英文财务管理的概念
财务管理英语知识
第一章财务管理总论Overview of Financial Man agement一、主要专业术语或概念中英文对照财务管理financial management财务管理的目标the goal of financial management关于企业财务目标的三种综合表述：利润最大化profit maximization (maximize profit)每股盈余最大化earnings per share maximization股东财富最大化stockholder (shareholder) wealth maximization利益相关者stakeholder股东stockholder/shareholder债权人creditor/bondholder顾客customer职工employee政府government股东价值的影响因素the factors that affect the stockholder value （2008注会财管教材P4图1-1）经营现金流量operating cash flows资本成本cost of capital销售及其增长/成本费用revenues and its growth/cost and expense资本投资/营运资本capital investment/working capital资本结构/破产风险/税率/股利政策capital structure/bankruptcy risk/tax rate/dividend policy经营活动operating activity投资活动investing activity筹资活动financing activity股东、经营者和债权人利益的冲突与协调Conflicts of interest between shareholders，managers and creditors and their reconciliationAn agency relationship(代理关系) exists whenever a principal (委托人) hires an agent（代理人）to act on their behalf。
财务管理专业英语翻译完整
财务管理专业英语翻译(优质文档，可直接使用，可编辑，欢迎下载）1、Financial management is an integrated decision—making process concerned with acquiring, financing，and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity。
财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程.2、Making financial decisions is an integral part of all forms and sizes of businessorganizations from small privately-hold forms to large publicly—traded corporations.做财务决策对于所有形式和规模的商业组织，无论是小型私人公司还是大型股份公开交易的公司来说，都是不可分割的一部分。
3、In today’s rapidly changing environment，the financial manager must have the flexibilityto adapt to external factors such as economic uncertainty，global competition, technological change，volatility of interest and exchange rates，changes in laws and regulations, and ethical concerns。
在当今瞬息万变的环境中，财务经理必须具备足够的灵活性以适应外部因素,如经济的不确定性、国际竞争、技术变革、利息波动、汇率变动、法律法规变化以及商业道德问题。
中英文对照,专业名词,财务成本管理(完整版)
PART I Fundamentals to Financial Management第一部分财务管理导论Section I Fundamentals to Financial Management第一节财务管理概述1。
profit maximization＊利润最大化1—1 EPS maximization* 每股收益最大化【讲解】EPS, earnings per share 每股收益1-2 Maximization of shareholders wealth＊股东财富最大化e.g。
Shareholder wealth maximization is a fundamental principle of financial management。
In financial management we assume that the objective of the business is to maximize shareholder wealth。
This is not necessarily the same as maximizing profit。
【讲解】（1）maximization[,mæksimai'zeiʃən］n。
最大化，极大化（2）minimization [,minimai’zeiʃən，—mi’z—]n。
最小化(3）maximize[’mæksɪmaɪz］v. 最大化，取……最大值，达到最大值（4)minimize ['mɪnɪmaɪz］ v. 最小化（5)minimum n。
最小值，最小量 adj.最小的，最低的（6)maximum n. 极大，最大限度，最大量 adj。
最高的，最多的（7）the same as 和……一样,与……相同学习成果回顾【译】股东财富最大化是财务管理的基本原则。
在财务管理中我们假定企业的目标就是实现股东财富最大化。
国际财务管理
国际财务管理国际财务管理一、名词解释5*5分1、国际收支（the balance of payments) P64The balance of payments can ba formally defined as the statistical record of a country’s international transactions over a certain period of time presented in the form of double-entry bookkeeping.国际收支的正式定义为：以复式记账的形式、对一个国家在某一时期内的国际经济交易所做的统计记录。
2、期货（option）P180An option is a contract giving the owner the right,but not the obligation,to buy or sell a given quantity of an asset at a specified price at some time in the future.(like a futures or forward contract,an option is a derivative,or contingent claim ,security.) 期货是一种合约，它赋予所有者一种选择的权利（而不是义务），即拥有在未来一定时间内以一定的价格出售或购买一定数量的标的物的权利。
3、欧洲债券(Eurobond）P307A Eurobond issue is one denominated in a particular currency but sold to investors in national capital markets other than the country that issued the denominating currency.欧洲债券是指以某国货币为标价，但在该货币的发行国以外的资本市场上出售给投资者的债券。
财务管理必备中英文对照
四、小结
Summary
第一部分
Chapter One
企业财务管理概览
Financial Management Framework
企业的财务本质
折旧
成
品
工
存货
厂
市 场 销
/
售
办
在
费
公
产
用
室
品
—
存货
固
定 资 产
原 材 料
人 工 及
存货
服
务
材料
固定资产
市场/客户 供应商
现金销售
赊销
应收
现 金
债
权
贷
人
款
High Rotation: low margin, high speed, exhaustive assets utilization, cost control, capital amount reduction
流程卓越
定义：“流程卓越”是指企业在最低成本、给客户带来最少不便的
情 况下，向客户提供标准化的、简捷的、可靠的产品和服务。 “流程卓越”需要优化企业从采购到分销整个增值链中的每
游戏规则：股东权益最大化
企业发展典型阶段
兼并/收购 高速扩展
商业化 中试阶段 创意/原型
风险投资 风险投资
私募
（种子基金） （风险基金） （金融投资
战略投资）
初次公开发行 （IPO）
(公众投资）
发债前/后续 发行新股 （银行和 公众投资）
The Goals of the Firm
还款/利息
分红 /回购
投 资
股 东
应付
企业经济本质
• 资金流转和增值过程 Capital rotation & value creation process
英文财务管理(1)
英文财务管理(1)
Course content
The final section of book consist of five chapters that deal with financial forecasting, derivatives and risk management, multinational financial management, hybrid financing vehicles, and mergers(财务预测， 衍生工具和风险管理，跨国财务管理，混合融资 工具以及合并)。
企业、公司:（firm business enterprise company corporation venture）
英文财务管理(1)
Organization of the Financial Management Function: Figure 1-1
Board of Directors
President(CEO)
英文财务管理(1)
Chapter 1 Goals and Governance of the Firm Topics Covered： w Investment and Financing Decisions w What is a Corporation? w Who Is The Financial Manager? w Goals of the Corporation w Careers in Finance
财务管理必须掌握的236个财务名词
财务管理必须掌握的236个财务名词财务管理(Financial Management)是在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资），资本的融通（筹资）和经营中现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。
