独立主格结构和 with without复合结构
with的复合结构和独立主格结构
1. with+宾语+形容词。
比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。
Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。
2. with+宾语+副词。
比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。
What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！3. with+宾语+过去分词。
比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。
She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。
4. with+宾语+现在分词。
比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。
5. with+宾语+介词短语。
比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。
The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。
6. with+宾语+动词不定式。
比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。
Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。
中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解
中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解字体大小：大中小晓晓发表于2011-11-07 23:12评论0条阅读497次不少学生对with结构的用法比较复杂，不少英语学习者总感觉不甚清楚，现将一介词with、二with复合结构、三独立主格结构、四动词独立主格结构、五with/without 引导的独立主格结构总结如下。
with结构也称为with复合结构，首先要与介词with的用法区别开来。
先让我们全面了解介词with的用法。
一、介词with的用法with prep.其主要词义包括“有, 以, 用, 同...,由于, 和...一致, 赞成, 关于......” 等21种词义。
1. the company of; accompanying:和，陪伴：在…陪伴下；随同：2.Did you go with her?你跟她一起去吗?Next to; alongside of:在…旁边，同…在一起：stood with the rabbi; sat with the family.与教士站在一起，与家人坐在一块儿3.Having as a possession, an attribute, or a characteristic:带着，带来：作为所有物、属性或特点具有：arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache.带来坏消息；留络腮胡子的男人4.In a manner characterized by:以…方式：performed with skill; spoke with enthusiasm.很有技巧地表演；热情地说话5.In the performance, use, or operation of:使用：在…的表现、使用或运行中：had trouble with the car.汽车出了毛病6.In the charge or keeping of:负责，照料：left the cat with the neighbors.把猫托邻居照顾7.In the opinion or estimation of:以…的观点或估计：if it's all right with you.如果你没异议的话8.In support of; on the side of:支持，赞同：I'm with anyone who wants to help the homeless.我支持任何想帮助流浪汉的人7.Of the same opinion or belief as:和…一致：与…有相同观点或信仰：He is with us on that issue.在那个议题上他和我们观点一致8.By the means or agency of:用：通过…的方式或媒介：eat with a fork; made us laugh with his jokes.用叉子吃饭；以他的笑话引我们发笑9. In spite of:尽管：With all her experience, she could not get a job.尽管很有经验，她还是找不到工作10. In the same direction as:与…同向：sail with the wind; flow with the river.顺风起帆；顺河而流11. At the same time as:与…同时：gets up with the birds.与鸟儿同时起床12. In regard to:关于，对于：We are pleased with her decision. They are disgusted with the situations.她这样决定，我们很高兴；他们对现状很厌恶13. Used as a function word to indicate a party to an action, a communicative activity, or an informal agreement or settlement:和…：用作功能词表示某个动作、交流活动或非正式协议或决定的一方：played with the dog; had a talk with the class; lives with an aunt.与狗玩；和班上的同学谈一谈；与姑母住在一起14. In comparison or contrast to:与…相比；与…对照：a dress identical with the one her sister just bought.和她姐姐刚买衣服同一款式15. Having received:收到，获得：With her permission, he left. I escaped with just a few bruises.获得她允许后，他离开了。
独立主格和with的复合结构和非谓语的区别
独立主格和with的复合结构和非谓语的区别独立主格和with的复合结构以及非谓语动词是英语语法中常见的三种结构。
独立主格是指包含一个名词或代词和一个动词分词的结构，该结构通常用于修饰整个句子的一部分。
例如，“天空阴沉着，他走进了房间”，其中“天空阴沉着”是独立主格，用来描述整个句子的气氛。
与独立主格类似的是with的复合结构。
它由一个名词或代词和一个带有介词with的短语组成，通常也用来修饰整个句子的一部分。
例如，“与他一起工作的人都很聪明”，其中“与他一起工作的人”是with的复合结构。
非谓语动词则是指动词的一种形式，不带有主语和谓语，通常用于修饰名词或代词。
例如，“我喜欢看漫画书”，其中“看漫画书”是非谓语动词。
虽然这三种结构相似，但它们之间还是有区别的。
独立主格和with的复合结构通常用来修饰整个句子或一个名词或代词，而非谓语动词则通常用来修饰名词或代词。
同时，非谓语动词还可以用来表示时间、原因、目的等概念。
因此，在使用这些结构时，需要根据具体的语境和需要来选择合适的结构。
- 1 -。
with的复合结构和独立主格的异同
with的复合结构和独立主格的异同with的复合结构和独立主格是英语中两种常见的短语结构，它们都可以用来表示伴随关系。
但是，它们在语法和用法上有着一些明显的异同点。
一、with的复合结构1. 语法结构with的复合结构由with引导，并且包括一个名词短语或代词作为宾语，后面跟着一个动词或动词短语。
例如：- She walked to the park with her dog.- He went to the concert with his girlfriend.2. 用法with的复合结构通常用来表示伴随关系，即两个行为同时发生或在同一时间内进行。
它还可以表示附加信息或补充说明。
例如：- With a smile on her face, she greeted me warmly.- He left the party early with a headache.二、独立主格1. 语法结构独立主格是指一个名词短语或代词加上一个动名词，它们之间没有任何连接词。
例如：- The sun having set, we made our way back home.- Me being sick, I couldn't go to work today.2. 用法独立主格也表示伴随关系，但它更侧重于描述先决条件或原因。
通常情况下，独立主格放在句子的开头，用逗号与主句分开。
