平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第7章-生成成本)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第7章附录 生产成本理论—一种数学的处理方法)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)第7章附录 生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
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1.在下列生产函数中,哪些显示出规模报酬递增、不变和递减?(1)()2F K L K L =,(2)()105F K L K L =+,(3)()()0.5F K L KL =,解:考查规模报酬时,可由()F aK aL ,与()aF K L ,之间的关系进行判断,其中常数1a >。
当()()F aK aL aF K L >,,,表明是规模报酬递增;当()()F aK aL aF K L =,,,表明是规模报酬不变;当()()F aK aL aF K L <,,,表明是规模报酬递减。
(1)()2F K L K L =,()()()()()2323F aK aL aK aL a K L a F K L aF K L ===>,,, 所以这个生产函数是规模报酬递增的。
(2)()105F K L K L =+,()()105F aK aL aK aL aF K L =+=,,所以这个生产函数是规模报酬不变的。
(3)()()0.5F K L KL =,()()()()0.50.5F aK aL aK aL a KL aF K L =⋅==,,所以这个生产函数是规模报酬不变的。
2.某产品的生产函数由100q KL =给出。
若资本价格为120美元/天,而劳动者的工资为30美元/天。
生产1000单位产出的最小成本是多少?解:根据已知条件,劳动的边际产品为100K ,资本的边际产品为100L 。
平狄克《微观经济学》第七版·课后习题答案中文word资料68页
第一章复习题1.市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合,因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合,一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2.评价一个理论有两个步骤:首先,需要检验这个理论假设的合理性;第二,把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话,它将不会被接受。
因此,它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3.实证分析解释“是什么”的问题,而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析,批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析,批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4.由于两个市场在空间上是分离的,商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零,则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油,到New Jersey出售,赚取差价;如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5.商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降,一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少,同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下,鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高,是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高,同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下,大学教育费用提高了。
6.日圆相对美圆来说,价值升高,升值前相比,兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化,在日本市场出售的美国汽车,由于美圆贬值日圆升值,持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格;而在美国市场出售的日本汽车,由于日圆升值美圆贬值,持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章复习题1.假设供给曲线固定,炎热天气通常会引起需求曲线右移,在当前价格上造成短期需求过剩。
消费者为获得冰激凌,愿意为每一单位冰激凌出价更高。
(完整word版)平狄克第七版微观经济学课后习题答案(中文)
第一章复习题1.市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合,因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合,一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2.评价一个理论有两个步骤:首先,需要检验这个理论假设的合理性;第二,把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话,它将不会被接受。
因此,它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3.实证分析解释“是什么”的问题,而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析,批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析,批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4.由于两个市场在空间上是分离的,商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零,则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油,到New Jersey出售,赚取差价;如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5.商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降,一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少,同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下,鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高,是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高,同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下,大学教育费用提高了。
6.日圆相对美圆来说,价值升高,升值前相比,兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化,在日本市场出售的美国汽车,由于美圆贬值日圆升值,持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格;而在美国市场出售的日本汽车,由于日圆升值美圆贬值,持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
4.长期弹性和短期弹性区别在于消费者对价格变化的反映速度以及可获得的替代品。
对纸巾这样的非耐用品,价格上升,消费者在短期内的反映很小。
但在长期,对纸巾的需求将会变得富有弹性。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7、8版)章节习题精编详解
目 录第1篇 导论:市场和价格第1章 绪 论第2章 供给和需求的基本原理第2篇 生产者、消费者与竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为第4章 个人需求和市场需求第5章 不确定性与消费者行为第6章 生 产第7章 生产成本第8章 利润最大化与竞争性供给第9章 竞争性市场分析第3篇 市场结构与竞争策略第10章 市场势力:垄断和买方垄断第11章 有市场势力的定价第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断第13章 博弈论与竞争策略第14章 投入要素市场第15章 投资、时间与资本市场第4篇 信息、市场失灵与政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率第17章 信息不对称的市场第18章 外部性和公共物品附 录 指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论:市场和价格第1章 绪 论一、单项选择题1.经济学可以被定义为( )。
A .政府对市场制度的干预B .企业赚取利润的活动C .研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题D .个人的生财之道2.经济物品是指( )。
A .有用的东西B .稀缺的物品C .要用钱购买的物品D .有用且稀缺的物品C【答案】经济学是研究人们和社会如何做出选择,来使用可以有其他用途的稀缺的经济资源在现在或是将来生产各种物品,并把物品分配给社会的各个成员或集团以供消费之用的一门社会科学。
【解析】D【答案】现实世界中绝大多数的物品都是不能自由取得的,因为资【解析】3.一个经济体必须作出的基本选择是( )。
A .生产什么B .生产多少,何时生产C .为谁生产D .以上都是4.宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系是( )。
A .相互独立的B .两者建立在共同的理论基础上C .两者既有联系又有矛盾D .毫无联系源是稀缺的,要获得这些有限的物品就必须付出代价,这种物品就被称为“经济物品”。
D【答案】经济学所要解决的问题包括:①生产什么;②如何生产;③为谁生产;④何时生产。
【解析】C【答案】宏观经济学所研究的总量经济特征正是由经济体系中无数微观主体(家庭和厂商)的经济行为所决定的,因而微观经济主体的决策行为就构成了宏观经济分析的基础,宏观经济学需要构建自己的微观基础。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7、8版)章节习题精编详解(供给和需求的基本原理)
第2章供给和需求的基本原理一、单项选择题1.若需求曲线为直角双曲线,则商品价格的上升将引起消费者在该商品上的总花费()。
A.增加B.下降C.不变D.以上均有可能【答案】C【解析】因为直角双曲线上点弹性处处相等且等于1,即处处为单位弹性。
单位弹性的商品降价或提高价格对厂商的销售收入都没有影响,因此消费者在该商品上的总花费不变。
2.下列说法中正确的是()。
A.收入弹性取决于商品本身的属性B.不同商品在一定收入范围内具有相同的收入弹性C.同一商品在不同的收入范围内具有相同的收入弹性D.同一商品在不同的收入范围内具有不同的收入弹性【答案】D【解析】收入弹性取决于商品本身的属性和消费者的收入水平。
例如,对同一个消费者而言,任一收入水平下,都会有必需品和奢侈品,其收入弹性自然不同;同时,对同一个消费者而言,收入水平极低时,水果是奢侈品,收入弹性,但收入水平提高后,也许就成了必需品了,收入弹性。
因此,商品不同、收入水平不同,都会有不同的收入弹性。
3.需求价格弹性等于( )。
A .需求曲线上两点间价格的变动量除以需求的变动量B .需求曲线上需求的变动量除以价格的变动量C .需求曲线上价格的变动比除以需求的变动比D .需求曲线上需求的变动比除以价格的变动比【答案】D【解析】需求价格弹性表示商品需求量对自身价格变动的反应程度,即:。
4.商品是正常品,则当其价格下降时( )。
A .商品的需求量会下降B .商品的需求会下降C .商品的需求量会上升D .商品的需求会上升【答案】C【解析】需求变动是指价格之外的变量变化对消费者决策的影响,它与整个需求曲线的移动是对应的;需求量的变动则是价格变化对消费者均衡购买量的影响,它对应于一条需求曲线上点的移动。
因此当商品价格下降时,其需求量会上升。
1I E >1I E <//P Q Q E P P∆=∆x x x x x x5.如果某商品的价格下降5%后,消费者对此商品的货币支出增加了2%,则需求曲线在这一区域内的需求弹性为( )。
平狄克微观经济学第七版课件第7章生产成本
*显性成本和隐性成本
显性成本(Explicit Cห้องสมุดไป่ตู้st):指厂商在生产要素市场上购 买或租用所需要的生产要素的实际支出,即企业支付给企业 以外的经济资源所有者的货币额。包括工资、材料成本和资 产的租金。
经济学家和会计师均关注于显性成本,因为它涉及到企业对 与之有经济往来的企业或个人的直接支付,它也是可以被有 效用于其他用途的货币额。
Chapter 7
Slide 14
萨缪尔森谈机会成本
萨缪尔森在其《经济学》中曾用热狗公司的事例来 说明机会成本的概念。热狗公司所有者每周投入60 小时,但不领取工资。到年未结算时公司获得了 22000美元的可观利润。但是如果这些所有者能够 找到另外其它收入更高的工作,使他们所获年收达 45000美元。那么这些人所从事的热狗工作就会产 生一种机会成本,它表明因他们从事了热狗工作而
隐性成本( Implicit Cost):指厂商本身自己所拥有的且 被用于该企业生产过程的生产要素的总价格。因此,隐性成 本也必须从机会成本的角度按照企业自有生产要素在其他最 佳用途中所能得到的最高收入来支付,否则,厂商会把自有 的生产要素转移出本企业,以获得更高的报酬。
Chapter 7
Slide 20
花在写作业上的时间越多意味着可以 用作其他活动的事项就越多,放弃的 事项带来的快乐的可能性就越大。所 以,写作业的机会成本就越高。
Chapter 7
Slide 12
*机会成本对决策分析有什么意义?
