资料NO.2 托福写作常见语法及高分句型 改错练习

资料NO.2 托福写作常见语法点讲义一、从句英文的句子分为三种基本类型：简单句、并列句、复合句逗号不可以连接两个句子My name is sherry, i graduated from ZJ university（*）Some prefer to leave their phones at home, they don’t want to be bothered when they are enjoying rest time. (*)并列句是几个简单句用连词连接而成常见连词：and, but, or, nor, so, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, notwithstanding, whereas...1、简单句的五种基本类型英语句子有长有短，结构有简有繁。

从表面上看虽然千变万化，但从本质上说却有其内在的结构规律——简单句的五种基本句型。

主语+系动词+表语主语+谓语主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语2、所有的长难句都是由这五种基本句型转化而来一般来讲，一个句子除了有主语和谓语之外，其他可能包含的成分还有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。

其中，谓语比较特殊，只能由动词来充当。

而其他成分则可以由词、短语、句子来充当。

当用一个完整的句子来充当另一个句子的某个成分时，即构成相应的从句。

●主语从句What i am reading is interesting. 完整的句子what i am reading 做主语●宾语从句No one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets. 完整的句子whether there is life on other planets做宾语●表语从句English is what i like most among all subjects. 完整的句子what i like most among all subjects.●同位语从句I love the saying that love, not time heals all wounds. 完整的句子love, not time heals all wounds做saying 的同位语*idea，fact, belief等名词后常常带同位语从句一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是一种对我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧所产生的内心深处的反映。

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our subconscious desires and fears.●定语从句先行词：被定语从句修饰的对象叫先行词（可以是单词、短语、句子）关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。

限定性定语从句VS 非限定性定语从句Smart card, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.Behaviorists suggests that the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.●状语从句9类状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、让步、比较、目的、条件表示“一……就……”as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly...hardly...when, scarcely...when, no sooner...than表示原因in that，seeing that, now that, considering that, given thatdue to, owing to，result from, because ofResult in, lead to, contribute to表示目的lest（以免），for fear that（生怕），in case表示结果to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that表示条件suppose (that ), supposing that, providing/provided that, so long as, as long as, on condition that.表示让步for all，while置于句首，as倒装句二、非谓语动词London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers will crush the government’s finances, George Bush is expected to unveil a reform plan in next week’s state-of-the-union address.问题：一个正确的英文句子可以有几个动词？如果想要在一个句子中包含多个动词，有几种方法？三、改错练习1、the new political science curriculum at some high schools in India, encouraging teachers to use cartoons and newspaper clippings to provoke classroom debate on contemporary issues.2、Some people hold the idea that people will have more time to enjoy their vacation, they can relax their body and they shouldn’t respond to any massage, while others argue that mobile phone is necessary to our life.3、an article suggests that the Great Gatsby was not reading during 1930’s, the reason was that the novel described a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous by the current Great Depression4、The number of awards given this year to biochemists accentuate the significant gains being made in the study of the chemistry of living organisms.5、nevertheless, i prefer working in large company to working in small company.6、sometimes employee has legitimate complaints since employer pays little attention to employee’s demands.7、according to educational statistics, the average age of college students has risen quite noticeable over the past 25 years.8、Toni Morrison was honored by Harvard University not only as a great novelist but also she wrote eloquently of the history of African American culture.9、A mixture of jazz and classical idioms, the music of Gershwin was more innovative than most of his contemporaries.10、traveling through Yosemite, the scenery of waterfalls and granite peaks, which we photographed, was beautiful.四、如何写出高质量的句子1、加头：It is known to all that...It is generally believed that...It is conceivable that...It is not hard to imagine that...People come to realize that...2、加尾非限定性定语从句修饰并指代前一句话分词作状语各种状语从句五、句型训练1、the students love surfing the Internet. They still do not have their own connection.2、i am applying to study at MIT. It is a leading center for aeronautics.3、i will have to take several courses. Most of them are new to me.4、i am really looking forward to studying in the US. It will be quite a challenge.5、some people succeed. Other people fail. The difference is not hard work. It is whether they have luck. Luck will arise in the course of one’s life, though it is rare.6、just like the advertisement of KFC. Its music makes us feel warm, so many of us would like to go there to eat, but the food there is bad for our health.附录：一、六大特殊句型：1、状语开头：For all that has changed over Harvard’s 375 years, one thing has remained roughly the same:To take advantage of larger-than-usual shopping crowds, pop-up stores hit their peak during the holiday season, which is somehow already upon us.Driven by historic levels of financial aid, the number of applications to HarvardCollege remained high this year.(时间做主语) the year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.2、插入成分：for example, such as, especiallyUltimately, we are more successful in life when we focus on something we can control, such as studying and learning, rather than something we have no control over, such as the level of creative ability we are born with.If we buy new books today, they will become very old very quickly. Computers, on the other hand, provide the ability to access the latest information on the internet.3、同位语（从句)4、平行结构（not only...but also...., not only....but as well..., neither....nor...., either...or....., just as....)5、让步转折：though, even though, nevertheless, notwithstanding, despite, in spite of6、强调句：it is ...that....二、高分句型1、比较句型The more....the more....Nothing + be +比较级+than/nothing+do+more+副词+than：nothing communicate more effectively than color.2、否定句型Cannot emphasize...too much/ cannot overemphasize/by no means/spear no effort to do sthOn no account should+主语+动词：on no account should we lose sight of the benefits of education in basic science course.3、there be句型There is no denying that/ there is no doubts that/there is no substitute for4、it is 句型It is conceivable that(可想而知）It is high time that （虚拟语气过去时）5、表示原因的句型...on the grounds that...（基于...理由）：the film could be criticized on the grounds that all of the characters are white, respectable and economically advantaged. Justify（证明...的合理性）be ascribed to/be attributed to/ be traced to/ stem from/ arise from/ spring from （归因于）Given (考虑到）：given the importance that people place on higher education, it is hardly surprising that ....6、表示“一致”的句型Be in accordance/ agreement/line withComply with/ conform to/follow（遵守）Equate A with B: people tend to equate technology with expense7、表示“利弊”的句型Do good to/ benefit from/ profit fromBe exposed to（接触）Be vulnerable to/ be susceptible toPose a major threat/challenge/difficulties to....Be plagued with....8、表示“建议”的句型Be supposed to doDo well to do sth（应该做）:we would all do well to learn to eat more slowly and to savor the taste of what we are eating.Require/ call for/ necessitate：Different circumstances may call for a different approach。