财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分，它是根据财经法规制度，按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
简单的说，财务管理是组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
█第一章1、财务：财务泛指财务活动和财务关系；企业财务是指企业再生产过程中的资金运动，它体现着企业和各方面的经济关系。
2、财务活动：是指企业再生产过程中的资金运动，即筹集、运用和分配资金的活动。
3、财务关系：是指企业在组织资金运动过程中与有关各方所发生的经济利益关系。
4、财务管理：是指基于企业再生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的，它是利用价值形式对企业再生产过程进行的管理，是组织财务活动、处理财务关系的一项综合性管理工作。
5、公司价值：是指公司全部资产的市场价值，即股票与负债市场价值之和。
6、代理问题：是指在执行契约之前或在执行契约过程中，代理人有意选择违背契约的行为。
7、金融市场：是指资金供应者和资金需求者双方通过金融工具进行交易的场所。
8、拍卖方式：是以拍卖方式组织的金融市场。
这种方式所确定的买卖成交价格是通过公开竞价形式形成的。
9、柜台方式：又称店头交易，通过交易网络组织的金融市场，其中证券交易所是最重要的交易中介。
这种方式所确定的买卖成交价格不是通过竞价方式实现的，而是由证券交易所根据市场行情和供求关系自行确定的。
10、金融市场利率：它是资金使用权的价格，即借贷资金的价格。
11、纯利率：又称真实利率，是指通货膨胀为零时，无风险证券的平均利率。
通常把无通货膨胀情况下的国库券利率视为纯利率。
12、违约风险：是指借款人无法按时支付利息或偿还本金而给投资人带来的风险。
违约风险的大小与借款人信用等级的高低成反比。
财务管理第一章双语
财务管理第一章双语在当今复杂多变的商业世界中，财务管理无疑是企业运营的核心之一。
无论是大型跨国公司还是小型创业企业，有效的财务管理都是实现可持续发展和盈利的关键。
这一章，我们将以双语的形式来探索财务管理的一些基础概念和重要原则。
首先，让我们来明确一下什么是财务管理（Financial Management）。
简单来说，财务管理就是对企业资金的筹集、使用、分配等活动进行规划、控制和决策的过程。
它的目标是实现企业价值最大化，这意味着要在保证企业财务稳健的同时，尽可能地提高资金的使用效率和盈利能力。
资金的筹集（Financing）是财务管理的首要环节。
企业可以通过多种途径获取资金，比如发行股票（Issuing Stocks）、债券（Bonds），或者从银行贷款（Bank Loans）。
每种筹资方式都有其特点和成本。
股票筹资可以为企业带来永久性的资金，但可能会稀释原有股东的控制权；债券筹资需要按时支付利息和本金，但成本相对较低；银行贷款则通常审批流程较快，但利息和还款条件可能较为苛刻。
在选择筹资方式时，企业需要综合考虑自身的财务状况、市场环境和发展战略。
资金的使用（Use of Funds）也是至关重要的。
企业需要将筹集到的资金合理地分配到不同的项目和业务中，以获取最大的回报。
这就涉及到投资决策（Investment Decisions）。
投资可以分为长期投资（LongTerm Investments）和短期投资（ShortTerm Investments）。
长期投资如购置固定资产、开展新的业务项目等，需要进行深入的可行性研究和风险评估；短期投资如购买短期理财产品、进行应收账款保理等，则更注重资金的流动性和收益性平衡。
在资金的分配（Distribution of Funds）方面，企业需要决定如何将盈利分配给股东和用于企业的再发展。
常见的分配方式有现金股利（Cash Dividends）和股票股利（Stock Dividends）。
财务管理英语知识更新
财务管理英语知识更新在当今全球化的商业环境中，财务管理的重要性日益凸显。
无论是企业的跨国经营、国际投资，还是金融市场的运作，都离不开对财务管理知识的精通。
而其中，财务管理英语知识的掌握更是成为了一项必备的技能。
财务管理英语涵盖了众多的专业术语和表达，从基本的财务报表（Financial Statements），如资产负债表（Balance Sheet）、利润表（Income Statement）和现金流量表（Cash Flow Statement），到复杂的金融工具（Financial Instruments），如债券（Bonds）、股票（Stocks）和衍生证券（Derivative Securities）。
了解这些术语的准确含义和使用场景对于进行有效的财务分析和决策至关重要。
随着经济的发展和金融创新的不断推进，财务管理领域也在不断演进，新的概念和理论层出不穷。
例如，“共享经济”（Sharing Economy）模式下的财务模式与传统经济有很大的不同，相关的英语表述和分析方法也需要及时更新。
再比如，“绿色金融”（Green Finance）作为应对环境挑战的一种金融创新，涉及到诸如“碳交易”（Carbon Trading）、“可持续投资”（Sustainable Investment）等新的词汇和理念。
在财务管理的实际工作中，英语的应用场景非常广泛。
比如，在编制国际财务报告（International Financial Reporting）时，需要用准确的英语来描述财务状况和经营成果；在参与国际并购（International Merger and Acquisition）项目时，与外国合作伙伴的沟通和谈判离不开财务管理英语；在进行国际融资（International Financing）时，理解和运用相关的英语条款和条件更是关键。
为了保持财务管理英语知识的更新，我们需要采取多种有效的学习方法和途径。
财务管理术语中英文对照
财务管理术语表Absorption costing 吸收成本法：Total Cost Methods全部成本法: 将某会计期间内发生的固定成本除以销售量，得出单位产品的固定成本，再加上单位变动成本，算出单位产品的总成本。
Accounting 会计：对企业活动的财务信息进行测量和综合，从而向股东、经理和员工提供企业活动的信息。
请参看管理会计和财务会计。
Accounting convention会计原则:会计师在会计报表的处理中所遵循的原则或惯例。
正因为有了这些原则，不同企业的会计报表以及同一企业不同时期的会计报表才具有可比性。
如果会计原则在实行中发生了一些变化，那么审计师就应该在年度报表附注中对此进行披露。
Accounts 会计报表和账簿: 这是英国的叫法，在美国，会计报表或财务报表叫做Financial Statements,是指企业对其财务活动的记录。
Chief financial officerAccounts payable应付账款: 这是美国的叫法，在英国，应付账款叫做Creditors，是指公司从供应商处购买货物、但尚未支付的货款。
Accounts receivable 应收账款:这是美国的叫法，在英国，应收账款叫做Debtors,是指客户从公司购买商品或服务，公司已经对其开具发票，但客户尚未支付的货款。
Accrual accounting 权责发生制会计:这种方法在确认收入和费用时，不考虑交易发生时有没有现金流的变化。
比如，公司购买一项机器设备，要等到好几个月才支付现金，但会计师却在购买当时就确认这项费用。
如果不使用权责发生制会计，那么该会计系统称作“收付制”或“现金会计”。
Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧:它显示截止到目前为止的折旧总额。
将资产成本减去累计折旧，所得结果就是账面净值。
Acid test 酸性测试:这是美国的叫法，请参看quick ratio速动比率（英国叫法）。
财务管理制度(中英文对照)
财务管理制度（中英文对照）Financial Management System一、概述Overview财务管理制度是企业为了规范和管理财务活动而建立的一套制度和规范。
它的目的是确保企业的财务活动得到合理的安排和有效的控制，以最大程度地实现财务目标。
下面是本公司财务管理制度的具体内容。
The financial management system is a set of rules and regulations established by a company to regulate and manage financial activities. Its purpose is to ensure that financial activities are properly organized and effectively controlled to maximize financial goals. The following is the specific content of the financial management system in our company.二、财务核算Financial Accounting1. 制度概述1. System Overview本公司财务核算制度由财务部门负责执行。
所有财务活动必须按照国家法律法规和会计准则进行核算和报告。
The financial accounting system in our company is implemented by the finance department. All financial activities must comply with national laws and regulations as well as accounting standards for accounting and reporting.2. 财务报表2. Financial Statements按照国家相关规定和会计准则，财务部门将每年编制并及时发布财务报表，包括资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表等。
财务管理的英文怎么说
财务管理的英文怎么说简单的说，财务管理是组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
那么你知道财务管理用英文怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来财务管理的英文说法和相关英语例句，供大家阅读学习。
