pretending that we ourselves are faultless, yet in our hearts we know that many of the mistakes we make come about because we haven't listened carefully enough. We get things wrong because we haven't quite understood what someone meant when they were talking to us. Anyone who has ever taken the minutes of a long meeting will know how hard it is to remember — despite the benefit of notes - exactly what everyone said. But success depends on getting things right — and that means listening.BListening is not the same thing as hearing; it is not an effortless activity. lt demands attention and concentration. It may mean quizzing the speaker for additional information or for clarification —it is always better to ask than to continue regardless and get things wrong. However, if you allow your mind to wander onto something else, even for a few minutes, you’ll miss what the speaker is saying — probably at the very moment when he or she is saying something critical. And not having heard, you won’t know you’ve missed anything until it’s too late.CThe most common bad habit we have is to start thinking of what we are going to say about the subject long before the other speaker has finished. We then stop listening. Even worse, this often adds rudeness to inattentiveness, as once you have decided what to say there is a fair chance you will interrupt to say it. Good listeners don't interrupt. In fact it is often worth explaining the main idea of what you have just been told before going on to make your own points. Nobody is offended by this and it shows that you have listened well.DAbove all be patient and accept that many people are not very good communicators. I t’s helpful to remember that the ways people move and position themselves while they are speaking can reveal a great deal about what they are saying. Equally importantly you should put yourself in the other person's place, both intellectually and emotionally; it will help you to understand what they are getting at and form a response. But don’t be too clever. Faced with a know-all, many people keep quiet because they see no point in continuing.PART TWOQuestions 8-12●Read the article below about recruiting staff●Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.●For each gap (8-12), mark one letter (A—G) on your Answer Sheet.●Do not use any letter more than once.●There is an example at the beginning, (0).Finding the right peopleWhen a small company grows, managers must take on many new roles. Besides the day-to—day running of the business, they find themselves responsible for, among other things, relations with outside investors, increased levels of cashflow and, hardest of all, recruitment.For most managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, the job of searching for, interviewing and selecting staff is difficult and time-consuming. (0)……G……… Interviewing, for example, is a highly skilled activity in itself.‘We have found the whole process very hard,' says Dan Baker, founding partner of a PR0 A B C D E F G company. ‘In seven years we have grown from fi ve to eighteen staff, but we have not found it easy to locate and recruit the right people.’ (8) ........ . As Dan Baker explains, ‘We went to one for our first recruitment drive, but they took a lot of money in advance and didn’t put forward anybody suita ble. In the end we had to do it ourselves.’Most recruitment decisions are based on a pile of CVs, a couple of short interviews and two cautious references. David Rowe, a business psychologist, studied how appointments were made in five small companies. He claims that selection was rarely based on clear criteria. (9) ........ . This kind of approach to recruitment often has unhappy consequences for both employers and new recruits.Small companies often know what kind of person they are looking for. (10) ........ . According to David Rowe, this means that small company managers themselves have to devote more time and energy to recruitment. It shouldn’t be something that is left to the evenings or weekends.Many companies start the recruitment process with over-optimistic ideas about the type of person that will fit into their team. ‘It’s very easy to say you must have the best people in the top positions,’ says Alex Jones, managing partner of an executive recruitment company. ‘Butsomeone who is excellent in one company may not do so well in another environment. (11) ........ . You can never guarantee a successful transfer of skills.’Whatever the candidate's qualifications, their personal qualities are just as important since they will have to integrate with existing members of staff. This is where, the recruitment industry argues, they can really help.According to Alex Jones, ‘A good recruitment agency will visit your company and ask a lot of questions. (12) ........ . They can ask applicants all sorts of questions you don’t like to ask and present you with a shortlist of people who not only have the skills, but who are likely to fit in with your company’s way of doing things.’Example:A A finance director in a big company, for example, will often make a terrible small company finance director because he or she is used to having a team doing the day-to-day jobs.B More often than not, the people making the choice prioritised different qualities in candidates or relied on guesswork.C Recruitment would seem an obvious task to outsource, but the company's experience of recruitment agencies was not encouraging.D They need paying for that, of course, but you will have them working for you and not forthe candidate.E They are usually in very specific markets and the problem they face is that recruitment agencies may not really understand the sector.F This means that companies cannot spend more than the standard ten minutes interviewing each applicant.G Yet few are trained and competent for all aspects of the task.PART THREEQuestions 13-18●Read the article below about Smithson’s, a British department store, and the questions on theopposite page.