经济学要从机会成本的概念来分析厂 商的生产成本,是因为,经济学是从 稀缺资源配置的代价而不是会计学的 意义上来考察成本的概念。当一定量 的经济资源投入产品A的生产中时,生 产产品A的代价不仅包括这一定量的经 济资源的耗费,而且必须包括没有用 这些经济资源生产产品B可能获得的收 益。
《微观经济学》平狄克 第7章
Chapter 7
Slide 21
7.2 短期成本
从表格中可以看出:
最初,在产出水平为0到4个单位时, MC随着 边际报酬的增加而下降。 接着,在产出水平为5到11个单位时,MC随着 边际报酬递减而提高。
Chapter 7
Slide 22
某厂商的短期成本
产出 固定 成本 (FC) 可变 成本 (VC) 总成本 (TC) 边际 成本 (MC) 平均固 定成本 (AFC) 平均可 变成本 (AVC) 平均总 成本 (ATC)
--50 25 16.7 12.5 10 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5 4.5
--50 39 32.7 28 26 25 25 25.5 26.9 30 35
--100 64 49.3 40.5 36 33.3 32.1 31.8 32.4 35 39.5
7.2 短期成本
AVC与APL之间的关系: AVC = wL / Q 由于 APL = Q / L 所以, AVC = w / APL
Chapter 7
Slide 25
一、总成本、可变成本与固定成本:
1、固定成本FC为一条水平线; 2、总成本和可变成本随产量的增加而增加; 3、对于任一产量水平,均有TC-VC=FC; 4、当产量为0时,仍有固定成本。可变成本起于原点,但总 成本起于纵轴FC点; 5、TC和VC一开始凹向原点,之后凸向原点。在边际产量递 增阶段,TC和VC以递减的速率上升,反之以递增速率上 升。
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0 50 78 98 112 130 150 175 204 242 300 385
50 100 128 148 162 180 200 225 254 292 350 435
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【32小时高清视频】
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【32小时高清视频】目录第一部分开篇导读[0.5小时高清视频讲解]第二部分辅导讲义[27小时高清视频讲解]第1章绪论第2章供给和需求的基本原理2.1 本章框架结构图2.2 重难点解读第3章消费者行为3.1 本章框架结构图3.2 重难点解读第4章个人需求和社会需求4.1 本章框架结构图4.2 重难点解读第5章不确定性与消费者行为5.1 本章框架结构图5.2 重难点解读第6章生产6.1 本章框架结构图6.2 重难点解读第7章成产成本7.1 本章框架结构图7.2 重难点解读第8章利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1 本章框架结构图8.2 重难点解读第9章竞争性市场分析9.1 本章框架结构图9.2 重难点解读第10章市场势力:垄断与买方垄断10.1 本章框架结构图10.2 重难点解读第11章有市场势力的定价11.1 本章框架结构图11.2 重难点解读第12章垄断竞争和寡头竞争12.1 本章框架结构图12.2 重难点解读第13章博弈论和竞争策略13.1 本章框架结构图13.2 重难点解读第14章投入要素市场14.1 本章框架结构图14.2 重难点解读第15章投资、时间及资本市场15.1 本章框架结构图15.2 重难点解读第16章一般均衡与经济效率16.1 本章框架结构图16.2 重难点解读第17章信息不对称市场17.1 本章框架结构图17.2 重难点解读第18章外部性和公共品18.1 本章框架结构图18.2 重难点解读第三部分名校考研真题名师精讲及点评[4.5小时高清视频讲解]一、名词解释二、简答题三、计算题四、论述题内容简介本书特别适用于参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为平狄克《微观经济学》的考生,也可供各大院校学习平狄克《微观经济学》的师生参考。
平狄克所著的《微观经济学》(中国人民大学出版社)被列为“十一五”国家重点图书出版规划项目,是我国众多高校采用的经济学优秀教材,也被众多高校(包括科研机构)指定为“经济类”专业考研参考书目。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第7章 生成成本)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)第7章生产成本课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1.某公司支付给会计人员10000美元的年薪,这笔费用是一项经济成本吗?答:这笔费用是一项经济成本。
经济成本是显性成本和隐性成本之和。
显性成本指实际支出,所有涉及到货币交易行为的成本都属于显性成本。
隐性成本是一种经济成本,不涉及到货币交易行为,但涉及到生产中所使用的资源的成本。
当一个公司支付给会计人员10000美元年薪时,这是一笔货币交易,这笔费用是会计人员用劳动换来的收入。
因此,这笔费用属于经济成本中的显性成本。
2.某小零售店女店主自己做账,你将如何计算她工作的机会成本?答:该店主自己做账的机会成本是:她利用做账的时间和精力做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
根据机会成本的定义,如果该小零售店女店主不是自己做账,她可以在这段时间里做其他的事情,例如做小生意或者参加一些休闲活动。
那么,女店主自己做账的机会成本就是她用于做账的时间做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
3.解释以下说法正确与否:(1)如果一家企业的拥有者不给自己支付工资,则会计成本为零,而经济成本为正。
(2)会计利润为正的企业不一定经济利润也为正。
(3)企业雇佣了一些目前处于失业状态的工人,则其使用这些工人服务的机会成本为零。
答:(1)正确。
因为这里不存在货币交易,所以不存在会计成本(或显性成本)。
但是,因为企业的拥有者可以受雇于其他企业,因而存在经济成本。
经济成本为正,反映了此人工作时间的机会成本。
(2)正确。
会计利润仅考虑显性成本。
平狄克微观经济学课件第7章剖析
单位成本
AFC 不断下降
当 MC < AVC或者 MC < ATC, AVC & ATC 减少
当 MC > AVC 或者 MC > ATC, AVC & ATC 增加
Cost
($ per unit)
100
75
MC
50
ATC
AVC
25
AFC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Output (units/yr.)
130
180
6
50
150
200
7
50
175
225
8
50
204
254
9
50
242
292
10
50
300
350
11
50
385
435
边际 成本 (MC)
--50 28 20 14 18 20 25 29 38 58 85
平均 固定 成本 (AFC)
---
50 25 16.7 12.5 10
8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5 4.5
Cost ($ per unit
of output
SAC1
各种规模的最小成本都是 SAC = $10 LAC = LMC 是一条直线
SAC2
SAC3
SMC1
SMC2
SMC3
LAC = LMC
Q1
Q2
Q3
Output
规模报酬不变的长期成本
注意
最优的工厂规模取决于企业打算生产的产 出量 (如 Q1 时选择 SAC1,等).
