Morphology
morphology
5.1 What is word?
5.1.1 Three senses of “word” 5.1.2 Identification of words 5.1.3 Classification of words
Three senses of “word”
1. word as a physically definable unit 2. word as the common factor underlying a set of forms 3. word as a grammatical unit
Variable and invariable words 可变类 与不变类 grammatical words and lexical words语法词与词汇词 Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭类和开放类 Word classes 词类
Morphology(形态学)
1n+’s(possessive) 2n+s(plural) 3v+s(3rd person present singular) 4v+ing(present participle) 5v+ed(past tense and past participle) 6v+en (past participle) 7adj+er(comparative) 8adj+est(superlative)
Supernatural Moonscape
when
affixes 词缀
Derivational morphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from
bound morphemes the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素 Inflectional morphemes: they are to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word. all has only 8 Inflectional morphem es. 屈折语素
Free morphe mes work work Work, shop
root work work Work, shop
stem work worker workshop
3.2.2 bound morphemes粘着语素
• Some morphemes can’t normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words are called bound morphemes.They are actually affixes. • (-ment,-er.in-,-ing)
语言学Morphology形态学课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结
Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学)1.What is morphology（形态学）?Morphology, as a branch of linguistics , is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.eg. Unfriendly → un + friend + ly2.Morphemes(词素、语素)A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.eg. Maps→(2 units)→map + s3.Types of morphemes:free morphemes(自由语素) and bound morphemes(黏着语素)1>Free morphemes(自由语素)A.Some morphemes can stand alone as words, such morphemes are called freemorphemes.B．Rooot(词根) & Stem(词干)❶Root：a root is the based form of a word which cannot be further analyzed . It may be a free morpheme(as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound morpheme( -ceive in perceive认识，deceive欺骗，receive).❷Stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added (friend in friends, friendship in friendships are both stem).C . Free Morphemes can be divided into two categories. They are:Closed Class & Opened Class(封闭词类和开放性词类)❶Closed Class（functional morphemes）: a closed class is one whose membership is principle fixed or limited. (封闭类：连介代冠conjunctions, preposition, pronouns, articles)❷Open Class( lexical morphemes): an open class is one whose membership is principle indefinite or unlimited. (包括：名动形副数叹noun, verbs, adjectives)2>Bound Morphemes(黏着语素)A.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are actually affixes(词缀)—>prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), infix(中缀).eg. dis- , un- , -ity, -al, -sB. Two Categories of Bound Morphemes:Derivational Morphemes(派生语素) & Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素)❶Derivational Morphemes(派生语素): ~~ are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.eg. nouns→ verbs/ adj. verbs→ nouns/ adj.friend→ unfriend解除朋友关系( noun→ verb)❷Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素):~~ are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.①plurality(复数): - s, - es, - ies……②tense(时态): - s, - ing, - en, - ed……③possessive case(所有格): ’s④comparative/ superlative degree(比较级/最高级): -er, - esteg. dislikes → dis + +3> free morphemes(自由语素) & bound morphemes(黏着语素)❶All monomorphemic(单词素/单语素) words are free morphemes;❷These polymorphemic words are either compounds( combination of two or more free morphemes) or derivatives(words derived from free morphemes).4.Morphs(形素) and Allomorphs（语素变体）Morphs: the phonological and orthographic forms which realize morphemes are termed ― morphs‖.(语素的语音及对应拼写法的体现叫形素)Most morphemesSome morphemesAllomorphs: an allomorph is any of the different form of the same morpheme( 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式).eg. plurality ―- s‖: map→ maps; dog→ dogs; class→ classed; mouse→ mice; sheep→ sheep Complementary distribution(互补分布)：allomorph is a member of a set of morph;allomorph can’ t occur in the same environment .5> Types of Word Formation(构词法)❶Compounding(合成法)Words are formed by putting two words together, this way of building new words is called compounding.❷Derivation(派生法)Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.❸Conversion(转换法)Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.❹Backformation(逆向构词法)As we have editor, we get edit by dropping – or . This process is called ~~❺Clipping(截短法)This process by cutting off part of word is called ~~❻Blending(混合法)A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms, this process iscalled ~~~❼Acronymization(缩略法)。
Morphology词法,词态学
lexical meaning?
To has only a grammatical "meaning"as an infinitive marker. It is required by the syntactic rules of the language.
3.1 Introduction
What is the most important part of a language?
Words
Words carry meaning. They are the fundamental building blocks of a language. Sentences are made up with different classes of words.
Other derivational morphemes do not change grammatical class,as in
inter + collegiate macro + ecomomics tele + commute multi + media physic + ian Americ + an tour + ism
the meaning of a word.
Distinguish
Simple words: words contain a single morpheme.
Complex words: words contain two or three morpheme.
