第6单元transportation课后答案

Unit 6 TransportationText ATackling those traffic jams —win-win transportation solutionsTodd LitmanBackground Information1.Sustainability in transportation:During the last two decades, sustainability has become the dominant concern of transportation planners and policymakers. Sustainability in transportation means the development of systems that move people and products efficiently while minimizing damage to the local and global environment. Many transportation experts have offered comprehensive perspectives on the problems surrounding current transportation systems: climate change, urban air pollution, diminishing petroleum reserves, safety issue, and congestion. Nowadays the full range of possible solutions are being explored by transportation planners. These solutions include applications of pricing, planning, policy, education, and technology.2.About the author:This article is written by Todd Litman, the executive director of the V ictoria Transport Policy Institute, an organization dedicated to developing innovative tools for transportation decision making. Todd Litman has worked on many studies which evaluate the full costs and benefits of alternative transportation policies and investments. He has also developed transportation demand management and parking management strategies and programs. His research has been used worldwide for transportation planning and policy analysis. He has written numerous papers, articles and reports concerning transportation cost and benefit analysis. Recently, he was awarded a research fellowship by the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. He also teaches a course in transportation and land use planning at the University of Victoria.3.Pay-As-Y ou-Drive:Pay-As-Y ou-Drive (or PA YD) is a type of automobile insurance whereby the costs of motor insurance are dependent upon type of vehicle used, measured against Time, Distance and Place.Language Points1.Para. [4]: fuel-efficient vehiclesFuel-efficient vehicles refer to the vehicles that can use fuel efficiently and reduce the gas emission.2.Para. [5]: …by correcting existing market distortions that result in economicallyexcessive vehicle travel.There widely exist some wrong ideas which finally make people think they can travel by cars as much as possible without spending too much money on fuel, so by correcting these widely-existing wrong ideas, some traffic problems can be solved.3.Para. [6]: on the grounds that…1) on ... grounds 由于…原因:e.g. Permission to open a mine was denied on environmental grounds.由于环境方面的原因，开矿被否决了。

2) on the grounds of 因为…原因:e.g. He resigned from his post on the grounds of ill health.他以身体不好为理由辞职了。

3) grounds for 导致…的原因:e.g. Drunkenness at work was sufficient grounds for instant dismissal.工作时醉酒足可导致立即被开除。

4.Para. [7]: …turn out to beto be discovered to be; to prove to be 原来是；证明是；结果是e.g. He said he was a doctor; but later he turned out to be a cheat.他自称是个医生, 结果证明他是个骗子。

The day turned out (to be) a fine day.那天倒是好天气。

5.Para. [10]: peak-period drivingPeak-period driving refers to driving during the rush hour when traffic is usually heaviest. 6.Para. [14]: …a more pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly environment“pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly” describes policies and practices which may help some people feel more comfortable about traveling on foot or by bicycle with other traffic. The level of pedestrian - and bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced by many factors resulting from town planning and cycling infrastructure decisions.7.Para. [17]: taking into accountconsider sth. when making a calculation or decision﹙估算或作决定时﹚将…考虑在内，顾及:1）It is clear he did not take his family’s wishes into account when deciding to change jobs.很显然，他在决定换工作的时候没有考虑到家人的意愿。

2）We mustn’t forget to take account of price increases when we do the budget for next year.制定下一年预算的时候，我们一定不能忘了考虑价格上涨的因素。

W ord Study1.sprawl vi. spread out over a large area in an untidy or irregular way；n. a group or mass ofsomething that has spread out in an untidy or irregular way；an ungainly or carelessly relaxed position in which one's arms and legs are spread out(1)I found a refreshing absence of industrial sprawl.我发现了一处全无杂乱工业区踪影的、令人心旷神怡的地方。

(2)Once lovely countryside is absorbed by urban sprawl.这个曾经风光秀丽的乡村在城市的无规划扩展中消失了。

(3)Suburbs sprawled out to provide homes for the newly prosperous.市郊无规划地向外扩展以为新近富起来的人提供住房。

(4)He lay there in a sprawl.他四肢伸开躺在那里。

(5)The village sprawled across the valley.村庄在山谷延伸开来。