ATCTFCTVC QQ
短期成本
第7章 生产成本
12
L
,此即为该生产函数的扩展线方
程。
(3)生产函数 Q min 3L,K 是固定投入比例
的生产函数,厂商按照
生产,且厂商的生产均衡点在 K 3L直线上,即厂商 的长期扩展线函数为 K 3L 。
L 1 的固定投入比例进行 K 3
四、长期与短期成本曲线
1.短期生产的固定性
企业在短期经营中,由于资本投入要素使用的 固定性,企业的生产成本不能达到最小化。
图7-2 平均成本曲线和边际成本曲线
三、长期成本 1.成本最小化的选择
如何选择生产要素的投入来最小化生产成本以
生产出一定量的产出,可以用图形来表示,最优点 表示为等成本线与等产量线的切点。 2.等成本线
等成本线(isocost line)指在给定总成本条
件下,企业所能购买到的资本和劳动所有可能的组 合。
成本也为零。在这以后,可变成本随着产量的
增加而增加。 (3)总成本 总成本(total cost, 或者 C )是厂商 TC 在短期内为生产一定数量的产品对全部生产要
素所支出的总成本,是固定成本和可变成本之
和。
(4)边际成本
边际成本(marginal cost,MC)也称为增 量成本,是由多生产额外的一单位产出而引起 的成本的增加。由于固定成本不随企业产出水 平的变化而发生变化,因此,边际成本就是每
国内外经典教材名师讲堂
平狄克《微观经济学》
(第7版)
第7章 生产成本
主讲老师:郑炳
第7章
7.1
生产成本
本章框架结构图
机会成本 成本的测度 经济成本与会计成本
沉淀成本 短期成本的分类(七条)
短期成本 短期成本的决定因素
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第7章-生成成本)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)第7章生产成本课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1.某公司支付给会计人员10000美元的年薪,这笔费用是一项经济成本吗?答:这笔费用是一项经济成本。
经济成本是显性成本和隐性成本之和。
显性成本指实际支出,所有涉及到货币交易行为的成本都属于显性成本。
隐性成本是一种经济成本,不涉及到货币交易行为,但涉及到生产中所使用的资源的成本。
当一个公司支付给会计人员10000美元年薪时,这是一笔货币交易,这笔费用是会计人员用劳动换来的收入。
因此,这笔费用属于经济成本中的显性成本。
2.某小零售店女店主自己做账,你将如何计算她工作的机会成本?答:该店主自己做账的机会成本是:她利用做账的时间和精力做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
根据机会成本的定义,如果该小零售店女店主不是自己做账,她可以在这段时间里做其他的事情,例如做小生意或者参加一些休闲活动。
那么,女店主自己做账的机会成本就是她用于做账的时间做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
3.解释以下说法正确与否:(1)如果一家企业的拥有者不给自己支付工资,则会计成本为零,而经济成本为正。
(2)会计利润为正的企业不一定经济利润也为正。
(3)企业雇佣了一些目前处于失业状态的工人,则其使用这些工人服务的机会成本为零。
答:(1)正确。
因为这里不存在货币交易,所以不存在会计成本(或显性成本)。
但是,因为企业的拥有者可以受雇于其他企业,因而存在经济成本。
经济成本为正,反映了此人工作时间的机会成本。
(2)正确。
会计利润仅考虑显性成本。
平狄克《微观经济学》课后答案 7-8
CHAPTER 7THE COST OF PRODUCTIONIn this chapter, it is easy for the students to concentrate too much on definitions and geometry and lose focus on the economics. Therefore, keep in mind the key concepts: opportunity cost, short-run average and marginal cost, cost minimization, and long-run average cost. These concepts can be illuminated with the supplementary material provided at the end of the chapter, which includes sections on economies of scope, learning curves, and estimating and predicting costs. The Appendix presents the calculus of constrained optimization, as applied to cost minimization. All exercises involve some algebra or geometry: Exercises (12) and (13) are time consuming, but rewarding.Opportunity cost is the conceptual base of this chapter. While most students think of costs in accounting terms, they must develop an understanding of the distinction between accounting, economic, and opportunity costs. One source of confusion is the opportunity cost of capital, i.e., why the rental rate on capital must be considered explicitly by economists. It is important, for example, to distinguish between the purchase price of capital equipment and the opportunity cost of using the equipment. The opportunity cost of a person’s tim e also leads to some confusion for students.Following the discussion of opportunity cost, the chapter diverges in two directions: one path introduces types of cost and cost curves, and the other focuses on cost minimization. Both directions converge with the discussion of long-run average cost.The geometry of total, fixed, variable, average, and marginal costs can prove to be tedious. An emphasis on the following issues helps students master this topic: 1) the relationship between the production function, diminishing returns in the short run, input prices, and the shapes of the various cost curves; 2) the distinction between total, average, and marginal; and 3) the reasonableness of the assumption of constant input prices (note that this assumption w ill be relaxed in Chapter 10’s discussion of monopsony). The determination of the cost-minimizing quantity is crucial to understanding Chapters 8 and 10. The concept of duality (minimizing cost subject to a given level of production) is equivalent to maximizing output subject to a given level of total cost) clarifies this concept for students.A clear understanding of short-run cost and cost minimization is necessary for the derivation of long-run average cost. With long-run costs, stress that firms are operating on short-run cost curves at each level of the fixed factor and that long-run costs do not exist separately from short-run costs. Exercise (6) illustrates the relationship between long-run cost and cost minimization, with an emphasis on the importance of the expansion path. Stress the connection between the shape of a long-run cost curve and returns to scale. While Section 7.7 is starred, it does not require calculus. Example 7.5 “Cost Functions for Electric Power,” gives students another vie w of long-run average cost and allows for discussion of minimum efficient scale, an important determinant of industry structure.1. A firms pays its accountant an annual retainer of $10,000. Is this an explicit or implicit cost?Explicit costs are actual outlays. They include all costs that involve a monetary transaction.An implicit cost is an economic cost that does not necessarily involve a monetary transaction, butstill involves the use of resources. When a firm pays an annual retainer of $10,000, there is amonetary transaction. The accountant trades his or her time in return for money. Therefore,an annual retainer is an explicit cost.2. The owner of a small retail store does her own accounting work. How would you measure the opportunity cost of her work?Opportunity costs are measured by comparing the use of a resource with its alternative uses.The opportunity cost of doing accounting work is the time not spent in other ways, i.e., time suchas running a small business or participating in leisure activity. The economic cost of doingaccounting work is measured by computing the monetary amount that the time would be worth inits next best use.3. Suppose a chair manufacturer finds that the marginal rate of technical substitution of capital for labor in his production process is substantially greater than the ratio of the rental rate on machinery to the wage rate for assembly-line labor. How should he alter his use of capital and labor to minimize the cost of production?To minimize cost, the manufacturer should use a combination of capital and labor so the rate atwhich he can trade capital for labor in his production process is the same as the rate at which hecan trade capital for labor in external markets. The manufacturer would be better off if heincreased his use of capital and decreased his use of labor, decreasing the marginal rate oftechnical substitution, MRTS. He should continue this substitution until his MRTS equals theratio of the rental rate to the wage rate.4. Why are isocost lines straight lines?The isocost line represents all possible combinations