财务管理的英文说法1：financial management英 [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l ˈmænidʒmənt]美 [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l ˈmænɪdʒmənt]财务管理的英文说法2：management through finance英 [ˈmænidʒmənt θru: faiˈnæns]美 [ˈmænɪdʒmənt θru fəˈnæns]财务管理相关英文表达：国际财务管理师 International Finance Manager财务管理系统 financial management system财务管理组织 financial management organization财务管理与分析 Financial Management and Analysis家庭财务管理系统 Family Financial Management财务管理英文说法例句：1. In running a company, strict financial management means everything.经营一家公司, 严格的财务管理是至关重要的.2. The company was skillfully financed.这个公司的财务管理得很得法.3. Financial controls were given to priority.他们把财务管理当成头等大事.4. It also provides the ERP solution for the financemanagement system.提出了ERP在财务管理系统的解决方案.5. Financial management is key in any company or enterprise.在任何公司和企业单位中财务管理是关键.6. The perfect foreign trade enterprise supplies the chain the financial control.完善外贸企业供应链的财务管理.7. My assignment of strategy Financial Management is due today.我的转让的战略财务管理,是今天上交.8. Corporate enterprise, there are three levels of financial management.公司制企业财务管理存在着三个层次.9. Bachelor degree or above, majored in accounting, finance management or other related.大学本科学历,会计专业、财务管理专业.10. Investment decision - making is a substantial portion of enterprise finance management.投资决策是企业财务管理中的一个重要部分.11. B 2 C e - commerce system, client relationship management system, financial system, Internet marketing system.B2C电子商务系统、客户关系管理系统、财务管理系统、网络营销系统.12. Financing is an eternal topic in business development and financial management.融资是企业经营发展和财务管理的永恒话题.13. At least 3 years experiences at department managerial level . 4.具有三年以上国际物流行业财务管理经验.14. Financial management is guided by a framework ofguidelines, limits and benchmarks.财务管理是遵循一个框架,指导方针, 限制和基准.15. Real estate finance and investment, Financial Management, Project finance, etc.房地产融资与投资(双语) 、财务管理(双语) 、项目融资等.。
财务管理-会计英语专用词汇及术语（中英文版）
财务管理-会计英语专用词汇及术语（中英文版）会计科目英文Accounting system 会计系统American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Audit 审计Balance sheet 资产负债表Bookkeeping 簿记Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant 注册会计师Cost accounting 成本会计External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室Ine statement 损益表Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部控制结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Management accounting 管理会计Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资报酬Securities and Exchange mission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表Tax accounting 税务会计Accounting equation 会计等式Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Business entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原则Creditor 债权人Deflation 通货紧缩Disclosure disclose 批露Expenses 费用Financial statement 财务报表Financial activities 筹资活动Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设Inflation 通货膨涨Investing activities 投资活动Liabilities 负债Negative cash flow 负现金流量Operating activities 经营活动Owner’s equity 所有者权益Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量Retained earning 留存利润Revenue 收入Sole proprietorship 独资企业 Solvency 清偿能力Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设Stockholders 股东Stockholders’ equity 股东权益Window dressing 门面粉饰Account 帐户会计英文(中英文对照)一、资产类 Assets流动资产 Current assets货币资金 Cash and cash equivalents1001 现金 Cash1002 银行存款 Cash in bank1009 其他货币资金 Other cash and cash equivalents'100901 外埠存款 Other city Cash in bank'100902 银行本票 Cashier's cheque'100903 银行汇票 Bank draft'100904 信用卡 Credit card'100905 信用证保证金 L/C Guarantee deposits'100906 存出投资款 Refundable deposits1101 短期投资 Short-term investments'110101 股票 Short-term investments - stock'110102 债券 Short-term investments - corporate bonds'110103 基金 Short-term investments - corporate funds'110110 其他 Short-term investments - other1102 短期投资跌价准备 Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款 Account receivable1111 应收票据 Note receivable银行承兑汇票 Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票 Trade acceptance1121 应收股利 Dividend receivable1122 应收利息 Interest receivable1131 应收账款 Account receivable1133 其他应收款 Other notes receivable1141 坏账准备 Bad debt reserves1151 预付账款 Advance money1161 应收补贴款 Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产 Inventories1201 物资采购 Supplies purchasing1211 原材料 Raw materials1221 包装物 Wrappage1231 低值易耗品 Low-value consumption goods1232 材料成本差异 Materials cost variance1241 自制半成品 Semi-Finished goods1243 库存商品 Finished goods1244 商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price1251 委托加工物资 Work in process - outsourced1261 委托代销商品 Trust to and sell the goods on a mission basis1271 受托代销商品 missioned and sell the goods on a mission basis1281 存货跌价准备 Inventory falling price reserves1291 分期收款发出商品Collect money and send out the goods by stages1301 待摊费用 Deferred and prepaid expenses长期投资 Long-term investment1401 长期股权投资 Long-term investment on stocks'140101 股票投资 Investment on stocks'140102 其他股权投资 Other investment on stocks1402 长期债权投资 Long-term investment on bonds'140201 债券投资 Investment on bonds'140202 其他债权投资 Other investment on bonds1421 长期投资减值准备 Long-term investments depreciation reserves股权投资减值准备Stock rights investment depreciation reserves债权投资减值准备 Bcreditor's rights investment depreciation reserves1431 委托贷款 Entrust loans'143101 本金 Principal'143102 利息 Interest'143103 减值准备 Depreciation reserves固定资产 Fixed assets1501 固定资产 Fixed assets房屋 Building建筑物 Structure机器设备 Machinery equipment运输设备 Transportation facilities工具器具 Instruments and implement1502 累计折旧 Accumulated depreciation1505 固定资产减值准备 Fixed assets depreciation reserves房屋、建筑物减值准备Building/structure depreciation reserves机器设备减值准备Machinery equipment depreciationreserves1601 工程物资 