主要翻译方法
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Major Translation Approaches
A REVISION
• The Definition of Translation Roman Jackobson Dubois and Nida
• The Principle of Translation 严复 刘重德 & Tytler
Major Translation Approaches
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
17-19 Century France: the dispute between literal translation
and liberal translation
Liberal Translation : Belles infideles
• 时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略 带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄 昏的阴影，几乎连接在一 起，不可分别，岁云将暮， 终日昏暗，我就在这么一 天，到西敏大寺去信步走 了几个钟头。
gloom over the decline of
the year, I passed several
hours in rambling about
hours in rambling about
the year.
Westminster Abby.
• 5. I rambled about
Westminster Abby
• 6. I passed several hours
Westminster Abbey
The Process of Translation
The Process of Translation
头脑中图像的形成 Turn off the computer.
Democracy will win.
The Process of Translation
译入语表达 靠近原文作者还是译入语读者？
The Process of Translation
• 一日为萧晨，百卉俱靡， 秋人寡欢之时，余在惠斯 敏司德寺游憩可数句钟。
工欲善其事
• 字典：纸质/电子 英国/美国/同义反义/搭配
英国：牛津高阶（第六/七版）,OED, 柯林斯，朗文 美国：American Heritage, Webster, Macmillan 搭配：牛津学生英语搭配词典 联想写作：朗文英语联想活用词典
• 3. The shadows of morning and evening mingle together
gloom over the decline of • 4. The shadows throw a
the year, I passed several gloom over the decline of
Westminster Abby.
The Process of Translation
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby.
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣 布英国与德国处于交战状态。
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸 向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
Literal or Liberal?
• WHO IS TRANSLATING WHAT, FOR WHOM, WHEN, WHERE, WHY AND IN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES?
The Process of Translation
分析 关联意义：从大环境滋生出的社会的文化的
意义 Work while you work and play while you play.
This is the only way to be happy and gay. 同志
The Process of Translation
刘英凯：《归化—翻译的歧ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้》：归化译法 “抹杀”了原作的“民族特点”，将异国
情调“同化于归宿语言”，“必然是对原 文的歪曲”。
Domestication and Foreignization
归化与异化并用互补 EG. He moved in the direction of his desire, chanting
• 在晚秋暗淡而悲哀的 一天，当曙光和夜色 几乎混而为一，而将 这年终酝酿成一片凄 凉的时分，我在那威 治明士德院里徘徊， 消磨了数小时的光阴。
The Process of Translation
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Modern Times: Benjamin: word for word translation is the
idealist translation approach
Catford: Scale and Category
“归化法”在中国的流 行
林纾（1852-1924） 《巴黎茶花女遗事》 《黑奴吁天录》
全篇的古文，开口 “余”，闭口“汝”， 笑时“艳若朝霞”，哭 曰“雪涕”。
Domestication and Foreignization
• 语言形式上的归化：适应中国读者的口味 语言习惯阅读习惯
• 写作手法的归化：轻细节，重情节
Outline literal translation and liberal translation foreignization and domestication the process of translation information retrieving
literal translation and liberal translation
• 伦理价值观的归化：“举皓腕，余即而亲 之” “此西俗男女相见之礼也”
Domestication and Foreignization
“异化派”的争论
鲁迅： 要 “欧化”不要归化，翻译“必须有
异国情调，就是所谓‘洋气’ ”。
尺(foot)趺得
里（mile) 迷黎
橄榄（olive) 呵黎夫卡 无花果（fig) 佛额
The Process of Translation
• E. A. Nida 分析 头脑图像的形成 译入语表达
The Process of Translation
分析 所指意义： 用来描述客观世界，不参杂人对
客观世界的情感和态度。 EG. Take 3 tablets a day.
Put the disk into drive A.
• One of those sober and • 1.The day was sober and
rather melancholy days,
melancholy
in the latter part of
• 2. It is autumn
autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a
Apache scalp-music. (Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky) 他唱着《阿帕切头皮曲》，朝他理想的方向走去了。
At 11:15 this morning,the Prime Minister, speaking to the nation from Number Ten Downing Street, announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
分析 结构意义：语言本身结构所蕴含的意义 诗歌: Roger McGough
The Process of Translation
Cummings:
The Process of Translation
分析 结构意义 句子简洁与否:海明威的冰山理论 词性的不同： temporal and functional Temporality and functionality
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
• A Relative Concept :
• Two Extremes: “死译”与“乱译”
Domestication and Foreignization
as wise as Solomon 像所罗门国王一样有智慧 智如诸葛亮 carry coal to Newcastle 把煤运到纽卡斯尔 运槟榔到广东
• The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity .
译文一： 黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大 海中贫乏的孤岛上。
译文二：黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上，尽管 放眼四周，是一片繁华景象。
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby.
Translation of Bible
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Middle Ages word for word translation and to retain the language characters of Latin
Renaissance: development of free translation
Domestication and Foreignization
Venuti 归化法是 “采取民族中心主义的态度，使外
语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作 者带入译入语文化 ” 异化法是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异， 把读者带入外国情境”
Domestication and Foreignization
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Origin and Early Times:
Septuagint
Roman times: Translation of Greek classics
Cicero: “解说员”与“演说家”式翻译 “数硬币”与“称硬币”
all roads lead to Rome kill two birds with one stone
Domestication and Foreignization
Origin Schleiermacher: Either the translator leaves
the writer alone as much as possible and moves the reader toward the writer, or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves the writer toward the reader
A REVISION
• The Definition of Translation Roman Jackobson Dubois and Nida
• The Principle of Translation 严复 刘重德 & Tytler
Major Translation Approaches
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
17-19 Century France: the dispute between literal translation
and liberal translation
Liberal Translation : Belles infideles
• 时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略 带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄 昏的阴影，几乎连接在一 起，不可分别，岁云将暮， 终日昏暗，我就在这么一 天，到西敏大寺去信步走 了几个钟头。
gloom over the decline of
the year, I passed several
hours in rambling about
hours in rambling about
the year.
