微积分习题答案 经济数学微积分 主编 张建梅 马庆华
微积分答案 经济数学微积分 主编张建梅 马庆华 科学出版社 广外
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7. (2) 计算积分 I
y x
1 2 1 4
dy 1 e dx 1 dy
2 2
y
y x
1
y y
e dx .
y x
解 e d x 不能用初等函数表示
先改变积分次序.
原式
y x
y x2
I
1
1 2
1
1 2
dx
x x
2
e dy
x
y x
dxdy ,
解 由对称性,可只考虑第一象限部分 ,
D 4 D1
D1
D
注意:被积函数也要有对称性. 2 2 4 sin( x y )
x2 y2
2
dxdy
D1
sin(
2
x2 y2 ) x y
2
dxdy
4 d
0
2
1
sin r rd r 4. r
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6.
(1)
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6(2)
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6(3) 改变积分
1 0
dx
2 x x2 0
f ( x , y )d y d x
1
2
2 x 0
f ( x , y )d y 的次序.
解 积分区域如图
y 2 x
y 2x x2
原式
1 0
dy
xy
t 解: 两个隐函数方程两边对 x 求导, 得
u
微积分答案
International Monetary FundMoldova and the IMF Press Release:IMF Executive Board Completes Second Review Under the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility Arrangements with Moldova, Approves US$79 Million Disbursement April 7, 2011Country’s Policy Intentions DocumentsE-Mail Notification Subscribe or Modify your subscription Moldova: Letter of Intent, Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of UnderstandingMarch 24, 2011M OLDOVA:L ETTER OF I N TE N TChişinău, March 24, 2011 Mr. Dominique Strauss-KahnManaging DirectorInternational Monetary Fund700 19th Street NWWashington, DC 20431 USADear Mr. Strauss-Kahn:The economic program supported by the IMF is playing a crucial role in restoring stability and rebuilding confidence in Moldova. With growth significantly exceeding projections in 2010, GDP has broadly recovered to pre-crisis levels. Inflation is under control, and the fiscal deficit has narrowed substantially. These remarkable results were achieved notwithstanding the challenges that the economy faces: fiscal adjustment and promotion of export-led growth require profound structural reforms; rising international food and fuel prices rekindle inflation pressures; job creation lags behind and unemployment still exceeds pre-crisis levels.The program is broadly on track. All quantitative performance criteria for end-September and most indicative targets for end-December 2010 were observed. However, the difficult political environment of 2010 and unforeseen technical complications have taken their toll, and several structural benchmarks under the program were delayed. In the coming period, we will move expeditiously to implement these measures, as well as the new reforms set forth in our agreement with the IMF. The 2011 fiscal budget consistent with the program objectives will be adopted as a prior action for completion of this review. In addition, we have prepared the Annual Progress Report on the implementation of our National Development Strategy and circulated it to the IMF Executive Board for information.In consideration of our strong record of program implementation, we request the completion of the second review of the program supported by the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility arrangements and the associated disbursement of SDR 50 million. As the Executive Board consideration of our request falls in early April 2011, we also request waivers of applicability of the relevant end-March performance criteria. The third program review, assessing performance based on end-March 2011 performance criteria and relevant structural benchmarks, is envisaged for June 2011. Moldova remains committed to improving the well-being of the population through reforms that promote sustainable growth and reduce poverty. In the period ahead, our program will focus on maintaining the targeted pace of fiscal adjustment; reining in inflation pressures; strengthening financial stability of the banking sector; restructuring the energy sector; rolling out the long-awaitededucation and other structural reforms that would support Moldova’s reorientation toward export-led growth.We believe that the policies set forth in the attached Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies (SMEFP) are adequate to achieve these objectives but will take any additional measures that may become appropriate for this purpose. We will consult with the IMF on the adoption of such additional measures in advance of revisions to the policies contained in the SMEFP, in accordance with the Fund’s policies on such consultation. We will provide the Fund with the information it requests for monitoring progress during program implementation. We will also consult the Fund on our economic policies after the expiration of the arrangement, in line with Fund policies on such consultations, while we have outstanding purchases in the upper credit tranches. Sincerely yours,/s/Vladimir FilatPrime MinisterofRepublicMoldovatheGovernmentof/s/ /s/NegruţaVeaceslavValeriu LazărFinanceofDeputy Prime Minister MinisterEconomyMinisterof/s/Dorin DrăguţanuGovernorNational Bank of MoldovaAttachment: Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial PoliciesUnderstandingofMemorandumTechnicalS UPPLEME N TARY M EMORA N DUM OF E CO N OMIC A N D F I N A N CIAL P OLICIESMarch 24, 20111.The present document supplements and updates the Memoranda of Economic and Financial Policies (MEFPs) signed by the authorities of the Republic of Moldova on January 14, 2010 and June 30, 2010. It accounts for recent macroeconomic developments and introduces policy adjustments, as well as additional policies necessary to achieve the objectives of the program. We remain determined to meeting our commitments made previously under the program.I. M ACROECO N OMIC D EVELOPME N TS A N D O UTLOOK2.Growth outperformed expectations in 2010, and the economic expansion is set to continue. Real GDP rebounded by 6.9 percent in 2010, more than offsetting the economic contraction of 6 percent recorded in 2009. We expect the economic growth to return to its sustainable pace of 4½-5 percent in 2011 and thereafter. Expansion of domestic demand, exports, and investment are expected to drive activity in the near term, with tailwinds from trade liberalization reforms, a more favorable external environment, and improving competitiveness.3.Barring severe external shocks, disinflation should continue in 2011-12. Despite adjustment of energy tariffs, depreciation of the leu, and higher excise rates, inflation remained under control at around 8 percent in 2010, while core inflation declined below 5 percent. Under our baseline assumptions for international food and energy prices, we expect that inflation will decline further to 7½ percent in 2011 and about 5 percent by end-2012, the medium-term target set by the NBM. However, we recognize the risk that further surges in international food and energy prices and faster than expected rebound in domestic demand can temporarily push headline inflation above the projected path.4.Strong economic recovery boosted budget revenues and helped improve the fiscal position. In 2010, revenue significantly exceeded the program projections in nominal terms, but underperformed as percent of GDP, mainly due to high contribution to growth of the largely untaxed agriculture. Expenditure targets were also comfortably met, albeit largely due to under-spending of the capital budget caused by capacity constraints. As a result, the cash budget deficit narrowed to 2½ percent of GDP in 2010, far below the program target of5.4 percent of GDP.5.After a sharp drop to single digits in 2009, the external current account deficit widened in 2010 and will remain elevated in 2011. Rising demand for consumer and investment goods has pushed the current account deficit to an estimated 12¾ percent of GDP in 2010. The same demand factors, along with higher costs of energy imports, will likely propel the deficit even higher in 2011. The elevated deficit in 2011 will be largely financed by official assistance, private capital flows, and FDI. As the economy’s borrowing space is filling up quickly, we realize that further external borrowing should proceed at a more measured pace. We expect that from 2013, thanks to our exportpromotion efforts and economic recovery in trading partners, higher exports will more than offset the rise in imports, and the current account deficit would decline towards 10 percent of GDP.6.The situation in the financial sector has improved as well, with domestic credit rebounding and nonperforming loans declining. After the decline of 2009, domestic bank credit expanded by about 13 percent in 2010, and interest rates have declined. Meanwhile, the share of nonperforming loans declined to 13.3 percent, in part reflecting write-offs. Moreover, banks maintain large liquidity and capital buffers, remaining resilient to potential risks.II. R EVISED P OLICY F RAMEWORK FOR 2011-12A. Fiscal Policy7.Building on the better-than-expected fiscal outcome in 2010, the structural fiscal adjustment will stay on course in 2011-12. Our goal is to bring down the structural fiscal deficit excluding grants—the fiscal deficit adjusted for the effects of economic cycles—from 5½ percent of GDP at end-2010 through 4½ percent of GDP in 2011 to 3½ percent of GDP by 2012. This would largely rid the budget from its dependency on exceptional foreign aid and make public finances more resilient to macroeconomic risks. In this context, we will continue to contain the unaffordable public sector wage bill and low priority current spending, while strengthening revenue through selected tax policy measures and improved tax administration. Using the created fiscal space to increase infrastructure investment and provide well-targeted social assistance to the most vulnerable will allow us to achieve our broader development goals.8.As a next step, we will adopt a 2011 budget with a deficit of 1.9 percent of GDP as a prior action. We project that the budget revenue will amount to 37¾ percent of GDP in 2011, on account of continued progress in the tax administration reform, increased excise rates on tobacco and hard liquor—in line with our EU Association agenda—and updates of selected local taxes and fees. Implementation of various structural reforms, described below, will allow us to reduce current expenditure by 1½ percent of GDP to 34½ percent of GDP. At the same time, priority social assistance spending will be safeguarded, and capital expenditure will increase to 5¼ percent of GDP. We will seek to maintain the targeted structural fiscal adjustment in case the economic outlook and budget revenue deviate from our current projections.9.With immediate fiscal pressures easing, structural reforms will help contain the large public sector wage bill while creating space for poverty reduction actions. The significant optimization