●For each question (13-18), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.Department Store MagicFor most of the 20th century Smithso n's was one of Britain’s most successful department stores, but by the mid-l 990s, it had become dull. Still profitable, thanks largely to a series of successful advertising campaigns, but decidedly boring. The famous were careful not to be seen there, and its sales staff didn't seem to have changed since the store opened in l908. Worst of all, its customers were buying fewer and fewer of its own-brand products, the major part of its business, and showing a preference for more fashionable brands.But now all this has changed, thanks to Rowena Baker, who became Smithson's first woman Chief Executive three years ago. Since then, while most major retailers in Britain have been losing money, Smithson's profits have been rising steadily. When Baker started, a lot of improvements had just been made to the building, without having any effect on sales, and she took the bold decision to invite one of Europe's most exciting interior designers to develop the fashion area, the heart of the store. This very quickly led to rising sales, even before the goods on display were changed. And as sales grew, so did profits.Baker had ambitious plans for the store f rom the start. ’We’re playi ng a big game, to prove we’re up there with the leaders in our sector, and we have to make sure people ge t that message. Smithson’s had fallen behind the competition. It provided a traditional service targeted at middle-aged, middle-income custom ers, who’d been shopping there for years, and the customer base was gradually contracting. Our idea is to sell such an exciting variety of goods that everyone will want to come in, whether they plan to spend a little or a Iot.’ Baker’s vision for the store is clear, but achieving it is far from simple. At first, many employees resisted her improvements because they just wouldn’t be persuaded that there was anything wrong with the way they'd always done things, even if they accepted that the store had to overtake its competitors. It took many long meetings, involving the entire workforce, to win their support. It helped when they realised that Baker was a very different kind of manager from the ones they had known. Baker’s staff policies contained more surprises. T he uniform that had hardly changed since dayone has now disappeared. Moreover, teenagers now get young shop assistants, and staff in the sports departments are themselves sports fans in trainers. As Bak er explains, ’How can you sell jeans if you’re wearin g a black suit? Smithson’s has a new identity, and this needs to be made clear to the customers.’ She's also given every sales assistant responsibility for ensuring customer satisfaction, even if it means occasionally breaking company rules in the hope that this will help company profits.Rowena Baker is proving successful, but the City's big investors haven't been persuaded. According to retail analyst, J ohn Matthews, ’Money had already been invested in refurbishment of the store and in fact that led t o the boost in sales. She took the credit, but hadn’t done anything to achieve it. And in my view the company’s shareholders are not convinced. The fact is that unless she opens several more stores pretty soon, Smithson’s profits will start to fall because turnover at the existing store will inevitably start to decline.’13 According to the writer, in the mid-l990s Smithson’s department storeA was making a loss.B had a problem keeping staff.C was unhappy with its advertising agency.D mostly sold g oods under the Smithson’s name.14 According to the writer, Smithson's profits started rising three years agobecause ofA an improvement in the retailing sector.B the previous work done on the store.C Rowena Baker's choice of designer.D a change in the products on sale.15 According to Rowena Baker, one problem which Smithson’s faced when she joined was thatA the number of people using the store was falling slowly.B its competitors offered a more specialised range of products.C the store’s prices w ere set at the wrong level.D customers were unhappy with the service provided.16 According to the writer, many staff opposed Baker’s plans becauseA they were unwilling to change their way of working.B they disagreed with her goals for the store.C they felt they were not consulted enough about the changes.D they were unhappy with her style of management.17 Baker has changed staff policies because she believes thatA the corporate image can be improved through staff uniforms.B the previous rules were not fair to customers.C customers should be able to identify with the staff serving them.D employees should share in company profits.18What problem does John Matthews think Smithson’s is facing?A More money needs to be invested in the present store.B The company’s profits will only continue to rise if it expands.C The refurbishment of the store is proving unpopular with customers.D Smithson’s shareholders expect a quick return on their investments.PART FOURQuestions 19-33●Read the introduction below to a book about relationships at work.●Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.●For each question (19-33), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.●There is an example at the beginning, (0).Managing a career on the way up is quite different from managing one at the (0)…D…….of an organisation. Individuals on the way up have to build relationships with the people they (19) ....... to. They usually have to (20) ....... with subordinates in addition to people at the same level as themselves. The most senior staff only have those under them to relate to. This book (21) ....... the idea that all working relationships, including the relationship with one’s boss, can and should be managed. .19 A notify B inform C account D report20 A unite B contact C handle D deal21 A promotes B presses C advertises D convinces22 A clearer B deeper C smarter D fuller23 A respect B fashion C part D means24 A leader B supporter C adviser D helper25 A course B line C path D route26 A factors B aspects C causes D topics27 A put B see C keep D take28 A specify B identify C indicate D refer29 A giving B operating C reacting D co-operating30 A run B forward C move D make31 A appraisal B value C appreciation D regard32 A advantage B benefit C side D behalf33 A posts B roles C positions D actsPART FIVEQuestions 34-45●Read the article below about the winner of a business award.●In most of the lines (34-45) there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect ordoes not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines however are correct.●If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.●If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on yourAnswer Sheet.