Project goods and material'160101 专用材料 Special-purpose material'160102 专用设备 Special-purpose equipment'160103 预付大型设备款 Prepayments for equipment'160104 为生产准备的工具及器具 Preparative instruments and implement for fabricate1603 在建工程 Construction-in-process安装工程 Erection works在安装设备 Erecting equipment-in-process技术改造工程 Technical innovation project大修理工程 General overhaul project1605 在建工程减值准备 Construction-in-process depreciation reserves1701 固定资产清理 Liquidation of fixed assets无形资产 Intangible assets1801 无形资产 Intangible assets专利权 Patents非专利技术 Non-Patents商标权 Trademarks, Trade names著作权 Copyrights土地使用权 Tenure商誉 Goodwill1805 无形资产减值准备Intangible Assets depreciation reserves专利权减值准备 Patent rights depreciation reserves商标权减值准备 trademark rights depreciation reserves1815 未确认融资费用 Unacknowledged financial charges待处理财产损溢 Wait deal assets loss or ine1901 长期待摊费用 Long-term deferred and prepaid expenses1911 待处理财产损溢 Wait deal assets loss or ine'191101待处理流动资产损溢 Wait deal intangible assets loss or ine'191102待处理固定资产损溢 Wait deal fixed assets loss or ine二、负债类 Liability短期负债 Current liability2101 短期借款 Short-term borrowing2111 应付票据 Notes payable银行承兑汇票 Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票 Trade acceptance2121 应付账款 Account payable2131 预收账款 Deposit received2141 代销商品款 Proxy sale goods revenue2151 应付工资 Accrued wages2153 应付福利费 Accrued welfarism2161 应付股利 Dividends payable2171 应交税金 Tax payable'217101 应交增值税 value added tax payable'21710101 进项税额 Withholdings on VAT'21710102 已交税金 Paying tax'21710103 转出未交增值税 Unpaid VAT changeover'21710104 减免税款 Tax deduction'21710105 销项税额 Substituted money on VAT'21710106 出口退税 Tax reimbursement for export'21710107 进项税额转出 Changeover withnoldings on VAT'21710108 出口抵减内销产品应纳税额 Export deduct domestic sales goods tax'21710109 转出多交增值税 Overpaid VAT changeover'21710110 未交增值税 Unpaid VAT'217102 应交营业税 Business tax payable'217103 应交消费税 Consumption tax payable'217104 应交资源税 Resources tax payable'217105 应交所得税 Ine tax payable'217106 应交土地增值税 Increment tax on land value payable '217107 应交城市维护建设税 Tax for maintaining and building cities payable'217108 应交房产税 Housing property tax payable'217109 应交土地使用税 Tenure tax payable'217110 应交车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT)payable'217111 应交个人所得税 Personal ine tax payable2176 其他应交款 Other fund in conformity with paying2181 其他应付款 Other payables2191 预提费用 Drawing expense in advance其他负债 Other liabilities2201 待转资产价值 Pending changerover assets value2211 预计负债 Anticipation liabilities长期负债 Long-term Liabilities2301 长期借款 Long-term loans一年内到期的长期借款 Long-term loans due within one year 一年后到期的长期借款 Long-term loans due over one year2311 应付债券 Bonds payable'231101 债券面值 Face value, Par value'231102 债券溢价 Premium on bonds'231103 债券折价 Discount on bonds'231104 应计利息 Accrued interest2321 长期应付款 Long-term account payable应付融资租赁款 Accrued financial lease outlay一年内到期的长期应付 Long-term account payable due withinone year一年后到期的长期应付Long-term account payable over one year2331 专项应付款 Special payable一年内到期的专项应付 Long-term special payable due within one year一年后到期的专项应付Long-term special payable over one year2341 递延税款 Deferral taxes三、所有者权益类 OWNERS' EQUITY资本 Capita3101 实收资本(或股本) Paid-up capital(or stock)实收资本 Paicl-up capital实收股本 Paid-up stock3103 已归还投资 Investment Returned公积3111 资本公积 Capital reserve'311101 资本(或股本)溢价 Cpital(or Stock) premium'311102 接受捐赠非现金资产准备Receive non-cash donate reserve'311103 股权投资准备 Stock right investment reserves'311105 拨款转入 Allocate sums changeover in'311106 外币资本折算差额 Foreign currency capital'311107 其他资本公积 Other capital reserve3121 盈余公积 Surplus reserves'312101 法定盈余公积 Legal surplus'312102 任意盈余公积 Free surplus reserves'312103 法定公益金 Legal public welfare fund'312104 储备基金 Reserve fund'312105 企业发展基金 Enterprise expansion fund'312106 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment利润 Profits3131 本年利润 Current year profits3141 利润分配 Profit distribution'314101 其他转入 Other changeover in'314102 提取法定盈余公积 Withdrawal legal surplus'314103 提取法定公益金Withdrawal legal public welfare funds'314104 提取储备基金 Withdrawal reserve fund'314105 提取企业发展基金Withdrawal reserve for business expansion'314106 提取职工奖励及福利基金Withdrawal staff and workers' bonus and welfarefund'314107 利润归还投资Profits capitalized on return of investment'314108 应付优先股股利 Preferred Stock dividends payable'314109 提取任意盈余公积Withdrawal other mon accumulation fund'314110 应付普通股股利 mon Stock dividends payable'314111 转作资本(或股本)的普通股股利mon Stock dividends change to assets(orstock)'314115 未分配利润 Undistributed profit四、成本类 Cost4101 生产成本 Cost of manufacture'410101 基本生产成本 Base cost of manufacture'410102 辅助生产成本 Auxiliary cost of manufacture4105 制造费用 Manufacturing overhead材料费 Materials管理人员工资 Executive Salaries奖金 Wages退职金 Retirement allowance补贴 Bonus外保劳务费 Outsourcing fee福利费 Employee benefits/welfare会议费 Conference加班餐费 Special duties市内交通费 Business traveling通讯费 Correspondence电话费 Correspondence水电取暖费 Water and Steam税费 Taxes and dues租赁费 Rent管理费 Maintenance车辆维护费 Vehicles maintenance油料费 Vehicles maintenance培训费 Education and training接待费 Entertainment图书、印刷费 Books and printing运费 Transportation保险费 Insurance premium支付手续费 mission杂费 Sundry charges折旧费 Depreciation