Westminster Abby.
• 5. I rambled about
Westminster Abby
• 6. I passed several hours
Westminster Abbey
The Process of Translation
The Process of Translation
头脑中图像的形成 Turn off the computer.
Democracy will win.
The Process of Translation
译入语表达 靠近原文作者还是译入语读者？
The Process of Translation
• 一日为萧晨，百卉俱靡， 秋人寡欢之时，余在惠斯 敏司德寺游憩可数句钟。
工欲善其事
• 字典：纸质/电子 英国/美国/同义反义/搭配
英国：牛津高阶（第六/七版）,OED, 柯林斯，朗文 美国：American Heritage, Webster, Macmillan 搭配：牛津学生英语搭配词典 联想写作：朗文英语联想活用词典
• 3. The shadows of morning and evening mingle together
gloom over the decline of • 4. The shadows throw a
the year, I passed several gloom over the decline of
Westminster Abby.
The Process of Translation
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby.
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣 布英国与德国处于交战状态。
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸 向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
Literal or Liberal?
• WHO IS TRANSLATING WHAT, FOR WHOM, WHEN, WHERE, WHY AND IN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES?
The Process of Translation
分析 关联意义：从大环境滋生出的社会的文化的
意义 Work while you work and play while you play.
This is the only way to be happy and gay. 同志
The Process of Translation
刘英凯：《归化—翻译的歧ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้》：归化译法 “抹杀”了原作的“民族特点”，将异国
情调“同化于归宿语言”，“必然是对原 文的歪曲”。
Domestication and Foreignization
归化与异化并用互补 EG. He moved in the direction of his desire, chanting
• 在晚秋暗淡而悲哀的 一天，当曙光和夜色 几乎混而为一，而将 这年终酝酿成一片凄 凉的时分，我在那威 治明士德院里徘徊， 消磨了数小时的光阴。
The Process of Translation
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Modern Times: Benjamin: word for word translation is the
idealist translation approach
Catford: Scale and Category
“归化法”在中国的流 行
林纾（1852-1924） 《巴黎茶花女遗事》 《黑奴吁天录》
全篇的古文，开口 “余”，闭口“汝”， 笑时“艳若朝霞”，哭 曰“雪涕”。
Domestication and Foreignization
• 语言形式上的归化：适应中国读者的口味 语言习惯阅读习惯
• 写作手法的归化：轻细节，重情节
Outline literal translation and liberal translation foreignization and domestication the process of translation information retrieving
literal translation and liberal translation
• 伦理价值观的归化：“举皓腕，余即而亲 之” “此西俗男女相见之礼也”
Domestication and Foreignization
“异化派”的争论
鲁迅： 要 “欧化”不要归化，翻译“必须有
异国情调，就是所谓‘洋气’ ”。
尺(foot)趺得
里（mile) 迷黎
橄榄（olive) 呵黎夫卡 无花果（fig) 佛额
The Process of Translation
• E. A. Nida 分析 头脑图像的形成 译入语表达
The Process of Translation
分析 所指意义： 用来描述客观世界，不参杂人对
客观世界的情感和态度。 EG. Take 3 tablets a day.
Put the disk into drive A.
• One of those sober and • 1.The day was sober and
rather melancholy days,
melancholy
in the latter part of
• 2. It is autumn
autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a
Apache scalp-music. (Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky) 他唱着《阿帕切头皮曲》，朝他理想的方向走去了。
At 11:15 this morning,the Prime Minister, speaking to the nation from Number Ten Downing Street, announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
分析 结构意义：语言本身结构所蕴含的意义 诗歌: Roger McGough
The Process of Translation
Cummings:
The Process of Translation
分析 结构意义 句子简洁与否:海明威的冰山理论 词性的不同： temporal and functional Temporality and functionality
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
• A Relative Concept :
• Two Extremes: “死译”与“乱译”
Domestication and Foreignization
as wise as Solomon 像所罗门国王一样有智慧 智如诸葛亮 carry coal to Newcastle 把煤运到纽卡斯尔 运槟榔到广东
• The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity .
译文一： 黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大 海中贫乏的孤岛上。
译文二：黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上，尽管 放眼四周，是一片繁华景象。
• One of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby.
Translation of Bible
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Middle Ages word for word translation and to retain the language characters of Latin
Renaissance: development of free translation
Domestication and Foreignization
Venuti 归化法是 “采取民族中心主义的态度，使外
语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作 者带入译入语文化 ” 异化法是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异， 把读者带入外国情境”
Domestication and Foreignization
Literal translation and Liberal Translation
Origin and Early Times:
Septuagint
Roman times: Translation of Greek classics
Cicero: “解说员”与“演说家”式翻译 “数硬币”与“称硬币”
all roads lead to Rome kill two birds with one stone
Domestication and Foreignization
Origin Schleiermacher: Either the translator leaves
the writer alone as much as possible and moves the reader toward the writer, or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves the writer toward the reader