●The exercise begins with two examples, (0) and (00).0 Anne-Marie Garrard was shocked when it was announced that she had won the 00 Personal Assistant of the Year award. 'The other candidates seemed me34 to be very strong, and I have to say I found that the selection procedure really·WRITING 45 minutesPART ONE●You are the Managing Director of a company whose profits have recently increased and youwould like to reward staff for this.●Write a memo to all staff:•thanking them for their contribution•explaining why profits increased•telling them what their reward will be.●Write 40-50 words.MEMOTo: All StaffFrom:Date: 7 December 2002Subject: Staff RewardPART TWO●Your company requires a taxi firm that it could use on a regular basis for staff and clients. Yoursecretary has selected two advertisements from the local newspaper.●Look at the advertisements below, on which you have already made some handwritten notes.●Then, using all your notes, write a proposal for your line manager, saying which firm you thinkyour company should use.●Write 120-140 words on a separate sheet.沪江英语：/LISTENING 40 minutes (including10 minutes’ transfer time)PART ONEQuestions 1-12●You will hear three telephone conversations or messages.●Write one or two words or a number in the numbered spaces on the notes or forms below.●After you have listened once, replay each recording.Conversation One(Questions 1-4)●Look at the form below.●You will hear a woman calling about training courses.Conversation Two(Questions 5-8)●Look at the note below.●You will hear a woman ringing about problems with a new telephone system.Conversation Three(Questions 9-12)●Look at the notes below.●You will hear a woman calling about the arrangements for a meeting.PART TWOQuestions 13-22Section One(Questions 13-17)●You will hear five short recordings.●For each recording, decide which book the speaker is talking about.●Write one letter (A-H) next to the number of the recording.●Do not use any letter more than once.●After you have listened once, replay the recordings.13 ..............................14 ..............................15 ..............................16 ..............................17 .............................Section Two(Questions 18-22)●You will hear another five recordings.●For each recording, decide what reason each person gives.●Write one letter (A-H) next to the number of the recording.●Do not use any letter more than once.●After you have listened once, replay the recordings.18 .............................. 19 .............................. 20 .............................. 21 .............................. 22 ..............................PART THREEQuestions 23-30● You will hear a radio report about the London stock market.● For each question (23-30), mark one letter (A , B or C ) for the correct answer.● After you have listened once, replay the recording.23 How did the stock market perform today?A It continued the week’s steady movement.B It reached its highest level of the week.C It finished below an earlier peak.24 Brownlow, the clothing retailer, hasA sold a subsidiary.B bought a foreign company.C been taken over. .25 What has happened at Westwales Electricity?A Training has been offered to the whole workforce.B The management team has been replaced.C Many of its engineers have been made redundant.26 Financial experts advise investors with shares in electricity and gas toA sell them immediately.B persuade others to sell them.C delay any decision about selling.27 What is said about the pharmaceuticals sector?A It is the strongest performing sector.B It is behaving similarly to other sectors.C It will soon be overtaken by other sectors.28 Which type of business is continuing to experience difficulties?Asupermarket retailersB leisure companiesC construction firms29 What is said about Freewaves, the internet café chain?A It has increased its research spending. _B It has just announced a loss.C It has paid shareholders large dividends.30What is Simpson’s planning to do?A expand by taking over other companiesB reorganise the companies in the groupC increase its market shareYou now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to your Answer Sheet.SPEAKING 14 minutesSAMPLE SPEAKING TASKSPART ONEThe interview—about 3 minutesln this part, the interlocutor asks questions to each of the candidates in turn. You have to give information about yourself and express personal opinions.PART TWOIn this part of the test, you are asked to give a short talk on a business topic. Youhave to choose one of the topics from the three below and then talk for about one minute. You have one minute to prepare your ideas.PART THREEln this part of the test, you are given a discussion topic. You have 30 seconds tolook at the prompt card, an example of which is below, and then about three minutes to discuss the topic with your partner. After that, the examiner will ask you more questions related to the topic.For two candidatesEnglish Language TrainingYour company is planning to offer 30 hours of English languagetraining to employees.You have been asked to help with the planning and organisation of the training.Discuss the situation together, and decide:●how to encourage employees to take part in the training●what kind of schedule would be suitable for the training.For three candidatesFollow-on questions。
雅思考试官方指南第二版test 2阅读
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七年级阅读理解分级Test 2
Test 2AComplete the following two passages with the words or phrases in the box. Each word can only be used once(将下列单词或词组填入空格。