of labor and capital that may be purchasedfor a given total cost. The slope of the isocost line is the ratio of the input prices of labor andcapital. If input prices are fixed, then the ratio of these prices is clearly fixed and the isocost lineis straight. Only when the ratio or factor prices change as the quantities of inputs change is theisocost line not straight.5. If the marginal cost of production is increasing, does this tell you whether the average variable cost is increasing or decreasing? Explain.Marginal cost can be increasing while average variable cost is either increasing or decreasing. Ifmarginal cost is less (greater) than average variable cost, then each additional unit is adding less(more) to total cost than previous units added to the total cost, which implies that the AVCdeclines (increases). Therefore, we need to know whether marginal cost is greater than averagecost to determine whether the AVC is increasing or decreasing.6. If the marginal cost of production is greater than the average variable cost, does this tell you whether the average variable cost is increasing or decreasing? Explain.If the average variable cost is increasing (decreasing), then the last unit produced is adding more(less) to total variable cost than the previous units did, on average. Therefore, marginal cost isabove (below) average variable cost. If marginal cost is above average variable cost, averagevariable cost is also increasing.7. If the firm’s average cost curves are U-shaped, why does its average variable cost curve achieve its minimum at a lower level of output than the average total cost curve?Total cost is equal to fixed plus variable cost. Average total cost is equal to average fixed plusaverage variable cost. When graphed, the difference between the U-shaped total cost andaverage variable cost curves is the average fixed cost curve. If fixed cost is greater than zero, theminimum of average variable cost must be less than the minimum average total cost.8. If a firm enjoys increasing returns to scale up to a certain output level, and then constant returns to scale, what can you say about the shape of the firm’s long-run average cost curve?When the firm experiences increasing returns to scale, its long-run average cost curve isdownward sloping. When the firm experiences constant returns to scale, its long-run averagecost curve is horizontal. If the firm experiences increasing returns to scale, then constantreturns to scale, its long-run average cost curve falls, then becomes horizontal.9. How does a change in the price of one input change the firm’s long-run expansion path?The expansion path describes the combination of inputs for which the firm chooses to minimizecost for every output level. This combination depends on the ratio of input prices: if the price ofone input changes, the price ratio also changes. For example, if the price of an input increases,less of the input may be purchased for the same total cost. The intercept of the isocost line onthat input’s axis moves closer to the origin. Also, the slope of the isocost line, the price ratio,changes. As the price ratio changes, the firm substitutes away from the now more expensiveinput toward the cheaper input. Thus, the expansion path bends toward the axis of the nowcheaper input. See Exercise (7.6).10. Distinguish between economies of scale and economies of scope. Why can one be present without the other?Economies of scale refer to the production of one good and occur when proportionate increases inall inputs lead to a more-than-proportionate increase in output. Economies of scope refer to theproduction of more than one good and occur when joint output is less costly than the sum of thecosts of producing each good or service separately. There is no direct relationship betweenincreasing returns to scale and economies of scope, so production can exhibit one without theother. See Exercise (13) for a case with constant product-specific returns to scale andmultiproduct economies of scope.1. Assume a computer firm’s marginal costs of production are constant at $1,000 per computer. However, the fixed costs of production are equal to $10,000.a. Calculate the firm’s average variable cost and average total cost curves.The variable cost of producing an additional unit, marginal cost, is constant at $1,000, so theaverage variable cost is constant at $1,000, ()000,1$000,1$=QQ . Average fixed cost is $10,000Q. Average total cost is the sum of average variable cost and average fixed cost: ATC Q=+$1,$10,.000000 b. If the firm wanted to minimize the average total cost of production, would it choose to be verylarge or very small? Explain.The firm should choose a very large output because average total cost decreases with increase inQ . As Q becomes infinitely large, ATC will equal $1,000.2. If a firm hires a currently unemployed worker, the opportunity cost of utilizing t he worker’s service is zero. Is this true? Discuss.From the worker’s perspective, the opportunity cost of his or her time is the time not spent inother ways, including time spent in personal or leisure activities. Certainly, the opportunity costof hiring an unemployed mother of pre-school children is not zero! While it might be difficult toassign a monetary value to the time of an unemployed worker, we can not conclude that it is zero.From the perspective of the firm, the opportunity cost of hiring the worker is not zero, and thefirm could purchase a piece of machinery rather than hiring the worker.3.a. Suppose that a firm must pay an annual franchise fee, which is a fixed sum, independent of whether it produces any output. How does this tax aff ect the firm’s fixed, marginal, and average costs?Total cost, TC , is equal to fixed cost, FC , plus variable cost, VC . Fixed costs do not vary with thequantity of output. Because the franchise fee, FF , is a fixed sum, the firm’s fixed costs increaseby this fee. Thus, average cost, equal toFC VC Q +, and average fixed cost, equal to FC Q , increase by the average franchise fee FF Q. Note that the franchise fee does not affect average variable cost. Also, because marginal cost is the change in total cost with the production of anadditional unit and because the fee is constant, marginal cost is unchanged.3.b. Now suppose the firm is charged a tax that is proportional to the number of items it produces. Ag ain, how does this tax affect the firm’s fixed, marginal, and average costs?Let t equal the per unit tax. When a tax is imposed on each unit produced, variable costsincrease by tQ . Average variable costs increase by t , and because fixed costs are constant,average (total) costs also increase by t . Further, because total cost increases