例如：- The weather being nice, we decided to have a picnic.- Her parents having died, she was left alone in the world.三、异同点1. 语法结构with的复合结构和独立主格在语法结构上有很大的差别。
前者是一个介词短语加上一个宾语和动词，后者则是一个名词短语或代词加上一个动名词。
2. 用法虽然两种结构都可以表示伴随关系，但是它们在用法上有一些不同。
独立主格结构与with复合结构
4._____ time going by , Einstein’s theory proved _______ .
•
A. As; correct
C. With; correct
B. With; corrected D. As; being correct
5.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.
① With the boy to lead the way, we are sure we’ll be there on time.
有男孩带路，我们有把握会准时到那儿。（表示原因）
② The classroom is very bight with all the lights turned on.
B. setting
C. has set
D. was set
2.She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down C. with tears rolled down
B. tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
表示存在时用“There being +名词（代词）”的结构
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre .
It being +名词（代词）
由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 It being holiday, all the shops were shut.
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构withwithout 引导的独立主格结构介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A.with+名词代词+形容词He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B.with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C.with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
with复合短语和独立主格结构的区别
一、 with结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。
With结构构成方式如下：1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词；2. with或without-名词/代词+副词；3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式；5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。
下面分别举例：1、 She came into the room，with her nose red.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。
（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。
） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.4、He lay in the dark empty house，without a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语）5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）6. Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）二、with结构的用法在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。
“with+复合宾语”结构与独立主格结构
“with+复合宾语”结构与独立主格结构崔长平河南遂平一高（463100）“with+复合宾语”结构和独立主格结构是涉及到非谓语动词用法的两个主要结构，也是学生不易掌握的两个用法。
现将其基本构成及一般用法分陈如下：Ⅰ.“with＋复合宾语结构”通常有以下五种构成形式：①with＋宾语＋动词不定式（或动词不定式短语）（本结构中的动词不定式视具体情况可以是一般式、完成式或被动式。
）e.g. With her to help me，I feel quite at ease.He was left alone with no one to look after him.With him to give us a lead，our team is bound to turn out well.②with＋宾语＋现在分词（或现在分词短语）（本结构中若使用现在分词的主动形式，说明宾语和宾补之间存在着逻辑上主动的主谓关系；若现在分词使用了被动形式，则说明宾语和宾补之间存在着逻辑上被动的主谓关系。
）e.g. I saw her driving along，with her hair streaming in the wind.Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning.I won′t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered glob，with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.With the boy leading the way，we found his house with no difficulty.③with＋宾语＋过去分词（或过去分词短语）（在本结构中，宾语和宾补之间存在着逻辑上被动的主谓关系，）e.g. All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.She sat there with her head bent.The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.④with＋宾语＋介词短语e.g. The peasants walked to the fields with hoes and spades on their shoulders.Mr. Smith came into the classroom with a ruler under his arm and a thick book in his hand.He looked at his son，one hundred paces away with an apple on his head.Bamboo grows up straight and thin，with branches at the top.She left the office with tears in her eyes.⑤with ＋宾语＋形容词（短语）或副词（短语）e.g. It is rude to speak with your mouth full.He used to sleep with the windows open.With John away，we have got more room.The streets looked more beautiful with all the lights on.“with＋复合宾语结构”的否定形式是“without＋复合宾语结构”。
with 的复合结构和独立主格
1 With 的复合结构（with+ 复合宾语）with+ 复合宾语结构常作原因状语、伴随状语、定语等。