efforts in the education sector (¶19) will help finance the increase of teachers’ wages planned for September 2011. During 2011, other public wage restraints will remain in place as described in Law 355, as amended in October 2009. The only exception will be made for low-income auxilliary personnel in the budget sector (with salaries below MDL 1500), whose wages will be indexed by 8.5 percent on average from July 1, 2011 to alleviate the impact of higher than expected food and fuel prices and to avoid disincentives to labor market participation. Moreover, public sectoremployment will be capped at 212,000 positions by end-2011, reflecting the effects of the education reforms, while all vacant positions in excess of that level will be eliminated in 2011.10.Greater emphasis will be placed on synchronizing fiscal consolidation efforts at the central and local levels. The local governments will be granted greater control over local tax rates and fees to allow better revenue planning. In particular, by end-March 2011, we will ensure parliamentary passage of the necessary legal amendments to remove ceilings on existing local taxes and fees. This would allow the Chişinău municipality to raise at least MDL 100 million in additional revenues to finance, among other things (discussed in ¶21), its program of granting wage supplements and heating assistance in 2011. The practice of granting these payments will be discontinued at end-2011. The Ministry of Finance will verify compliance with these commitments.11.Going forward, we will continue trimming down current spending while creating sufficient space for the large public investment needs. In 2012, we aim to reduce the budget deficit further to ¾ percent of GDP, mainly through further rationalization of current spending (1 percent of GDP), sustained by structural reforms (¶¶19-22) that will commence in 2011 and bear fruit over the medium term. Ensuring sustainability of public finances in the medium term will also require implementation of the following measures:∙To reduce spending on goods and services, we will persevere with our procurement reform, assisted by the World Bank. The reform, to be phased in during 2011, will lower the budget costs by automating the bids for delivery of goods and services in the government’scentralized procurement agency.∙To improve control over budget planning and execution, we have drafted a law on public finance and accountability which will introduce a rule-based fiscal framework, enhance fiscal discipline, and improve transparency. We expect the law to be passed by Parliament by end-September 2011 and used in the preparation of the 2012 budget.∙To ensure the most effective allocation of capital expenditure, we will review the list of existing and envisaged capital projects, with a view to prioritize execution on the basis oftheir viability and economic growth potential. The review will also take into account pastexecution rates and capacity for implementation.∙To ensure implementation of the recently approved tax compliance strategy, by April 30, 2011, the State Tax Service (STS) will put in place operational plans for the strategyimplementation, including audit, collection of arrears, and taxpayer service activities(structural benchmark). In addition, by September 30, 2011, we will draft and submit toParliament legislation to allow indirect assessment of individuals’ income based on theirassets and other indicators as specified in the compliance strategy. On this basis, byDecember 31, 2011, we will prepare operational plans to strengthen audit, enforcement,outreach to, and education of high-wealth individuals regarding their tax compliance.∙We will reform the outdated mechanism for sick leave benefits. By March 31, 2011, we will amend legislation to assign the financial responsibility for the first day of sick leave to theemployee and the second day to the employer, effective July 1, 2011 (structural benchmark for end-April). Further legal amendments—to accompany the passage of the 2012 budget—will increase the number of sick leave days covered by employers to 3 in 2012, 4 in 2013, and6 in 2014.∙Early retirement privileges will be gradually phased out. By March 31, 2011, we will adopt legislation that, starting July 1, 2011, would raise the statutory retirement age of civilservants, judges, and prosecutors by six months every year until it reaches the regularretirement age (structural benchmark for end-April). This legislation will also extend the requirement to pay social contributions to all persons employed in Moldova in line withbilateral treaties. Another related piece of legislation, also to be passed by March 31, 2011,will put in place a policy of increasing the years of contribution required for full pensioneligibility from 30 to 35 years (and from 20 to 25 years for military and police personnel), by6 months every year, starting July 1, 2011.∙Building on the findings and recommendations of the recent IMF TA mission, we will implement measures to rationalize the use of health care. In particular, from January 1, 2012 we will introduce a copayment of 20 lei for primary care visits for uninsured patients, tomotivate them to enroll into the health insurance system. From January 1, 2013, we willintroduce small copayments for each doctor and hospital visit (5 lei for primary care, 10 leifor specialists, and 20 lei for hospital admissions) for all other categories of patients,including those who currently receive medical services free of charge. This policy will raise revenue and deter the use of unnecessary care, thus reducing the burden on the system. Tothis end, by end-April 2011 we will prepare an action plan detailing needed legislativechanges, technical preparations, and public information campaign.B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies12.The N BM’s monetary policy will be focused on achieving its end-2012 inflation objective of 5 ± 1½ percent. Given the fast economic recovery, closing output gap, and inflation pressures from rising international food and energy prices, the NBM’s monetary policy stance will gradually shift from supporting the recovery to addressing inflation risks. Specifically, it should focus on anchoring expectations—thereby countering the second-round effects from surging food and energy prices—and preventing excessive credit expansion. In this context, the NBM’s recent tightening measures—the 100 basis points hike in the policy interest rate and the increase in required reserve ratio from 8 percent to 11 percent— adequately address current inflation concerns. Further tightening should be conditional on marked acceleration of credit growth or rising inflation expectations.13.At the same time, the N BM will continue to strengthen the operational and legal aspects of its monetary policy framework. Consistent with the transition to inflation targeting, theindicative target for reserve money under the program will be discontinued after March 2011. Nevertheless, the NBM will continue to monitor money growth closely as an indicator of the state of domestic demand and sharp sustained moves may warrant policy action. In parallel, the NBM will continue to further enhance its communication, research, and forecasting capacities. As regards the legal framework, by end-September 2011, the NBM will propose amendments to the central bank law to strengthen its independence in line with the international best practice and establish appropriate mechanisms of internal control over NBM’s corporate governance.14.Alongside, the N BM’s exchange rate policies will remain consistent with program objectives. Specifically, NBM interventions in the foreign exchange market will continue to aim at smoothing erratic movements, but not resist sustained depreciation pressures. Should capital inflows exceed program projections, the NBM will accelerate the pace of reserve accumulation to ensure adequate buffers against the still high external vulnerabilities.C. Financial Sector Policy15.To strengthen financial stability, we will address the quasi-fiscal liabilities stemming from recent crisis management efforts. The Government’s decision to shield from losses the depositors of Investprivatbank (IPB) that failed in 2009 was a necessary step to avoid potential panic and deposit runs. However, paying out these deposits by means of a loan from the majority state-owned Banca de Economii (BEM) to IPB—in turn, enabled by a liquidity-providing loan from the NBM—has created a burden on BEM’s balance sheet that is now inhibiting its development. To address this problem, by end-May 2011 the Government will issue to BEM a long-term bond equal to the residual face value of BEM’s loan to IPB by either purchasing this loan or—subject to agreement of BEM’s minority shareholders—recapitalizing the bank. Meanwhile, the NBM will consider a limited extension of its loan to BEM to mitigate the attendant liquidity risk, and will work with BEM and the IPB liquidator to accelerate the sale of IPB assets. The Deposit Guarantee Fund will assume the responsibility for the net cost of the payout to IPB depositors and may introduce an extraordinary deposit insurance premium to gradually reimburse the Government for the cost of the bond issued to BEM.16.To handle future risks better, we aim to put in place the remaining elements of our contingency planning framework. Recent strengthening of the bank resolution framework and the establishment of a high-level Financial Stability Committee (FSC) were followed by signing of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between key institutions involved in responding to financial emergencies. As a next step, we aim to put in place specific contingency plans for each MoU participant by end-June 2011. These plans will establish a contingency framework based on a clear set of instruments, division of roles, responsibilities, as well as coordination channels between the involved parties.17.Looking ahead, as credit growth picks up speed, the N BM will need to strengthen its bank supervision framework by improving data collection and reducing scope for regulatoryarbitrage. To this end, the NBM, based on best international practices, will develop a new reporting system for commercial banks allowing a more detailed analysis of financial sector data. In addition, by end-September 2011, the NBM and the National Commission for Financial Markets, with assistance from the World Bank, will explore options and make proposals to consolidate all credit institutions—including banks, leasing companies, savings and credit associations, and