by t with eachadditional unit, marginal costs increase by t .4. A recent issue of Business Week reported the following:During the recent auto sales slump, GM, Ford, and Chrysler decidedit was cheaper to sell cars to rental companies at a loss than to lay offworkers. That’s because closing and reopening plants is expensive,partly because the auto makers’ current union contracts obligatethem to pay many wor kers even if they’re not working.When the article discusses selling cars “at a loss,” is it referring to accountingprofit or economic profit? How will the two differ in this case? Explainbriefly.When the article refers to the car companies selling at a loss, it is referring to accounting profit.The article is stating that the price obtained for the sale of the cars to the rental companies was less than their accounting cost. Economic profit would be measured by the difference of theprice with the opportunity cost of the cars. This opportunity cost represents the market valueof all the inputs used by the companies to produce the cars. The article mentions that the carcompanies must pay workers even if they are not working (and thus producing cars). Thisimplies that the wages paid to these workers are sunk and are thus not part of the opportunitycost of production. On the other hand, the wages would still be included in the accountingcosts. These accounting costs would then be higher than the opportunity costs and wouldmake the accounting profit lower than the economic profit.5. A chair manufacturer hires its assembly-line labor for $22 an hour and calculates that the rental cost of its machinery is $110 per hour. Suppose that a chair can be produced using 4 hours of labor or machinery in any combination. If the firm is currently using 3 hours of labor for each hour of machine time, is it minimizing its costs of production? If so, why? If not, how can it improve the situation?If the firm can produce one chair with either four hours of labor or four hours of capital,machinery, or any combination, then the isoquant is a straight line with a slope of -1 andintercept at K = 4 and L = 4, as depicted in Figure 7.5.The isocost line, TC = 22L + 110K has a slope of -=-2211002. when plotted with capital on the vertical axis and has intercepts at K TC =110 and L TC =22. The cost minimizing point is a corner solution, where L = 4 and K = 0. At that point, total cost is $88.6. Suppose the economy takes a downturn, and that labor costs fall by 50 percent and are expected to stay at that level for a long time. Show graphically how this change in the relative price of labor and capital affects the firm’s expansion path.Figure 7.6 shows a family of isoquants and two isocost curves. Units of capital are on the verticalaxis and units of labor are on the horizontal axis. (Note: In drawing this figure we have assumedthat the production function underlying the isoquants exhibits constant returns to scale, resultingin linear expansion paths. However, the results do not depend on this assumption.)If the price of labor decreases while the price of capital is constant, the isocost curve pivotsoutward around its intersection with the capital axis. Because the expansion path is the set ofpoints where the MRTS is equal to the ratio of prices, as the isocost curves pivot outward, theexpansion path pivots toward the labor axis. As the price of labor falls relative to capital, thefirm uses more labor as output increases.business when costs are cheaper and discourage off-peak business when costs are higher.Do you follow the consultant’s advice? Discuss.The consultant does not understand the definition of average cost. Encouraging ridership always decreases average costs, peak or off-peak. If ridership falls to 10, costs climb to $3.00 per rider. Further, during rush hour, the buses are full. How could more people get on? Instead, encourage passengers to switch from peak to off-peak times, for example, by charging higher prices during peak periods.MC 2 is the marginal cost of refining distillate up to the capacity constraint, Q 2. The shape of thetotal marginal cost curve is horizontal up to the lower capacity constraint. If the capacityconstraint of the distilling unit is lower than that of the hydrocracking unit, MC T is vertical at Q 1.If the capacity constraint of the hydrocracking unit is lower than that of the distilling unit, MC T isvertical at Q 2.9. You manage a plant that mass produces engines by teams of workers using assembly machines. The technology is summarized by the production function.Q 4 KLwhere Q is the number of engines per week, K is the number of assembly machines, and L is the number of labor teams. Each assembly machine rents for r = $12,000 per week and each team costs w = $3,000 per week. Engine costs are given by the cost of labor teams and machines, plus $2,000 per engine for raw materials. Your plant has a fixed installation of 10 assembly machines as part of its design.a. What is the cost function for your plant — namely, how much would it cost to produce Qengines? What are average and marginal costs for producing Q engines? How do average costs vary with output?K is fixed at 10. The short-run production function then becomes Q = 40 L. This implies that for any level of output Q, the number of labor teams hired will be L = Q / 40. The total cost function is thusgiven by the sum of the costs of capital, labor, and raw materials:TC(Q) = rK + wL + 2000Q = (12,000)(10) + (3,000)(Q/40) + 2,000 Q= 120,000 + 2,075QThe average cost function is then given by:AC(Q) = TC(Q)/Q = 120,000/Q + 2,075and the marginal cost function is given by:∂ TC(Q) / ∂ Q = 2,075Marginal costs are constant and average costs will decrease as quantity increases (due to the fixed cost of capital).b. How many teams are required to producing 80 engines? What is the average cost perengine?To produce Q = 80 engines we need L = Q/40 labor teams or L = 2. Average costs are given byAC(Q) = 120,000/Q + 2,075or AC = 3575 c. You are asked to make recommendations for the design of a new production facility. Whatwould you suggest? In particular, what capital/labor (K/L) ratio should the new plant accommodate? If lower average cost were your only criterion, should you suggest that the new plant have more production capacity or less production capacity that the plant you currently manage?We no longer assume that K is fixed at 10. We need to find the combination of K and L which minimizes costs at any level of output Q. The cost-minimization rule is given byMP r =MP w .KLTo find the marginal product of capital, observe that increasing K by 1 unit increases Q by 4L, so MP K = 4L. Similarly, observe that increasing L by 1 unit increases Q by 4K, so MP L = 4K. (Mathematically, MP K = ∆Q /∆K = 4L and MP L = ∆Q /∆L = 4K.) Using these formulas in the cost-minimization rule, we obtain:4L/r = 4K/w or K / L = w / r = 3,000 / 12,000 = 1/4The new plant should accommodate a capital to labor ratio of 1 to 4.The firm’s capital -labor ratio is currently 10/2 or 5. To reduce average cost, the firm should either use more labor and less capital to produce the same output or it should hire more labor and increase output.