Morphology词法学
词缀词素(аффиксальные морфемы)又称词缀 (affixes,аффиксы) ，分布于词根的外围，在 词的结构中处于边缘位置，不是词必不可少 的组成成分。 e.g. книга—книж - н - ый,чита ющ-ий. 前缀(prefix,префикс或приставка)在词的结构 中处于词根或“词根 + 前缀”前，用来构成 新词。e.g.вы-нести,с-делать,по-на-вещать. 后缀(suffix,суффикс) 在词的结构中位于词根 或“词根 + 后缀”后，用来构成新词或同一 词的不同语法形式。 e.g. вод - н - ый,твор ец,чита-л.
8.缩略法e.g.вуз/высшее учебное заведение. 混 合 构 词 法 ( с м е ш а н н ы й способ словообразования)包括： 1.前缀后缀法e.g.город/при-город-н-ый. 2.前缀尾缀法e.g.считать/про-считать-ся. 3.后缀尾缀法e.g.присесть/присаж-ива-ть-ся. 4. 前缀后缀尾缀法 e.g. шептать/пере - шепт ыва-ть-ся. 5.前缀复合法e.g.у-мир-о-тво-рить. 6.后缀复合法e.g.мор-е-плава-тель. 7.前缀后缀复合法e.g.в-пол-голос-а.
词尾(флексия或окончание) 位于词根或“词 根 + 后缀”之后，表达语法意义，是词的主 要变化部分。e.g.лѐгк-ий,задач-а,прове-л-и. 间缀 (infix,интерфикс) 位于复合词中，用来 连接构成复合词干的简单词干，是复合词干 的组成部分。e.g.верт-о-лѐт,огн-е-опасный. 尾缀 (постфикс) 在词的结构中位于词尾或构 形后缀之后，用来构成新词或词的语法形式。 e.g.как-ой-то,чь-и-либо,чт-о-нибудь.
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
语言学导论-第3章Morphology
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Boy Boys Boy Boy’s Beauty Beautiful Expensive Inexpensive
New word???
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
so-so
zigzag
bye-bye
dilly-dally
hotchpotch mishmash
…
人人, 天天, 一点点, 冷冰冰,
来来往往, 点点滴滴, ……
4.Blending 拼缀法
similar to compounding,
but some parts of the free morphemes involved
Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’
A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:
No:
Bound morpheme 黏着词素
-s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry
no new word added not change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function
E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -’s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.
第三章 形态学
3．1复合词的类型
Types of compound words
• 复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。复 合词可以用不同的标准来分类。根据复合词构成成分的词性来分 类，复合词通常有： • 1）名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain • Noun + noun 名词＋名词 如：handbook, sunshine • 2）形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line • Adjective +noun 形容词＋名词 如：highway, sweetheart • 3）形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted 3 + +ed: • 4）动词+名词Verb +noun : pickpocket; call-girl; push-button • 5）副词+名词Adverb +noun :downtown; overburden • 6）名词+动词Noun +verb :daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control • 7）动词+副词Verb +adverb :breakdown; handout;makeup • 8）名词+形容词Noun +adjective :knee-deep; life-long;duty-free • 9）ing+名词-ing+noun:swimming pool; sewing machine; • 10）其它形式Other forms :never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;
morphology名词解释
morphology名词解释Morphology是语言学的一个重要分支，主要研究词形变化及其规律。
通俗地说，它关注的是词汇的构成和变化规则。
在语言学中，Morphology与其他语言层次如音韵学、句法学、语义学等密不可分。
一、Morphology的含义及分类Morphology来源于希腊文，意为“形态学”。
传统上，Morphology可以分为屈折语言和孤立语言。
屈折语言是指通过词形变化来表达语法变化的语言，例如德语、拉丁语、日语等。
而孤立语言则是指没有词形变化而通过词序和上下文来表达语法关系的语言，例如汉语、越南语、泰语等。
二、Morphology的研究方法Morphology的研究方法有两种：归纳法和演绎法。
归纳法是通过大量的数据来发现规律，从而得到结论；演绎法则是通过已知的规律推导出新的结论。
此外，Morphology的研究方法也包括对比分析、实证研究等。
三、Morphology的重要性Morphology在语言学中占有重要地位。
它不仅可以协助我们理解语言，还可以帮助我们分析语言的结构和变化规律。
在语言教学中，Morphology也具有重要的应用价值。
它可以帮助学生更好地掌握语法规则，提高语言表达能力，同时也可以帮助学者更好地创造新词汇和语法结构。
四、Morphology的研究对象Morphology研究的主要对象是单词及其构成形式。
单词是语言的基本单位，是形式与意义相结合的最小单位。
在不同的语言中，单词的构成形式可能包括前缀、后缀、词根、词缀、复合词等。
五、Morphology的研究内容Morphology研究的主要内容包括词素结构、词形变化和词汇的构成规则。
词素是单词的最小单位，它是具有一定语义的字或字组合。
词素结构指的是一个单词内部各个词素的组成方式。
词形变化是指单词在不同语法环境下形态的变化，例如英语的时态、语态、比较级等。
词汇构成规则是指单词的构成方式以及单词之间的关系，例如英语中的复合词、派生词等。
Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table, room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
Morphology
part, sight
有明确的词汇含义
自由词根 (free root)
voc-, loco-
词根 (root)
粘着词根 (bound root) 词素 词缀 (affix)
有语法意义
屈折词缀 (inflectional affix) 派生词缀 (derivational affix)
un-, -ful
介词，连词，感叹词等