microfinance institutions—as well as insurance companies and pension funds under a common supervisory framework. Finally, by end-September 2011, the NBM in cooperation with the World Bank will evaluate the feasibility of establishing a public credit bureau to promote information exchange and prudent lending policies by banks.18.Despite earlier delays, measures to strengthen the debt restructuring and contract enforcement frameworks are being developed and will be implemented in the coming months. The NBM has already allowed faster reclassification of restructured loans into lower-risk categories. We will now ensure by end-September 2011 parliamentary passage of the legal amendments described in the SMEFP of June 30, 2010 (¶15), to enhance the speed and predictability of collateral execution by banks and to strengthen incentives for banks to restructure nonperforming loans (structural benchmark). Furthermore, with technical assistance from the World Bank and in consultation with the IMF staff, we will seek to strengthen and simplify other aspects of the insolvency framework. Specific draft legal amendments in this area will be adopted by the Government by March 2012.D. Structural ReformsRaising Efficiency of the Public Sector19.In the coming months, we will roll out the comprehensive reform of the oversized education sector. Its main goals are to eliminate excess capacity, create a leaner and better-equipped education system with adequately trained and paid staff, and provide education that meets demands of the modern economy. The reform will seek class, school, and employment consolidation. A large part of the eventual budget savings and financial assistance from the World Bank will be used to improve school quality, secure transportation for students, and repair school bus routes. Nevertheless, the reform will save about 0.5 percent of GDP on a net permanent basis from 2013 on. Our reform strategy is based on the following elements:∙Class size optimization. By September 1, 2012, we will increase class size to 30-35 students in large schools and 25-30 students in the rest. For this purpose, we will pass legalamendments to eliminate the existing norms prescribed in the Law on Education by end-July 2011. This would reduce the number of teaching positions by 1,736, including 390 positions in 2011, and lead to estimated annual savings of about MDL 94 million.∙Optimization of the school network. Gradual consolidation of the school network through closure of schools with low enrollment and securing transportation of students to nearby“hub” schools will commence this year. Its full implementation during 2011-13 would reducethe number of teaching and non-teaching positions by 2,661 and 1,426 respectively and, when completed, will generate savings of about MDL 136 million a year. We will aim to limit the attendant transportation costs to MDL 61 million per year, and will seek grant assistance from the international financial community to defray this cost.∙Reduction of non-teaching personnel and vacant positions. As a first step, we will immediately freeze hiring of non-teaching staff and eliminate 2,400 vacant positions in thesector. Alongside, we will include in the budget law for 2011 a provision establishing wage bill ceiling for education sector, resulting in all rayons reducing personnel in educationinstitutions on average by 5 percent from their level of end 2010 (5,300 positions nationwide) before academic year 2011/12. These measures would provide savings of MDL 175 million on a full-year basis.∙Increasing flexibility of labor relations in the sector. Local authorities also need support and more flexibility to be able to consolidate schools and classes. By end-July 2011, we willadopt legal amendments to the Labor Code and other enabling legislation to (i) make fixed-term (one year) contracts mandatory for teachers beyond retirement age; and (ii) allow school principals’ hiring and dismissal decisions to be based on business need and performancerather than tenure. Estimated annual savings from this measure amount to MDL 48 million. ∙Rollout of a per-student financing system. Following successful implementation of per-student financing in the pilot rayons of Cauşeni and Rişcani, the system will be expandedstarting January 1, 2012 to 9 additional rayons, as well as municipalities of Chişinău andBalţi. The system will create strong incentives to optimize schools’ financial performance. Its nationwide implementation will take place in 2013.∙Putting social protection costs in education on a means-tested basis. By end-June 2011, in consultation with the World Bank and other partners, we will conduct a thorough review ofall social expenditure in the education budget (scholarships, dormitory assistance, schoolmeals, etc.) to explore options for better targeting of such assistance to the most vulnerablegroups.In consultation with the World Bank, the Government will develop and, by end-March 2011, adopt a detailed action plan to implement this reform.20.We will reform the civil service in a way that increases efficiency without destabilizing the fiscal position. To this end, we have developed descriptions of new job functions and responsibilities for staff in central government administration along with a merit- and performance-based wage system for civil servants. Implementation of this reform will start in October 2011, and will ensure that the reform does not affect the aggregate public sector wage bill as a ratio to GDP. 21.As regards the energy sector, we will strive to achieve a stable framework for payments of current bills, pending a comprehensive sector restructuring strategy to be finalized and implemented in cooperation with the World Bank and other partners. To ensure a stablefunctioning of the sector, the Ministry of Economy, the Chişinău municipality authorities, and the key participants in the energy sector will seek to negotiate in good faith a MoU with the following key elements: (i) a monthly schedule of payments to energy suppliers that is consistent with typical collection lags in Termocom’s receivables during the heating season, (ii) full repayment of current arrears by Termocom before the following heating season; (iii) a mechanism for covering the cash gap arising from collection lags in Termocom or a bank guarantee from the Chişinău municipality backing Termocom’s adherence to the agreed payment schedule; (iv) creditors’ commitment to abstain from blocking bank accounts as long as the MoU is observed. In this context, the Chişinău municipality will budget for and pay in full its remaining debt to Termocom of MDL 64 million by end-March 2011.22.Meanwhile, we will adopt a number of legal and regulatory amendments which would help ensure cost recovery in the heating sector. By end-August 2011, we will adopt the necessary legal and/or regulatory amendments to raise the heating fee for apartments disconnected from central heating from 5 percent to 20 percent of the average heating bill. This increase is in line with regional practices and would mostly affect consumers with relatively high incomes. At the same time, the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction, the Chişinău municipality, Termocom, and the water distributor Apă Canal will seek to put an end to persistent losses caused by under-billing for hot and cold water delivery; other municipalities will seek to resolve this issue as well. And to facilitate timely collection of heating bills, by end-August 2011, we will adopt the necessary legal and/or regulatory amendments introducing a minimum payment of 40 percent of the monthly bill and setting August 1 as the deadline for settling all heating bills for the past heating season.23.With the international investment climate gradually improving, the government will accelerate the efforts to divest its noncore assets. In the first half of 2011 the government, with assistance from IFC, will put in place an advisor to review various options for private sector participation in Moldtelecom. At the same time, by mid-2011, the government will expand the list of state assets subject to privatization. This will pave the way for privatization of other large public companies. By end-September 2011, the government will approach various international financial institutions, seeking an advisor to explore options to divest Air Moldova as soon as possible. Also by end-September 2011, we shall develop a roadmap for the privatization of Banca de Economii, and, if need be, resume the engagement of the privatization advisor.Improving the Business Environment and Removing Barriers for Trade24.The wheat export ban introduced in response to dwindling grain stocks in early 2011 will be abolished as soon as possible, and we will not introduce any new barriers to trade. We plan to abolish this ban by end-April 2011, provided that domestic and regional grain shortages are alleviated. Moreover, we shall refrain from introducing any new tariff or non-tariff barriers to exports. In addition, by end-May 2011 we will conduct an assessment of the existing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and their consistency with Moldova’s WTO commitments with regard to market access, and will develop roadmap for their gradual elimination.。
微积分教材习题答案
第一章 初等函数习题答案练习题1.11. 数3.1415926是有理数。
2.是无理数。
3. 数4. 有限区间有4个,分别为(),a b [],a b [),a b (],a b 无限区间有5个,分别为(],b -∞ (),b -∞(),a +∞ [),a +∞ (),-∞+∞5. 实数集合{}||2|1,x x x R -<∈用区间表示为()1,36. 实数集合{}||1|2,x x x R -<∈可以认为是1为中心,长度为4的开区间。
7. 实数集合{}||1|2,x x x R -<∈可以称为1的邻域。
8. 以点3为中心,区间长度为1的邻域表示为{}||3|1,x x x R -<∈ 练习题1.21. 函数的三种表示法分别为公式法,图像法,列表法。
2. 单调增函数的是y x =,3y x =,xy e =,ln y x =,lg y x =,tan y x =,arcsin y x = arctan y x = ;单调减函数的是xy e -=, cot y x = 分区间的增减函数是2y x =, sin y x =,cos y x =. 3. 函数2()ln f x x =和()2ln g x x =不是相同函数。
由于2()ln f x x =的定义域是0x ≠;()2ln g x x =的定义域是0x >。
4. 函数()f x x =和()g x =不是相同函数。
由于()f x x =的值域是()f x R ∈,()g x 的值域是()0g x ≥。
5. 求下列函数的定义域:(1)y =解:[)(]1,,1+∞⋃-∞-(2)21()1f x x =- 解:[)2,-+∞且1x ≠± (3)()ln(1)f x x =+ 解:()1,-+∞(4)()lg(1)f x x =- 解:(][),22,-∞-⋃+∞6. 判断下列函数的奇偶性:(1)33y x x =+ 解:奇函数。
微积分第三版上册课后练习题含答案
微积分第三版上册课后练习题含答案微积分是数学的一个分支,它主要研究函数、极限、连续、导数、积分等概念和它们之间的关系。
微积分是自然科学、工程技术和经济管理等领域中不可或缺的数学工具。
本文将介绍微积分第三版上册的课后练习题,以及它们的答案和解析。
章节列表微积分第三版上册共分为12章,分别是:1.函数与极限2.导数及其应用3.曲线图形的相关概念4.定积分5.定积分应用6.不定积分7.不定积分的应用8.微分方程初步9.空间解析几何10.空间直线与平面11.空间曲面12.重积分每一章都包含了大量的练习题,这些题目是对每个章节中理论知识点的考察和巩固,同时也能够帮助读者构建更深入的理解。
练习题样例下面是微积分第三版上册第一章的一组练习题样例:1.1节练习1.求函数$f(x)=\\frac{x-1}{x+1}$在点x0=2处的导数。
2.求极限$\\displaystyle\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty}(\\sqrt{x^2+3x}-\\sqrt{x^2-5})$。