每空格限填一词，毎词只能填一次）George Hill was thirteen when his father brought home eight locks he had found. He didn't have a 1 for any of them. As a joke, he told George that he would give him twenty-five dollars for each lock he could open In only one hour, George had opened them 2 !That's when George first became 3 locks. He read every book he could find about locks and bought locks of all kinds. Today, George has a vast 4 of locks. It is the largest collection in the world.A truck was speeding down a highway as it came to a curve( 拐弯处) of the road. It was going too fast to make the turn. The truck hit the 5 of the road and overturned(倾覆). Out came everything it was 6 -sixty thousand hamburgers!Students from a nearby school ran over to the truck. The driver said, "If you will pick up all these small boxes of hamburgers, I'll give your school a present. "The students spentfive hours picking up the hamburgers. The hamburgers were 7 , and the driver gave the school $300. The money was used to buy 8 for the playground.BChoose the best answer(根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案)A man was sitting in the park watching the ducks on the pond, when a woman went to him.She had a white dog. She sat down on a bench, took out a magazine and began to read. The dog was sitting between her and the man. After it had been sitting quietly for about ten minutes. the dog turned and looked up at the man. "Excuse me, the dog said, "but you look like a kind man. Please buy me from this terrible woman.”The man could hardly believe his ears. A dog said to him in English!“She is so mean(吝啬)to me, "the dog continued. "She never pets me or plays with me. She doesn't feed me properly and she often beats me when shes in a bad mood(情绪), which is most of the time.”The man was amazed to hear the dog say all this, he was even more surprised when the dog added, "And I'm really a very good dog. I’m quite famous, too. I won a medal in the last, was twice wounded in action. I’ve saved three children-two from drowning and one from a fire."The man decided that he would try to buy the dog from the woman. He would pay a lot of money if necessary. The dog would soon earn tens of thousands of dollars on television.It could be the world's first talking dog.“ Excuse me, "he said to the woman, "but I love your little dog. Will you sell him to me?"“I'll be glad to sell him, "the woman said. "You can have him for ten dollars.”“Ten dollars! "the man said. "Only ten dollars? Why so little?”“Because, "the woman said, "he always tells a lie”.1. The dog_______.A. sat on the pondB. could read the magazineC. was helping the woman D .belonged to the woman2. The dog spoke_____.A. until the man talked to himB. ten minutes after sitting on the benchC. when the man was readingD. before he was asked to3. The dog explained that it had _______A. stopped a fireman from saving three childrenB. never been in the warC. acted bravely in dangerous situationsD. refused a medal in the last war4. The man would like to pay ___________to buy the dogA. ten dollarsB. only a littleC. a lot of moneyD. nothing5. The woman was ____________A. happy to sell her dogB. not happy to sell her dogC hoping her dog would ear much money D. selling her dog on TV6. From the story we know that ___________A. the man and the woman didn't like each otherB the woman loved money more than her petC the dog was a heroD. the dog always told liesCChoose the words or expressions and complete the passage(选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文)I did’ t think I had a passion(强的情感) I would sit in front of the TV all day,thinking about 1 but the next show.It was not long ago that I 2 learned how important having a passion is to life.That day I went with my mum to drop my sister off at the gym. I was bored. Then, as my mum stopped at a red light, someone on the side of the road caught my eye. It was a man dressed in rags(破衣). He was homeless. That didn’t interest me，3 I had seen many like him before.But in some way he was 4 .This man was not sitting down with a sad expression. He had a radio in his hand and was dancing happily to the music. The radio seemed to be the most precious thing he had.“Mum, why does that man have a radio even though hes homeless? "I asked.“He bought it, "she replied.I was still puzzled.“But if he's homeless, why doesn't he use the money to buy food or clothes? He wasted it on something he doesn't need.“Well, Sarah, sometimes food and clothes aren’t the most important things. We need happiness, too.”That man must care enough about music to buy a radio 5 food or clothes. I soon realized that happiness is the key to life Without it, there’s nothing to look forward to. A passion gives a person the happiness they need to keep going.Since then I've never gone a day without thinking of what's truly important. A home, a meal, clothes-these things are only part of the picture. What's often 6 is that we all need a joy, a light in a dark day. We all need a passion.1. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing2. A. first B. hardly C. nearly D. finally3. A. when B. until C. for D. unless4. A. the same B. familiar C. different D. interesting5. A. because of B. instead of C. as well as D. but also6. A. remembered B. left C. forgotten D. regrettedDRead the passage and fill in the blanks with suitable words(在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。
雅思og test 2 解析
雅思og test 2 解析在雅思OG Test 2中，考生需要完成一套真实的雅思听力、阅读、写作和口语任务。
下面我将对每个部分进行解析，帮助考生理解并应对考试。
1. 听力部分：雅思OG Test 2的听力部分包含4个听力录音，并配有答案。
其中包括选择题、填空题和匹配题。
考生需要仔细聆听录音，并准确理解对话或讲座的关键信息，根据问题选择正确的答案或填写原文中的缺失部分。
2. 阅读部分：雅思OG Test 2的阅读部分包含3篇文章，每篇文章后面有几道相关的问题。
考生需要仔细阅读文章，并理解文章的主要意思、观点和细节。
问题类型包括选择题、填空题、判断题等。
考生需要注意文章中的关键词和连接词，以帮助他们在限定的时间内找到正确答案。
3. 写作部分：雅思OG Test 2的写作部分包含两个任务：第一个任务要求考生写一篇150字左右的短文，描述和解释某一图表（包括图表类型、数据趋势等）；第二个任务要求考生就某一给定话题发表个人观点，写下一篇250字左右的文章。
考生需要根据给定的题目，组织自己的思路和观点，合理安排文章结构，并使用恰当的句式和词汇。
4. 口语部分：雅思OG Test 2的口语部分包含三个任务。
任务一为考生介绍自己的家庭、工作或学习；任务二为考生描述一个他们喜欢的电影、书籍或音乐；任务三为考生和考官讨论一个与日常生活相关的话题。
考生需要流利地表达自己的观点，运用适当的词汇和语法结构，并注意语速和发音清晰度。
雅思OG Test 2是一套典型的雅思考试模拟题，通过完成这套试题，考生可以更好地了解雅思考试的考查内容和要求，为真正的考试做好准备。
考生应注重练习听力理解、阅读技巧、写作表达和口语流利度，提高自己在雅思考试中的应试能力。
雅思Test 2 Passage 2 阅读译文
MILES DAVISIcon and iconoclast（偶像与偶像破坏者）A At the age of thirteen, Miles Davis was given his first trumpet, lessons were arranged with a local trumpet player, and a musical odyssey began. These early lessons, paid for and supported by his father, had a profound effect on shaping Davis' signature sound. Whereas most trumpeters of the era favoured the use of vibrato (a wobbly quiver in pitch inflected in the instrument's tone), Davis was taught to play with a long, straight tone, a preference his instructor reportedly drilled into the young trumpeter with a rap on the knuckles every time Davis began using vibrato. This clear, distinctive style never left Davis. He continued playing with it for the rest of his career, once remarking, 'If I can't get that sound, I can't play anything.十三岁那年，迈尔斯·戴维斯得到了他人生中的第一支小号并跟随一名当地的小号手学习吹奏。
BEC(中级)真题第三辑阅读Test (2)