封闭类词 (closed-class words) 词
动词，名词，形容词等
开放类词 (open-class words)
word formation
派生法 (derivation)
复合法 (compound)
缩略法 (abbreviation)
构词方法 (word formation)
派生法 (derivation)？
通过词根词缀结合而构成单词的方法。 eg：aloud = a + loud → ad. 大声地
复合法 (compound)？
把两个或两个以上独立的词结合起来构成新词的方法。
复合名词 复合法 复合形容词
heartbeat, girlfriend hard-working, duty-free
自由形式 (free morpheme) 词素 (morpheme) 粘着形式 (bound morpheme)
自由形式 (free morpheme)
those which may constitute words by themselves 具有完整词汇意义、能够独立使用的词素。
eg：hope, cool, mask
• Morpheme • Word
• Word formation
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 5 Morphology(word文档良心出品)
Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学)5.1 what is morphology？什么是形态学？Morphology is one of subbranches of linguistics，and also a branch of grammar.形态学即使语言学的分支，也是语法的分支。
Morphology studies the internal structure of words，and the rules by which words are formed.形态学研究词的内部结构和构词规则。
可分为两个分支：inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology屈折形态学和词汇或派生形态学5.2 morphemes (词素,语素)最简单的定义Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit.语素是最小的有意义的语法单位。
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.语素是在语音的语法系统中最小的意义单位。
1 minimal: smallest,it can not further be divided.2 meaningful: can not be further divided without destroying its meaning3 grammatical: not only lexical morphemes like ,but also grammatical ones,5.3 Classification of morphemes 语素的分类Semantically：morphemes ：root morphemes and affixational morphemes根据语义，语素可分为词根和词缀Structurally：morphemes ：free morphemes and bound morphemes根据结构，语素可分为自由语素和粘着语素5.3.1 interrelations between free morphemes，bound morphemes，roots and affixes自由语素、粘着语素、词根和词缀的相互关系1）Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.eg.book，store.自由语素是那些独立存在的单词。
05 Morphology
An inflectional morpheme is a bound form that signals the grammatical relationship of the morpheme to which they are attached, the result is the same word with a new grammatical meaning, ex. walk-s, walk-ed, walk-ing.
The closed-class refers to the group of words whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, etc.
Part of speech vs. Word-class
3.1.1 Definition:
A word is a linguistic unit which is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function;
2.2.2 Derivational vs. Inflectional
A derivational morpheme is a bound form that changes the grammatical class of the morpheme to which they are attached, the result is a new word with a new lexical meaning, ex. nation-al, en-large;
morphology的重要性举例说明
morphology的重要性举例说明morphology，即形态学、构词学、词形学、形态。
形态“立奇功”噬血细胞综合征一例噬血细胞综合征是可由多种病因引起的淋巴、单核巨噬细胞系统失控性激活、增生且伴有噬血现象，并分泌大量炎性因子导致机体处于炎症状态的一组临床综合征，因此又称为噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症。
其主要临床表现为发热，且以高热居多，可伴有肝、脾、淋巴结轻度肿大，部分患者可有皮疹。
噬血可引起全血细胞减少，红细胞减少表现为贫血，白细胞减少表现为易发感染，血小板减少可表现为出血倾向。
此外，部分患者可有肝功能受损及凝血功能障碍。
该病起病急、病情发展迅速、诊断困难，如果不能给与及时的治疗，病死率极高。
案例：患者女性，81岁，2月份因反复发热，四肢及腹部反复红疹，口服感冒药效果不佳，就诊于我院。
血常规两系减低，白细胞2.52，中性比例84.1%，淋巴比例11.1%，红细胞3.08，血红蛋白83g/L。
外周血涂片显示，可见幼稚粒细胞伴粒系毒性颗粒及空泡变性。
于发热前做血培养三天，无细菌生长。
生化结果显示LDH升高，铁蛋白725.3，纤维蛋白原1.3。
EB病毒DNA阳性。
CT:1.支气管炎。
2.左肺上叶、右肺下叶微小结节。
3.双肺上叶、右肺中叶索条。
4、双侧胸膜增厚。
5、右肺多发钙化淋巴结。
患者激素治疗三天后，症状明显好转，于3月6日进行骨髓穿刺。
骨髓形态学显示感染伴缺铁，可见噬血细胞。
首先患者无明显诱因反复发热，皮肤红疹、脾大、血细胞两系减少、低纤维蛋白原、高血清铁蛋白，同时影像学存在侵润的现象，并可在骨髓中发现噬血现象。
是否应该考虑噬血细胞综合征？如果是原发性噬血细胞综合征的话病程很凶险，结合患者EB病毒DNA阳性，考虑病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征的可能性大。
提示临床，急性期应用丙种球蛋白，地塞米松后患者明显好转，各项指标逐渐恢复，血清铁蛋白由明显升高到恢复正常，通常可作为诊断及监测病情的手段。
HPS可根据病因的不同，分为原发性噬血细胞综合征和继发性噬血细胞综合征两种类型。
morphology
功能语素 functional morphemes
• and/but/if/when, in, a, do/have 虚词/功能词 所谓功能词就是具有语法功能，将信息词连 接起来，形成符合语法的句子。
语素完整定义:
• 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分 为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意 义或语法意义。
Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我 们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.