With + 名词/代词+名词With + 名词/代词+形容词With + 名词/代词+副词With + 名词/代词+介词短语With + 名词/代词+不定式（to do/ to be done 表示动作将要做 , 若句中主语发出动作，用to do , 若句中主语不发出这一动作，则用to be done With + 名词/代词+现在分词 (doing/ being done 表示动作与谓语动词同时进行，若是with 后的名词/代词发出动作，即所谓的主动，则用doing ; 若是被动，则用being done )With + 名词/代词+过去分词 (动作已结束，动词与前面名词/代词的关系是被动)He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.She used to sleep with the windows open.She used to sleep with the light on.She came in, with a book in her hand.With all the work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out.With the boy leading us, we soon found the house.With the house being painted, we can’t move in.With everything I needed bought, I left the shop.2 独立主格结构一般来说，我们把With 复合结构中的with 去掉，就成了独立主格结构了。
如： She slept, the windows open.The prisoner stood there, his hands raised. ( 可以这样理解：hand 是被举起的，表示被动和完成)Time permitting, We ‘ll go for a picnic.(time和permit 是主动关系)She came in, book in hand. (注: book 和hand 之前不加任何代词或冠词，这与with 复合结构不同)还有不同的是，独立主格中出现了beingIt being a fine day, we decided to go swimming.There being no bus, I had to go home on foot.这两句话中的being 是由动词be 变来的，可以这样想：独立主格也是状语，所以不能使用谓语动词。
独立主格结构和with复合结构
巩固练习
1.______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 3____, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
（Ⅴ）名词／代词＋介词短语 在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语 中的名词都是单数名词，这些名词前习惯 不用冠词。
1.Our teacher came into the classroom, book in hand. 2.Flag on shoulder, the soldier rushed to the top of the mountain.
（２）作原因状语
With the key lost, she could not enter the room. =The key lost, she could not enter the room. =As/Because the key had been lost, she could not enter the room.
（Ⅰ） with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句 中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从 句或并列句。 （１）作时间状语 With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. = When winter comes on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.
独立主格结构和with复合结构
Withr a walk.
由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步去了。
2. with+名词(代词)+形容词/副词/介词短语
The meeting over(=After themeetingwasover), they all went home.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children(=andmany of themwerechildren).
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
The boywentto the classroom,book in hand(=and a book was in his hand).那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
二．with复合结构
with复合结构也是一种独立主格结构，用法同独立主格结构。主要有以下两种情况：
1.with+名词(代词)+分词/不定式
He fell asleep with the windows open.他开着窗睡觉。
He came into the room,withhisdog out.他回到了房子里，他的狗在外面。
He came out of the library,witha large book under hisarm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
独立主格结构和with复合结构
一．独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等构成的一种独立结构，用来修饰整个句子。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词，如果有并列连词或从属连词，则用完整的谓语动词形式。
高考英语独立主格结构和with复合结构
一．独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等构成的一种独立结构，用来修饰整个句子。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词，如果有并列连词或从属连词，则用完整的谓语动词形式。
The exam to be held tomorrow(=Because the exam will be held tomorrow),Ican’t go to the cinematonight.由于明天要考试，我今夜不能去看电影。
2.名词(代词)+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
So many people absent(=Because somany peoplewereabsent), the meeting had to be called off.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词/代词+having beendone(表被动且完成)
名词/代词+to do/ to be done（表将来）
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we’ll go out for a walk.如果天气允许，我们将出去散散步。
The boys rushed out, each carrying a schoolbag (=and each was carrying a schoolbag).孩子们跑了出来，每人背着一个书包。
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
The boywentto the classroom,book in hand(=and a book was in his hand).那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
独立主格结构与with复合结构
练手吧！
1. Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 2. The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an everincreasing supply of raw material (原料). A. has gone up B. is going up C. having gone up D. being gone up 3. Father came home, _________. A. a dog following him B. a dog followed him C. being followed by a dog D. all the above 4.She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
名词/主格代词+形容词
1）这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
So many people （being）absent, the meeting had to be called off.
2）那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody（being） alive.