*10. A computer company’s cost function, which relates its average cost of product ion AC to its cumulative output in thousands of computers CQ and its plant size in terms of thousands of computers produced per year Q, within the production range of 10,000 to 50,000 computers is given byAC = 10 - 0.1CQ + 0.3Q.a. Is there a learning curve effect?The learning curve describes the relationship between the cumulative output and the inputsrequired to produce a unit of output. Average cost measures the input requirements per unit ofoutput. Learning curve effects exist if average cost falls with increases in cumulative output.Here, average cost decreases as cumulative output, CQ, increases. Therefore, there are learningcurve effects.b. Are there increasing or decreasing returns to scale?To measure scale economies, calculate the elasticity of total cost, TC, with respect to output, Q:ETCTCQQTCTCQMCACC ===∆∆∆∆.If this elasticity is greater (less) than one, then there are decreasing (increasing) returns to scale, because total costs are rising faster (slower) than output. From average cost we can calculate total and marginal cost:TC = Q(AC) = 10Q - (0.1)(CQ)(Q) + 0.3Q2, thereforeMCdTCdQCQ Q ==-+100106...Because marginal cost is greater than average cost (because 0.6Q > 0.3Q), the elasticity, EC, is greater than one; there are decreasing returns to scale. The production process exhibits a learningeffect and decreasing returns to scale.c. During its existence, the firm has produced a total of 40,000 computers and is producing 10,000computers this year. Next year it plans to increase its production to 12,000 computers. Will its average cost of production increase or decrease? Explain.First, calculate average cost this year:AC1= 10 - 0.1CQ + 0.3Q = 10 - (0.1)(40) + (0.3)(10) = 9.Second, calculate the average cost next year:AC2= 10 - (0.1)(50) + (0.3)(12) = 8.6.(Note: Cumulative output has increased from 40,000 to 50,000.) The average cost will decreasebecause of the learning effect.11. The short-run cost function of a company is given by the equation C = 190 + 53Q, where C is the total cost and Q is the total quantity of output, both measured in tens of thousands.a. What is the company’s fixed cost?When Q = 0, C = 190 (or $1,900,000). Therefore, fixed cost is equal to 190 (or $1,900,000).b. If the company produced 100,000 units of goods, what is its average variable cost?With 100,000 units, Q= 10. Variable cost is 53Q= (53)(10) = 530 (or $5,300,000). Averagevariable cost is TVCQ==$530$53.10c. What is its marginal cost per unit produced?With constant average variable cost, marginal cost is equal to average variable cost, $53.d. What is its average fixed cost?At Q = 10, average fixed cost is TFCQ==$190$1910.e. Suppose the company borrows money and expands its factory. Its fixed cost rises by $50,000,but its variable cost falls to $45,000 per 10,000 units. The cost of interest (I) also enters into the equation. Each one-point increase in the interest rate raises costs by $30,000. Write the new cost equation.Fixed cost changes from 190 to 195. Variable cost decreases from 53 to 45. Fixed cost alsoincludes interest charges: 3I . The cost equation isC = 195 + 45Q + 3I .*12. Suppose the long-run total cost function for an industry is given by the cubic equation TC = a + bQ + cQ 2 + dQ 3. Show (using calculus) that this total cost function is consistent with a U-shaped average cost curve for at least some values of a, b, c, d.To show that the cubic cost equation implies a U -shaped average cost curve, we use algebra,calculus, and economic reasoning to place sign restrictions on the parameters of the equation.These techniques are illustrated by the example below.First, if output is equal to zero, then TC = a , where a represents fixed costs. In the short run,fixed costs are positive, a > 0, but in the long run, where all inputs are variable a = 0. Therefore,we restrict a to be zero.Next, we know that average cost must be positive. Dividing TC by Q:AC = b + cQ + dQ 2.This equation is simply a quadratic function. When graphed, it has two basic shapes: a U shapeand a hill shape. We want the U shape, i.e., a curve with a minimum (minimum average cost),rather than a hill shape with a maximum.To the left of the minimum, the slope should be negative (downward sloping). At the minimum,the slope should be zero, and to the right of the minimum the slope should be positive (upwardsloping). The first derivative of the average cost curve with respect to Q must be equal to zero atthe minimum. For a U -shaped AC curve, the second derivative of the average cost curve must bepositive.The first derivative is c + 2dQ ; the second derivative is 2d . If the second derivative is to bepositive, then d > 0. If the first derivative is equal to zero, then solving for c as a function of Qand d yields: c = -2dQ . If d and Q are both positive, then c must be negative: c < 0.To restrict b , we know that at its minimum, average cost must be positive. The minimum occurswhen c + 2dQ = 0. We solve for Q as a function of c and d : Q c=->0. Next, substitutingthis value for Q into our expression for average cost, and simplifying the equation:2222⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-++=++=d c d c d c b dQ cQ b AC , orAC b b b c d cd cd c d c d =-=-+=->+2222223362660. implying b c d >26. Because c 2and d > 0, b must be positive.In summary, for U -shaped long-run average cost curves, a must be zero, b and d must be positive, cmust be negative, and 4db > c 2. However, the conditions do not insure that marginal cost is positive.To insure that marginal cost has a U shape and that its minimum is positive, using the sameprocedure, i.e., solving for Q at minimum marginal cost -c d /,3 and substituting into theexpression for marginal cost b + 2cQ + 3dQ 2, we find that c 2 must be less than 3bd . Notice thatparameter values that satisfy this condition also satisfy 4db > c 2, but not the reverse.where a, b, and c are positive. Is this total cost function consistent with the presence of economies or diseconomies of scale? With economies or diseconomies of scope?There are two types of scale economies to consider: multiproduct economies of scale and product-specific returns to