3.求函数$f(x)=\\sqrt{1+x}-1$的二阶导数。
1.2节练习1.求$f(x)=\\frac{1}{x}$的导函数和导数。
2.已知函数f(x)=x3+3x2+1,求它的单调区间和极值点。
3.求函数f(x)=x4−8x2的导函数和导数。
课后练习题答案微积分第三版上册的课后练习题答案可以在教材的补充练习答案中找到,答案涵盖了书中各章节的所有练习题。
下面是上述练习题的答案和解析。
1.1节练习答案1.$f'(2)=\\frac{2}{9}$2.$\\displaystyle\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty}(\\sqrt{x^2+3x}-\\sqrt{x^2-5})=+\\infty$3.$f''(x)=\\frac{1}{4(x+1)^{\\frac{3}{2}}}$1.2节练习答案1.$f'(x)=-\\frac{1}{x^2}$,$f''(x)=\\frac{2}{x^3}$2.f(x)在$(-\\infty,-1)$上单调递减,在$(-1,+\\infty)$上单调递增。
微积分课后题答案习题详解
微积分课后题答案习题详解IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】第二章习题2-11. 试利用本节定义5后面的注(3)证明:若lim n →∞x n =a ,则对任何自然数k ,有lim n →∞x n +k =a .证:由lim n n x a →∞=,知0ε∀>,1N ∃,当1n N >时,有取1N N k =-,有0ε∀>,N ∃,设n N >时(此时1n k N +>)有 由数列极限的定义得 lim n k x x a +→∞=.2. 试利用不等式A B A B -≤-说明:若lim n →∞x n =a ,则lim n →∞∣x n ∣=|a|.考察数列x n =(-1)n ,说明上述结论反之不成立.证:而 n n x a x a -≤- 于是0ε∀>,,使当时,有N n N ∃>n n x a x a ε-≤-< 即 n x a ε-<由数列极限的定义得 lim n n x a →∞=考察数列 (1)nn x =-,知lim n n x →∞不存在,而1n x =,lim 1n n x →∞=,所以前面所证结论反之不成立。
3. 利用夹逼定理证明:(1) lim n →∞222111(1)(2)n n n ⎛⎫+++ ⎪+⎝⎭=0; (2) lim n →∞2!n n =0.证:(1)因为222222111112(1)(2)n n n n n n n n n n++≤+++≤≤=+ 而且 21lim0n n →∞=,2lim 0n n→∞=, 所以由夹逼定理,得222111lim 0(1)(2)n n n n →∞⎛⎫+++= ⎪+⎝⎭. (2)因为22222240!1231n n n n n<=<-,而且4lim 0n n →∞=,所以,由夹逼定理得4. 利用单调有界数列收敛准则证明下列数列的极限存在.(1) x n =11n e +,n =1,2,…;(2) x 1x n +1,n =1,2,…. 证:(1)略。
微积分第一章课外习题参考答案
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微积分--课后习题答案
习题1—1解答1. 设y x xy y x f +=),(,求),(1),,(),1,1(),,(y x f y x xy f y x f y x f -- 解yxxy y x f +=--),(;x xy y y x f y x y x xy f x y xy y x f +=+=+=222),(1;),(;1)1,1(2. 设y x y x f ln ln ),(=,证明:),(),(),(),(),(v y f u y f v x f u x f uv xy f +++=),(),(),(),(ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln )ln )(ln ln (ln )ln()ln(),(v y f u y f v x f u x f v y u y v x u x v u y x uv xy uv xy f +++=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=++=⋅=3. 求下列函数的定义域,并画出定义域的图形: (1);11),(22-+-=y x y x f(2);)1ln(4),(222y x y x y x f ---=(3);1),(222222cz b y a x y x f ---=(4).1),,(222zy x z y x z y x f ---++=解(1)}1,1),{(≥≤=y x y x D(2){y y x y x D ,10),(22<+<=(3)⎫⎩⎨⎧++=),(22222b y a x y xD(4){}1,0,0,0),,(222<++≥≥≥=z y x z y x z y x D4.求下列各极限: (1)22101limy x xy y x +-→→=11001=+- (2)2ln 01)1ln(ln(lim022)01=++=++→→e yx e x y y x(3)41)42()42)(42(lim 42lim000-=+++++-=+-→→→→xy xy xy xy xy xy y x y x(4)2)sin(lim )sin(lim202=⋅=→→→→x xy xy y xy y x y x5.证明下列极限不存在:(1);lim 00yx y x y x -+→→ (2)2222200)(lim y x y x y x y x -+→→ (1)证明 如果动点),(y x P 沿x y 2=趋向)0,0( 则322lim lim0020-=-+=-+→→=→x x xx y x y x x x y x ;如果动点),(y x P 沿y x 2=趋向)0,0(,则33lim lim0020==-+→→=→y yy x y x y y x yx所以极限不存在。
微积分课后题答案
微 积 分 课 后 习 题 答 案习 题 一 (A )1.解下列不等式,并用区间表示不等式的解集:(1)74<-x ; (2)321<-≤x ;(3))0(><-εεa x ; (4))0,(0><-δδa x ax ;(5)062>--x x ;(6)022≤-+x x .解:1)由题意去掉绝对值符号可得:747<-<-x ,可解得j .113.x <<-即)11,3(-. 2)由题意去掉绝对值符号可得123-≤-<-x 或321<-≤x ,可解得11≤<-x ,53<≤x .即]5,3[)1,1(⋃-3)由题意去掉绝对值符号可得εε<-<-x ,解得εε+<<-a x a .即)a , (εε+-a ;4)由题意去掉绝对值符号可得δδ<-<-0x ax ,解得ax x ax δδ+<<-00,即ax a x δδ+-00 , () 5)由题意原不等式可化为0)2)(3(>+-x x ,3>x 或2-<x 即)(3, 2) , (∞+⋃--∞. 6)由题意原不等式可化为0)1)(2(≤-+x x ,解得12≤≤-x .既1] , 2[-.2.判断下列各对函数是否相同,说明理由: (1)x y =与x y lg 10=; (2)xy 2cos 1+=与x cos 2;(3))sin (arcsin x y =与x y =;(4))arctan (tan x y =与x y =;(5))1lg(2-=x y 与)1lg()1lg(-++=x x y ; (6)xxy +-=11lg 与)1lg()1lg(x x x +--=.解:1)不同,因前者的定义域为) , (∞+-∞,后者的定义域为) , 0(∞+; 2)不同,因为当))(2 , )212((ππ23k k x k ++∈+∞-∞- 时,02cos 1 >+x ,而0cos 2<x ;3)不同,因为只有在]2, 2[ππ-上成立; 4)相同;5)不同,因前者的定义域为) , (11) , (∞+⋃--∞),后者的定义域为) , 1(∞+; 6)相同3.求下列函数的定义域(用区间表示): (1)1)4lg(--=x x y ; (2)45lg 2x x y -=;(3)xx y +-=11; (4))5lg(312x x x y -+-+-=; (5)342+-=x x y ;(6)xy xlg 1131--=;(7)xy x-+=1 lg arccos 21; (8)6712arccos2---=x x x y .解:1)原函数若想有意义必须满足01>-x 和04>-x 可解得 ⎩⎨⎧<<-<41 1x x ,即)4 , 1()1 , (⋃--∞.2)原函数若想有意义必须满足0452>-x x ,可解得 50<<x ,即)5 , 0(.3)原函数若想有意义必须满足011≥+-xx,可解得 11≤<-x ,即)1 , 1(-. 4)原函数若想有意义必须满足⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>-≠-≥-050302x x x ,可解得 ⎩⎨⎧<<<≤5332x x ,即) 5 , 3 (] 3 , 2 [⋃,3]. 5)原函数若想有意义必须满足⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥--≥+-0)1)(3(0342x x x x ,可解得 ⎩⎨⎧≥-≤31x x ,即(][) , 3 1 , ∞+⋃-∞.6)原函数若想有意义必须满足⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≠-≠>0lg 100x x x ,可解得⎩⎨⎧><<10100x x ,即) , 10()10 , 0(∞+⋃. 7)原函数若想有意义必须满足01012≤≤-x 可解得21010--≤<x 即]101 , 0()0 , 101[22--⋃- 8)原函数若想有意义必须满足062>--x x ,1712≤-x 可解得) 4 , 3 (] 2 , 3 [⋃--.4.求下列分段函数的定义域及指定的函数值,并画出它们的图形: (1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<≤-<-=43,13,922x x x x y ,求)3( , )0(y y ;(2)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧∞<<+-≤≤-<=x x x x x x y 1, 1210,30,1,求)5( , )0( , )3(y y y -.解:1)原函数定义域为:)4 , 4(-3)0(==y 8)3(==y .图略2)原函数定义域为:) , (∞+-∞31)3(-=-y 3)0(-==y 9)5(-=y y(5)=-9.图略5.利用x y sin =的图形,画出下列函数的图形:(1)1sin +=x y ; (2)x y sin 2=; (3)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+=6sin πx y .解:x y sin =的图形如下(1)1sin +=x y 的图形是将x y sin =的图形沿沿y 轴向上平移1个单位(2)x y sin 2=是将x y sin =的值域扩大2倍。
经济数学微积分1、2章 习题答案 最新版
习题一答案(A)1.1. 求下列函数的定义域:(1) 22-+=x x y ; (2) )sin(x y =;(3) 2)1lg(--=x x y ; (4) 22114xx y -+-=; (5) x xx y -++-=11lg21)1arcsin(; (6) ⎩⎨⎧><+=)0(ln )0(12x xx x y . (1)解:022≥-+x x21-≤≥x x 或∴定义域为),1[]2,(+∞--∞ .(2)解:⎩⎨⎧≥≥00)sin(x xπππ+≤≤k x k 22∴定义域为{},1,0,)12(42222=+≤≤k k x k x ππ.(3) 解:⎩⎨⎧≠->-0201x x21≠>x x 且∴定义域为),2()2,1(+∞ .(4)解: ⎩⎨⎧≠-≥-010422x x ⎩⎨⎧±≠≤≤-122x x ∴定义域为]2,1()1,1()1,2[ ---.(5) 解:⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≠->-+≤-≤-01011111x xxx ⇒ ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≠<<-≤≤11120x x x ∴定义域为)1,0[.(6) 解:定义域为),0()0,(+∞-∞ .2已知23)(2-+=x x x f ,求)1(,1),(),1(),1(),0(+⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--x f x f x f f f f . 解:2200)0(2-=-+=f2231)1(2=-+=f 423)1()1(2-=---=-f232)(3)()(22--=--+-=-x x x x x f231)1(2-+=xx x f 252)1(3)1()1(22++=-+++=+x x x x x f3. 已知⎩⎨⎧≥<+=1ln 113)(x x x x x f ,求)2(),1(),0(f f f .解:1103)0(=+⨯=f01ln )1(==f 2ln )2(=f4. 讨论下列函数的单调性(指出其单调增加区间和单调减少区间) (1) x x y ln +=; (2) xe y =; (3) 24x x -. 解:(1)定义域为),0(+∞,设210x x <<,0)ln (ln ln ln 1212112212>-+-=--+=-x x x x x x x x y y故在定义域内为单调增函数,单调增加区间为),0(+∞. (2) 定义域为实数R,当021<<x x 时,21x x >,021>-x x e e ,函数为减函数; 当210x x <<时,21x x <,021<-x x ee,函数为增函数.故单调减少区间为)0,(-∞,单调增加区间为),0(+∞. (3) 定义域为[]4,0,4)2(422+--=-=x x x y当20≤≤x 时,2)2(--x 为增函数,4)2(2+--x 也为增函数,当42≤≤x 时,2)2(--x 为减函数,4)2(2+--x 也为减函数.故单调增加区间为]2,0[,单调减少区间为]4,2[.5. 判别下列函数中哪些是奇函数,哪些是偶函数,哪些是非奇非偶函数. (1)2x ey -=; (2)x x y sin 2=;(3)242x x y -=; (4)2x x y -=;(5)x x y cos sin -=; (6)x xy +-=11lg; (7))1ln(2x x y -+=; (8)x xx y cos sin +=;(9)x x xx e e e e y ---+=; (10)⎩⎨⎧≥+<-=0101x xx x y .解:(1)定义域为实数R,)()(22)(x y e e x y x x ===----,故函数为偶函数.(2)定义域为实数R,)(sin )sin()()(22x y x x x x x y -=-=--=-,故为奇函数.(3)定义域为实数R,)(2)(2)()(2424x y x x x x x y =-=---=-,故函数为偶函数.(4)定义域为实数R,函数2x x y -=为非奇非偶函数. (5)非奇非偶函数 (6)定义域为011>+-xx,0)1)(1(>+-x x ,即11<<-x , 0111lg 11lg )()(==+-+-+=+-lg xxx x x y x y ,即)()(x y x -=-y ,故函数为奇函数. (7)定义域为实数R,01ln )1ln()1ln()()(22==-+++=+-x x x x x y x y ,)()(x y x -=-y ,故函数为奇函数.(8)定义域为),0()0,(+∞-∞ ,)(cos sin )cos()sin()(x y x xx x x x x y =+=-+--=-,故函数为偶函数. (9)定义域为),0()0,(+∞-∞ ,)()(x y ee e e e e e e x y xx xx x x x x -=-+-=-+=-----,故函数为奇函数. (10))(01010101)(x y x xx x x x x x x y =⎩⎨⎧>+≤-=⎩⎨⎧≥--<-+=-,故函数为偶函数.6. 设)(x f 在),(+∞-∞内有定义,证明:)()(x f x f -+为偶函数,而)()(x f x f --为奇函数.证明:令)()()(x f x f x g -+=,)()()(x f x f x h --=,)()()()(x g x f x f x g =+-=-,)(x g 为偶函数, )()()()(x h x f x f x h -=--=-,)(x h 为奇函数.7. 判断下列函数是否为周期函数,如果是周期函数,求其周期: (1)x x y cos sin +=; (2)x x y cos =; (3))32sin(+=x y ; (4)x y 2sin =; (5)x y 2sin 1+=; (6)xy 1cos =. 解:(1))4sin(2)cos 22sin 22(2π+=+=x x x y故函数周期为π2.(2)无周期 (3)周期为ππ==22T(4)22cos 1sin 2xx y -==,周期为ππ==22T(5)设)22sin(1)(2sin 12sin 1T x T x x y ++=++=+= , 解得π=T 2 ,2/π=T .(6)无周期8. 讨论下列函数是否有界:(1)221xx y +=; (2)2x e y -=; (3)x y 1sin=; (4)x y -=11; (5)xx y 1cos =.解:(1)1122≤+=xx y ,故函数有界.(2)02≥x ,02≤-x ,102≤<-x e ,故函数有界.(3)11sin≤x,函数有界. (4)xy -=11无界. (5)xx y 1cos =无界.9. 设21)(x x x f -=,求)(cos x f .解:x x x x x f cos sin cos 1cos )(cos 2=-=10. 已知⎩⎨⎧>-≤+=0102)(2x x x x x f ,求)1(+x f 及)()(x f x f -+.解:⎩⎨⎧->-≤++=⎩⎨⎧>+-+≤+++=+1132011)1(012)1()1(22x xx x x x x x x x f⎩⎨⎧<--≥+=-0102)(2x x x x x f ⎩⎨⎧>-≤+=0102)(2x x x x x f⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>++=<+-=-+01041)()(22x x x x x x x x f x f 11. 已知x x x f -=3)(,x x 2sin )(=ϕ,求)]([x f ϕ,)]([x f ϕ. 解:x x x f 2sin )2(sin )]([3-=ϕ,)(2sin )]([3x x x f -=ϕ 12. (1) 已知 2211xx x x f +=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+,求)(x f .(2)已知2ln )1(222-=-x x x f ,且x x f ln )]([=ϕ,求)(x ϕ.解:(1) 2)1(12-+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+xx x x f ,2)(2-=∴x x f (2)令12-=x t ,11ln)(-+=t t t f ,xx x x f ln 1)(1)(ln ))((=-+=ϕϕϕ,x x x x =-+=-+1)(211)(1)(ϕϕϕ11112)(-+=+-=x x x x ϕ13. 在下列各题中,求由给定函数复合而成的复合函数,并确定定义域: (1)21,x u u y +==; (2)2,ln ,4xv v u u y ===; (3)x v v u u y 21,sin ,3+===;(4)222,tan ,arctan x a v v u u y +===. 解:(1)21x y +=,),(+∞-∞∈x (2)2ln4x y =,由02>x,),0(+∞∈x(3))21(sin 3x y +=,),(+∞-∞∈x(4))](arctan[tan 222x a y +=,由2/)(22ππ+≠+k x a ,有⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∈-+≠∈Z R k a k x x x ,2,22ππ14. 指出下列各函数是由哪些简单函数复合而成的? (1)x y alog =; (2)x e y -=arctan ;(3)x y 2sin ln =; (4)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=2212arcsin x xy .解: (1)x y alog =,x u = (2)u y arctan =,v e u =,x v -=(3)u y ln =,2v u =,x v sin = (4)2u y =,v u arcsin =,212x x v -= 15. 求下列反函数及反函数的定义域:(1))31ln(x y -=,)0,(-∞=f D ; (2)29x y -=,]3,0[=f D ;(3)22-+=x x y ,),2()2,(+∞-∞= f D ; (4)2xx e e y --=,),(+∞-∞=f D ;(5)⎩⎨⎧≤<--≤<-=21)2(210122x x x x y . 解:(1)由)31ln(x y -=解得3/)1(ye x -=,故)1(31x e y -=,),0(1+∞=-f D (2)由29x y -=解得29y x -=,故29x y -=,]3,0[1=-f D(3)由22-+=x x y 解得1)1(2-+=y y x ,故1)1(2-+=x x y ,),1()1,(1+∞-∞=- f D (4)由2x x e e y --=同乘解得x e 解得12++=y y e x ,故)1ln(2++=x x y ,),(1+∞-∞=-f D(5)可解得⎩⎨⎧≤<--≤<-+=2122112/)1(y yy y x故⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤<--≤<-+=212211)1(21x x x x y ,]2,1(1-=-f D16. 某玩具厂每天生产60个玩具的成本为300元,每天生产80个玩具的成本为340元,求其线性成本函数,并求每天的固定成本和生产一个玩具的可变成本.解:设玩具的线性成本函数为bx a x C +=)(,则有⎩⎨⎧+=+=b a b a 8034060300 解得⎩⎨⎧==2180b a ,所以x x C 2180)(+= 故固定成本为180(元/每天),可变成本为2(元/每个).17. 某公司全年需购某商品2000台,每台购进价为5000元,分若干批进货.每批进货台数相同,一批商品售完后马上进下一批.每进货一次需消耗费用1000元,商品均匀投放市场(即平均年库存量为批量的一半),该商品每年每台库存费为进货价格的%4.试将公司全年在该商品上的投资总额表示为批量的函数.解:设批量为x ,投资总额为y ,则x xy 1001021067+⨯+= 18. 某饲料厂日产量最多为m 吨,已知固定成本为a 元,每多生产1吨饲料,成本增加k 元.若每吨化肥的售价为p 元,试写出利润与产量x 的函数关系式.解:设利润为)(x L ,则a x k p x L --=)()( (元) ,],0[m x ∈19. 生产某种产品,固定成本为3万元,每多生产1百台,成本增加1万元,已知需求函数为p Q 210-=(其中p 表示产品的价格,Q 表示需求量),假设产销平衡,试写出:(1)成本函数;(2)收入函数;(3)利润函数.解:(1) 3)(+=Q Q C (万元)(2) 2215)10(21)(Q Q Q Q P Q Q R -=⋅--=⋅= (万元) (3) 3421)()()(2-+--=Q Q Q C Q R Q L (万元) 20. 某酒店现有高级客房60套,目前租金每天每套200元则基本客满,若提高租金,预计每套租金每提高10元均有一套房间会空出来,试问租金定为多少时,酒店房租收入最大?