expense机物料消耗 Article of consumption劳动保护费 Labor protection fees季节性停工损失 Loss on seasonality cessation 4107 劳务成本 Service costs五、损益类 Profit and loss收入 Ine业务收入 OPERATING INE5101 主营业务收入 Prime operating revenue产品销售收入 Sales revenue服务收入 Service revenue5102 其他业务收入 Other operating revenue材料销售 Sales materials代购代售包装物出租 Wrappage lease出让资产使用权收入 Remise right of assets revenue返还所得税 Reimbursement of ine tax其他收入 Other revenue5201 投资收益 Investment ine短期投资收益 Current investment ine长期投资收益 Long-term investment ine计提的委托贷款减值准备 Withdrawal of entrust loans reserves 5203 补贴收入 Subsidize revenue国家扶持补贴收入 Subsidize revenue from country其他补贴收入 Other subsidize revenue5301 营业外收入 NON-OPERATING INE非货币性交易收益 Non-cash deal ine现金溢余 Cash overage处置固定资产净收益 Net ine on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产收益 Ine on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘盈 Fixed assets inventory profit罚款净收入 Net amercement ine支出 Outlay业务支出 Revenue charges5401 主营业务成本 Operating costs产品销售成本 Cost of goods sold服务成本 Cost of service5402 主营业务税金及附加 Tax and associate charge营业税 Sales tax消费税 Consumption tax城市维护建设税 Tax for maintaining and building cities 资源税 Resources tax土地增值税 Increment tax on land value5405 其他业务支出 Other business expense销售其他材料成本 Other cost of material sale其他劳务成本 Other cost of service其他业务税金及附加费 Other tax and associate charge 费用 Expenses5501 营业费用 Operating expenses代销手续费 Consignment mission charge运杂费 Transpotation保险费 Insurance premium展览费 Exhibition fees广告费 Advertising fees5502 管理费用 Administrative expenses职工工资 Staff Salaries修理费 Repair charge低值易耗摊销 Article of consumption办公费 Office allowance差旅费 Travelling expense工会经费 Labour union expenditure研究与开发费 Research and development expense福利费 Employee benefits/welfare职工教育经费 Personnel education待业保险费 Unemployment insurance劳动保险费 Labour insurance医疗保险费 Medical insurance会议费 Coferemce聘请中介机构费 Intermediary organs咨询费 Consult fees诉讼费 Legal cost业务招待费 Business entertainment技术转让费 Technology transfer fees矿产资源补偿费 Mineral resources pensation fees排污费 Pollution discharge fees房产税 Housing property tax车船使用税 Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) 土地使用税 Tenure tax印花税 Stamp tax5503 财务费用 Finance charge利息支出 Interest exchange汇兑损失 Foreign exchange loss各项手续费 Charge for trouble各项专门借款费用 Special-borrowing cost5601 营业外支出 Nonbusiness expenditure捐赠支出 Donation outlay减值准备金 Depreciation reserves非常损失 Extraordinary loss处理固定资产净损失 Net loss on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产损失 Loss on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘亏 Fixed assets inventory loss债务重组损失 Loss on arrangement罚款支出 Amercement outlay5701 所得税 Ine tax以前年度损益调整 Prior year ine adjustment专业术语consistency 一贯性substance over form 实质重于形式materiality 重要性prudence 谨慎性current asset 流动资产non-current asset 非流动资产round it up, round it down 四舍五入contingent liability 或有负债creditor 债权人rendering of service 提供劳务royalties 版税bonus share 分红股redempte share 赎回股份debenture 债券credit 贷方depreciation 折旧residual value 剩余价值accounting treatment 会计处理accrual concept 权责发生制概念net book value 账面净值straight line method 直线法carrying amount 资产净值（资产－累计折旧－减值）rule of thumb 经验法contribution margin 边际贡献deferred ine 递延收入finance lease 融资租赁cash equivalents 现金等价物operating lease 经营租赁capital appreciation 资本增值amortization 分摊incremental budget 增量预算zero based budget 零基预算continuous budget 滚动预算deferred tax 递延税款permanent difference 永久性差异timing difference 时间性差异flow through method 应付税款法events after balance sheet date 资产负债表日后事项return on investment (ROI) 投资回报率profit before interest and tax 息税前利润profit margin 利润率retrospective application 追溯调整法prospective application 未来适用法英文会计报表利润表INE STATEMENT 项目ITEMS 产品销售收入Sales of products其中：出口产品销售收入Including：Export sales 减：销售折扣与折让Less：Sales discount and allowances产品销售净额Net sales of products 减：产品销售税金Less：Sales tax产品销售成本Cost of sales 其中：出口产品销售成本Including：Cost of export sales产品销售毛利Gross profit on sales 减：销售费用Less：Selling expenses管理费用General and administrative expenses 财务费用Financial expenses其中：利息支出(减利息收入) Including：Interest expenses (minus interest ine)汇兑损失(减汇兑收益) Exchange losses(minus exchange gains)产品销售利润Profit on sales 加：其他业务利润Add：profit from other operations营业利润Operating profit 加：投资收益Add：Ine on investment加：营业外收入Add：Non-operating ine 减：营业外支出Less：Non-operating expenses 加：以前年度损益调整Add：adjustment of loss and gain for previous years利润总额Total profit 减：所得税Less：Ine tax 净利润Net profit 资产负债表 BALANCE SHEET资产ASSETS 流动资产CURRENT ASSETS 现金Cash on hand 备用金Pretty cash银行存款Cash in banks 有价证券Marketable receivable 应收票据Notes receivable应收帐款Accounts receivable 减：坏帐准备Less：allowance for bad debts 预付货款Prepayments-supplies内部往来Inter-pany accounts 其他应收款Other receivables 待摊费用Prepaid and deferred expenses存货Inventories 减：存货变现损失准备： Less：allowance on inventory reduction to market已转未完工生产成本Transferred in production cost transforming一年内到期的长期投资Matured long time investments within a year流动资产合计Total current assets 长期投资：LONG TERM INVESTMENT长期投资Long term investments拨付所属资金Funds to burnchs一年以上的应收款项Accounts receivable over a year 固定资产：FIXED ASSETS固定资产原价Fixed assets-cost 减：累计折旧Less:accumulated depreciation固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value 