scale. From Section 7.5 we know that multiproduct economies of scalefor the two-product case, S H,S , are()()()()()S H S H MC S MC H S H TC S +=, , where MC H is the marginal cost of producing hardware and MC S is the marginal cost of producingsoftware. The product-specific returns to scale are:()()()()H H MC H S TC S H TC S ,0 , -= and ()()()()S S MC S H TC S H TC S 0, , -= where TC (0,S ) implies no hardware production and TC (H ,0) implies no software production. Weknow that the marginal cost of an input is the slope of the total cost with respect to that input.Since()(),S cH b aH bS H cS a TC -+=+-=we have MC H = a - cS and MC S = b - cH .Substituting these expressions into our formulas for S H,S , S H , and S S :()()cH b S cS a H cHS bS aH S S H -+--+=, or S aH bS cHS H S ,=+-+->1, because cHS > 0. Also, ()()cS a H bS cHS bS aH S H ---+=, or()()()()1=--=--=cS a cS a cS a H cHS aH S H and similarly ()().1=---+=cH b S aH cHS bS aH S S There are multiproduct economies of scale, S H,S > 1, but constant product-specific returns to scale,S H = S C = 1.Economies of scope exist if S C > 0, where (from equation (7.8) in the text):()()()()S H TC S H TC S TC H TC S c , , ,0 0, -+=, or, ()()S H TC cHS bS aH bS aH S c , -+-+=, or ().0, >=S H TC cHS S c Because cHS and TC are both positive, there are economies of scope.CHAPTER 8PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND COMPETITIVE SUPPLYAs the title implies, this chapter covers two interrelated topics: a consideration of the behavioral incentives of the profit-maximizing firm and an examination of the interaction of these firms in a competitive market. The chapter begins with a discussion of whether firms maximize profits and ends with a discussion of the criteria for a competitive market, including an introduction to contestable markets. Exercises (1), (2), and (4) rely on data discussed in the text, while Exercises (3), (6), and (7) focus on the determination of the firm’s profit -maximizing quantity. Exercises (5), (8), and (9) consider the influence of taxes on firms’ output in a competitive market.S ections 8.2 through 8.4 derive the firm’s supply curve. Although total revenue is easily understood, you will need to show why average revenue may be represented by the demand curve. Demand and average revenue will be used interchangeably in Chapters 10 and 11. When presented with a problem involving the derivation of marginal revenue, some students will substitute Q , instead of P , in the expression for total revenue. This leads to revenue as a function of price. Stress that when they are given a demand curve in these applications they should first solve for price as a function of quantity. The origin of this confusion could lie in the popular notion that the firm determines the profit-maximizing price instead of the profit-maximizing quantity. Emphasize the importance of quantity, for example, when discussing why deviations from the profit-maximizing quantity lead to a decrease in profit (see Figure 8.3). Using the solutions to the exercises, emphasize that, for a linear demand curve, the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice the slope of the demand curve.Other sources of confusion arise during analysis of firms’ supply curves. Stress that, as a primary rule, the firm should choose a quantity such that marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. In this chapter, we can simplify this rule: for a firm facing a perfectly elastic demand curve, price is equal to marginal revenue. Stress that the rule for the competitive firm is a special case. Although some students will understand references to second-order conditions, expect to be asked why q 0 in Figure 8.3 is not profit maximizing, although MR = MC . Two additional points warrant careful explanation: 1) why the firm would remain in business if the firm sustains a loss in the short run, and 2) that maximizing profit is the same as minimizing loss.Although the summation of firm supply curves into a market supply curve is easy, the analysis of long-run competitive equilibrium is difficult. Show that long-run equilibrium relies on profit maximization by firms. Accompanying the rule that price must be greater than average variable cost in the short run, there is the assumption of free entry and exit. This leads to the statement that price must equal long-run average cost, LAC, as no firm may make an economic profit. The rule that price must equal long-run marginal cost, LMC , is the second equilibrium condition. Therefore, because LAC = LMC at minimum LAC , price is equal to minimum LAC in the long-run equilibrium. This result will be reconsidered in Chapter 12 in the discussion of equilibrium for a monopolistically competitive firm. When discussing the attainment of equilibrium in constant, increasing, and。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7、8版)章节习题精编详解(生产成本)
要素来生产既定产品。在原来价格条件下,理性的厂商就丌会使用 y ,当 y 价格升高,就更 丌会使用它了,仍以 x 和 z 迚行生产。因此, y 涨价对生产无影响.从而对成本也无影响。
2.如果平均可发成本随着产出的增加而增加,则边际成本每一次的增加将( )先 前的平均可发成本,结果使得平均可发成本更高。
A.大亍 B.小亍 C.等亍
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圣才电子书
D.丌确定
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
【答案】A
【解析】当 MC AVC 时,AVC 处亍递减阶段;当 MC AVC 时, AVC 处亍递增阶段;
5.下列说法正确的是( )。
A.如果生产函数为 y f X1, X2 minX1, X2 ,成本函数是 C w1, w2, y minw1, w2 y B.成本函数 C w1, w2, y 表达了使用相等数量的两种要素生产出 y 单位产出的成本
C.如果觃模报酬递增,则平均成本是产出ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้减函数
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
9.一厂商的生产函数为 y 2x1 x2 1/2 ,两种要素的价格分别为 w1 和 w2 ,当实现成本
最小化时,( )。 A.等产量线为 L 形状 B.厂商必定只使用较便宜的那种要素 C.如果 w1 2w2 ,厂商只使用 x1 D.以上都丌对 【答案】C 【解析】由亍两种要素是可以完全替代的,其等产量线是一条斜率为-2 的直线,如图
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)笔记和课后习题详解-绪 论【圣才出品】
第1章绪论1.1 复习笔记1.微观经济学的主题(1)微观经济学的研究对象微观经济学研究的是单个经济个体(如消费者、工人、投资者、资源所有者和厂商)的行为,也研究构成市场与行业的消费者和厂商的相互影响。
微观经济学的核心内容是论证亚当·斯密的“看不见的手”原理。
(2)经济模型经济模型是现代经济理论的一种主要分析方法,也称为经济数学模型,指用数学形式所表述的经济过程或经济理论结构。
现实世界的情况是由各种主要变量和次要变量构成的,因而非常复杂,只有把次要因素排除在外,才能对经济运行进行严格的分析。
运用经济模型,事先做出某些假设,可以排除掉许多次要因素,从而建立起一定的模型,然后通过运用这一模型,可以对错综复杂的现实世界作出简单的描述。
(3)经济理论的局限性在经济学中,理论的有用性和合理性取决于它是否对其试图解释和预测的一系列现象成功地做出了解释和预测。
比如说,厂商并不总是追求其利润的最大化的,因此,厂商理论只在解释厂商某些行为(如资本投资决策的时机)时才获得了有限的成功。
尽管如此,这一理论确实解释了有关厂商和行业的行为、成长和演变方面的大量现象,所以它已经成为决策者手中一个重要的工具。
2.实证分析和规范分析(1)微观经济学的分析方法微观经济学既研究实证问题,也研究规范问题。
实证问题主要涉及解释和预测,规范问题则研究应该如何。
实证分析和规范分析都是重要的经济学分析方法。
(2)实证分析和规范分析的含义实证分析是进行经济分析的一种重要方法,特点是它对有关命题的逻辑分析,旨在理解经济过程实际是什么、将会是什么、为什么,而不涉及对结果好坏和是否公平的评价,其中不包含任何价值判断。
实证分析既有定性分析,也有定量分析。
规范分析也是经济学分析经济问题的一种方法,它以一定的价值判断作为出发点,提出行为的标准,并研究如何才能符合这些标准。