TEST 3 READINGPART 11 This businessman has successfully targeted a different group of consumers.2 With careful forward planning, this businessman is helping the company survive a difficult period.3 The company is now more open to change because of this businessman's way of thinking.4 This businessman has made and implemented certain decisions despite opposition to them.5 This businessman has achieved some success by misleading people about his intentions.6 The abilities of this businessman were previously doubted by the company that employs him.7 This businessman is admired for his ability to manage a number of business interests'Businessman of the Year' AwardA James King: Chief Executive of Fentons FinanceKing was nominated for the quality of his leadership, with the judges claiming that the Fentons Finance boss is almost revered by his team. He is credited with reinventing Fentons Finance - revitalising its culture of inflexibility, removing outdated pre-merger barriers and playing a brilliant tactical game. He led everyone to believe he was opposed to large mergers and then jumped on the Westcombe Bank opportunity at just the right moment. History will be the judge, but for now the markets consider King to be a star.B Keith Nash: Chief Executive of Hamley's SupermarketsNash took over as CEO when Hamley's systems and distribution were out of date and the brand badly needed freshening up. He began refocusing the brand at the higher quality end of the food market and launched several own-brand initiatives for the health conscious. As a result, the share price has gone up nearly 80 per cent. This should be extremely satisfying for Nash, who had left the retailer in 1986, disappointed after failing to secure the top job.C Jorge Marquez: Chairman of the Kenwick GroupMarquez was a popular choice for his achievements at Kenwick. The judges say he has been courageous in pushing through the appointment of controversial or inexperienced chief executives to companies within the group, and then sponsoring them as they transformed their businesses. He operates as a 'virtual' chairman, without a permanent office in any one company. He phones his CEOs regularly, and several of them have acknowledged the vital contribution he makes to their effectiveness. Everyone is impressed at how he also finds the time to be chairman of two other large companies.D Richard Jenkins: Finance Director of Centron AdvertisingLabouring in the shadow of a high-profile boss can sometimes draw attention away from the finance director, and the judges considered it was high time Jenkins got that attention. The CEO may be the public face of Centron, but Jenkins is the one who makes it run smoothly. Behind the scenes, he is constantly demonstrating that budgets and forecasts are what is needed to make a company successful, particularly now that the advertising market has been hit by recession. It is largely thanks to him that Centron is in much better shape than its rivalsPART 2Setting up an appraisal schemeAppraisals can be a wonderful opportunity for your staff to focus on their jobs and make plans to develop their unused potential. (0) ..........So, if you have decided that an appraisal scheme should be set up in your company, you need to establish some formal procedures and make somedecisions before you begin. Even if your company already has a scheme, you need to consider what you want to achieve and how you are going to do this.First of all, you need to decide on your key objectives and the real purpose of your scheme.(8).............A scheme should never be introduced at a time of redundancies, or simply for profit or competitive edge, because this will create fear and alienate staff. The next step is to decide how the scheme can most successfully be managed. It is essential that all senior staff are committed to the process and willing to make a positive contribution.The person given responsibility for designing the scheme and the appraisal forms needs to have knowledge of all roles within the organisation. He or she must also be aware of employees' potential needs. (9).............It should be someone who is trusted and whom staff will turn to if they are concerned about their appointed appraiser or the appraisal interview. The design of the scheme should indicate who will be appraising whom. This needs great tact and sensitivity. First, remember that no manager can effectively appraise more than seven or eight people. It is equally important to remember that, if significant numbers of staff are appraised by someone they dislike, or by a person whose values they do not share, the success of your scheme may be threatened.(10) ............. So bear this in mind from the beginning and, if necessary, establish an appeals procedure.Having decided on your policy and who will appraise which members of staff, you need to communicate this in the simplest possible way. Avoid lengthy documents - few people will read them. (11).............Most organisations choose a person's line manager to be the appraiser. This can be seen as an opportunity or a threat, so be ready to consider alternatives if necessary.Once you have established the appraisal process, make sure that appraisal interviews take place at a convenient time, and ideally on neutral ground. It should be borne in mind that some appraisals may involve the disclosure of confidential information. (12) .............These will show the decisions that were taken during the interview and will also indicate any new performance targets that have been agreed.A It is important to select a manager who can deal effectively with any suspicions staff may have about appraisals.B Such a measure can also reduce insecurity and unite staff in recognising the positive elements of appraisal.C Having even one staff member in such a position may affect how others respond to the process.D Ideally, this should be to provide a supportive framework that aids staff development.E Simply make sure that staff know who will appraise them and why, and what form the interview will take.F It is therefore important to decide who will have access to written records of the appraisal.G They can also be a means of getting the best out of staff, both as individuals, and as team members.PART 3SHEER GENIUS - OR A WASTE OF TIME?Encourage your original thinkers and live with their strange habits, says Alan WorthinIf one of your research staff announced that he had worked out a way to propel a vehicle on a cushion of air, would you tell him to concentrate on something practical, or suggest taking it further? If a member of your development team asked if she could come in late because she hadher best ideas at 3 am would you