固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets融资租入固定资产原价：Fixed assets-cost on financial lease减：融资租入固定资产折旧Less：accumulated depreciation 融资租入固定资产净值：Fixed assets-net value on financial lease在建工程：CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PROCESS 无形资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS场地使用权Right to the use of a site 工业产权及专有技术Industrial property right and patents其他无形资产Other intangibles 无形资产合计T otal intangible assets其它资产OTHER ASSETS 开办费Organization expenses 递延投资损失Deferred investment筹建期间汇兑损失Exchange losses during organization period losses递延税款借项Debit side of deferred tax 其他递延支出Other deferred expenditures待转销汇兑损益Prepaid and deferred exchange loss 其他递延借款Debit side of other deferred其他资产合计Total other Assets 资产总计TOTAL ASSETS负债及所有者权LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL 流动负债：CURRENT LIABILITIES短期借款Short term loans 应付票据Notes payable 应付帐款Accounts payable内部往来Inter-pany accounts 预收货款Items received in advance-supplies应付工资Accrued payroll 应交税金T axes payable 应付股利Dividends payable其他应付款Other payables 预提费用Accrued expenses职工奖励及福利费用Bonus and welfare funds一年内到期的长期负债Matured long term liabilities within a year其他流动负债Other current liabilities 流动负债合计Total current liabilities长期负债：LONG TERM LIABILITIES 长期借款long term loans 应付公司债Bonds payable 应公司债溢价（折价）Premium on bonds payable（discount）一年以上的应付款项Accounts payable over a year 长期负债合计：Total long term liabilities其他负债：OTHER LIABILITIES 筹建期间汇兑收益Exchange gains during organization period 递延投资收益Deferred investment gains 递延税款贷项Credit side of deferred tax 其他递延贷项Credit side of other tax 待转销汇兑收益Prepaid and deferred exchange profit其他负债合计Total other liabilities 负债合计T otal liabilities 所有者权益Investor’s equity委托加工材料Materials processed on mission受托代销商品Goods in consignment代管商品物资Good held in our custos 本年支付的进口环节税金Import tax paid this year由企业负责的应收票据贴现Contingent Liability incurred by discounted notes receivable租入固定资产Leasehold fixed assets应付帐款 Trade creditors 应收票据 Notes receivable 预收帐款Advances from customers应收股利Dividends receivable 代销商品款Consignment-in payables 应收利息 Interest receivable 应付工资 Payroll payable 应收帐款 Trade debtors 应付福利费 Welfare payable其他应收款 Other debtors 应付股利 Proposed dividends 坏帐准备 Provision for doubtful debts 应付短期债券 Short-term bonds payable 预付帐款 Prepayment 应交税金 Tax payable应收补贴款 Allowance receivable 其他应交款 Other payable to government待摊费用 Prepaid expenses 其他应付款 Other creditors待处理流动资产损益 Unsettled G/L on current assets 预提费用Accrued expenses存货 Inventories 一年内到期长期负债 Long term liabilities due within one year存货跌价准备Provision for obsolete stocks 其他流动负债Other current liability其他流动资产Other current 流动负债合计TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES流动资产合计TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 长期股权投资Long term equity investment 应付债券Bonds payable 长期债券投资Long term securities investment长期应付款 Long term payable 长期投资减值准备 Provision for long-term investment 住房周转金Housing fund 其他长期负债Other long term liabilities长期投资合计 TOTAL LONG-TERM INVESTMENT长期负债合计 TOTAL LONG-TERM LIABILITIES 固定资产 Fixed assets累计折旧Accumulated depreciation 递延税款Deferred taxation 工程物资 Project material在建工程Construction in progress 其他负债合计TOTAL OTHER LIABILITIES固定资产减值准备Imparement 待处理固定资产损益Unsettled G/L on fixed assets负债合计TOTAL LIABILITIES 固定资产合计TOTAL FIXEDASSETS股本 Share capital资本公积 Capital surplus 无形资产 Intangible assets 盈余公积Surplus reserves开办费Pre-operating expenses 期初未分配利润Retained earnings, beginning of the year长期待摊费用Deferred assets 本年净利润NET INE FOR THE YEAR其他长期资产Other long term assets 所有者权益合计TOTAL EQUITIES无形及其他资产合计 TOTAL INTANGIBLE AND ASSETS 资产总计TOTAL ASSETS 负债及所有者权益总计TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY。
财务管理的英语介绍
财务管理的英语介绍英文回答：Financial management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the financial activities of an organization. It involves the efficient and effective use of financial resources to achieve the organization's goals. Financial management is a critical function in any organization, regardless of its size or industry. It helps organizations to maximize theirfinancial performance and achieve their long-term objectives.The primary goals of financial management are to:Ensure the availability of financial resources to meet the organization's needs.Allocate financial resources efficiently and effectively.Manage financial risks.Maximize the organization's financial performance.Financial management is a complex and multifaceted field. It involves a wide range of activities, including:Financial planning and analysis.Budgeting.Capital budgeting.Cash flow management.Investment management.Credit management.Risk management.Financial managers play a vital role in the success of any organization. They are responsible for making sound financial decisions that help the organization achieve its goals. Financial managers must have a strong understanding of financial principles and practices, as well as a deep understanding of the organization's business.中文回答：财务管理是指规划、组织、指导和控制组织财务活动的过程。
财务管理专业英语
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1.2.2 Financing Decisions
Does the type of financing used make a difference?