不同：with复合结构常用于日常生活中， 更口语化。而独立主格结构则多用于描绘 文字，即多用于文学中，使之所描绘的内 容更加生动有色
With复合结构与独立主格结构
一：With复合结构与独立主格结构with复合结构与独立主格结构是英语中常见的两种结构形式。
从某种意义上说，它们可以算作是非谓语动词用法的延伸。
它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。
虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。
抓住这一点，就可以把二者融会贯通，从而在阅读中减少不必要的理解障碍。
with复合结构的模式是：with+名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）请看下例：一、作时间状语1、With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday.=Our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday. 3、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving.=The traffic light green, the bus got moving.4、With the wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel.=The wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel.二、作原因状语5、With it being Sunday, the library was closed.=It being Sunday, the library was closed.6、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.=The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. 7、With us to care for the children you are able to be carefree away from home.=We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree away from home.（注意此处的we 不得改成us，用了us便不是独立主格结构了。
with 的复合结构和独立主格
1 With 的复合结构（with+ 复合宾语）with+ 复合宾语结构常作原因状语、伴随状语、定语等。
With + 名词/代词+名词With + 名词/代词+形容词With + 名词/代词+副词With + 名词/代词+介词短语With + 名词/代词+不定式（to do/ to be done 表示动作将要做, 若句中主语发出动作，用to do , 若句中主语不发出这一动作，则用to be doneWith + 名词/代词+现在分词(doing/ being done 表示动作与谓语动词同时进行，若是with 后的名词/代词发出动作，即所谓的主动，则用doing ; 若是被动，则用being done )With + 名词/代词+过去分词(动作已结束，动词与前面名词/代词的关系是被动) He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.She used to sleep with the windows open.She used to sleep with the light on.She came in, with a book in her hand.With all the work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out.With the boy leading us, we soon found the house.With the house being painted, we can’t move in.With everything I needed bought, I left the shop.2 独立主格结构一般来说，我们把With 复合结构中的with 去掉，就成了独立主格结构了。
如：She slept, the windows open.The prisoner stood there, his hands raised. ( 可以这样理解：hand 是被举起的，表示被动和完成)Time permitting, We ‘ll go for a picnic.(time和permit 是主动关系)She came in, book in hand. (注: book 和hand 之前不加任何代词或冠词，这与with 复合结构不同)还有不同的是，独立主格中出现了beingIt being a fine day, we decided to go swimming.There being no bus, I had to go home on foot.这两句话中的being 是由动词be 变来的，可以这样想：独立主格也是状语，所以不能使用谓语动词。
with(without)复合短语和独立主格结构的区别
一、with结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。
With结构构成方式如下：1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词；2. with或without-名词/代词+副词；3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式；5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。
下面分别举例：1、She came into the room，with her nose red.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）2、With the meal over ，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。
（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。
）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.4、He lay in the dark empty house，without a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语）5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）6. Without anything left in the cupboard，she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）二、with结构的用法在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。
独立主格结构和with复合结构
(5)名词／代词＋to do,强调逻辑主语与 不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次 性动作。 eg: We said goodbye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
二．With和without复合结构 （又叫独立主格结构）
◆作状语，表示时间、伴随、方式、原因、结果等 With/without + n. /pron. + n. With/without + n. /pron. + adj. with /without + n. /pron. + adv. with /without + n. /pron. + prep. with /without + n. /pron. + doing with /without + n. /pron. + being done with /without + n. /pron. + done with /without + n. /pron. + to do
With a lot of difficult problems __, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
__ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through
1)with/without + n./pron. + n.