收入多少元?这时酒店将空出多少套高级客房?解:设每套资金为x 元,酒店房租总收入为y 元,则有16000)400(101)1020060(2+--=--=x x x y ,故400=x 元/套,收入最大,为16000元, 这时酒店将空出20套高级客房.(B )1. 设x x f x x f =-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+)(212212,求)(x f . 解:令2212-+=x x t ,得2212-+=t t x ,有2212221221)(-+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+-t t t t f t f ,即2212221221)(-+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+-x x x x f x f 又()x x f x x f =--+21)2212(,可解得()11322-++=x x x x f 2. 设下面所考虑的函数都是定义在区间),(l l -上的,证明:(1)两个偶函数的和是偶函数,两个奇函数的和是奇函数;(2)两个偶函数的乘积是偶函数,两个奇函数的乘积是偶函数,偶函数与奇函数的乘积是奇函数.证明:设)(1x f 和)(2x f 为偶函数,)(1x g 和)(2x g 为奇函数, (1)设)()()(21x f x f x f +=)()()()()()(2121x f x f x f x f x f x f =+=-+-=-故)(x f 为偶函数,得证. 设)()()(21x g x g x g +=)()()()()()(2121x g x g x g x g x g x g -=--=-+-=-故)(x g 为奇函数,得证.(2)设)()()(21x f x f x h ⋅=)()()()()()(2121x h x f x f x f x f x h =⋅=-⋅-=-故)(x h 为偶函数,得证. 设)()()(21x g x g x I ⋅=[][])()()()()()(2121x I x g x g x g x g x I =-⋅-=-⋅-=-故)(x I 为偶函数,得证. 设)()()(11x g x f x J ⋅=[])()()()()()(1111x J x g x f x g x f x J -=-⋅=-⋅-=-故)(x J 为奇函数,得证.3. 设函数)(x f 和)(x g 在D 上单调增加,试证函数)()(x g x f +也在D 上单调增加.证明:设D x x ∈<21,[][][][]0)()()()()()()()(12121122>+-+=+-+x g x g x f x f x g x f x g x f∴函数)()(x g x f +也在D 上单调增加.4. 设函数)(x f 在区间],[b a 和],[c b 上单调增加,试证)(x f 在区间],[c a 上仍单调增加.证明: 设[]c a x x ,21∈<,若c x x ≤<21,由题意有)()(12x f x f >, 若21x x b <≤,由题意有)()(12x f x f >, 若21x b x <≤,则)()()(12x f b f x f ≥>,若21x b x ≤<,则)()()(12x f b f x f >≥, 综上,)(x f 在区间],[c a 上仍单调增加.5. 设函数)(x f 和)(x g 在D 上有界,试证函数)()(x g x f ±和)()(x g x f ⋅在D 上也有界.证明:由题)(x f 和)(x g 在D 上有界,即对D x ∈∀,0,021>>∃M M ,有1)(M x f ≤,2)(M x g ≤,则21)()(M M x g x f +≤+,21)()(M M x g x f ⋅≤⋅ 即函数)()(x g x f ±和)()(x g x f ⋅在D 上有界. 6. 证明函数x x y sin =在),0(+∞上无界.证明:对任意0>M ,都存在02[,]x M M π∈+使得1sin 0=x ,则M x x x >=000sin ,即函数x x y sin =在),0(+∞上无界.7. 设)(x f 为定义在),(l l -的奇函数,若)(x f 在),0(l 内单调增加,证明)(x f 在)0,(l -内也单调增加.证明:设)0,(21l x x -∈<,则),0(12l x x ∈-<-,)()()()()()(211212x f x f x f x f x f x f ---=-+--=-)(x f 在),0(l 内单调增加,∴0)()(12>-x f x f ,∴)(x f 在)0,(l -内也单调增加.8. 已知函数)(x f 满足如下方程:0,)1()(≠=+x xcx bf x af其中c b a ,,为常数,且b a ≠,求)(x f ,并讨论)(x f 的奇偶性.解:由已知,xc x bf x af =+)1()(, 令xt 1=,则有ct t bf t af =+)()1(,即cx x bf x af =+)()1(可解得)()(22xabx a b c x f --= , 而)()(x f x f -=-,故)(x f 是奇函数.习题二答案(A)1. 观察判别下列数列的敛散性;若收敛,求其极限值:(1) nn u 31=; (2) 11ln +=n u n; (3) 212nu n +=; (4) 11+-=n n u n ;(5) nn u n πsin 1=; (6) n u n n )1(-=;(7) nn u )1(3-=; (8) πn nu n cos 1=. 解:(1) 收敛于0; (2) 发散; (3) 收敛于2; (4) 收敛于1; (5) 收敛于0; (6) 收敛于0; (7) 发散; (8) 收敛于0.2. 利用数列极限的分析定义证明下列极限: (1) 011lim=++∞→n n ; (2) 1311lim =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+∞→n n ;(3) 532513lim =+++∞→n n n ; (4) 071lim =⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+∞→nn .(1)证明:0>∀ε,不妨设1<ε,要使ε<+=-110n u n 成立,只需112->εn 成立,因此取⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=21εN ,则当N n >时,有ε=<+=-N n u n 1110,所以011lim=++∞→n n .(2)证明:0>∀ε,要使ε<=-n u n 311成立,只需ε31>n 成立,因此取131+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=εN ,则当N n >时,有ε<<=-N n u n 31311,即1)311(lim =-+∞→nn . (3)证明:0>∀ε,不妨设101<ε,取152251+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=εN ,则当N n >时,有ε<+<+=-)25(51)25(5153N n u n ,所以532513lim =+++∞→n n n .(4)证明:0>∀ε,不妨设1<ε,取11log 7+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=εN ,则当N n >时,有ε<<=-N n n u 71710,所以071lim =⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+∞→nn .3. 求下列数列的极限:(1) 98124lim 22++-+∞→n n n n ; (2) 529lim 2+++∞→n n n n ; (3) nn n n n -+-++∞→32lim; (4) )5(lim 2n n n n -++∞→;(5) )11()311)(211(lim 222nn ---+∞→ ; (6) nnn 5151131311lim+++++++∞→ ; (7) )1sin (sin lim --+∞→n n n ; (8) nnn n n 1)4321(lim ++++∞→;(9) ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++⋅+⋅+∞→)1(1321211lim n n n ; (10) 11)1(6)1(6lim +++∞→-+-+n n nn n . (1)=98124lim22++-+∞→n n n n 21/98/1/24lim 222=++-+∞→n n n n n (2)=529lim2+++∞→n n n n 235219lim =+++∞→nn n (3)nn n n n -+-++∞→32lim32)2(3)3(2lim)2)(3)(3()3)(2)(2(lim =++++=++++-+++++-+=+∞→+∞→n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n(4) )5(lim 2n n n n -++∞→2555lim 5)5)(5(lim2222=++=++++-++∞→+∞→n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n = (5)因为 n n n n n n n 11)11)(11(112+⋅-=+-=-, 所以)11()311)(211(lim 222nn ---+∞→2121lim 11454334322321lim=+=+-⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯+∞→+∞→n n nn n n n n =(6)=nnn 5151131311lim +++++++∞→ 565/1113/111lim =-÷-+∞→n(7))1sin (sin lim --+∞→n n n21cos )1(21sin 2lim 21cos21sin2lim =-+-+=-+--+∞→+∞→n n n n n n n n n n = (8)=nnn n n 1)4321(lim ++++∞→4)43()42()41(1lim 41=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++++∞→nn n n n (9) ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+++⋅+⋅+∞→)1(1321211lim n n n 1)111(lim )111()3121()211(lim 4=+-=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+-+-+-=+∞→+∞→n n n n n(10)=-+-++++∞→11)1(6)1(6lim n n n n n 61)6)1(1()6)1(61(lim 111=-+-+++++∞→n n n nn4. 判断下列结论是否正确,为什么?(1) 设数列}{n u ,当n 越来越大时,A u n -越来越小,则A u n n =+∞→lim ;(2) 设数列}{n u ,当n 越来越大时,A u n -越来越接近于零,则A u n n =+∞→lim ;(3) 设数列}{n u ,若对+∈∃>∀Z N ,0ε,当N n >时,有无穷多个n u 满足ε<-A u n ,则A u n n =+∞→lim ;(4) 设数列}{n u ,若对0>∀ε,}{n u 中仅有有限个n u 不满足ε<-A u n ,则A u n n =+∞→lim ;(5) 若}{n u 收敛,则k n n n n u u ++∞→+∞→=lim lim (k 为正整数);(6) 有界数列}{n u 必收敛; (7) 无界数列}{n u 必发散; (8) 发散数列}{n u 必无界.解: (1) 错; (2) 错; (3) 错; (4) 正确; (5)正确; (6) 错; (7) 正确; (8) 错.5. 利用函数极限的分析定义证明下列极限:(1) 539lim22=--→x x x ; (2) 0)21(lim =+∞→x x ; (3) 1)32(lim 2=-→x x ; (4) 02lim 2=-+→x x .证明:(1)0>∀ε,取εδ=,当δ<-<20x 时,有εδ=<-=--2392x x x ,故 539lim 22=--→x x x .(2)0>∀ε,不妨设1<ε,取ε1log 2=M ,则当M x >时,有ε=<M x )21()21(,故0)21(lim =+∞→x x .(3)0>∀ε,取2/εδ=,当δ<-<20x 时,有εδ=<-=--222132x x ,故 1)32(lim 2=-→x x .(4)0>∀ε,取2εδ=,当δ<-<20x 时,有εδ=<-=-22x x ,故 02lim 2=-+→x x .6. 下列函数什么过程中是无穷小量,什么过程中是无穷大量?(1) 21xy =; (2) )2ln()1(+-=x x y ; (3) xe y -=; (4) 2tan x y =;(5) xy -=112; (6) 12322-+-=x x x y . 解:(1) ∞→x 无穷小量,0→x 无穷大量;(2) 1→x 无穷小量,1-→x 无穷小量,+-→2x 无穷大量,+∞→x 无穷大量;(3) +∞→x 无穷小量 ,-∞→x 无穷大量;(4) πk x 2→(k 为整数)无穷小量 ,ππ+→k x 2(k 为整数)无穷大; (5) +→1x 无穷小量,-→1x 无穷大量; (6) 2→x 无穷小量,1-→x 无穷大量. 7. 求下列函数的极限:(1) 852)3)(sin 6(lim 32+--+∞→x x x x x x ; (2) 732523lim 42+--+∞→x x x x x ; (3) 12102)12()31(lim +-∞→x x x x ; (4) )2(lim 22++-∞→x x x x ; (5) 125lim 3++∞→x x x ; (6) 2)2sin(lim --∞→x x x ;(7) )1(lim 33x x x -+∞→; (8) xx x 1lim2++∞→; (9) xx x 1lim2+-∞→;(10) )49(lim +-++∞→x x x a a (0>a 且1≠a )解:(1)0852)3)(sin 6(lim 32=+--+∞→x x x x x x (2)=+--+∞→732523lim 42x x x x x 23732523lim 432=+--+∞→xx x x x (3)=+-∞→12102)12()31(limx x x x 1210121012121210223)21()31(lim )12()31(lim =+-=+-∞→∞→x x x x x x x x x(4))2(lim 22++-∞→x x x x122lim2)2)(2(lim 222222222-=+--=+-+-++=-∞→-∞→x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x(5)∞=++∞→125lim3x x x (6)02)2sin(lim=--∞→x x x(7))1(lim 33x x x -+∞→)1(11lim)1(1))1(1)(1(lim32333232333232333233=-+-⋅-=-+-⋅--+-⋅--+=∞→∞→x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(8)11lim2=++∞→xx x (9)11lim2-=+-∞→xx x (10)当10<<a 时,=+-++∞→)49(lim x x x a a 149=-当1>a 时,)49(lim +-++∞→x x x a a049)49)(49(lim=+++++++-+=+∞→xxx x x x x a a a a a a8. 求下列函数的极限:(1) )153(lim 22--→x x x ; (2) 11lim 1--→n m x x x (n m ,为正整数);(3) 11lim31--→x x x ; (4) ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---→121lim 21x x xx ;(5) 22lim 2-→x xx ; (6) 3152lim 23--+→x x x x ;(7) 2211limx x x +-→; (8) ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-++--→x x x x x x 212112lim ;(9) x x xx -----→111lim 1; (10) 1lim 21--+++→x nx x x n x .解:(1)1)153(lim 22=--→x x x(2)=11lim 1--→nm x x x nm x x x x x x n m x =+++-+++---→)1)(1()1)(1(lim 111(3)=--→11lim31x x x 32)1)(1)(1()1)(1)(1(lim33233231=+++-+++-→x x x x x x x x x (4)=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---→121lim 21x x xx 2312lim 12)1(lim 22121=--+=--+→→x x x x x x x x (5)由022lim2=-→xx x ,有∞=-→22lim 2x xx(6)=--+→3152lim 23x x x x 83)3)(5(lim 3=--+→x x x x(7)=+-→2211limx x x 2)1(1)11(lim 2220-=+-++→x x x x (8)=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-++--→x x x x x x 212112lim 4)1(2lim 22lim 1221=-=+-+--→-→x x x x x x x x x (9)=-----→xx x x 111lim 11111lim 1-=---→x x(10)1lim 21--+++→x nx x x n x2)1(21)1()1(1[lim 1)1()1()1(lim 1121+=+++=+++++++=--++-+-=-→→n n n x x x x x x x n x n x9. 求下列各题中的常数a 和b :(1) 1112lim 23=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++-+∞→x x b ax x ; (2) 51lim 21=-++→x abx x x ;(3) k b ax x x x =--+++∞→)1(lim 2(k 为已知常数).解:(1)因为11)2(11222323+-+++-=++-+x b ax bx x a x x b ax 若1)112(lim 23=++-+→∝x x b ax x ,则02=-a ,1=b ,即2=a ,1=b . (2)因为01lim )1(lim 1)1(lim )(lim 2112121=-++-=-++⋅-=++→→→→xa bx x x x a bx x x a bx x x x x x所以01=++b a ,即a b --=1511))(1(lim 1)1(lim 1lim 12121=-=---=-++-=-++→→→a xa x x x a x a x x a bx x x x x 故6=a ,7-=b . (3)因为kbax x x b x ab x a b ax x x x x =++++-+-+-=--++∝+→∝+→11)21()1(lim)1(lim 22222因此012=-a ,0>a ,k a ab =+-121,求得1=a ,k b -=21.10. 求下列函数极限: (1) x x x 3arcsin 4arctan lim0→; (2) xxx 3sin 2tan lim 0→;(3) x x x 1sin lim ∞→; (4) 2)4sin(lim 22--→x x x ;(5) 2220)cos 1(tan lim x x x x -→; (6) )1cos 1(lim 2xx x -∞→;(7) 30sin 1tan 1limxx x x +-+→; (8) x x xx x sin 3sin 2lim 0+-→;(9) x x x x 2sin 5tan lim0-→; (10) hxh x h sin )sin(lim 0-+→.解:(1)3434lim 3arcsin 4arctan lim 00==x x x x x x →→(2)3232lim 3sin 2tan lim 00==→→x x x x x x(3)=∞→x x x 1sin lim 1/1)/1sin(lim =∞→xx x(4)=--→2)4sin(lim22x x x 424lim 22=--→x x x (5)=-→2220)cos 1(tan limx xx x 4)2/(lim 2240=→x x x (6)=-∞→)1cos1(lim 2x x x 2121lim 22=⋅∞→xx x(7)=+-+→30sin 1tan 1limx xx x 4121lim 212)cos 1(tan lim 32030=⋅=-→→xxx xx x x x (8)=+-→x x xx x sin 3sin 2lim041/)(sin 3/)(sin 2lim0=+-→x x x x x (9)=-→x xx x 2sin 5tan lim03252sin lim 5tan lim 00=-=-→→xx x x x x(10)=-+→h x h x h sin )sin(lim 0x hh x h h cos ]2/)2cos[()2/sin(2lim 0=+→11. 求下列函数极限: (1) xx x)11(lim -∞→; (2) x x x 2cot 20)(sec lim →;(3) 121011lim +→⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+xx x ; (4) xx x x ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-∞→22lim ;(5) 311lim +∞→⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+x x x x ; (6) xx x-→111lim .解:(1)=-∞→x x x )11(lim 1)1()11(lim ---∞→=-e xx x(2)=→xx x 2cot20)(sec lim e x xx =+→2tan120)tan 1(lim(3)121011lim +→⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+xx x21)1(21100210)11(lim 11lim )11(lim -+⋅+→→→=+-=+⋅+=exxx x x x x x x x x(4)xx x x ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-∞→22lim42)4(422)4(42)241(lim )241(lim )241(lim --∞→-⋅+-∞→--⋅+-∞→=+-⋅+-=+-=e x x x x x x x x (5)=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-++∞→311lim x x x x 212213)121(lim )11(lim )11(lim e x x x x x x x x x x =-+=-+⋅-++⋅-∞→∞→∞→(6)=-→xx x111lim 1)1(111)11(lim --⋅-→=-+e x x x12. 