Is the existing capital structure the right one?
How and where should the firm raise money?
(3)
Liabilities and equity (7)
The following information is also available:
Quick ratio = 1.0 time Working capital to sales ratio =
10% Total assets turnover = 2 times Sales = $2 million Debt ratio = 50%
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1.2.2 Financing Decisions
Should the firm use funds raised through its revenues?
Should the firm raise money from outside the business?
If the firm seeks external financing, should it bring in other owners or borrow the money?
1) Long-term investment decisions
2) Long-term financing decisions 3) Working Capital Management
Decisions
23
1.2.1 Investment Decisions
财务管理术语中英文对照
财务管理术语表Absorption costing 吸收成本法：Total Cost Methods全部成本法: 将某会计期间内发生的固定成本除以销售量，得出单位产品的固定成本，再加上单位变动成本，算出单位产品的总成本。
Accounting 会计：对企业活动的财务信息进行测量和综合，从而向股东、经理和员工提供企业活动的信息。
请参看管理会计和财务会计。
Accounting convention会计原则:会计师在会计报表的处理中所遵循的原则或惯例。
正因为有了这些原则，不同企业的会计报表以及同一企业不同时期的会计报表才具有可比性。
如果会计原则在实行中发生了一些变化，那么审计师就应该在年度报表附注中对此进行披露。
Accounts 会计报表和账簿: 这是英国的叫法，在美国，会计报表或财务报表叫做Financial Statements,是指企业对其财务活动的记录。
Chief financial officerAccounts payable应付账款: 这是美国的叫法，在英国，应付账款叫做Creditors，是指公司从供应商处购买货物、但尚未支付的货款。
Accounts receivable 应收账款:这是美国的叫法，在英国，应收账款叫做Debtors,是指客户从公司购买商品或服务，公司已经对其开具发票，但客户尚未支付的货款。
Accrual accounting 权责发生制会计:这种方法在确认收入和费用时，不考虑交易发生时有没有现金流的变化。
比如，公司购买一项机器设备，要等到好几个月才支付现金，但会计师却在购买当时就确认这项费用。
如果不使用权责发生制会计，那么该会计系统称作“收付制”或“现金会计”。
Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧:它显示截止到目前为止的折旧总额。
将资产成本减去累计折旧，所得结果就是账面净值。
Acid test 酸性测试:这是美国的叫法，请参看quick ratio速动比率（英国叫法）。
财务管理(公司理财)个人理解(英文版)
The understanding of the financial managementThis team I learnt the Financial Management, which is an important subject and a basic tool of management. The Financial Management is the management of how to deal with Capital Budgeting, Capital Structure and the Working Capital in certain principles as a whole, and financial management is an integral part of the enterprise management, according to the financial legal system, and the principle of financial management, it organizes the enterprise financial activities, deal with financial relationship of an economic management.The goals of Financial ManagementThe enterprise is an organization, which is built for pursuing profit, and its starting point and destination is profit, so Financial Management first should consider the company’s profit, and there are some basic goal s related with the profit.The first goal is to maximize the profit. Its basic point is that profit represented the enterprise’s new wealth, more profit then explaining the wealth of enterprises increases, and the more approximates to corporate goal. But this kind of goal has its drawbacks that it does not consider profit obtained the time value factors, it would be difficult to make right decision with the same amount of money in differen t time point. What’ more it does not consider the relationship between the profit and its invested capital, and finally it doesn’t consider the relationship between the profit and the risk it will take. While, the second goal is to maximize the current value per share of the existing stock. It means that the company's profit should related closely with the shareholder capital, and uses earnings per share to generalize the enterprise financial management goal, thus to avoid defects in the "profit-maximising gaol". But this goal still doesn’t consider earnings per share are obtained the time value of factors, in addition, It still does not consider risks. There’s a third goal that is enterprise wealth (value) maximization, and it means add shareholder’s wealth is the financial management’s goal. But it’s hard to measure. And the final goal is make the stakeholders’ profit maximum. And it means not only considers the creditor, the shareholders and related party interests, but also consider enterprise employees, customers and social responsibility of the enterprise factors, and strive to make the interests of all parties to maximize.Financial Management decisionsSo, when we make some financial decisions we should care all about the parts of the financial goal. And what’s more, we should understand the basictypes of financial management decisions. There are three types of financial management decisions: Capital budgeting, Capital structure, and Working capital management.The first decision concerns the firm’s long-term investments. the process of planning and managing a firm’s long-term investments is called Capital budgeting. In capital budgeting, the manager tries to identify investment opportunities that are worth more to the firm than they cost to acquire, this means that the value of the cash flow generated by an asset exceeds the cost of asset. The types of investment opportunities that would typically be considered depend in part on the nature of the firm’s business. Regardless of the specific nature of an opportunity under consideration, financial managers must be concerned nor only with how much cash they expect to receive, but also with when they expect to receive it and how likely they are to receive it. Evaluating the size, timing, and risk of f uture cash flows is the essence of capital budgeting.While the second decision called Capital Structure refers to the specific mixture of long-term debt and equity the firm uses to finance its operations. There are two main questions when looking at the capital structure - 1) How much $ do we need to borrow to buy this long-term asset? 2) What are the least expensive sources of funds for the firm? For example, since we are thinking of buying this new crusher, we need to decide how we are going to afford this new machine. In this example, we determined that if we cut back a little bit on labor and in other areas, we would be able to afford the new machine. In regards to where the money will come from, we do not take out loans to buy long-term assets. We borrow from our company, and repay overtime.The third decision concerns working capital management. The term working capital refers to a firm’s short-term assets, such as inventory, and its short-term liabilities, such as money owed to suppliers. Managing th e firm’s working capital is a day-to-day activity that ensures that the firm has sufficient resources to continue its operations and avoid costly interruptions. This involves a number of activities related to the firm’s receipt and disbursement of cash.The core element in financial managementThe three areas of corporate financial management are very broad and we should deal these decisions well to make profit for the company. And we should also care about the core element in finance management__ cash flow. Cash flow is the movement of cash into or out of a business, project, or financial product. It is usually measured during a specified, finite period of time. Measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on