独立主格结构和with+复合宾语结构
独立主格结构和with＋复合宾语结构在英语里,独立主格结构和with＋复合宾语结构是两种关系非常紧密的句法结构,近年来是各种考试检测的热点和重点。
有的人认为这是两种不同的结构,也有的人把with＋复合宾语结构归入独立主格结构中,认为with＋复合宾语结构是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式。
这两者之间一般可以转换。
这两种结构既有相似点，又有差异。
在教学过程中，发现学生对这两种结构的认识和理解既不全面，也不透彻。
我根据自己多年的教学经验，觉得用对比法来学习，很容易掌握这两种结构，并能熟练运用，应对各类考试。
在这里，我还是把它们作为两种不同的结构来说明。
一、独立主格结构1.独立主格结构的基本概念独立主格结构是由一个名词或者主格代词加上其它成分（分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成。
名词和代词相当于逻辑主语，其它部分相当于谓语。
这种结构在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
2.独立主格结构的基本构成及功能独立主格结构主要起状语的作用，相当于一个状语从句，一般用来表示行为方式、伴随情况等，也可以用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
㈠独立主格结构的基本构成名词或代词＋分词名词或代词是现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑的主谓关系；名词或代词是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
The experiment done ，the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了，同学们继续在试验报告上做记录。
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着。
Time permitting, we can finish the work. 如果时间许可，我们能够完成这项工作。
It being Sunday, they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他们不上课。
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。
With( without) 的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式。
一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home.二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一．独立主格结构
1.概念: 状语有时可以由一个名词或代词和另一成分构 成的复合结构担任,称为独立主格结构。 2.结构: 名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词 短语 。
这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条 件、方式或伴随情况。
(Ⅰ) 名词/代词+分词(过去分词/现在分词)
(Ⅳ)with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。 She sleeps without the window open.
(Ⅴ) with/without+名词／代词＋副词。 __ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through (Ⅵ) with/without+名词／代词＋介此短语。 1.He sleeps with a book in his hand. 2. A girl with a necklace around her neck got on the bus.
(3)作条件状语 With time permitting, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.
=Time permitting, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.
=If time permits, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.
(Ⅲ) with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。 用不定式表示将要发生的动作。 With a lot of difficult problems __, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
(Ⅱ) with/without 名词／代词+ 过去分词。用过去 分词表示被动或已完成的动作。 In the read-room, we found her seated at a desk, with her attention __ on a book. A. fixing B. fixes C. fixed D. to fix
4.It was a pity that the great writer died __ his work unfinished. A. for B. with C. from D. of 5.The weather __ so bad, we had to put off the football match. A. was B. is C. were D. being 6. __, the runners raced on to the finishing line. A. Stick in hand B. With a stick in his hand C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands 7. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes __ and his hands __. A. being closed; trembling B. closed; trembling C. closed; trembled D. closing; trembled
(Ⅱ)名词/代词 + (being) 形容词 1. His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her. 2. He entered the house, his nose red with cold. (Ⅲ)名词／代词＋（being) 副词 1.The meeting being over, our headmaster soon left. 2. He put on his socks wrong side out.
当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一 致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。 一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在 句首。 1.This problem settled, they left the meeting – room. 2.The film being over, the audience went out of the hall one by one. 3.Time permitting, we`ll go there on foot. 4.He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.
三．with和without复合结构 与独立主格结构的转化
（Ⅰ） with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句 中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从 句或并列句。 （１）作时间状语 With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. = When winter comes on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.
二．With和without复合结构 with和without复合结构是: with/without＋名词／代词＋分 词／不定式／形容词／副词／介 词短语。在句子中可以作状与或 定语。
（Ⅰ）with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。 用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。 I couldn`t finish my work with those children __. A. playing around B. plays around C. played around D. to play around
(4)作伴随状语 Here are the first three volumes with the fourth one to come out next month. =Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.
8.__,the work can be done much better. A. Given more time B. We had been given more time C. More time given D. If more time had given 9.Weather __, the sports meet will be held as scheduled. A. permits B. will permit Well C. to permit D. permitting done! 10.__ a rainy day, he didn`t go out for a walk as usual. A. It was B. It is C. It being D. Having been
=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.
巩固练习
1.__ ten minutes __ before the last train left, we arrived at the station. A. There were; to go B. With; to go C. I was; left D. It had; left 2.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the __. A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain C.remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 3.__ the lights off, we could not go on with the work. A. Until B. As C. With D. Because
=Here are the first three volumes and the fourth one is coming out next month.
(Ⅱ) with和without复合结构可以作
后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结 构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowe，仅 在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语 的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being 或having been，这是为了简练。但在 “being+过去分词”或“there being＋ 过去分词”结构中，being不可省。 1.Breakfast (being) over, he went to school. 2.There being no cause for alarm, she went back to her room.
(Ⅳ)名词／代词＋不定式
1.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __ in a year. (2005湖南) A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out.
（Ⅴ）名词／代词＋介词短语 在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语 中的名词都是但数名词，这些名词前习惯 不用冠词。 1.Our teacher came into the classroom, book in hand. 2.Flag on shoulder, the soldier rushed to the top of the mountain.