求下列函数极限: (1) )6sin(sin 21lim6ππ--→x x x ; (2) xxx 251ln lim0+→;(3) )21ln()31ln(lim x x x ++-∞→; (4) 1arcsin lim 20--→x x e xx ;(5) )1ln(121lim2x x x x ---→; (6) x e x x 21lim3sin 0-→;(7) xx x 1)tan 21(lim ++→; (8) xxx e x 10)(lim +→;(9) x x x x 3)421ln(lim 20+-→; (10) )4tan()2tan(lim 4x x x -⋅→ππ;(11) xx x 1)sin 1(lim -→; (12) x x x 2cot 10)(cos lim +→.解:(1)令6π-=x t ,6π→x 时0→t ,原式化为)6sin(sin 21lim6ππ--→x x x3)sin 3(lim cos 1lim ]2/)(cos 2/)(sin 3[21limsin )6/sin(21lim0000-=-+-=+-=+-→→→→tt t t tt t tt t t t t π=(2)=x x x 251ln lim0+→45252122/)51ln(lim 0=⋅=+→x x x(3)=)21ln()31ln(limx x x ++-∞→0)23(lim 23lim ==-∞→-∞→xx x x x (4)=1arcsin lim2--→xx e x x 1lim220-=-→x x x (5)=---→)1ln(121lim 20x x x x 12/)2(lim 220=--→xx x(6)=xe x x 21lim3sin 0-→6123/)(sin lim 0-=-→x x x(7)xx x 1)tan 21(lim ++→ 2tan 2limtan 210tan 22tan 2100)tan 21(lim )tan 21(lim e x x xxx x x x x x x =+=+=+→++⋅→⋅→(8)=+→xxx e x 1)(lim 2111)11(lim e e x x e x e x x x x x =-++-+⋅-+→(9)=+-→x x x x 3)421ln(lim2032324lim 20-=-→x x x x (10)令x t -=4π,4π→x 时0→t ,)4tan()2tan(lim 4x x x -⋅→ππ21tan 2tan 1lim 2cot lim )22/tan(lim 2000=-⋅==⋅-=→→→t t t t t tt t t t π(11)=-→xx x 10)sin 1(lim 1sin sin 10)sin 1(lim --⋅-→=-e x xx x x(12)xx x 2cot 10)(cos lim +→21tan 1cos 1cos 10cot 022)1cos 1(lim cos lim cos lim --⋅-→→→=-+=⋅=ex xx xx x x xx x13. 证明:0)2(1)1(11lim 222=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+++++∞→n n n n . 证明:222221)2(1)1(11)2(1n n n n n n n +≤++++≤+ 又由01lim )2(1lim22=+=++∞→+∞→n n n n n n所以0])2(1)1(11[lim 222=+++++∞→n n n n 14.求下列函数的间断点,并判断类型.)1( 1212)(11+-=xxx f ; (2) ()x x x x f 21)1ln()(2--=;(3) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=-≠+-=10111)(2x x xx x f ; +++++++++++++++++++++++ (4) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥+<≤+<=23212416)(2x x x x x x f 解:(1)11212lim/1/10-=+--→x x x 12/112/11lim 1212lim /1/10/1/10=+-=+-++→→xxx x x x即0=x 为跳跃间断点.(2)0)21()1ln(lim20=--→x x x x ,即0=x 为可去间断点. 0)21()1ln(lim 20=--→x x x x ,即21=x 为无穷间断点. (3)211lim 21=+--→xx x ,即1-=x 为可去间断点.(4)10)(lim 2=-→x f x ,7)(lim 2=+→x f x ,即2=x 为跳跃间断点. 15. 讨论下列函数的连续性:(1) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥<=)0(0)0(1sin)(2x x xx x f ;(2) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=)0(1)0(sin )(x x xx x f ;(3) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=003)(1x x x f x. 解:(1) 0<x 时,xx x f 1sin)(2=连续, 0>x 时,0)(=x f 连续,0=x 时,)(lim 0)(lim 0_x f x f x x +→→==连续, 所以)(x f 在),(+∞-∞连续.(2) 0<x 时,x xx f sin )(-=连续, 0>x 时,xxx f sin )(=连续,0=x 时,1)sin (lim )(lim 00-=-=--→→xxx f x x ,1sin lim )(lim 00==++→→xxx f x x , 所以)(x f 在0=x 处不连续.(3)0≠x 时,xx f 13)(=连续,03lim )(lim 10==--→→x x x x f ,∞==++→→xx x x f 103lim )(lim , 所以)(x f 在0=x 处不连续. 16. 确定常数b a ,使下列函数连续:(1) ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+<<--=其他53541)(2bxa x x x f ; (2) ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧>+=-<=01sin 010sin 1)(x b x x x a x xx x f .解:(1)若)(x f 在54-=x ,53=x 处连续,则有2)54()54(1lim)(lim x bx a x x -=++--→-→,)(lim 1lim)53(2)53(bx a x x x +=-+-→→,即⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=-54535354b a b a ,解得⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧==7175b a (2))(x f 在0=x 处连续,1sin 1lim 0-=-→a x x x ,1)sin 1(lim 0-=++→a b x xx , 有11=-a ,1-=a b ,解得2=a ,1=b . 17. 试证方程0133=--x x 在区间)2,1(内至少有一个实根. 证明:令13)(3--=x x x f ,)(x f 在)2,1(连续,03)1(<-=f ,01)2(>=f ,由零点定理知,至少存在一点)2,1(0∈x ,使得0)(0=x f 成立,即 方程0133=--x x 在区间)2,1(内至少有一个实根. 18. 试证方程2-=xe x 在区间)2,0(内至少有一个实根. 证明:令2)(+-=xe x xf ,)(x f 在)2,0(连续,01)0(>=f ,04)2(2<-=e f ,由零点定理知,至少存在一点)2,0(0∈x ,使得0)(0=x f 成立,即 方程2-=xe x 在区间)2,0(内至少有一个实根.(B)1. 求极限)31ln()21ln(lim x x x +++∞→.解:)31ln()21ln(lim x x x +++∞→3ln 2ln )3/11ln(3ln )2/11ln(2ln lim)3/11ln(3ln )2/11ln(2ln lim=++++=+++++∞→+∞→x xx x x x x x x x =2. 设nn n n n u n ++++++=2222211 ,求n n u +∞→lim . 解:因为1212122++++≤≤++++n n u n n n n , 212/)1(lim 21lim 22=++=++++∝+→∝+→nn n n n n n n n , 2112/)1(lim 121lim 22=++=++++∝+→∝+→n n n n n n n , 由极限存在定理可知,21lim =∝+→n n u . 3. 设数列}{n u :,2,,222,22,21-++++n u ,证明:n n u +∞→lim 存在,并求此极限值.证明:首先证}{n u 单调增加。
大一经济数学习题答案
大一经济数学习题答案大一经济数学习题答案在大一学习经济数学时,习题是我们巩固知识、提高能力的重要方式之一。
然而,有时候我们可能会遇到一些难题,无法得到正确的答案。
本文将为大一经济数学中一些常见的习题提供答案,并对解题思路进行简要的分析。
一、微积分1. 计算函数 f(x) = 2x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x - 7 的导数。
解答:对于多项式函数 f(x) = 2x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x - 7,我们可以按照幂次逐项求导。
首先,对于 x^n,其导数为 n*x^(n-1)。
因此,我们可以得到 f'(x) = 6x^2 - 10x + 3。
2. 求函数 f(x) = e^x * ln(x) 的导数。
解答:根据指数函数和对数函数的导数公式,我们可以得到 f'(x) = e^x * ln(x) + e^x / x。
3. 求函数f(x) = ∫(0,x) t^2 dt 的导数。
解答:根据牛顿-莱布尼茨公式,我们可以将该函数视为一个定积分的上限函数,即 f(x) = F(x) - F(0),其中F(x) = ∫(0,x) t^2 dt。
根据定积分的基本性质,我们可以得到 f'(x) = F'(x) - F'(0) = x^2 - 0 = x^2。
二、线性代数1. 求矩阵 A = [1 2; 3 4] 的逆矩阵。
解答:我们可以使用矩阵的伴随矩阵求逆矩阵。
首先,计算矩阵 A 的行列式为|A| = 1*4 - 2*3 = -2。
然后,计算矩阵 A 的伴随矩阵为 A* = [4 -2; -3 1]。
最后,根据逆矩阵的定义,我们可以得到 A 的逆矩阵为 A^-1 = A*/|A| = [4/-2 -2/-2;-3/-2 1/-2] = [-2 1; 3/2 -1/2]。
2. 求向量 v = [1; 2; 3] 在向量空间 span{[1; 0; 0], [0; 1; 0]} 中的投影向量。
经济数学微积分第01章+函数.doc(习题答案)
第一章 函数习题1-113、用区间表示满足下列不等式的所有x 的集合(1)3||≤x ; ]3,3[-(2)1|2|≤-x ; ]3,1[(3)ε<-||a x ; ),(εε+-a a(4)5||≥x ; ),5[]5,(+∞--∞(5)2|1|>+x . ),1()3,(+∞--∞14、用区间表示满足下列点集,并在数轴上表示出来:(1)}2|3||{<+=x x A ; )1,5(--(2)}3|2|1|{<-<=x x B . )5,3()1,1( -习题1-22、求下列函数的自然定义域 (2)2112++-=x x y ; 解:⎩⎨⎧≥+≠-02012x x ⇒⎩⎨⎧-≥±≠21x x ⇒),1()1,1()1,2[)(+∞---= f D . (4)21arcsin-=x y ; 解:121≤-x ⇒2|1|≤-x ⇒]3,1[)(-=f D . (6)1||)3ln(--=x x y ;解:⎩⎨⎧>->-01||03x x ⇒⎩⎨⎧><1||3x x ⇒)3,1()1,()( --∞=f D . (6)6712arccos 2---=x x x y . 解:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>--≤-0617122x x x ⇒⎩⎨⎧>+-≤-0)2)(3(712x x x ⇒⎩⎨⎧>-<≤≤3 243x x x 或- ⇒]4,3()2,3[)( --=f D .4、确定函数⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<-≤-=.2||1 ,1,1|| ,1)(22x x x x x f 的定义域并作出函数图形. 解:函数的定义域为 )2,2()(-=f D .其图形为图形> plot(max((max(1-x^2,0))^(1/2),x^2-1),x=-2..2);7、下列各函数中哪些是周期函数?对周期函数指出其周期(1) x y 2sin =; 解:22cos 1sin )(2x x x f y -===,由于 )(22cos 12)22cos(1)(x f x x x f =-=+-=+ππ, 所以, x y 2sin =是以π为周期的周期函数.注:x T x T x T 2cos )22cos()(2cos 22π======+=+令(2) )cos(θω+=t y (θω,为常数);解:)cos()(θω+==t x f y ,由于)cos()2cos()2(θωθπωωπ+=+±=+t t t f ,所以, )cos(θω+=t y 是以ωπ2为周期的周期函数.注:)cos()cos()(2θωθωωπω+=====++=+=t T t T t f T 令(3) x y 1cos =. 解:xx f y 1cos )(==不是周期函数.因为假设有T ,使得)()(x f T x f =+,那么 x T x 1cos 1cos =+⇒πk x T x 211+=+ (k 为某整数) ⇒)(2T x x k T x x +++=π⇒)(2T x x k T +=π ⇒ 0=k ⇒0=T .8、设)(x f 为定义在),(l l -内的奇函数,若)(x f 在),0(l 内单调增加,证明)(x f 在)0,(l -内也单调增加.解:)0,(21l x x -∈<∀,有),0(12l x x ∈-<-, ↑)(x f ),0(l ,)()(12x f x f -<-∴,又)(x f 为奇函数,则)()()()(2211x f x f x f x f =--<--=,所以)(x f 在)0,(l -内也单调增加.习题1-33、指出下列函数的复合过程(1)x y 2cos =;解:u y cos =,x u 2=.(2)x e y 1=;解:u e y =,xu 1=.(3)x e y 3sin =;解:u e y =,3v u =,x v sin =.(3))]12arcsin[lg(+=x y ;解:u y arcsin =,v u lg =,12+=x v .4、(1)设12cos )(sin +=x x f ,求)(cos x f . 解:由于2sin 2222cos 12)(sin 2+-=+-⋅-=x x x f , 可见22)(2+-=t t f ,所以x x x f 22sin 22cos 2)(cos =+-=.解2:令x t sin =,则221)sin 21(12cos )(22+-=+-=+=t x x t f ,所以x x x f 22sin 22cos 2)(cos =+-=.(2)设221)1(xx x x f +=+,求)(x f . 解:由于2)1(1)1(222-+=+=+xx x x x x f , 可见2)(2-=t t f , 所以2)(2-=x x f .解2:令xx t 1+=,则22)1(1)(2222-=-+=+=t x x x x t f , 所以2)(2-=x x f .5、已知x x x f -=3)(,x x 2sin )(=ϕ,求)]([x f ϕ,)]([x f ϕ.解:x x x f x f 2sin 2sin )2(sin )]([3-==ϕ,)(2sin ][)]([33x x x x x f -=-=ϕϕ.习题1-42、下列函数中哪些是初等函数?哪些不是初等函数?(1) x x e y 2sin 2+-=;解:此函数显然是初等函数.(2) )cos 212ln(x x y -+=; 解:此函数显然是初等函数.(3) ⎩⎨⎧<≥-=.0 ,3,0 ,1x x y 解:此函数不是初等函数.(简单的判断:因为函数不连续,由后面知识知函数不是初等函数)(4) ⎩⎨⎧<<+-≤≤-+=.10 ,12,01 ,1x x x x y 图形> plot([x+1,-2*x+1],x=-1..1); 解:令1+=x u ,12+-=x v ,11≤≤-x ,有 2||},min{v u v u v u y --+== 2)]12()1[()12()1(2+--+-+-++=x x x x 2)3(22x x --=, 11≤≤-x ,故此函数是初等函数.3、函数⎩⎨⎧>≤-=.1 ,,1 ,2x x x x y 能用一个解析式表示吗?为什么? 图形> plot([2-x,x],x=-1..3);解:令x u -=2,x v =,有2||},max{v u v u v u y -++== 2])2[()2(2x x x x --++-=1)1(2)22(222+-=-+=x x , 故此函数能用一个解析式表示,当然是初等函数.4、由xy 2=的图形作下列函数的图形(1) x y 23⋅=; 图形> plot([3*2^x,2^x],x=-2..2);(2) 42+=x y ; 图形> plot([2^x+4,2^x],x=-2..2);(3) x y 2-=; 图形> plot([-2^x,2^x],x=-2..2);(4) x y -=2. 图形> plot([2^(-x),2^x],x=-2..2);5、由x y lg =的图形作下列函数的图形(1) x y lg 3=;图形> plot([3*ln(x)/ln(10),ln(x)/ln(10)],x=0..2,-2.5..2);(2) 2lg x y =;图形> plot([2*ln(abs(x))/ln(10),ln(x)/ln(10)],x=-2..2,-2.5..2); (3) x y lg=; 图形> plot([1/2*ln(x)/ln(10),ln(x)/ln(10)],x=0..2,-1..1); (4) xy 1lg =. 图形> plot([-ln(x)/ln(10),ln(x)/ln(10)],x=0..2,-1..1);6、由x y sin =的图形作下列函数的图形(1) x y 2sin =; 图形> plot([sin(2*x),sin(x)],x=-2*Pi..2*Pi);(2) x y 2sin 2=; 图形> plot([2*sin(2*x),sin(x)],x=-2*Pi..2*Pi);(3) x y 2sin 21-=; 图形> plot([1-2*sin(2*x),sin(x)],x=-2*Pi..2*Pi);习题1-51、某运输公司规定货物的吨公里运输价为:在a 公里以内,每公里k 元;超过a公里,超过部分每公里k 54元.求运价m 和里程s 之间的函数关系. 解:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>-+≤≤=. ),(54,0 ,a s a s k ka a s ks m2、拟建一个容积为v 的长方体水池,设它的底为正方形,如果池底所用材料单位面积的造价是四周单位面积造价的2倍,试将总造价表示成底边长的函数,并确定此函数的定义域.解:依题意,设底边长为x ,四周单位面积造价为a ,则水池高为2x v , 那么总造价为 )2(242222xv x a x v x a ax y +=⋅⋅⋅+=, ),0(+∞∈x .3、设一矩形面积为A ,试将周长s 表示为宽x 的函数,并求其定义域. 解:依题意,矩形的长为x A ,于是周长s 为 )(2xA x s +=, ),0(+∞∈x .4、在半径为r 的球内嵌入一圆柱,试将圆柱的体积表示为其高的函数,并确定此函数的定义域.解:依题意,设圆柱的高为h ,圆柱的半径为22)2(hr -,那么圆柱的体积为 )4()2(22222h r h h h r y -=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=ππ, )2,0(r h ∈.5、用铁皮做一个容积为v 的圆柱形罐头筒,试将它的全面积表示成底半径的函数,并确定此函数的定义域.解:依题意,设底半径为r ,则圆柱形底面积为2r π,高为2r v π,那么全面积为 )(222222rv r r v r r S +=⋅+=ππππ, ),0(+∞∈r .6、按照银行规定,某种外币一年期存款的年利率为%2.4,半年期存款的年利率为%0.4,每笔存款到期后,银行自动将其转为同样期限的存款,设将总数为A 单位货币的该种外币存入银行,两年后取出,问存何种期限的存款能有较多的收益?多多少?解:依题意,半年期存款两年后本利和为41%)0.45.01(⨯+=A A ,一年期存款两年后本利和为22%)2.41(+=A A ,由于 A A A A A 00333184.0%)0.45.01(%)2.41(4212=⨯+-+=-.所以, 一年期存款有较多的收益,多A 00333184.0.7、某工厂生产某种产品,年产量为x ,每台售价250元,当年产量600台以内时,可以全部售出, 当年产量超过600台时,经广告宣传又可再多售出200台,每台平均广告费20元,生产再多,本年就售不出去了,建立本年的销售总收入R 与年产量x 的函数关系.解:(1)当6000≤≤x 时, x R 250=;(2)当800600≤<x 时,12000230)600(20250+=--=x x x R ;(3)当800>x 时,19600012000800230=+⨯=R .所以⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤<+≤≤=.800 ,196000,800600 ,12000230,6000 ,250x x x x x R习题1-61、某厂生产录音机的成本为每台50元,预计当以每台x 元的价格卖出时,消费者每月购买x -200台,请将该厂的月利润表达为价格x 的函数.解:依题意,月收入为)200(x x R -=,成本为)200(50x C -=,则月利润为)50)(200()200(50)200(--=---=-=x x x x x C R L .2、当某商品价格为P 时,消费者对该商品的月需求量为P P D 20012000)(-=.(1)画出需求函数图形;(2)将月销售额(即消费者购买此商品的支出)表达为价格的函数;(3)销售额的图形,并解释其经济意义.解:(1) 图形> plot(12000-200*p,p=0..61);(2)月销售额220012000)()(P P P D P P R -=⋅=.(3) 图形> plot(12000*p-200*p^2,p=0..61);由于180000)30(20020012000)(22+--=-=P P P P R ,于是①当商品价格不超过30时,月销售额随价格上涨而增加;②当商品价格达到30时,月销售额随价格达到最大180000;③当商品价格超过30时,月销售额随价格上涨而减少;④当商品价格达到60时,因无需求量而使得月销售额0.3、报纸的发行量以一定的速度增加,三个月前发行量为32000份,现在为44000份.(1)写出发行量依赖于时间的函数关系,并画出图形;(2)2个月后的发行量是多少?解:(1)依题意,报纸的发行量每月增加400033200044000=-份,若以现在为时间起点,用x 表示报纸发行的月份数,那么发行量为440004000+=x y .图形> plot(4000*x+44000,x=0..2);(2)2个月后的发行量是520004400024000=+⨯=y 份.4、某厂生产的手掌游戏机每台可卖110元,固定成本为7500元,可变成本为每台60元.(1) 要卖多少台手掌机,厂家才可保本(收回投资)?(2) 卖掉100台的话,厂家赢利或亏损了多少?(3) 要获得1250元利润,需要卖多少台?解:依题意,设手掌机卖掉x 台,则厂家赢利为750050)607500(110-=+-=-=x x x C R L .(1)令0750050=-=x L ,有150=x ,即要卖150台手掌机,厂家才可保本.(2)因2500750010050-=-⨯=L ,可见卖掉100台的话,厂家亏损2500元.(1)令1250750050=-=x L ,有175=x ,即要获得1200元利润,需要卖175台.5、有两家健身俱乐部,第一家每月会费300元,每次健身收费1元, 第二家每月会费200元,每次健身收费2元,若只考虑经济因素,你会选择哪一家俱乐部(根据年每月健身次数决定)?解:依题意,设每月健身次数为x 次,则第一家与第二家消费费用差额为x x x y -=+-+=100)2200()300(.所以,当每月健身次数小于100次时,0>y ,说明第一家比第二家消费费用要高,当然选择第二家,否则应选择第一家.6、设某商品的需求函数与供给函数分别为PP D 5600)(=和10)(-=P P S . (1)找出均衡价格,并求此时的供给量与需求量;(2)在同一坐标中画出供给与需求曲线;(3)何时供给曲线过P 轴,这一点的经济意义是什么?解:(1)令)()(P S P D =,即105600-=P P,得均衡价格80=P . 此时的供给量70805600)80(==D ,需求量701080)80(=-=S . (2) 图形> plot([5600/p,p-10],p=8..100);(3)令010)(=-=P P S ,得10=P ,说明只有当商品的价格超过10时,才有厂家愿意生产并提供该商品出售.7、某化肥厂生产某产品1000吨,每吨定价为130元,销售量在700吨以内时,按原价出售,超过700吨时超过的部分需打9折出售,请将销售总收益与总销售量的函数关系用数学表达式表出.解:设总销售量为Q 吨, 销售总收益为R 元,依题意有(1)当7000≤≤Q 时, Q R 130=;(2)当1000700≤<x 时,9100117)700(%90130700130+=-⨯⨯+⨯=Q Q R .所以⎩⎨⎧≤<+≤≤=.1000700 ,9100117,7000 ,130Q Q Q Q R8、某饭店现有高级客房60套,目前租金每天每套200元则基本客满,若提高租金,预计每套租金每提高10元均有一套房间空出来,试问租金定为多少时,饭店房租收入最大?收入多少元?这时饭店将空出多少套高级客房?解:依题意,设每套租金提高n 10元,59,,2,1,0 =n ,饭店房租收入为1200040010)60)(10200(2++-=-+=n n n n R16000)20(102+--=n .可见,当20=n 时, 房租收入达到最大16000=R 元,此时每套租金为4002010200=⨯+元,这时饭店将空出20=n 套高级客房.。