insist that she is in the office at 9 am like everyone else?Current business wisdom is that companies need creative, innovative people to beat competitors. The reality is that companies have always needed new ideas to survive and progress, but in the past they weren't particularly good at encouraging the people who produced them.Original thinkers don't always fit easily into the framework of an organisation. However, the advice from managing director, John Serrano is, 'Get rid of the dull people and encourage the unusual ones'. Essentially, he believes that companies need to learn how to manage their original thinkers in order to ensure that the business profits from their contribution. He also says, 'Original thinkers often find it difficult to drive change within the organisation, so they resign, feeling angry and disappointed. It is essential to avoid this.''You can't recognise original thinkers by the way they look,' says Ian Freeman. An apparently ordinary exterior can conceal a very creative thinker.' His consultancy, IBT Personnel, has devised a structured way to identify original thinkers. 'We define employees as champions, free-wheelers, bystanders and weak links, and most original thinkers come into the category of free-wheelers. They may miss deadlines if they become involved in something more interesting. They are passionate and highly motivated but have li ttle or no understanding of business directions and systems.'Headhunter George Solomon also thinks original thinkers have their disadvantages. 'They may have a bad influence within an organisation, especially given the current management trend for working in teams. The original thinkers themselves may be unaware of any problem, but having them around can be disruptive to colleagues. who have to be allowed to point out when they are being driven crazy by the original thinkers' behaviour.' Yet, in his opinion, the 'dream team' in any creative organisation consists of a balanced mixture of original thinkers and more practical, realistic people.So, having identified your original thinkers, how do you handle them? One well-known computer games company has a very inventive approach. 'We encourage our games designers by creating an informal working environment,' says director Lorna Marsh. 'A company cannot punish risk-takers if it wants to encourage creativity. Management has to provide support, coaching and advice - and take the risk that new ideas may not work. Our people have flexible working hours and often make no clear distinction between their jobs and their home lives.'Original thinkers may fit into the culture of 21st century organisations, but more traditional organisations may have to change their approach. Business psychologist Jean Row believes that the first step is to check that original thinkers are worth the effort. 'Are the benefits they bring worth the confusion they cause? If so, give them what they want, allow plenty of space, but set clear limits. Give them extremely demanding targets. If they fail to meet them, then the game is up. But if they succeed, your organisation stands only to gain.'13 It is important for a company to encourage original thinkers becauseA this allows it to promote innovative products.B this enables it to stay ahead of its rivals.C they are very flexible about their working hours.D their talents are ideally suited to the market.14 John Serrano thinks that original thinkers should beA helped to develop better people management skills.B asked to manage change within the organisation.C supported so they can perform well for the company.D encouraged to follow company procedures.15 What does Ian Freeman say about original thinkers?A They are unenthusiastic and poorly motivated.B Their work standards are impossibly high.C Their abilities are hard to recognise.D They lack awareness of commercial processes.16 What problems can be observed when there are original thinkers in the workforce?A They may have a negative effect on other workers.B They dislike the concept of teamwork.C They rush tasks through to completion.D They cannot work with less creative colleagues.17 In what way is the games company's approach to original thinkers special?A It allows them to work from home whenever they wish.B It uses different forms of disciplinary action for them.C It promotes a relaxed atmosphere in the workplace.D It encourages them to reduce the risks that they take.18 A traditional organisation wishing to employ original thinkers needs toA provide them with projects they are interested in.B assess whether their contribution makes up for any problems.C have a flexible approach if goals are not always achieved.D be prepared to handle any negative feedback from colleagues.PART 4Who Benefits Most from Company Training?According to recent research, the better educated and the higher up the socio¬economic scale you are, the more likely you are to be offered workplace training. And, incidentally, the more likely you are to then turn (19) the offer, pleading family and personal commitments or (20) of work. Less qualified staff, on the other hand, are offered fewer training opportunities, but are more eager to (21) them up. In fact, people with few or no educational qualifications are three times more likely to accept training when it is offered.In the majority of companies, more (22) are allocated to management training than to other areas. Employers (23) their better qualified staff as more important to the business, so they pay them accordingly and invest more in them in (24) of training. This is (25) by the fact that organisations are dependent on properly (26) managers making the right decisions. But this (27) may mean that companies are (28) other parts of the workforce down.The researchers found a growing demand for training among the lower-skilled.Unfortunately this demand is not being (29) by employers, even though there are strong indications that companies would benefit from doing so. They also discovered that, despite the substantial (30) between the training provided for managers and that offered to other staff, there was still widespread endorsement of training.For the purposes of the research, training was defined as any (31) of planned instruction or tuition provided by an employer with the aim of helping employees do their work better. It therefore included a wide variety of approaches. On-the-job and classroom training (32)to be usedequally by employers. But learning on the job, which involved observing a certain procedure and then practising it, was easily the most popular method for all categories of employee. While many felt that learning from colleagues was best,very few (33) the internet as an effective way to train.19.A back B over C down D off20.A force B pressure C strain D load21.A pick B keep C take D put22.A means B reserves C finances D resources23.A imagine B regard C suppose D know24.A requirements B specifications C states D terms25.A allowed B approved C justified D accepted26.A understanding B intelligent C informed D knowledgeable27.A stress B emphasis C weight D strength28.A letting B cutting C breaking D setting29.A reached B achieved C gained D met30.A space B gap C hole D room31.A frame B structure C form D order32.A showed B appeared C demonstrated D presented33.A rated B thought C marked D believedPART 5Get better at keyboarding34 of some people who keyboard with two or four fingers, you may believe that35 you are reasonably efficient. But the average person seldom achieves more36 than twelve words by a minute when using this method, while touch keyboarding37 can achieve up to 120 words, if enabling you to work almost as quickly38 as you can think. Whatever position you hold in your company, you are39 probably given responsible for answering emails or generating documents, and it40 is quite likely that you spend too much time doing this. Stop and consider how41 far much more you could do in a day as a result of touch keyboarding. You would42 be able to create such a document faster than you can write and as43 quickly as you can think and free up time to be more than creative. Moreover,44 you would save up the cost of a full-time secretary, and no longer have to45 wait for your documents to be created and either then have to return them for correction。
中级写作-写作2
中级写作-写作2(总分：30.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：2，分数：10.00)1.Part OneYou are a marketing manager of" a furniture company and you want to buy a stand at a trade fair. Write a note to your assistant Lucy:·giving her the basic information of the fair·asking her to fax the organiser for some enquiries·suggesting when you want to get the result.Write 40-50 words.NOTEPADTo:LucyFrom:Nick（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(I'm interested in having a stand at the International Furniture Exhibition in Paris on 15[th] May. Please fax the organiser and get some information as to the price, size, lo cation and discount. I expect to have the feedback by Thursday this week.)解析：2.Part Two·The sales of your company, Toller Electrical Ltd, have been falling lately. Your Managing Director has asked to write a report on this issue.·Look at the information below, on which you have already made some handwritten notes.·Then, using all you r handwritten notes, write your report.·Write 120-140 words.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Report on the fall of salesIntroductionThe aim of this report is to examine the current sales situation and suggest some pos sible solutions as to how to increase sales in the next quarter. Findings·The sales in the first quarter of 2008 were unsatisfactory, which might indicate that we have already been deeply affected by the worldwide economic recession.TVs and Heaters performed the worst with a fall of 1, 000 in sales respectively.However, the demand for Heaters usually falls when spring comes.·It was also reported that the level of customer satisfaction plunged dramatically, which might also trigger the decrease of our sales. As the consumption capacity is shrinking, there is anurgent need for us to improve the after-sales service to win more customers.ConclusionThe current situation calls for our immediate action to introduce the employee bonus schemes to improve our business performance in sales in the next quarter.)解析：二、Test 2(总题数：2，分数：10.00)3.Part OneYou are a HR manager and you plan to invite Mindsets Company to give personnel training course on cultural diversity.Write an email to your assistant:·asking her/him to contact the company·saying the number of p articipants and the duration of time·suggesting available weekends.Write 40-50 words.To... GraceCC...Subject : Personnel training（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Grace,Could you please contact Mindsets to organize a personnel training course on the topic of Cultural Diversity? We will have ten participants and the course should last two days. I suggest the weekend of 11th/12th June or, if that is not possible, the following weekend.Thanks.Nick)解析：4.Part Two·Your Managing Director has asked you to reply to the letter below which is about a proposed educational visit to your company by a local school. He has written his comments on the letter. ·Write a letter of 120 - 140 words to the headteacher explaining the changes the Managing Director would like to make to the visit.·Write on your answer sheet.·Please do not include postal addresses.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Dear Mr. MacNeil,Thank you for your letter, in which you put forward some suggestions for the pro posed visit to our company.There are, however, a few changes which I would like to make to your suggestions:* Our company is not able to receive 40 students but a maximum of 25 would be acceptable.* You suggested the date of 18th Friday. Unfortunately, a conference has been ar ranged on that day. Would Monday of the following week be available for you ?* The training officer will not come back until 10:30, so his talk to the students will have to be detayed.As to your request to have our new employees talk to your students, we regret to tell you that we can not release them from their duties. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact me.Your sincerely,David Johnson)解析：三、Test 3(总题数：2，分数：10.00)5.Part OneYou are the Head Office Manager. You want to make a budget for office appliances for next year. Write a memo to all department managers:·asking them to report the appliances needed·saying what appliances are included·telling them the deadline.Write 40-50 words.[Memo]To: All department managersFrom : Susan SmithSubject: Budget for office appliances（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Dear colleagues,Please let me know what office appliances you need to buy, for I'm making a budget for the coming year. Electronic devices, such as scanners or overhead projectors, will be given prior consideration this time. Please remember to send me your report by 15[th] November.)