它力求说明“应该是什么”的问题,或者说,它回答这样的问题:为什么要做出这种选择,而不做出另一种选择?(3)实证分析和规范分析的关系实证分析和规范分析既有联系又有区别。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导论:市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1.2 课后练习题详解第2章 供给和需求的基本原理2.1 课后复习题详解2.2 课后练习题详解第2篇 生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为3.1 课后复习题详解3.2 课后练习题详解第4章 个人需求和市场需求4.1 课后复习题详解4.2 课后练习题详解第4章附录 需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第5章 不确定性与消费者行为5.1 课后复习题详解5.2 课后练习题详解第6章 生 产6.1 课后复习题详解6.2 课后练习题详解第7章 生产成本7.1 课后复习题详解7.2 课后练习题详解第7章附录 生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1 课后复习题详解8.2 课后练习题详解第9章 竞争性市场分析9.1 课后复习题详解9.2 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构和竞争策略第10章 市场势力:垄断与买方垄断10.1 课后复习题详解10.2 课后练习题详解第11章 有市场势力的定价11.1 课后复习题详解11.2 课后练习题详解第11章附录 联合厂商的内部转移定价课后练习题详解第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1 课后复习题详解12.2 课后练习题详解第13章 博弈论和竞争策略13.1 课后复习题详解13.2 课后练习题详解第14章 投入要素市场14.1 课后复习题详解14.2 课后练习题详解第15章 投资、时间及资本市场15.1 课后复习题详解15.2 课后练习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率16.1 课后复习题详解16.2 课后练习题详解第17章 信息不对称市场17.1 课后复习题详解17.2 课后练习题详解第18章 外部性与公共品18.1 课后复习题详解18.2 课后练习题详解附录:指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论:市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1.人们常说,一个好的理论是可以用经验研究和实证研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克微经第7章答案
成绩:A+一、判断题1、边际成本曲线在达到一定产量水平后趋于上升,是由边际收益递减规律所造成的。
( T )2、假如增加一单位产量所带来的边际成本大于产量增加前的平均可变成本,那么在产量增加后平均可变成本增加。
( T )3、长期平均成本曲线成为U形的原因与要素的边际生产率有关。
( F )4、在短期,不随产量变动而变动的成本是固定成本。
( T )5、在从原点出发的直线(射线)与TC曲线的切点上,AC是最小。
( T )6、随着产量的增加,平均固定成本在开始时下降,然后趋于上升。
( F )7、长期成本曲线上的每一点都与短期成本曲线上的某一点相对应,但短期成本曲线上并非每一点都与长期成本曲线上的某一点相对应。
( T )8、微观经济学成本理论中短期与长期的划分取决于是否可以调整产品价格。
( F )9、使用自由资金也应计算利息,这种利息从成本角度看是会计成本。
( F )10、当LAC曲线下降时,LAC曲线切于SAC曲线的最低点。
( F )二、选择题1、如果一个企业经历规模报酬不变阶段,则LAC曲线是( D )。
A.上升的;B.下降的;C.垂直的;D.水平的。
2、等成本线的斜率表示的是( D )。
A.在既定成本下所能生产的各种产量;B.生产既定产量的总成本;C.纵轴上的要素价格对横轴上要素价格的比率;D.横轴上要素价格对纵轴上要素价格的比率。
3、当AC达到最低点时,下列正确的是( B )A.AVC=FCB.MC=ACC.P=AVCD.P=MC4、当产出增加时LAC曲线下降,这是由于( B )。
A.规模的不经济性B.规模的经济性C.收益递减规律D.规模报酬不变5、短期平均成本曲线成为U形的原因与( C )A.规模报酬有关;B.外部经济与不经济有关;C.要素的边际生产率有关;D.固定成本与可变成本所占比重有关。
6、就短期边际成本和短期平均成本的关系来说( B )。
A.如果平均成本下降,则边际成本下降B.如果平均成本下降,则边际成本小于平均成本C.如果边际成本上升,则平均成本上升D.如果边际成本上升,则边际成本小于平均成本7、经济成本与经济利润具有以下特征(A )A.前者比会计成本大,后者比会计利润小B.前者比会计成本小,后者比会计利润大C.两者都比相应的会计成本和会计利润小D.两者都比相应的会计成本和会计利润大8、厂房设备投资的利息是( B )A.可变成本B.固定成本C.平均成本D.边际成本9、已知产量为99单位时,总成本等于995元,产量增加到100单位时,平均成本等于10元,由此可以判断边际成本为( B )。
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平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)第7章生产成本课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1.某公司支付给会计人员10000美元的年薪,这笔费用是一项经济成本吗?答:这笔费用是一项经济成本。
经济成本是显性成本和隐性成本之和。
显性成本指实际支出,所有涉及到货币交易行为的成本都属于显性成本。
隐性成本是一种经济成本,不涉及到货币交易行为,但涉及到生产中所使用的资源的成本。
当一个公司支付给会计人员10000美元年薪时,这是一笔货币交易,这笔费用是会计人员用劳动换来的收入。
因此,这笔费用属于经济成本中的显性成本。
2.某小零售店女店主自己做账,你将如何计算她工作的机会成本?答:该店主自己做账的机会成本是:她利用做账的时间和精力做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
根据机会成本的定义,如果该小零售店女店主不是自己做账,她可以在这段时间里做其他的事情,例如做小生意或者参加一些休闲活动。
那么,女店主自己做账的机会成本就是她用于做账的时间做其他事情时所能获得的最大收入。
3.解释以下说法正确与否:(1)如果一家企业的拥有者不给自己支付工资,则会计成本为零,而经济成本为正。
(2)会计利润为正的企业不一定经济利润也为正。
(3)企业雇佣了一些目前处于失业状态的工人,则其使用这些工人服务的机会成本为零。
答:(1)正确。
因为这里不存在货币交易,所以不存在会计成本(或显性成本)。
但是,因为企业的拥有者可以受雇于其他企业,因而存在经济成本。
经济成本为正,反映了此人工作时间的机会成本。
(2)正确。
会计利润仅考虑显性成本。
对于企业而言,可能还存在某些机会成本,这些机会成本没有像显性成本那样完全实现,所以对于会计利润为正的企业,有可能加进这些机会成本之后,经济利润为负。
这意味着企业没有最有效地利用其资源。
(3)错误。
机会成本衡量了这些工人的时间价值,因而不可能为零。
对于工人而言,尽管工人目前处于失业状态,但是他们仍掌握一定的技能,这些技能具有价值,进入某一企业工作意味着他们放弃了去另一家企业工作,或者利用时间在家照顾老人或孩子的机会,这些可能的选择使得雇佣工人的机会成本大于零。
4.假设某种生产中只有劳动为可变成本,如果边际生产成本随产量增加而减少,你认为劳动的边际产量是如何变化的?答:劳动的边际产量是递增的。
产出的边际成本是指由生产额外一单位产出而增加的成本。
如果边际成本递减,则生产额外一单位产出所需要的劳动投入会减少,因为劳动是惟一的可变成本。
如果生产一单位产出需要的劳动减少,则边际产出必然是递增的。
此外,由对偶原理可得:/L MC w MP =,因此,如果MC 递减,则对于任何给定的w ,L MP 是递增的。
5.假定某椅子制造商发现其生产过程中资本对劳动的边际替代率实际上大于机器租金与工人工资率的比率。
他会如何改变资本和劳动的使用来使成本最小化?答:制造商应该增加资本使用量,并减少劳动使用量。
为了使成本最小化,制造商应该使用劳动和资本的组合,使得在它的生产过程中用资本交换劳动的比率与在外部市场用资本交换劳动的比率相等,即//K L MP MP r w =。
本题中,//K L MP MP r w >,如果制造商增加对资本的使用并且减少对劳动的使用,使得K MP 降低而L MP 增加,从而降低边际技术替代率,那么它的状况将变化。
它会持续这种替代直到边际技术替代率等于租金率与工人工资率的比率。
6.为什么等成本线是直线?答:假定要素市场上既定的劳动的价格即工资率为w ,既定的资本的价格即利息率为r ,厂商既定的成本支出为C ,则成本方程为:C wL rK =+由成本方程可得:w C K L r r=-+ 根据上式可以得到等成本线。
由于成本方程式是线性的,所以,等成本线必定是一条直线。
等成本线横轴上的点C w 表示既定的全部成本都购买劳动时的数量,纵轴上的点C r表示既定的全部成本都购买资本时的数量,连结这两点的线段就是等成本线。
它表示既定的全部成本所能购买到劳动和资本的各种组合。
根据上面的公式,等成本线的纵截距为C r ,等成本线的斜率为w r-,即为两种生产要素价格之比的负值。
所以,只要投入的价格不变,或者两种投入的相对价格不变,等成本曲线的斜率就是固定的,即等成本线是直线。
7.假设产品的边际成本递增,这是否意味着平均可变成本递增或递减?请解释。
答:若产品的边际成本递增,平均可变成本可能递增,也可能递减。
分析如下:如果边际成本小于平均可变成本,那么每增加一单位产品生产带来的成本小于之前产品的平均可变成本,从而使平均可变成本下降;反之,如果边际成本大于平均可变成本,随着边际成本的增加,平均可变成本递增。
边际成本曲线和平均可变成本曲线的交点是平均可变成本的最低点。
所以,需要知道边际成本是大于还是小于平均可变成本,才能判断平均可变成本是递增还是递减。
如图7-4所示。
图7-48.假设产品的边际成本大于平均可变成本,这是否意味着平均可变成本递增或递减?请解释。
答:假设产品的边际成本大于平均可变成本,这意味着平均可变成本递增。
原因如下:(1)只要边际成本小于平均可变成本,边际成本就把平均可变成本下拉;只要边际成本大于平均可变成本,边际成本就把平均可变成本上拉。
当边际成本等于平均可变成本时,平均可变成本必达到极小值点。
(2)如果产品的边际成本大于平均可变成本,那么,每多生产一单位产品所带来的可变成本将高于之前所有产品的平均可变成本,从而提高了平均可变成本,即:产品的边际成本大于平均可变成本意味着平均可变成本递增。
如图7-4所示。
9.假设企业的平均成本曲线为U 形,为什么其平均可变成本曲线比平均总成本曲线在较低的产出水平上达到其最低点?答:(1)企业的平均成本曲线呈现出U 形的特征,这表示:随着产量的增加,平均可变成本、平均总成本和边际成本都是先递减,各自达到本身的最低点之后再递增。
(2)若企业的平均成本曲线为U 形,则其平均可变成本曲线比平均总成本曲线在较低的产出水平上达到其最低点。
这是因为:总成本是固定成本与可变成本之和,相应地,平均总成本是平均固定成本与平均可变成本之和。
如图7-4所示,U 形的平均总成本曲线高于U 形的平均可变成本曲线,且二者之间的差是平均固定成本。
又因为平均总成本曲线的最低点满足min MC AC =,平均可变成本曲线的最低点满足min MC AVC =,由于MC 曲线是随着产出的增加而递增的,而平均可变成本曲线低于平均总成本曲线即min min AVC AC <,所以,平均可变成本曲线必然比平均总成本曲线在较低的产出水平上达到其最低点。
10.如果某企业在达到一定产出水平前存在规模经济,随后成本随产量增加等比例变化,那么你能说出该企业的长期平均成本曲线的形状吗?答:长期平均成本曲线先向右下方倾斜,达到一定产量后为一条水平线。
(1)长期平均成本曲线的形状特征是由长期生产中的规模经济和规模不经济所决定的。
一般来讲,在企业生产扩张的开始阶段,厂商由于扩大生产规模而使经济效益得到提高,这称之为规模经济。
当生产扩张到一定的规模以后,厂商继续扩大生产规模,就会使经济效益下降,这称之为规模不经济。
或者说,厂商产量增加的倍数大于成本增加的倍数,为规模经济;相反,厂商产量增加的倍数小于成本增加的倍数,为规模不经济。
一般来说,在企业的生产规模由小到大的扩张过程中,会先后出现规模经济和规模不经济。
正是由于规模经济和规模不经济的作用,决定了一般企业长期平均成本LAC曲线表现出先下降后上升的U形特征。
(2)如果企业规模报酬递增,那么该企业的长期平均成本曲线向右下倾斜;如果企业报酬经济不变,那么该企业长期平均成本曲线是水平的。
所以,若某企业在达到一定产出水平之前规模报酬递增,然后规模报酬不变,那么,该企业的长期平均成本曲线先向右下倾斜,在达到该特定的产量水平之后变为水平线。
11.一种投入要素价格的变化是如何引起企业长期扩张路径的变化的?答:扩展线反映的是在每一个产出水平上使得成本最小的投入品的组合。
这种组合取决于投入品价格的比率:如果一种投入品的价格发生变化,那么价格比随之变化。
例如:如果一种投入品价格上升,那么在维持总成本不变的情况下,企业所能买到的这种投入品的数量将有所下降,从而在改变等成本曲线斜率的同时使它更靠近原点。
随着两种投入品价格比的变化,企业将以变得相对便宜的投入来部分替代变得相对昂贵的投入,这样,扩张路径将向变得相对便宜的这种投入品所在的坐标轴弯曲。
12.区分规模经济与范围经济的差别。
为什么其中一个能在另一个不存在的情况下存在?答:(1)规模经济与范围经济的差别规模经济是指企业采用一定的生产规模所能获得的经济效益,即企业生产规模的变动引起生产一种商品的单位成本和收益变动。
范围经济或称组合经济,是指一家企业通过扩大生产经营范围即生产多种商品,取得组合经济优势。
规模经济与范围经济的区别:①规模经济注重某种产品生产能力的扩大,强调的是产量规模带来的经济性;而范围经济则强调多品种产品生产能力,从而有更强的市场适应力。
②规模经济强调生产系统在企业内部集中,以取得生产活动的经济性,而范围经济特别是外部范围经济则是将生产系统分解到不同的企业,各个企业在专业化基础上着重发展核心能力,再通过地理范围上的专业化产业集聚,加强企业之间的协作与合作,使各个企业按价值链结成更大的生产系统,来取得生产活动的经济性。
(2)其中一个能在另一个不存在的情况下存在的原因厂商由于扩大生产规模而使经济效益得到了提高,即产生了规模经济;范围经济适用于至少是两种产品的生产,当多种产品联合生产所花费的总成本低于单独生产这些产品所需要花费的成本之和时,即产生了范围经济。
规模经济和范围经济之间并没有直接的联系,所以其中一个能在另一个不存在的情况下存在。
13.企业的扩张路径是否总是一条直线?答:企业的扩张路径并不总是一条直线。
如果企业总是能够以相同的比例使用资本和劳动,那么长期扩张路径是一条直线。
如果资本—劳动比随着产出的变化递增,则企业扩张路径将不再是一条直线,如图7-5所示。
图7-5 长期扩张路径14.规模经济和规模报酬有何不同?答:规模经济与规模报酬的区别表现在:(1)规模经济指由于生产规模扩大而导致长期平均成本下降的情况。
产生规模经济的主要原因是劳动分工与专业化,以及技术因素。
企业规模扩大后使得劳动分工更细,专业化程度更高,这将大大提高劳动生产率,降低企业的长期平均成本。