经济数学(微分方程习题及答案)
第十章 微分方程习题 10-11. 1. 指出下列微分方程的阶数,并判断是否为线性方程:222222222d d (1)4 (2)cos 0d d (3) d 3d d (4) (1)d (1)d (5) "(')120 (6) '''2''0d (7) 5d y y x y x y xxy y x x x x y y x y y xy xy y x y y xx=-++=+=+=-++=++=-42d d 3sin (8) ()40d d y y xy x x xx+=-=解 (1)1 (2)1 (3)1阶,线性;阶,非线性;阶,线性;(4)1 (5)2 (6)3(7)2 (8)4阶,非线性;阶,非线性;阶,线性;阶,线性;阶,线性.2. 2. 下列各题中的函数是否为所给微分方程的解? 若是,是通解还是特 解?2122122222d (1) 2,d (2) "2'0 , 22(3) "'0, (4) d d 0, xy xy y c xxy y y y x e y y y y c x c xx xx x y y x y R-=-=-+==-+==++=+=解 31(1) '2y c x 因为 -=-23113121222'2d (2)2d '2, "24 ,',"20 20, xxxxx xxxy c xy c x y x x c xyxy c xy xe x e y e xe x ey y y e e y x e 将,代入方程,得所以 是方程的通解.(2) 因为 将 代入方程,得,而所以不是方程的解.----==-=-=-==+=++=≠=1222212 '2, "2 ,'," 22 "'0y c c x y c y y y y y y x xy c x c x (3)因为将 代入方程,得所以 是方程的通解.=+=-+==+22222)2 d 2d 0 x y x x y y x yR +=+=+=(4)因为 d(所以是方程的通解.121200 3.:()(,)"2'0,4'xx x y c c x e c c y y y yy 验证是任意常数是方程的通解并求满足初始条件与=-2的特解.-===+++==解 12()xy c c x e 由 , 得 -=+解 12()xy c c x e 由 , 得 -=+21221212120000'(),"2()"2'0,()4' 2.4'(42).xxxxxx x x x xy c ec c x ey c ec c x ey y y y c c x e y y c c yy y x e 将上两式代入方程即得恒等式. 所以 是方程的通解.将初始条件与=-2代入方程的通解中,得=4,故满足初始条件与=-2的特解为-----====-=-+=-++++==+====+习题 10-21. 1. 求下列各题中微分方程的通解或满足初始条件的特解.222231(1) ' (2) '(3) d (1)d 0 (4) sec tan d sec tan d 032(5)d d 0, 01(6) cot d cot d 0 , x yxyx yy x y e e y y y x x y x y x y x ey yxyx y x x y y+==-=-+=+=+==-+=0x == 解(1) ' y y x由方程 两端积分, 得=- 2211122y x c =-+221 .(2) 'd d .x y yxyxxyx y c y e ey e xee c e e c 故方程的通解为 由方程 分离变量,得将上式两端积分, 得 -故方程的通解为 +---+====++=2x2 ed (1)d 0d d 1xy y y x y y exy --+==+ (3)由方程 分离变量,得221ln(1)21ln(1).2xxy y ec y y ec 将上式两端积分, 得 故方程的通解为 ---+=-+-++=2222(4) sec tan d sec tan d 0 sec secd d tan tan ln(tan )ln(tan )ln tan tan .x y x y x y y x y xyxy x c y x c 由方程 分离变量,得将上式两端积分, 得故方程的通解为 +==-=-+=22223331332 (5)d d 0 131d d 2,3ln 0 2.3ln 2.yyyx yx ey xyx x x ye yxx x e c yc x x e由方程分离变量,得将上式两端积分 得再将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 =+=--⋅=-=+==--=-cot d cot d 0 11d d cot cot siny sind d cosycos ln cos ln cos ln 01cos x y x x y y xyx x y yxy x c yc x (6)由方程 分离变量,得 即将上式两端积分, 得- 再将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 =+==-=-=+==cos 1.y =2.求下列各题中微分方程的通解或满足初始条件的特解.11(1) 'cot(2) '(3) '(ln ln ) (4) ()022(5) 'tan(6) () 02yx x x y y y xy y x xxy y y x xe y dx xdy y xy y x yxy dx xydy yx π===+=-=-+-=-==+==解(1),,''y u y ux y u xu x令 则===+'cot 'cot sin 1d d cos ln cos ln ln u xu u u xu u u u xux u x c 即 分离变量,得将上式两端积分,得- +=+===+ cos x u c 即 =cos .y x c x故变量还原, 得原方程的通解为 =','',y y x y u y ux y u xu x(2) 将原方程化为 令 ,则=-===+''1d u xu u xu u xx即 分离变量,得+=-==-arcsin ln ln arcsin lnarcsinln.u x c c u xy c x x 将上式两端积分,得即 故变量还原,得原方程的通解为 =-+==(3)'ln,'','ln '(ln 1)11d d (ln 1)ln(ln 1)ln ln y y y xxy u y ux y u xu xu xu u u xu u u u xu u x u x c 将原方程化为 令 ,则即 分离变量,得将上式两端积分,得====++==-=--=+11ln1.cxu cx y cx xy xe即 ln 于是变量还原, 得 故原方程的通解为 +-==+=(4)','',yx y y e xy u y ux y u xu x将原方程化为 令 ,则=+===+''uuu xu e u xu e即 +=+=1d d ln ln ln .uuuy xeu xx ex c x e cx ec 分离变量得 将上式两端积分,得即 故变量还原, 得原方程的通解为 ----=-=++=+=(5)' =tany yy xx 将原方程化为 -,'','tan 'tan 11d d tan ln(sin )ln ln sin y u y ux y u xu xu xu u u xu u u xux u x c u xc令 ,则即 分离变量,得将上式两端积分,得即 ===++-====+=1222sin .12sin.d (6) )d ,'',(')(1)x y cx x yc y x x y y yx x x y u y ux y u xu xu u xu u π于是变量还原, 得原方程的通解为 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 将原方程化为 (1+ 令 ,则=====⋅====++=+'1xuu =即2222212221d d 1ln ln 22ln ln().0 1.ln .x u u xx u x c u cxy x cx yc y x x 分离变量,得 将上式两端积分,得即 于是变量还原, 得原方程的通解为 再将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 ===+=====3.求下列各题中微分方程的通解或满足初始条件的特解.21(1) '2cos (2) ( 1)'(1)xx n y xy ex x y ny e x +-=+-=+2621(3) 'cot 2sin (4) 2(5)'ln , 1 (6)(1)'1, 1x x dy y y y x x x x ydxxy y x yx y xy yx x ==-=+=-=-=-+==解 2(1)()2,()cos xp x x q x ex 因 =-=222222()d ()d 2d 2d [()d ][cos d ][cos d ](cos d )(sin ).(2)'1p x xp x xx x x x xxxxxxy e q x e x c e e xe x c e exex c ex x c ex c ny x 故原方程的通解是将原方程化为---=+=+=+=+=+-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰(1)(),()(1)1xnxn y e x n p x q x e x x 因 故原方程的通解是=+=-=++d d 11ln(1)ln(1)[(1)d ] [(1)d ]nnxxx nx x n x x n n x y ee x ex c ee x ex c -+++-+=++=++⎰⎰⎰⎰(1)(d )(1)().nxn xx e x c x e c =++=++⎰cot d cot d ln(sin )ln(sin )2(3)()cot ,()2sin [2sin d ][2sin d ]sin (2d )sin ().x x x x x x p x x q x x xy e x xe x c ex xex c x x x c x x c --=-==+=+=+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰因 故原方程的通解是52255d d 25ln 25ln 5352(4)6,5'5 5(),()5 (5d )(5d )5 (5d )().2xxxxx x n z yz z x xp x q x xx z ex ex c ex ex c x x x c x xc 这是一个的贝努里方程令 则因 于是方程的通解是 故原-----==-=-=-=-=-+=-+=-+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰55211d d ln ln 5 ().212(5) (),() ln2 ( ln d )2 ( ln d )(x xx x xxy x y xc p x q x x x xy e x e x c xex ex c xx 方程的通解是因 故原方程的通解是---=+=-=-=-+=-+=-⎰⎰⎰⎰22 ln d )22 (ln )2ln 2.x x c xx x c x cx xx+=++=++⎰11 12ln 2.x y c y x x 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 ===-=+-22221(6)'111 (),()11x y y xxx p x q x xx+=--==-- 先将原方程化为 因 故原方程的通解是22d d 1121[d ]1xxxxx x y eex c x---=+-⎰⎰⎰2211ln(1)ln(1)2221223221122221[d ]11(1)[d ](1) (1))(1)x x e ex c xx x c x x c x c x ---=+-=-+-=-=+-⎰⎰1221 1(1).x yc y x x====+- 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解为4.已知连续函数f (x )满足条件320()()d .().3x xt f x f t e f x =+⎰求:解320()()d 3x xtf x f t e x 在等式 两端对 求导数,得=+⎰2223d 3d 23233'()3()2'()3()2()3,()2, ()(2d )(2d )(2d )xx xx xx xxxx xf x f x e f x f x e p x q x ef x e e e x c e e ex c e ex c 即 因 则---=+-==-==+=+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰33(2),0,(1)1,3()(32).xxxxe c ex f c f x e e由题意知当时 代入上式中,得 故 --=-====-5.已知某企业的纯利润L 对广告费 x 的变化率与常数A 和纯利润L 之差成正比. 当x = 0时, L = L 0 , 试求纯利润L 与广告费x 之间的函数关系.解d ()d L K A L x由题意知=-d d d (0)d (),(),()[d ]K x K xL K L K A K xp x K q x K A f x e K A e x c 即 因 则-+=>==⎰⎰=+⎰000 [d ][],0,,()().K xK xK xK xK xK xe K Aex c e Ae c A cex L L c L AL x A L A e由题意知当时 代入通解中,得 故满足条件的利润函数为 ----=+=+=+===-=+-⎰习题 10-31.验证 y 1 = cos ωx 与y 2 = sin ωx 都是方程2"0y y ω+=的解,并写出该方程的通解.证 因'"211sin ,cos y x y x ωωωω=-=-''222 cos ,sin y x y x ωωωω==-"22211"2222212112212cos cos 0 sin sin 0cos sin cos sin .y y x x y y x x y x y x y c y c y c x c x ωωωωωωωωωωωωωω+=-+=+=-+====+=+ 代入方程, 得即 和是方程的解,其通解是22212 2."4'(42)0xxy ey xe y xy x y 验证: 和都是方程的解,并写出该方程的解.==-+-=证 22'"2112,2(12),xxy xe y x e因 ==+2222'2"2222 (12),642(32) xxxxy x e y xex ex x e代入方程, 得=+=+=+222"'211122"'22224(42) 2(12)42(42)04(42)x xxy xy x y x ex xex ey xy x y -+-=+-⋅+-=-+-222222222333112211221212 2(32)4(12)(42) (644842)01,,(,).xxxxxxx x ex x ex xex x x x x x e y y y y xy c y c y c e c xec c 而常数于是是方程线性无关的解,故其通解为是任意常数=+-⋅++-=+--+-==≠=+=+3.求下列二阶齐次常系数线性微分方程的通解:(1) '''20 (2) '' 4'130 (3) ''2'0 (4) ''6'90y y y y y y y y y y y +-=-+=+=++=解 22(2)(1)0λλλλ(1)由特征方程 +-=+-= 122122122122,1..413023,23.(cos 3sin 3).xxxy c ec e i i y c x c x e λλλλλλ得特征根 故方程的通解为 (2)由特征方程 得一对共轭特征根 故方程的通解为 -=-==+-+==+=-=++212212221233122(2)00,2..69(3)03,3..xxxy c c ey c ec xeλλλλλλλλλλλ (3)由特征方程 得特征根 故方程的通解为 (4)由特征方程 得特征根 故方程的通解为 ---+=+===-=+++=+==-=-=+4.求下列二阶常系数线性齐次微分方程满足初始条件的特解:00006660 (1) ''4'30, 6, '10 (2) 4 ''4'0 , 2, '(3) ''2'100, 0, '(4) "250, 2,x x x x x x x y y y y y y y y y y y y y yy e y y y πππ=======-+===++===-+===+==0 ' 5 x y ==解 243(1)(3)0λλλλ(1)由特征方程 -+=--=123120012322121, 3.6, ' 104, 2.42.441(21)01.2xxx x xxy c e c ey y c c y e eλλλλλλλ得特征根 即方程的通解为 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解是 (2)由特征方程 得特征根为 =====+=====+++=+===-1212001212() 2, ' 0 2, 1.(2).xx x xy c c x ey y c c y x e 即方程的通解为 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解是 -==-=+=====+2121261266210013,13.(cos 3sin 3)10, ',0.31cos 3.3xx x xi i y c x c x eyy e c c y e x πππλλλλ (3)由特征方程 得一对共轭特征根 即方程的通解为 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解是 ==-+==+=-=+===-==-2121212002505,5.cos 5sin 52, '5 2,1.2cos 5sin 5x x i i y c x c x yy c c y x xλλλ (4)由特征方程 得一对共轭特征根 即方程的通解为 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解是 ==+===-=+=====+5. 求下列二阶非齐次常系数线性微分方程的通解或满足初始条件的特解:200 (1) ''2'2 (2) 2'''2 (3) ''3'23 (4) ''4cos (5) ''3'2 5 , 1, '2 (6) ''2sin 2 , 1, xxx x x y y y x y y y e y y y xey y x xy y y y y y y x yπ-===-+=+-=++=+=-+===+=-= '1x y π==解 2220λλ(1)由齐次方程的特征方程 -+=12122012012221,1 (cos sin ).()011,1,.22111 (1)222xi iy c x c x e f x x r y A x A x A A A A y x x x λλ得一对共轭特征根 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且不是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解 将其代入非齐次方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解=+=-=+===++====++=+2122121(cos sin )(1).21212(1)()0211,.2xy c x c x e x λλλλλλ故原方程的通解是(2)由齐次方程的特征方程 解得特征根 =++++-=+-==-=12121212()2 1. +.xxxxxxxxy c ec e f x e y AeA y ey c ec e e 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且r = 1 不是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解 代入非齐次方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解 故原方程的通解为 --=+=====+212212010123201,2.