解析：6.Part Two·The staff at your company we re recently asked what they thought about the com- pany canteen. Your line manager has asked you to write a proposal summarizing their opinions and suggesting possible improvements.·Look at the information below, on which you have already made some handwr itten notes. ·Then, using all your handwritten notes, write your proposal.·Write 120-140 words.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Proposal on the low utility rate of staff canteenIntroductionThe proposal aims to examine key reasons why our employees prefer other lunch ven ues as opposed to our staff canteen and suggest possible ways for improvement. Semi formal interviews with 20 staff members were conducted to obtain the following opin ions.Findings·Menu. It was pointed out by many employees that the menu failed to offer any variety. Set menus can no longer cater to their needs for healthy and bal- anced diet.·Conditions of the canteen. The main problem is that the canteen is too crowed at peak hour. ·Price too high. Compared with many other fast food restaurants within a five-minute walking distance from our premises, our food is too expensive.RecommendationsIt is strongly suggested that we should introduce flexible opening hours to avoid too many people dining at peak hour and provide cheaper, more healthy and diversified meals to attract our employees.)解析：。
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Questions 1-6Classify the following information as referring toa ambergris onlyB amber onlyC both ambergris and amberd neither ambergris nor amberWrite the correct letter, A, B,C, or D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1being expensive2adds flavor to food3used as currency4being see-through5referred to by Herman Melville6produces sweet smellQuestions 7-9Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. Sperm whales can’t digest the ____ of the squids.8. Sperm whales drive the irritants out of their intestines by ____.9. T he vomit of sperm whale gradually____ on contact of air before havingpleasant smell.Questions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this10Most ambergris comes from the dead whales today.11Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before.12Ambergris is still a popular ingredient in perfume production today.13New uses of ambergris have been discovered recently.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Questions 14-20Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, a-g.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi,in boxes 14-20on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Why better food helps students’ learningii Becoming the headmaster of Msekeniiii Surprising use of school premisesiv Global perspectivev Why students were undernourishedvi Surprising academic outcomevii An innovative program to help girlsviii How food program is operatedix How food program affects school attendancex None of the usual reasonsxi How to maintain academic standard14 Paragraph a15 Paragraph B16 Paragraph C17 Paragraph d18 Paragraph e19 Paragraph F20 Paragraph gQuestions 21-24Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS / OR A NUMBER from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet.21In Kumanda’s school ______ are given to girls after the end of the school day. 22Many children from poor families were sent to collect ______ from the field. 23Thanks to the free food program, ______ of students passed the test.24T he modern human is ______ bigger than before after the industrial revolu-tion.Questions 25-26Choose TWO letters,A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are true?a Some children are taught in the open air.B Bernard Kumanda became the headmaster in 1991.C No new staffs were recruited when attendance rose.d Girls are often treated equally with boys in Malawi.e Scientists have devised ways to detect the most underfed students in school.F WHO is worried about malnutrition among kids in developing countries.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TEST 2Questions 27-32Complete the following sentences with the correct ending. Choose the correct letter, A-H, for each sentence below.Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27Appointments with alternative practitioner28An alternative practitioner’s description of treatment29An alternative practitioner who has faith in what he does30The illness of patients convinced of alternative practice31Improvements of patients receiving alternative practice32Conventional medical doctorsa should be easy to understand.B ought to improve by itself.C should not involve any mysticism.d ought to last a minimum length of time.e needs to be treated at the right time.F should give more recognition.g can earn high income.H do not rely on any specific treatment.Questions 33-35Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.33. I n the fifth paragraph, the writer uses the example of anger and sadness toillustrate thata people’s feelings could affect their physical behavior.B how placebo achieves its effect is yet to be understood.C scientists don’t understand how the mind influences the body.d research on the placebo effect is very limited.34Research on pain control attracts most of the attention becausea only a limited number of researches have been conducted so far.B scientists have discovered that endorphins can help to reduce pain.C pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect.d patients often experience pain and like to complain about it.35Fabrizio Benedetti’s research on endorphins indicates thata they are widely used to regulate pain.B they can be produced by willful thoughts.C they can be neutralized by introducing naloxone.d their pain-relieving effects do not last long enough.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this36T here is enough information for scientists to fully understand the placebo effect.37A London based researcher discovered that red pills should be taken off the market.38People’s preference on brands would also have effect on their healing.39M edical doctors have a range of views of the newly introduced drug of chlorpro-mazine.40Alternative practitioners are seldom known for applying placebo effect.28。