the companies' value and situation. Cash flow is very important because it determines a project's rate of return or value. The time of cash flows into and out of projects are used as inputs in financial models such as internal rate of return, and net prese nt value. What’s more it determines problems with a business's liquidity. Being profitable does not necessarily mean being liquid. A company can fail because of a shortage of cash, evenwhile profitable. As an alternate measure of a business's profits when it is believed that accrual accounting concepts do not represent economic realities. For example, a company may be notionally profitable but generating little operational cash (as may be the case for a company that barters its products rather than selling for cash). In such a case, the company may be deriving additional operating cash by issuing shares, or raising additional debt finance. The impressions of the Financial ManagementFirstly, financial management is a comprehensive management work. The development of social economy requires financial management making use of business activities value form implementation management. Control all the material conditions to achieve enterprise efficiency enhances unceasingly, wealth increasing purpose. Therefore, financial management is an independent enterprise management, and is a kind of comprehensive management work.Secondly, Financial management haves a large connection with various aspects in the Enterprise. In the enterprise, the capital of all involved with payment activities related to financial management. In fact, it is very rare that the departments in the internal enterprise do not deal with money. Therefore, financial management, often reaches each corners of the enterprise management. Each department would have relationship with the financial department through using the money. Each department will also in the proper use of the money, and economize on expenditure by accepting the financial department guidance, and subject to the control of the financial system to ensure that improve the economic benefits of the enterprises.Finally, financial management can reflect the production and the operation condition of the enterprise quickly. In enterprise management, the financial index can reflect rapidly about whether or not the decision is proper, the business is reasonable, production technology is advanced or not. For example, if the production of enterprise is marketable and the good quality reliable, it can drive the production development and realize the production and marketing of two flourishing, thus the capital turnover will be accelerated, and the profit ability will be strengthened, so all these can be reflected by financial index quickly.In the end, the financial management is very important, and it is not only a science, but also an art, only we grasp the knowledge of this subject can we have the ability to manage the company well.。
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财务管理的概念：Concerns the acquisition, financing, and management of assets with some overall goal in mind. Investment decisions，Financing decisions，Asset management decisions。
The Goal of the Firm：Maximization of Shareholder Wealth：Value creation occurs when we maximize the share price for current shareholders.公司组织形式：Sole Proprietorships：Advantages：Simplicity，Low setup cost，Quick set up，Single tax filing on individual form。
Disadvantages：Unlimited liability，Hard to raise additional capital，Transfer of ownership difficulties，Partnerships (general and limited) Advantages：Can be simple，Low setup cost, higher than sole proprietorship，Relatively quick setup，Limited liability for limited partners。
Disadvantages：Unlimited liability for the general partner，Difficult to raise additional capital, but easier than sole proprietorship，Transfer of ownership difficultiesCorporations ：Advantages：Limited liability，Easy transfer of ownership，Unlimited life，Easier to raise large quantities of capital。
Disadvantages：Double taxation，More difficult to establish ，More expensive to set up and maintain。
5c系统：Five Cs of Credit1 Character – willingness to meet financial obligations2 Capacity – ability to meet financial obligations out of operating cash flows3 Capital –financial reserves（储备）4 Collateral – assets pledged as security5 Conditions –general economic conditions related to customer’s businessPBP的优缺点：Strengths:1 Easy to use and understand2Can be used as a measure of liquidity3Easier to forecast ST than LT flowsWeaknesses:1Does not account for TVM2Does not consider cash flows beyond the PBP3Cutoff period is subjectiveIrr的优缺点：Strengths:1Accounts for TVM2Considers all cash flows3 Less subjectivityWeaknesses:1 Assumes all cash flows reinvested at the IRR2Difficulties with project rankings and Multiple IRRsNpv的优缺点：Strengths:1Cash flows assumed to be reinvested at the hurdle rate.2Accounts for TVM.3Considers all cash flows.Weaknesses:May not include managerial options embedded in the projectPI的优缺点：Strengths:1Same as NPV2Allows comparison of different scale projectsWeaknesses:1Same as NPV2Provides only relative profitability3Potential Ranking Problems风险与报酬：Risk: The variability of returns from those that are expected.Systematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios associated with changes in return on the market as a whole.Risk factors that affect a large number of assets,Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk,Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification.Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets,Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk,Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Return:Income received on an investment plus any change in market price, usually expressed as a percent of the beginning market price of the investment.1There is a reward for bearing risk 2The greater the potential reward, the greater the risk 3This is called the risk-return trade-off.Systematic Risk Principle:There is a reward for bearing risk;There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily;The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away.Motives for Holding Cash1Transactions Motive -- to meet payments arising in the ordinary course of business2 Speculative Motive-- to take advantage of temporary opportunities3 Precautionary Motive-- to maintain a cushion or buffer to meet unexpected cash needs Variables in Marketable Securities Selection1. Interest Rate (or Yield) Risk：The variability in the market price of a security caused by changes in interest rates.2 Maturity：Refers to the remaining life of the security.3 Safety：Refers to the likelihood of getting back the same number of dollars you originally invested (principal).4Marketability (or Liquidity)：The ability to sell a significant volume of securities in a short period of time in the secondary market without significant price concession.。