()31()3, 3.23(3)2x xxxy c ec ef x xe r y x A x A e A A y x x λλλλ (3)由齐次方程的特征方程 得特征根 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且是特征方程的单根, 所以设非齐次方程有特解 代入原方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解---++==-=-=+==-=+==-=-22123+(3).2xxxxey c ec ex x e故原方程的通解是 ----=+-2121201*********,2.cos 2sin 2()cos ()cos ()sin 12,,0391 i i y c x c xf x x x r i y A x A x A x A x A A A A y λλλ (4)由齐次方程的特征方程 得一对共轭特征根 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且不是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解代入非齐次方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解为+===-=+===+++=====2cos sin 39x x x+1221212 cos 2sin 2cos sin .393201,2.y c x c x x x x λλλλ故原方程的通解是(5)由齐次方程的特征方程 得特征根 =+++-+===21201012120012 ()5055,0.22527 1, ' 25,.2xxxxx x y c e c ef x r y A A x A A y y c e c ey y c c 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且不是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解 代入非齐次方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解 故原方程的通解是 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解是===+===+====++===-=2755.22xxy e e=-++212120110,.cos sin ()sin 22,cos 2sin 2i i y c x c xf x x i i y A x A xλλλ (6)由齐次方程的特征方程 得一对共轭特征根 即齐次方程的通解为 又因为且所以设非齐次方程有特解 +===-=+=-≠=+0110,.31sin 23A A y x代入非奇次方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解===121cos sin sin 23y c x c x x即原方程的通解为 =++121 1, ' 11,.311cos sin sin 2.33x x y y c c y x x x ππ 将初始条件代入通解中,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 =====-=-=--+6. 求下列高阶微分方程的通解或满足初始条件的特解:2311 (1) ''sin (2) ''' (3) '''(') (4) '''tan sin 2 (5) ''1, 1, ' 0 (6) "x x y x x y y xyy y y y y x x y y y y y ===-==-+==-==000', '"0xx x x xe yy y =======解 (1)在原方程两端同时积分,得111 'sin d cos cos d cos sin (cos sin )dsin sin d sin d y x x x x x x xx x x c y x x x c x x x x x x x c x再积分一次,得原方程通解为 ==-+=-++=-++=-+++⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰12d d 1111 sin 2cos . (2)',"'' [d ][d ][]1x x x xx xxx x x c x c y p y p p p xp p e xe x c e xe x c e xeec x c e令 代入原方程,得这是关于的一阶线性方程,其通解为----=--++==-=⎰⎰=+=+=--+=--+⎰⎰x故原方程通解为21121d (1)d .2xxy p x x c e x x x c e c ==--+=--++⎰⎰(3) '(),"dp y p y y pdy令 , 代入原方程,得==211111112d 1d d 1d1ln 1ln ln 1dd 11ln(1) ln(1)p yp p p p p yp y py p y c p c y y xc yc y x cc c y c x c (0,)分离变量,得两端积分,得 即于是两端再积分,得 即=-≠≠=---=+=-=---=+-=-+111112dd 11ln(1) ln(1)y xc yc y x cc c y c x c 于是两端再积分,得 即=---=+-=-+tan d tan d 1ln cos ln cos 1 (4)'(),"''tan sin 2 [sin 2d ][sin 2d ]cos [2sin d x x x xxxy p x y p p p x xp p e xe x c exex c x x x 令 代入原方程,得这是关于的一阶线性方程,其通解为--==+=⎰⎰=+=+=+⎰⎰⎰112121112]cos [2cos ] 2cos cos ]d (2coscos )d (1cos 2)d cos d 1 sin 2sin .2(5)',"c x x c x xc y p x x c x xx x cx xx x c x c y p y p 故原方程通解为 令 =-+=-+==-+=-++=--++==⎰⎰⎰⎰33221221d d d 1d d d 1122p yp y p yp p y y p yc p yc 代入原方程,得分离变量,得两端积分,得 即---⋅=-=-=+=+111 1, ' 0 1.'x x y y c y y 将初始条件代入上式,得 于是 =====-=2dxx c 分离变量,得两端积分,得=-=+1210121, 1.1 (6)"d " 0 1.'(1)d 2x xx xx xx x xy c x y xex xe e c y c y xee x xe e x c 再将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 在原方程两端同时积分,得 将初始条件代入上式,得 再积分,得 ====-=-==-+===-+=-++⎰⎰02 ' 0 2.x y c 又将初始条件代入上式,得 ===23032(22)d 1 3220 3.132 3.2xxxxx xxy xee x xxe e x x c y c y xe e x x 再积分得原方程通解为 又将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解为 ==-++=-+++===-+++⎰习题 10-41. 英国人口学家马尔萨斯根据百余年的人口统计资料,于1798年提出了人口指数增长模型. 设单位时间内人口的增长量与当时的人口总数x (t ) 成正比. 若已知t t =时的人口总数为x 0, 求时间t 与人口总数x (t ) 的函数关糸. 根据我国国家统计局1990年10月30日发表的公报,1990年7月1日我国人口总数为116亿,过去8年的年人口平均增长率为14.8 %0 ,若今后的年增长率保持这个数字,预报2000年我国的人口总数.解 设时间为t 时的人口总数为x (t ), 由题意得00d ()0.0148d ()x t x tx t x⎧=⎪⎨⎪=⎩这是一个变量可分离的方程,易求出满足初始条件的解为00.0148()0()t t x t x e-=又将002000,1990,11.6t t x === 代入上式,得 2000年我国的人口总数为0.148(2000)11.613.45x e=⨯≈(亿)2. 假设有一个很小的相对独立的小镇, 总人口1800人, 并假设最初有5人患流感, 且流感以每天12.8%的比率蔓延, 那么10天内将有多少人被感染? 经过多少时间该镇将有一半人被感染?解 设x(t )是第t 天被感染流感的人数, 由题意得d ()0.0128()[1800()] ()d (0)5x t x t x t tx 这是一个阻滞增长模型 这是一个变量可分离得方程,分离变量,得⎧=-⎪⎨⎪=⎩10.1280.128d ()0.128d (1800)()ln0.1281800()1800 ()1(0)5359.1800()135910,(10)18,ttx t tx x x t t c x t x t cex c x t et x 两端积分,得即将初始条件代入上式得 故小镇被感染流感的人数的增长曲线为 若 即十天内约有18人被--=-=+-=+===+=≈000-0.128018001()18009002135946.46,.t t t x t et 感染流感. 又设时,小镇有一半人感染流感,则有 解得 故大约经过天小镇将有一半人感染流感===⨯=+≈3. 某市几十家专业商场,今年销售全自动洗衣机15千台, 预计今后几年销售数量将以每年60%的速率增长,估计年销售达60千台, 销售市场基本趋于饱和. 试写出自动洗衣机的销售曲线方程.解 设x (t ) 是第t 年自动洗衣机的销售数, 由题意, 年销售达60千台, 销售市场基本趋于饱和,得10.6d ()0.6()[60()] ()d (0)15d ()0.6d 0.6()[60()]()ln0.660()60 ()1(tx t x t x t tx x t tx t x t x t t c x t x t cex 这是一个阻滞增长模型 这是一个变量可分离得方程,分离变量,得 两端积分,得即将初始条件 -⎧=-⎪⎨⎪=⎩=-=+-=+0.60)15360().13tc x t e代入上式,得 故自动洗衣机的销售增长曲线为 -===+4.设某商品的供给函数与需求函数分别为4244'" 68(0)6,'(0)4,,().d S Q p p p Q pP P p t 与初始条件为若在每一时刻市场均是出清的求价格函数=--+=-+==解 d Q s Q 由题意知=262124244'"68"4'1248(41206,2.()48,0 ttp p p pp p p p c ec ef t r λλλλ 所以即 这是一个二阶常系数线性非齐次方程)由齐次方程的特征方程 得特征根为 则二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解为 又因为 不是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解---+=-+--=---===-=+=-= 01 p A A t=+10 0,4A A 代入非奇次方程,得==621212624(0) 6.'(0)41,1() 4.ttttp c e c ep p c c p t ee于是非齐次方程的通解为将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的价格函数为 --=++=====++5.设某商品的供给函数S (t )与需求函数D (t )分别为()604,()1003dp dp S t p D t p dtdt=++=-+()p t 其中表示时间t 时的价格, 且p (0) = 8, 试求均衡价格关于时间的函数, 并说明实际意义.解()()S t D t 由题意知在市场均衡价格时, =d d 6041003d d d 402d d 2d 20p p p p ttp ptp tp于是即分离变量,得++==+=-=-综合习题十1.填空题:(1) 微分方程324(')2(')20y y xy ++=的阶数是( ).① 1 ② 2 ③ 3 ④ 4(2) 下列微分方程中为一阶微分方程的是( ).①22d yxy dx+= ② d y +3y d x = 3x 2d x③ cos y + 6x = 0 ④35"70y y y +-=(3) 微分方程24'2xy x y x =+是( ).① 可分离变量方程 ② 齐次方程③ 一阶线性齐次方程 ④ 一阶线性非齐次方程(4) 方程1=-dxdy eyx 的通解是( ).① x y e e c += ② x ye e c --+= ③ x y e e c -= ④ x ye e c ---=(5) 微分方程'0y y +=满足初始条件 01x y==的特解是( ).① xe ② x e -③ x e - ④ xe --(6) 函数 y = cos x 是微分方程( )的解.① '0y y += ② '20y y += ③"0y y +=④"cos y y x+=(7) 微分方程"2'0y y y -+=的解是( ).① xy xe =② 2xy x e =③ 2xy x e=-④ xy x e=-(8) 微分方程tandyy y dxxx=+的通解是( ).①siny cxx = ②1 siny x cx =③ sin x cx y= ④1 sin x ycx =解 (1) ① ; (2) ②; (3) ④; (4) ④; (5) ③; (6) ③; (7) ①; (8) ① .2. 验证22`0'x xtx xy ee dt y y e是微分方程+=-=⎰的解; 并说明是通解还是特解.解22`0'x xtx xy ee dt e因为 +=+⎰2222222`0`0`0`0','.x x xtx xxtx xx x xtxtx xy y e e dt eee dt ey ee dt y ee dty y e 代入方程 成为恒等式所以是方程的解,且函数不含任意常数.故是微分方程 的特解+++-=+-===-=⎰⎰⎰⎰3.求下列方程的通解和特解.222212233(1)d ()d (2)d d d d (3)()d ()d 0 (4)ln d (ln )d 0(5)'13 (6)'(1)sin , 11x yx x yyx x x y y xy x x x xy y y x y y ee x e e y y y x x y y y y xy y y x x yx++===-++=+-++=+-==-=+=+=+解22d (1)1d y y y xxx将原方程化为 =-+2,','','21y u y xu y u xu xxu u u 令 则原方程变为===+=-+2d d (1)1ln 1ln .u xu x cxu x cx x y变量分离,得 两端积分,得 -故变量还原得原方程的通解为=-=-=-2(2)d d 11y y x yx 将原方程变量分离,得=--20221ln(1)ln (1)2(1)(1).y c x y c x 两端积分,得故原方程的通解为-=--=-0 (3)d d 11ln 1ln (1)(1)(1).yxyxyx xye y e x e e e c e e e c 将原方程变量分离,得两端积分,得 故原方程的通解为--=-+--=++=d 11 (4)d ln x x yy yy 将原方程化为这是一阶线性非齐次方程,由通解公式可得+=d d ln ln ln ln ln ln 21[d ]1 [d ]111 [ln ]ln .ln 22ln (5)yyy yy y yyx e e y c y e ey c yc y c y y y将原方程变量分离,得--⎰⎰=+=+=+=+=⎰⎰11 x cy c 两端积分,得 将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解是====223312333d 3d 311 (6)2,d 3(1)sin d 1 [(1)sin d ]x xx xxxn z yz xz x xx xz ex xex c 原方程为的贝努里方程. 令 则原方程化为这是一阶线性非齐次方程,由通解公式可得--++==-=-++⎰⎰=-++⎰3ln(1)333[sin d ](1)[cos ]1(1)[cos ].1 0sec .1x x e x x c x x c x x c yy c x y x即将初始条件代入上式,得 故满足初始条件的特解是 +==-+=++=++===+⎰ 4.求满足方程 0()() ()x xy x y t dt e y x =+⎰的函数.解()()d x xy x y t t e x 在方程 两端同时对 求导,得=+⎰d d ''()[d ]()0 1.1, ()(1).xxx x x xxy y e y y e y x e e e x c e x c x y c y x e x 即这是一阶线性非齐次方程,由通解公式,得 又当时,代入原方程得 再代入通解中得 故满足条件的函数为-=+-=⎰⎰=+=+====+⎰5. 求下列方程的通解和特解:200(1)(ln )"' (2)(")'0(3)"'20, ' 0(4)"5'62, '1x x xx x x x y y y y y y y y y y y e yy ====⋅=-=++===-+===解 (1)',"'y p y p 令 代入原方程,得== 12ln )'d d ln ln ln ln 'ln ln d (ln ).x x p p p x px xp x c y p c xy c x x c x x x c(分离变量,得两端积分,得 即两端再积分,得方程的通解为 ===+====-+⎰2(2)',"'')'d y p y p p p p x令 代入原方程,得(分离变量,得=====21 122321'()2121()d ().232x c y p x c y x c x x c c 两端积分,得 即两端再积分,得方程的通解为=+==+=+=++⎰2121200, 1.x y c c eλλλλ (3)由齐次方程的特征方程 得特征根为 则齐次方程的通解为 -+===-=+ 010*******()20 ()2,0.22 ' 0 2, 2.x x x f x r y x A A x A A y xy c c e xy y c c 又因为 且是特征根,所以设非齐次方程有特解代入原方程,得 于是,非齐次方程有特解为故原方程的通解是 又将初始条件代入通解中,得-===-==+=-==-=+-====- 222.x y ex 故满足初始条件的特解是 -=-- 212321200321212005603, 2.1..'10,0x xxx x x x x x y c e c e y A e A y e y c ec e e y y c c λλλλ (4)由齐次方程的特征方程 得特征根为 则齐次方程的通解为所以设非齐次方程有特解 代入原方程,得 于是非齐次方程有特解为 即原方程的通解是 又将初始条件代入通解中,得故满足初始条==-+====+====++====.x y e 件的特解是 =6.设函数()x ϕ连续,且满足 00 ()()d ()d ().x x x x e t t t x t t x ϕϕϕϕ求:=+-⎰⎰解 00()()d ()d x x xx e t t t x t t x ϕϕϕ在方程 两端同时对求导数,得=+-⎰⎰ 021212 '()()d "()()"()()10,.()cos sin xx x xx e t t x x e x x x e i i x c x c x ϕϕϕϕϕϕλλλϕ再对求一次导数,得 即 这是二阶常系数线性非齐次方程,对应的齐次方程的特征方程为解得一对共轭特征根为 则齐次方程的通解为 =-=-+=+===-=+⎰。
微积分部分习题及答案 (1)
(2) 1(x2 4x 4) dx 0
解:原式 ( x3 2x2 4x) 1 1 2 4 19
3
03
3
(3)
0
3
a2
1
x2
dx
(a为常数)
解:原式 1
a
0
3
1
1 x a
2
d
x a
1 arctan x 3
a
a0
1 arctan 3
a
a
20
11.用牛顿莱布尼茨公式计算下列定积分
5
(2) ln xdx 1
解
原式 x ln x 5
5
xd ln x
1
1
5 ln 5
5 x 1 dx 1x
5 ln 5 4
35
14.用分部积分法计算下列定积分
(5) 4 ln xdx
1x
解
原式 2
4
ln xd
1
x 2 ln x
4
x 2
4
1
1
xd ln x
8 ln 2 2 4 1
解
原式 1 5
1 2
(11
1 5
x
)3
d
(5
x
11)
1 5
1 2
11
5x 2
1 2
= 51 512
33
14.用分部积分法计算下列定积分
(1) 1 xexdx 0
解 原式 1 xdex 0
xex 1 1 exdx 00
( xe x
ex
)
1 0
1
34
14.用分部积分法计算下列定积分
6
22
11.用牛顿莱布尼茨公式计算下列定积分
微积分第四版习题答案
微积分第四版习题答案微积分第四版是一本广泛使用的高等数学教材,它涵盖了微积分的基本概念、定理和应用。
习题答案对于学生理解和掌握微积分的知识点至关重要。
以下是一些习题的答案示例,请注意,这些答案仅为示例,具体习题答案可能因版本和习题编号的不同而有所差异。
第一章:函数、极限与连续性1. 求函数\( f(x) = x^2 - 3x + 2 \)在\( x = 2 \)处的极限。
解:\( \lim_{x \to 2} (x^2 - 3x + 2) = 2^2 - 3 \cdot 2 + 2 = 4 - 6 + 2 = 0 \)。
2. 判断函数\( g(x) = \frac{3x}{x-1} \)在\( x = 1 \)处是否连续。
解:由于\( g(x) \)在\( x = 1 \)处未定义,所以该函数在\( x= 1 \)处不连续。
第二章:导数1. 求函数\( h(x) = 5x^3 + 2x^2 - 4x + 7 \)的导数。
解:\( h'(x) = 15x^2 + 4x - 4 \)。
2. 利用导数求函数\( f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 + x - 5 \)在\( x = 1 \)处的切线斜率。
解:\( f'(x) = 3x^2 - 4x + 1 \),\( f'(1) = 3 \cdot 1^2 -4 \cdot 1 + 1 = 0 \)。
第三章:积分1. 计算定积分\( \int_{0}^{1} x^2 dx \)。
解:\( \int_{0}^{1} x^2 dx = \left[ \frac{x^3}{3}\right]_{0}^{1} = \frac{1}{3} \)。
2. 求由曲线\( y = x^2 \),直线\( x = 2 \)和\( x = 0 \)围成的面积。
解:\( \text{面积} = \int_{0}^{2} x^2 dx =\left[ \frac{x^3}{3} \right]_{0}^{2} = \frac{8}{3} \)。
《微积分》课后习题答案详解 八
解:当 时 时 收敛.
当 ,时 收敛.
所以 时 绝对收敛.
当 时 为常数)
所以当 时 发散
10.设 是一个常数,判别级数 的剑散性,当级数收敛时要确定级数是绝对收敛还是条件收敛,而且其敛散性是否与常数 的取值有关.
令 则
(2)
令 则
(3)
令 时,
16.把下列函数展开成 的幂级数:
(1) ;(2) ;(3) ;
(4) (5) (6)
解:(1)
则
(2)=
(3)=
4)
5)
6)
17.把下列函数展开成 的幂级数:
(1) (2)
解:1)
2)
收敛为
(B)
1.选择题
(1)正项级数 收敛的充分必要条件是(D).
A. B. 且
C. D.部分和数列有界
C.若 条件收敛,则 与 的敛散性都不定
D.若 绝对收敛,则 与 的敛散性都不定
(8)设 若 发散, 收敛,则下列结论中正确的是(D).
A. 收敛, 发散B. 收敛, 发散
C. 收敛D. 收敛
(9)设有以下命题:
①若 收敛,则 收敛;
②若 收敛,则 收敛
③若 ,则 发散;
④若 收敛,则 , ,则以上命题中正确的是(B).
当 时 发散.
当 时, 发散.
所以收敛域为(-4,4)
(6)
所以 ,收敛区间和收敛域为(- ,+ ).
(7)
所以
,所以收敛半径为1.
当 时 发散.
所以收敛域为(-1,1).
(8)
所以 收敛区间为(- , ).
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§5.3 部分习题答案
(9).
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5.
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目Hale Waihona Puke 录7.(6).上一页
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7)
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7.
(9)
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7.
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LOGO
广东外语外贸大学
第五章 部分习题解答
本节内容:
§5.1习题答案
§5.2习题答案 §5.3习题答案
§5.1 部分习题答案
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5(3)
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§5.2 部分习题答案
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4.