代词：实词？虚词？ 代词是封闭类词，代词的数目有限
tour, chair, book, desk, close, happy这些能够 独立构词且不能进一步划分的自由语素称为 单语素词。 Such words are called mono-morphemic words. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. 所有的单语素词都是自由语素。 两个单语素词相互结合就构成了多语素词 poly-morphemic words. moonwalk, sunflower, blueprint 这些由两个自由 语素构成的多语素词又称复合词。
morphology语言学定义
morphology语言学定义【形态学morphology】是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。
形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。
曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。
morphology什么意思？1、词法：词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法. 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数，格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2、句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律，。
3、构词学：构词学(morphology)是语言学中的一门比较简单的学问，主要研究的是词的构成. 最近几年，电脑领域的某些词汇有了一些改变，某些词汇渐渐不被人们使用，新的词汇取而代之. 例如说，以前我们说「执行」一个程式，现在则说「跑」一个程式。
资料拓展：morphology.n.形态学，形态论；词法，词态学。
短语：soil morphology土壤形态学；土壤形态。
urban morphology城市形态；城市形态学。
例句：And morphology and performance of the coating has been examined. 并对镀层的表面形貌和性能进行了测定。
We also analyzed the effect of morphology on field emission properties.我们还分析了形貌对场发射性能的影响。
He also gave a very accurate description of the morphology of his cells.他给他所发现的.细胞的形态学特征进行了非常精细的描述。
They attain complex morphology, appearing as branched, tubular processes.它们达到复杂的形态，出现分枝，管状突起。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
பைடு நூலகம்
共52页
Types of morpheme
free morpheme (word) morpheme prefix derivational infix affix suffix inflectional bound morpheme bound root
共52页 7
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
共52页
1
Definition
Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies morpheme, different forms of morpheme (allomorph) and wordformation.
3
共52页
Morph morpheme allomorph
Morph is the phonetic or orthographic realization of a morpheme. Morpheme, as an abstract element, can be realized in different contexts as different forms. For instance, /s/, /z/, /iz/ are morphs of the plural morpheme ｛s｝. The different forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. For example, is, am, are, was and were are allomorphs of the morpheme “be”. Allomorphs are the pronunciation variants of a morpheme, concretely realized variant of a morpheme.
共52页
4
Morpheme ≠ syllable
A syllable is a phonetic and phonological unit. In PHONETICS, a syllable is defined as a chest pulse. In PHONOLOGY, a syllable is defined by the way in which VOWELS and CONSONANTS combine to form various sequences. In a word, the definition of a syllable is related with pronunciation and has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and dog, or by two or more syllables, as in mid•dle and cro•co•dile. The syllabic structure of a word and the morphemic structure of a word don’t always correspond, as can be illustrated by the word dis•a•gree•a•ble, which consists of five syllables as against three morphemes, dis+agree+able.
共52页
2
Morpheme: The minimal unit of meaning
The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313)
2010年12月 内蒙古大学外国语学院
段满福
Morphology
The analysis of word structure
1. What does morphology deal with? 2. Some basic concepts in morphology ●Morpheme, morph, allomorph ●Affix, root, stem, base ●Word, lexeme, word form, lexical entry 3. Use of vocabulary: collocation and colligation 4. Word-formation processes
Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.
5
共52页
Words are composed of morphemes
●
Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.
1-morpheme 2-morpheme 3-morpheme 4-morpheme 5-morpheme 6-morpheme boy, desire boy+ish, desir(e)+ble boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity un+gentle+man+li+ness anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism