Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
manhattan OG横向总结
1 Meaning1单词相似，意思不同 e.g. economic VS economical、aggravate（恶化）VS aggravating(激怒)2 句子关系不能随便改变。
原本是but改为，and就是很大的变动，影响句子意思。
3 注意that或者其他修饰词前后，subject与verb是否make sense.Eg evidence that suggests XXX evidence 与suggests可以搭配Plans that cut into XXX plans 与cut不能，plan 不能cut，要变：plans that are to cut4 原本是低层级句（比主句级别低）改为用and、but连接改变句意。
5 and，but等转折、并列词不可轻易去掉。
6 同位语修饰紧邻名词的时候，也要注意是否make sense，同37 限定修饰词一般放在verb之后，eg surpassed only by sth8 注意Ving前面（或者说句子中）时间限定词影响，保证一致Eg now drawing XXXXX9 called XXX 修饰某人某物，紧跟noun修饰最好，不要用非限制。
10 不能随便增加语气词，例如should2 Concision1 it is…. that 与there be…..that 一样，一般是wordy的象征2 注意隐藏的redundant。
Eg rice production与harvest是同义表述。
3 one’s doing 即所有格+gerund 都是awkward典型，但是当出现在插入语中，需要简洁表述时，有可能是对的4 注意that从句中的it，还有直接SVO中it的指代，可能和that、S造成redundant5 recommend与should不能同时出现(命令虚拟)6 for doing;of doing大多数都是wordy的7 自己的看法：sth that are(is) XX 劣于adj sth 劣于用to连接（）access to waterEg water that is accessed ＜accessed water ＜access to water8 V AN模式 1 verb ＞adjective（or adverb）＞Noun2 that 通常比with好9 OG 57：that 放句首没有用形式主语it代替好；to be形式尽量用直接的is am are 代替；the fact 不能随意添加，有特例（by the fact that平行结构）注意：GMAT中的错误省略1 除了of 连接介词可以改：a wall of stone 变成a stone wall其他介词不可以省略：the women of china 不可以the china women2 time/quantit/measurement都要of3 reporting verb之后的that不能省，除了say(said)3 S-V agreement单数主语+verbs 复数主语+verb1 and与additive phrase 例如：as well as, along with.And使主语成为混合主语+ 复数；而as well as 不改变主语Eg Joe,as well as Tim, is still bla bla bla.2 either or；neither nor都存在时，单复数由距离verb最近的词决定只有either或neither出现，一定用singular.3 集合名词基本全用singular4 SANAM some any none all more/most 由后面单词决定Eg some of the money was……..Some of the documents were………..5 each、every在subject之前用单数，subject之后看情况eg They each are bla bla bla …..6 数量词：the number of/a number ofOf引导介短由名词决定eg half of the pie is ; half of the slices are…Majority/minority Eg the majority of XX are …The majority has ……4 parallelism1 一些词例如：was ving/can lose/ to increase 要求在平行结构中自动省略这些词2 大多数句子平行要求相同引导词，也有特例，待补充。
GMAT学习方法总结
GMAT学习方法总结一. gmat前期预备：考生在这时期时刻要去进修以下几个gmat常识点，为中期的gmat专项冲破做预备。
1)og + manhattan(逻辑和语法)一至两周看完上面的书单，og做完语文+数学;manhattan只看逻辑和语法，同时不要做题。
①og语法：起重要细心领会og中语法一致，逻辑清晰，说话简洁和有效表达的方法。
语法方面，依照谜底中的缺点类型(即谜底中的黑体字如:agreement, parallelism)进行分类并深刻明白得每一个缺点类型的概念。
记住一点，前面的所有试题只是谜底中缺点类型概念的说明，让考生能够或许更清晰那个概念的例子。
是以，建议大年夜家不要在乎试题对错成果若何，过分纠结无异于白费时刻;而是欲望大年夜家能够或许把每个缺点类型的概念应用到每一个例题中去并深刻明白得。
②og逻辑：思路指导：经由过程对每到标题标深刻明白得。
把握住逻辑标题里面的逻辑链条，明白假设题和减弱题，加强题，结论题到底指的是什么。
og给gmat的逻辑题进行分类和对题型进行讲解。
③og扫瞄：思路指导：1. 经由过程对og文章的梳理，把握出gmat文章的逻辑框架和主题思路。
2. 明白得gmat的标题若何解答，把握住每种提示的解题方法。
④曼哈顿语法：国外机构一套专门不错的教材。
赞助大年夜家从西方人的思维角度精确熟悉gmat测验。
所设计的常识点专门的体系化。
语法从gmac的角度(语法，语义，精确度，简洁等角度展开，从每一个语法的常识点拓展)⑤曼哈顿逻辑：逻辑从对全然概念和语义确信入手。
是一本相当不错的逻辑书，赞助大年夜家明白得基来源差不多理和概念常识点。
是一本相当不错合营og看的逻辑参考书。
2)gmat数学og建议大年夜家把gmat数学卖力做一遍。
做完一道标题要达到两层后果：①这套标题我用什么样的数学公式解决②这套标题我是用什么数学思惟来说明的3)经济学人天天保持读1小时的文章。
多看严谨的文章赞助明白得和更好的进修gmat语法和gmat扫瞄。
Manhattan语法重点摘录+附录分析+难点
Manhattan 语法重点摘录+附录分析+难点语法题重点摘录第一章、概要...................................................................... ............................................. 2 第二章、语法和含义 ..................................................................... ................................... 3 第三章、主谓搭配 ..................................................................... . (5)第四章、平行 ..................................................................... ............................................ 8 第五章、代词 ..................................................................... ........................................... 11 第六章、修饰 ..................................................................... ...........................................13 第七章、动词的时态、语气和表达 ..................................................................... ...........20 第八章、比较...................................................................... ............................................26 第十章、零碎知识 ..................................................................... (27)1)ConnectingWords .................................................................. (27)2)connectingpunctuation ............................................................ . (28)3)Quantity ......................................................... .....................................................29 第十一章、简洁，主谓，平行(高阶) .................................................................... .. (30)第十二章、介词和修饰(高阶)..................................................................... .................35 第十三章、动词与比较(高阶) .................................................................... . (40)感谢CD为我提供了这么多的资源，也希望这篇精简能帮到更多的为梦想奋斗的CDer。
manhattan语法笔记
Manhattan语法笔记By SheilaChapter 1 Sentence correction Basics Understand the Sentence, Then Split the Answer 理解句意后，给选项分类1.读原句，完全理解句子(discrepancy; leap out)2.垂直浏览选项以分类(split; local; totally)3.选择一个容易的类别开始(ideally; herring)4.在第一类别中作出决定(resolve)5.写下ABCDE，删掉你排除的选项(bullet)6.重新分类剩下的选项，直到只剩下一个answer为止7.把选项放入原句中看是否正确(aversion)Put Your Answer Back In 把答案放入检查GMAT总是把重要的单词放在离划线部分很远的地方。
Chapter 2 Grammar & MeaningGrammar: 句子坚持的标准书面英语规则Meaning: 正确的答案能够解决原句中模棱两可的意思，但不应该改变作想要表达的意思Meaning: Choose Your Words 选择合适的单词1.Cousin words and expressions:economic (monetary) economical (thrifty; efficient)aggravate (worsen) aggravating (irritating)known as (named) known to be (acknowledge as)loss of (no longer in possession of) loss in (decline in value)mandate (command) have a mandate (have authority form voters) native of (person from) native to (species that originated in)range of (variety of) ranging (varying)rate of (speed or frequency of) rates for (prices for)rise (general increase) raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English) try to do (seek to accomplish) try doing(experiment with)2. Helping Verbs:注意情态动词！只交换情态动词就会改变句子意思。
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)目录Subject-verb agreement (7)Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7)Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8)Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9)Additive phrases (9)Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9Collective nouns: almost alwayssingular (9)Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9SANAMM words: some; any; none; all;more; most; (9)Each and every (9)Quantity words and phrases (9)Subject phrases and clauses: alwayssingular (10)Parallelism (10)Parallel markers (10)Parallel elements (11)You can split apart the expressions:.. 12Parallel clauses should start with thesame word (12)Lists with AND (13)Idioms with parallel structure (13)Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13)Watch out for linking verbs (14)Treat any linking verb as a parallelmarket. (14)And they have to make sense (15)Pronoun (15)Antecedent must exist: as a noun (15)Antecedent and pronoun must make sense together (15)The antecedent must be unambiguous (16)The antecedent and pronoun must agree in number (16)Pronoun case (16)Watch out for parallelism (16)’s is often poor antecedent (17)The deadly five: it, its, they, them, their (17)This, that, these, and those (18)Adjectives: (18)New copy (18)Agree in number with previous version (18)This, these, that, and those cannot beused as nouns. (18)Modifiers (19)Adjectives and adverbs (19)Adjective + adjective + noun (19)Adverb + adjective + noun (19)Noun modifiers (20)Misplaced modifier (21)Dangling modifier (21)Modifiers have to make sense (22)Noun modifiers with relative clause.. 22Essential vs. non-essential nounmodifiers (23)Verb modifiers (23)Verb tense, mood and voice (25)Tense (25)Simple tense (25)Progressive tense (25)Keep verb tense consistent (25)Present perfect: still in effect (26)Past perfect: the earlier action (26)Tense sequence (27)The subjunctive mood (28)Hypothetical subjunctive (28)If...then constructions (28)The command subjunctive (29)Active voice vs. passive voice (31)Comparisons (32)Keeping comparisons parallel (32)Comparisons must be logically parallel (32)Comparisons must be structurallyparallel (33)Omitted words (33)Comparative and superlative forms (34)Idioms (35)Odds and ends (55)Connecting words (55)Connecting punctuation (57)Comma (57)Semicolon (58)Colon (59)Dash (59)Quantity (60)Advanced strategy: GMC/S-V/PARALLELISM (61)Concision: specific patterns of wordiness (61)Pattern 1: prefer a verb to an actionnoun (61)Pattern 2: prefer a That-clause (withverbs) to a series of phrases (withnouns) (63)Pattern 3: prefer a verb to an adjective. (63)Pattern 4: prefer an adjective to anoun (64)Pattern 5: prefer an adverb to aprepositional phrase (65)Pattern 6: prefer an adjective to anadjective clause with be (65)Pattern 7: r emove IT IS...THAT (66)Concision: don’t make it too short (66)Pattern1: keep the prepositionalphrase if you need to (66)Pattern2: keep THAT OFor THESEOF if you need to (68)Pattern 3: keep THAT after areporting verb (68)Parallelism: concrete nouns and action nouns (69)Infinitives (71)Adjectives and participles: (71)Advanced strategy: pronouns and modifiers (72)Other pronouns (72)There (72)Itself, themselves: (73)DO SO versus DO IT (73)Placeholder IT (73)1. Postpone infinitive subjects (73)2. Postpone That-clause subjects (74)3. Postpone infinitive or That-clauseobjects (74)Nuances of pronoun reference: (74)Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Role (75)1. Mission Critical modifier (75)2. A very short predicate falls between,shifting a very long modifier back (75)3. A short non-essential phraseintervenes and is set off by comas. (76)4. The modifier is part of a seriesparallel modifiers, one of whichtouches the noun. (76)Possessive Nuances (76)Subgroup modifiers (77)More on relative clauses vs. participles (77)Absolute phrases (78)Advanced strategy: Verbs & comparisons (80)Helping verbs: BE, DO and HA VE (80)Infinitives (82)Gerunds (83)Participles (84)When to use which word (85)More on LIKE and AS (86)Numbers in comparisons (88)Other comparison constructions (89)Subject-verb agreementFragment: Subject and verb must both exist.Missing of working verb: The electron named in 1894.Connecting word and no main clause: Because the dog was never mine/ Which will be approvedtomorrow.Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together.Wrong: The proliferation of computer games designed to involve many players at once were first developed before the widespread availability of high-speed internet connections. Right: Computer games designed to involve many players at once have proliferated; such games were first developed before the wide spread availability of high-speed internet connections.Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in numberAdditive phrasesOr, either…or, neither…nor: nearestCollective nouns: almost always singularIndefinite pronouns: usually singularSANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most;Some of the money was stolen from my wallet; Some of the papers were stolen from the bank. 另外如同majority minority plurality 等词也是要看情况的Each and everyEvery dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.They each are great tennis players.Quantity words and phrasesA number ofThe number ofSubject phrases and clauses: always singularHaving good friends is a wonderful thing. Whatever they want to do is fine with me.ParallelismParall el markersMarkers StructuresAnd X and YX, Y and ZBoth/and Both X and YOr X or YEither/or Either X or YNot/but Not X but YNot only/but also Not only X but also YRather than X rather thanYFrom/to From X to YParall el el ementsElements ExamplesNouns Her expressionreflected both angerand relief.Adjectives The park was neitheraccessible noraffordable.We collected bothsecond and third-gradebooks.Verbs The custodian cleanedthe basement andwashed the windows. Infinitives We would like not onlyto hear your side of thestory but also toprovide a response. Participles The actor left quickly,shunning fans andPrepositional It was important toleave the money in thedrawer rather than onthe table. Subordinate clauses They contended thatthe committee wasbiased and that itshould be disbanded. You can split apart the expressions:The division was opening offices, hiring staff and investing in equipment.The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems.They wanted to increase awareness, spark interest, and motivate purchases.Parallel clauses should start with the same wordWrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and that has low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where the taxes are low.Wrong: Ralph likes both those who are popular and who are not.Right: Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not.Lists with ANDBe careful as you tally items:Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life and property and reckless abandon and it should therefore be shut down.Right : She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon and with disregard for human life and property and that is should therefore be shut down.Idioms with parall el structureSuperficial parallelism vs. actual parall elismWrong: Sal applied himself in his new job,arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, and left late every night.Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.Watch out for linking verbsTo BE Other linking verbsAre Become SmellWas Feel SoundWere Grow StayAm Look TasteBeen Remain TurnBe RepresentBeing ResembleTreat any linking verb as a parallel market.Wrong: The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love.And they have to make sense.Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.Right: The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.PronounsAnteced ent must exist: as a nounWrong: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to it.Right: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.Anteced ent and pronoun must make sense together Wrong: Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.Right: Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.The anteced ent must be unambiguousWrong: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron.Right: researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give these materials the strength of cast iron.The anteced ent and pronoun must agree in number Pronoun caseWatch out for parallelismSupernovas destroy their immediateenvironments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.’s is often poor antecedentWrong: The board is investigating several executives’compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to them.Here THEM refers to “packages”, so it is wrong. Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much these executives may have been awarded.The d eadly five: it, its, they, them, theirWrong: Whenever a student comes, take down their information.Right: Whenever a student comes, take down his or her information.Right: Whenever students come, take downtheir information.This, that, these, and thoseAdjectives:New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.New copyThe money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to by.Agree in number with previous versionWrong: Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.This, these, that, and those cannot be used as nouns.Wrong: Her products are unusual; manyconsider these unique.Right: Her products are unusual; many consider them unique.ModifiersAdjectives and adverbsAdjective + adjective + nounBoth adjectives modify the noun.Wrong: James Joyce is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.Adverb + adjective + nounThe adverb modifies the adjective.Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.Right: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.Noun modifiersType Position ExampleAdjective BeforenounAfternoun The lazy cat took a nap. The cat, lazy from overeating, took a napPropositi on BeforenounAfternounOn the couch, the cattook a nap.The cat on the couchtook a nap.Past participle BeforenounAfternounThe tired cat took anap.Tires from chasingmice, the cat took a nap.Present participle without commas BeforenounAfternounThe sleeping cat took anap.The cat sleeping on thecouch is named “Sue”.Relative pronoun AfternounThe grey cat, whichloves tuna, took a nap.The cat that lives nextAnother noun BeforenounAfternounA lover of mice, my cathunts night and day.The cat, a tabby raisedon a farm, took a nap.Misplaced modifierWrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.Dangling modifierWrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.Right: Resigned to the bad news, the officeworkers make no commotion.Also true for verb modifiers:Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was indentified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer indentified the problem.Modifiers have to make sense.Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place. Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago- has developed into a true art form only in the past century.Noun modifiers with relative clauseThat or whom can be dropped when acting as the objectiveThe security guard we met was nice.The movie we watched last Friday was scary.“Where” cannot be used to modify a metaphorical placeSuch as condition, situation, case, circumstance, or arrangementWrong: We had an arrangement where he cooked and I cleaned.Right: We had an arrangement in which he cooked and I cleaned.Essential vs. non-essential noun modifiersVerb modifiersType PositionExampleAdverb BeforeverbAfterverb Frequently, I walk to the store.I frequently walk to the store.I walk frequently to the store.Preposition Beforeverb On Mondays, I walk to the storeAfter verbI walk to the store on Mondays.SubordinatorBefore verb After verbWhenmycarisbroken, I walk to the store.I walk to the store when mycarisbroken.Some modifiers can modify both the subject and the verb. Type Positio nExample Present participle with comasBefore verbAfter verbWhistling “Beat it ”, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight, whistling“Beat it ”. Preposition + simple gerund Before verbAfter verbBy concentration, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight by concentration.Verb tense, mood and voiceTenseSimple tenseSimple present tense is often used to express “eternal” states or frequent events.Use simple present to define general definitions.Use simple present with state verbs such as KNOW and SIGNIFYProgressive tenseKeep verb tense consistentIf you want to switch tense, make it clear: Right: He is thinner now because he spent thelast six months on a strict diet.Present perfect: still in effectPresent perfect indicated either continued action or continued effect of a completed action. Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean erased it.Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.Awkward: The child has drawn a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.If you want to talk about a specific, completed time period, use the simple past:Wrong: Veronica has traveled all over the world in 2007.Right: Veronica travelled all over the world in 2007.Past perfect: the earlier actionYou should use past perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequence of past events.If the sequence is already obvious, we do not need to use past perfect.Right: Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream.When you see BEFORE Or AFTER, don’t use the past perfect.Right: Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.Tense sequenceScientist: The supercollider is ready, it did not cost too much, and it will provide new insights into the working of the universe.Report: The scientist announced that the supercollider was ready, that it had not cost too much, and that it would provide new insights into the workings of the universe.Avoid mixing present tense with conditionaltense:Right: The scientist believes that the machine will be wonderful.Right: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believes that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believed that the machine will be wonderful.The subjunctive moodHypothetical subjunctiveIf…then constructionsType Form ExampleGeneral rule with no uncertainty If present,then presentIf Sophie eatspizza, then shebecomes ill.General rule with some uncertainty If present,then CAN orMAYIf Sophie eatspizza, then shemay become ill.Particular case (in the future) with no uncertainty If present,then futureIf Sophie eatspizza tomorrow,then she willbecome ill.Unlikely case (in the future) Ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,thenconditionalIf Sophie atepizza tomorrow,then she wouldbecome ill.Case that never happened (in the past) If pastperfect, thenconditionalperfectIf Sophie hadeaten pizzayesterday, thenshe would havebecome ill.The command subjunctiveBossy verb + that + subject + command subjunctiveWrong: We propose the school board disband. Wrong: We propose that the school boardshould disband. Type WordExample Verbs that take only the command subjunctiveDemand,dictate, insist, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggestWe demand thathebehere.Verbs that take only infinitiveAdvise, allow, forbid, persuade, wantWe allow him to be here.Verbs that take either formAsk,beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require Werequire thathebehere.We require him to be here.Nouns that take the command subjunctiveDemand, requestHisdemandthat he be paid full severance was not met.take the command subjunctive crucial,desirable,fitting,imperative,important,mandatory,preferable,urgent, vitalthat Gary beready beforesoon.Avoid the use of the command subjunctive after WHETHER.Wrong: I like ice cream, whether it be chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Right: I like ice cream, whether it is chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Active voice vs. passive voiceDo not use verbs besides BE to form the passive voice.Wrong: the pizza must got eaten today.ComparisonsComparison signalsLike AsUnlike As (adj.) asMore than As much asLess than As little asFaster than As fast asDifferent from The same asIn contrast to/withKeeping comparisons parall elComparisons must be logically parallelWrong: Frank’s build, like his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like his brother’s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank, like his brother, has a broad and muscular build.Comparisons must be structurally parallelWrong: I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.Right: I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.Omitted wordsPut in the omitted words or appropriate helping verbs only if you need to remove ambiguity. Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than he dose donuts.Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than Yvette does.Ambiguous: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend is.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than in his girlfriend.GMAT occasionally allows unnecessary Helping verbs.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels are.Comparative and superlative formsDo not compare an adverb that ends in –ly by changing the ending to –er.Wrong: Adrian runs quickly. He runs quicker than Jacob.Right: Adrian runs quickly. He runs more quickly than Jacob.However, some adverbs that do not end in –ly are made into comparatives by adding –er. Right: Adrian runs fast. He runs faster thanJacob.Do not use a comparative adjective unless you have a THAN in the sentence.Wrong: With winter coming, I will have higher energy bills.Wrong: I will have higher bills over last year. Right: I will have higher bills than last year.IdiomsImportant idiom listActThe bay acted as a funnel for the ride. (function as)My friend acted like a fool. (behave)AgreeThey agree that electrons exist.Electrons are particles that physicists agree exist.AidShe aids her neighbor.She provides aid to victims.Aid for victims is available.Her aid in walking the dog is appreciated.AimWe adopted new procedures aimed at reducing theft.We adopted new procedures with the aim of reducing theft.Aim to do 错误！AnxietyHis anxiety about his company’s future is ill-founded.His anxiety that his company may be sold is ill-founded.AppearImperfections appear as tiny cracks (show up as)He appears confused (seems)The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.It appears that the dinosaurs were smart.AsAs I walked, I became more nervous.(during) As I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (because, since)As we did last year, we will win this year. ( in the same way)As the president of the company, she worked hard.(in the role of )As a child, I delivered newspapers. (in the stage of)My first job was an apprenticeship as a sketch artist.As part of the arrangement, he received severance.As…as…Cheese is not as great as people say.We have three times as many pears as you.His knowledge springs not so much from experience as from schooling.AskI asked for her aid.He asked her to go to the store.He asked that she go to the store.AwareAware of the danger, he fled.Aware that danger was near, he fled.With an aware that/of….错误！BanThey passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.They passed a ban that…错误！BeginThe movement began as a protest. (was born as) The movement began with a protest. (protest was the first part)The protest began a movement. (caused)BelieveShe believes that Gary is right.She believes Gary to be right.It is believed that Gary is right.Gary is believed to be right.BordersWithin the borders of a countryIn/inside the borders….错误！ButI study hard but take breaks.I study hard, but I take breaks.ChanceI have one chance in a thousand of winningtonight.ClaimThey claim that they can read minds.They claim to be able to read minds.Compared/comparisonIn comparison to/with horses, zebras are vicious.A zebra can be compared to a horse in many ways.Compared with a horse, a zebra is very hard to tame.ConfidenceWe have confidence that the market will recover.ConceiveHe conceives of architecture as a dialog. Conceive of sth. to be…. 错误！ConsiderI consider her a friend.I consider her intelligent.I consider illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.The law is considered illegal.ContendThey contend that they can decipher the code.ContinueThe danger will continue to grow.The danger will continue its growth.错误！CostPollution cost us billions in increased medical bills.CreateYou will create a team to lead the discussion.CreditHugo credits sally with good taste.Sally is credited with good taste.DangerWe are in danger of forgetting the past.DateThey dated the artifact at three centuries old. Dated to be 错误！DeclareI declared the election a fraud/ invalid.I declared invalid the referendum that the new regime imposed.DependThe outcome depends on whether he can make friends.DesignThe window is designed to open.DevelopThe executive developed her idea into a project. The idea developed into a project.DifferenceThere is a difference in ability between us. There is a difference between what you can do and what I can do.There are differences in what you and I can do.DisinclinedShe is disinclined to write to her parents.Distinguish/distinctionThe investor distinguished between trends and fads.There is a distinction between trends and fads.DoubtWe do not doubt that the apples are ripe.We have no doubt that the apples are ripe.She doubts whether Jan will arrive on time.ElectShe elected to withdraw her money early.EnoughThe book was short enough (for me) to read in a night.EnsureHe ensures that deadlines are metEquippedThey are equipped to fight on any terrain.EvenI am even richer than a king.I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.ExpectWe expect the price to fall.The price is expected to fall.We expect that the price will fall.It is expected that the price will fall.There is an expectation that the price will fall.ExpendWe expend energy on neighborhood development.ExtentWe enjoyed the film to some extent. “Thumbs part up”is the extent to which we enjoyed the film.FaultThe criminals are at the fault for breaking the law.ForbidThe law forbids any citizen to vote twice.GoalThe goal is to expand the company.He helps (to) rake the leaves.He helps me (to) rake the leaves.His help in raking the leaves has been welcome.HoldThe law holds that jaywalking is illegal.InsteadWe avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie.IntentI went with the intent to leave soon.I went with the intent/intention of leaving soon.KnowWe know her to be brilliant.She is known to be brilliant.We know him as Reggie.He is known as Reggie.Old gadgets are lacking in features.Old gadgets lack features.The lack of features is upsetting.LessLess than 10%Lower than 10% 错误！LikelyMy friend is likely to eat worm.It is likely that my friend will eat worm.My friend is more likely than my enemy to eat worms.My friend is twice as likely as my enemy to eat worms.More than likely, my friend will eat worms.LossI have suffered a loss of strength. (decline in quality)They have suffered a loss in the euro. (decline ininvestment)MandateThe general mandated that a trench be dug.MassThe truck has ten times the mass of a small car. The truck is ten times the mass of a small car. 错误！MeansMusic education is a means to improved cognition.A means of/for. 错误！NativeThe kangaroo is native to Australia.My friend is a native of Australia.Not…butShe did not eat mangoes but ate other kinds of fruit.A tomato is not a vegetable but a fruit.NumberThe number of dogs has fallen.Dogs have fallen in number.错误！OweHe owes money to government for back taxes.PrivilegeThe academy gave senior cadets dancing privileges.Worse: the academy gave senior cadets the privilege of dancing.PronounceShe pronounced the book a triumph.ProposeThey attorneys proposed that a settlement be reached.The attorneys proposed to meet for lunch.。
Manhattan阅读理解笔记
Manhattan 阅读理解笔记Chapter 1 做题原则阅读理解题目的逻辑：在GMAT考试当中，考生将会遇到4篇文章，每篇文章3—4道题，总共12-16道题。
题目或长或短，长的文章基本上在300个单词，包括3-5段；短的文章大概200-250单词，包含2-3段。
文章有些时候也会出现一个段落式的结构，文章长短的出现顺序不定。
问题每次出现一道题。
每篇文章的问题数量不确定，但是长文章很可能会比短文章出现的题目更多。
阅读理解的难度：内容广泛，GMAT考试不要求考生对相关专业知识了解，但是所给的阅读材料是给读过大学这样一个群体的人看的。
阅读理解材料来源于期刊、报纸，并且十分复杂。
考生必须通过电脑屏幕阅读跟平时的阅读习惯不同不能提前预知所有问题，因此也不能根据问题猜测文章的内容；考生必须在读懂文章的情况下做题阅读时间有限制，考生必须以每题1.75分钟的速度做题，这个时间包括阅读文章在内一篇文章会重复考多道题，必须坚持做完，不能放弃。
阅读理解题目所占的比重比较大，必须认真对待阅读理解题目的两个极端和一个均衡方法信息导向，忽略不重要信息直接寻找跟题目相关的信息的做题方法，这种方法节省时间，但是犯错的概率也大。
细节导向，仔细阅读文章的每一个细节，不遗漏任何信息的方法，这种方法虽然能够理解文章透彻，但是浪费了大量时间。
平衡这两个极端的方法是，大局观阅读者（big picture reader）。
在做题之前，先阅读文章熟悉文章结构，段落的开始很慢，牢牢抓住主要信息。
但是在段落结束时，速度变快，忽略一些次要信息。
主动阅读和有效阅读。
这样一种阅读方法能够避免在看完文章之后觉得是浪费时间，掌握这样一种方法的7个原则：✧融入到文章中去，带有个人感情投入到阅读当中。
假装自己对这则材料很感兴趣，积极面对材料，能够增加知识。
识别出材料中的正面的内容还是负面的内容，使自己能够全身心的投入到相关问题中去。
不要觉得文章很让你害怕。
✧找出文章主旨，一般都在段落前面。
GMAT语法全总结
GMAT 个人语法笔记说明本笔记全面覆盖PREP2008 所有知识点，Manhattan 所有语法点，新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点，管卫东语法点以及平时真题时遇到的语法点，有很强的覆盖性！编撰此笔记旨在方便各位CDer在需要时查询各个知识点并快速定位到相应解释！时间紧迫的复习者也可直接看此笔记作为复习！需要提醒各位，GMAC最近加大了逻辑和语义的考察力度，在做题中一定要加强逻辑和语义的判断！语法只能作为提速和初步判断的工具！切记！感谢Chasedream和各位大牛的鼎力支持！制作时间：2011年9月18日Like 用法总结一． Like 用法三原则原则一：like比较的是名词和名词。
要找准比较对象。
原则二：Just like 是wordy, like就可以了。
Like**, **also 也是redundant。
原则三：要把like的句子改写成as（连词）引导的从句的话，要补上从句的谓语动词（或助动词），并且该动词和主句的动词应该没有逻辑上的矛盾。
二. Like九条及例题woodorstone总结得挺好。
我自己也总结了9条，改了改发出来，一家之言，仅供参考。
例子太长，没贴，可根据文中题号，到大全987和og里找到。
1. as作连词，like作介词时，才可表示”象...一样”2. like 和 as 的优缺点like优点是，直接接名词，简洁，比as灵活，象得没as那么象。
但有时太灵活以至导致歧义(e.g.,og060.A)。
相比之下as的优点是准确，缺点是过于死板，以致于有时导致逻辑上不通。
（e.g.,og119.C)3. like 常用于比较名词，作独立成分，大部分时候出现在句首。
(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语 (looks like, reads like (e.g.,大全568))，或普通状语（说普通是区分独立成分）(v.+like+n.,e.g., og119)。
牛津译林版八年级下册8BUnit3知识梳理
八年级下册8BUnit3知识梳理知识点一 Comic-Reading 部分单词短语讲解【知识梳理】1. Have you used this before, Eddie? (P34) 艾迪，你之前使用过这个吗？What do you usually use your computer for? (P35) 你通常用电脑做什么？I usually use it to search for information. (P35) 我通常用它寻找信息。
How often do you use your computer for this? (P35) 你用电脑做这个多久一次？use用法use /ju:z/ v. 使用 adj. useless（无用的）; useful（有用的）常见的词组有：① use sth. to do sth 使用某物做某事e.g.: People use knives to cut things.② use sth for sth. 为了…使用…e.g.: He uses the Pad for fun.③ used to do sth. （用于过去持续或经常发生的事）曾经e.g.: There used to be a factory here.He used to go home before 8 o’clock.④ be/ get used to sth/ doing sth. 习惯于某事/做某事e.g.: I have been in Nanjing for 8 years, and I am used to the life and climate here.She is now getting used to going home for dinner.⑤be used to do sth 被用来做……e.g.: Computers can be used to do a lot of work.2.It looks like a TV. （P34）It looks like a bird.— What does your brother look like?你哥哥什么样子？— He is tall and thin.同义句转换：What does sb look like? （外貌）=How does sb look? （外貌）=What is sb like? （品质或外貌）What does sb like？（喜好）3. agree vi. 同意, 赞成（P34）agree with sb. 同意某人的意见e.g. I don’t agree with you.agree to do sth.同意做某事agreement n.同意 reach the agreement 达成共识4. What do you usually use the computer for? （P35）该句中的What ... for? 是个固定句型, 意为“做……是为了什么?”, 其中for是介词, 表目的。
高二英语Old and New语法要点归纳
高二英语Old and New语法要点归纳dule 6 Old and New词汇、句子、语法要点归纳一、重难点单词1．civil adj. 民用的，国内的 civil明社会 keep a civil tongue 说文明话 a civil code 民法典a civil case (suit) 民事案件（诉讼）2．dam n. 坝，堤，水闸 Three Gorges Dam 三峡大坝3．hydro-electric adj. 水力发电的 a hydroelectric (power) station 水电站4．reservoir n. 水库 a storing reservoir 贮水池voir of a fountain pen 自来水笔的胆5．structure n. 建筑，结构 soil structure 土壤结构、uctu社会结构a magarble structure 宏伟的大理石建筑物6．terminal n. 终点站，候机厅 a terminal station 终点站a terminal examination 大考，学期考试 a contaal 集装箱码头7．date vi. 始于（某一历史时期）His decline dalast summer. 他身体的衰弱是从去年夏天开始的。
This church dates ba这座教堂早在1173年就建成了。
8．accommodate vt. 容纳（乘客等）This university auditorium can accommodate ovusand people.这座大学礼堂能容纳三千余人。
a table to accommodate ten dinners 可坐10人的餐桌a well accommodated hotel 设施完善的旅馆9．constru建造，建设，建筑be unduction 正在建造中 a bridguction 新近建成的桥10．relic n. （历史的）遗迹；遗物 relics of an a古城遗迹unearthed cultural relHan Dynasty 出土的汉代文物．场所，遗址a constru工地 a suitabla factory 适于造工厂的地点a nuclea核试验场an a古城遗址12．generate vt. 发（电）generate el发电 genera导致不满13．harness vt. 利用，将（自然力）变成动力harness aa carriage 把马套在车上 harness a river 治河halimitless powun 利用无穷尽的太阳能14．al adj. 历史的，有关历史的 aal event 历史事al materialism 历史唯物主义 aal personage 历史人物15．narrow adj. 狭窄的 in a narrow sense 在狭义上 a narrow majority 勉强的多数move in a narrow circlds 生活在狭小的朋友圈子中have a narrow escape 死里逃生 a narrow精密的检查16．submerge vt. 浸入水中，淹没 The flood submerged the town. 洪水淹没了市镇。
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版 Ver.2
三、主语与谓语 每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。 EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句 （二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles) （三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分 EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和 表示连接的词 1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。 2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）连接不 同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。 3. 一些表示学科的词 （physics, mathematics） 、 一些活动 （aerobics） 和一些疾病 （diabetes） 虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。
HSK三级语法精讲中泰文版
5．用“着”表示动作（状态）的持续
• 外面下着雨。 • 我听着歌。
七、助动词ช่วยกริยา
• • • • 会 能 可以 要จะต้อง 我会做饭。 你什么时候能来？ 现在你可以走了。 我要学游泳。
• • • •
可能 应该 愿意 敢
明天可能下雨。 我们应该在周末开个会。 你愿意和我结婚吗？ 你敢骑马吗？
• （1）的 “的”字短语กลุ่มคา
• • • • • • 我的电脑 书是哥哥的。 那个杯子是我的。 这件衣服是最便宜的。 我买了一些吃的。 那边打电话的是我丈夫。
• 请 • 别 • 不要 请坐。 别说话。 不要吃太多。
十四、感叹句ประโยคอุทาน
• 太 • 真 太好了！ 真干净！
• 多么（多） ช่าง„เสียนี่กระไร； เพียงไร 他跑得多快啊！ • 极了 好极了！
十五、特殊พิเศษ句型
• • • • • • 1．“是”字句 2．“有”字句 3．“是……的”句 强调เน้น时间 强调地点 强调方式 รูปแบบ 的。 他是我的同学。 一年有12 个月。 我是昨天来的。 这是在火车站买的。 他是坐飞机来
表示动作正在进行
2．用“正在”
表示动作正在进行
• 他们正在打篮球。 • 我正在看书。 • 妈妈正在吃饭。
3．用“了”/“过”
• • • • 他买了一斤苹果。 我写了作业。 我看过这个电影。 哥哥去过北京
表示动作已经完成
4．用“要……了”表示动作（变化）将要发生
• 火车要开了 • 飞机要起飞了 • 我要去学校了
• • • •
才 一直 总是 马上
他晚上11 点才下班。 他的成绩一直很好。 她总是很忙。 请安静，节目马上开始。
GMATSCManhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
目录Subject-verb agreement ............................ 错误!未定义书签。
Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist........................... 错误!未定义书签。
Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together. ............... 错误!未定义书签。
Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number . 错误!未定义书签。
Additive phrases................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
Or, either…or, neither…nor: ne arest................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Collective nouns: almost always singular ......................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Indefinite pronouns: usually singular................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; ...................... 错误!未定义书签。
Each and every.................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
曼哈顿语法中文
Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记－by equalgirl目录一总原则二意思与简洁三主语与谓语(主谓一致)四平行五代词六修饰语七动词（时态，语气，主被动）八比较九习语十简洁＋平行（高阶）十一代词＋修饰语（高阶）十二动词＋比较（高阶）附：固定搭配词组一、SC 的做题方法与原则1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。
2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。
要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。
看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。
从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。
最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。
要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。
3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。
在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。
4．GMC 原则(grammar, meaning and concision):主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁(GMC原则语法，语义，简洁)GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）（一）意思1．正确用词①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的②Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的③Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于⑦Range of –多种的；ranging-变化⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑾Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫2．情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。
译林版英语八下_Unit 3 单元语法梳理和知识点梳理
Unit3 Online tours 单元语法讲解与训练一般过去时和现在完成时的区别一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作，但是在具体的语境中，这两种时态有明显的区别：1、一般过去时只表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，和现在无关，说话的侧重点在陈述一件过去发生的事情。
它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2012 等。
汉译英时可加“过”、“了”等词。
简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。
例：(1)I read the novel last month．我上个月看了这本小说。
（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）(2) Tom visited China in 2009. Tom于2010年到过中国。
（只说明来过，对现在没有造成影响）2、现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，通常和表示频度的副词或者表示一段时间的状语连用，如：many times, never, these days, already, since…,for…,so far 等。
汉译英时可加“已经”等词。
简言之，利用过去，说明现在。
例：(1)I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer．我已经读过了由世界著名作家写的小说。
（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）(2)I have been to HK many times .(去过香港许多次所以对香港很了解)阶梯训练一、用所给动词的适当时态填空。
1.The old man ________(sit) down and began to read his newspaper.2. My father is a good teacher , he _______(love) all of his students.3. The man ________(leave) the mall just now.4. The Blacks ________(live) in the street for more than 20 years.5. 一Look! What _____ they _______(do) over there?一They ________(get) ready for the sports meeting.6. In the past few years there ____________(be) great changes in my hometown.7. Who ________(give) us a talk tomorrow?8. 一It’s dangerous to swim here. Look at the sign.一Oh, I _________(not notice) it. Thanks for telling me.9. 一I called you this morning, but nobody answered.一My mother and I ___________(grow) flowers in my garden at that time.10. 一Can you give me some information about Paris ?一Sorry , I _________(not travel) to Paris ,so I know nothing about it . Li Hua _________(go) there last month, you can ask her.11. Simon is lazy. He______often________(not do ) his homework carefully.12. There ______(be) a fashion show here in a week.13. 一Where is Simon ?一I hear he _________(go) to Qingdao for his holiday.一Oh, how nice ! Do you know when he ________(leave)?一Three days ago,14. 一Why are you still here ? It’s almost nine o’clock.一Because I ________(not finish) my work.15. 一Why didn’t Jim go shopping with us this afternoon?一He ________(wait) at the station for his cousin from Beijing.16. The old man _______(be) to China many times in the past 5 years.17. Peter _______(call)me if he gets home.18.Don’t make so much noise. The baby _________(sleep).st year I ________(pay) 200 yuan for the coat . That means I _________(have) the coat for a year.20. Daniel _______(come) to Nanjng three years ago. Now , he ________(make) lots of good friends.二、句型转换1、I have seen the film already。
雷哥GMAT网络课程之GMAT语法知识点with结构题目和用法总结
雷哥GMAT网络课程之GMAT语法知识点瓦利哥的素材真是惹人喜爱呢！！“素材告诉你：prep08 Sc1 190，prep08 Sc1 191，prep08 Sc1 220，prep08 Sc2 175，prep08 Sc2 191，prep08 Sc2 193，prep08 Sc2 205，prep08 Sc2 216，prep08 Sc2 220，prep08 Sc2 223，prep08 Sc2 227，prep07 Sc2 2”190. (26333-!-item-!-188;#058&001956) 错选了CThe thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.！A. some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charterB. some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written chartersC. some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written chartersD. with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charterE. with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter解析：D．& E．首先因为The……America不是完整句子，这里的with 结构必然不是独立主格而应该被理解为介宾短语，with的存在使得some并不是指代colonies，而是与colonies相关的东西，这就与题目要表达的意思不同（题目想表达的是“some…others…”作colonies的同位语）；D这里with并没有夹心修饰（即在“S. ,V+ing, V ”结构中，V+ing既可以修饰S.也可以修饰V.）的歧义，因为all/each和colonies是同一样东西，所以向前向后修饰逻辑上都一样（夹心修饰见prep 1-207补充说明）。
专题02名词性从句(原卷版)
专题02 名词性从句(期中重点语法)知识串讲一、名词性从句的分类（一）根据从句在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。
（二）根据引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：1.连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）2.连接代词：who, what, which, whose, whoever, whichever, whomever, whatever3.连接副词：where, when, why, how (how much, how long…), wherever, whenever, however二、各个连接词用法及意思。
注：whether与if：只有在及物动词后引导宾语从句，且不与or not 直接连用时，可以互换。
其余的主，宾，表，同位从句中都用whether.主语从句结构及用法在句子中担当主语的从句就叫做主语从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
通常结构为“引导词+ 主语+ 谓语+ 其他成分"。
一. 概念：在句子中担当主语的从句就叫做主语从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
主语从句使用陈述语序，其通常结构为“引导词+ 主语+ 谓语+ 其他成分", 但当连接代词同时充当从句主语时，其结构为“连接代词+ 谓语+ 其他成分”。
二. 引导词：引导主语从句的词有连词：that, whether, if；连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever；连接副词：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why。
1. 连词that, whether, if引导的主语从句that在主语从句中不作成分，没有意思，不能省略；whether和if虽不作句子的成分，但有“是否”的意思，且if引导的主语从句不能位于句首。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版my Manhattan(5号)笔记-daisy otwch1 sc basic1。
控制在60到75s2之间。
解决问题的步骤:理解原句，垂直阅读选项。
为消除分裂错误，把原查CH2语法法规放回只能用必须，不能用应该)(3)的选项和原查2的态度一致。
单词的位置:关注关键词(全部，仅)和句子整体顺序3。
词语搭配:主谓一致，逻辑一致。
讲道理三。
避免冗余:1。
在一个句子中，不要使用两个意思相同的词:上升-增加；总计；重新获得；启用-能够；尝试-尝试；非-相反；下降-减少；6-够了；包括其中；必须-要求及其同义词，然后-以后；所以-为了2。
注意存在和拥有。
虽然大多数都是错的，但GMAT在中通常会犯一些其他的错误，这使得这些选项稍微好一些。
(除了两种情况:1、介词++正在完成；2.持续被动语态正在完成)3。
注意过去式中修饰时间的词的重复；以前；在过去；以前现在；目前；目前；目前；每年:每年；每年；一年例:og12无人陪伴不是一个好的表达方式，意思不清楚；另一方面，一般用法是“增加某物”而不是“增加某物”。
简洁起见:1。
简洁是GMAT的最后一个测试点。
只有当语法和意义正确时，才能选择最简单的(不是排除规则)。
2.在GMAT语法问题中，如果一个单词的意思可以固定，不要使用短语，例如:different > have difference inch 3:主语-谓语一致1。
一个句子必须有主语和谓语；以连词开头的句子(因为，虽然)必须有主语句子2。
主谓逻辑是合理的。
主谓单复数一致GMAC。
隐藏主语的方法是在主语和谓语之间插入大量的单词(中短、介词和后置短语、从句和其他修饰语)跳过以上可以忽略的单词，找到句子结构(主谓结构)，当单复数1.and vs加法短语(1)连接几个不同的名词时，决定形成一个复数结构。
谓语动词应该是复数(2)虽然其他连接词(单独与、除、以及、与、包括)也表达-和/的意思，但它们连接不同的名词只是为了修饰，而不改变主语的单复数或影响谓语动词有些单词(物理、数学)、一些活动——有氧运动(有氧运动)和一些疾病——糖尿病(糖尿病)虽然以s结尾，但都是单数名词，谓语动词是单数注:有且只有-and/可以从单数主语转换为复数主语其他带连词的单数主语(如2所示)仍然是单数主语。
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by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
一、SC 的做题方法与原则 1、 不是找对的，而是选最好的。 2、 方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。 3、 做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子 中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。 4、 GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修 饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法 二、意思和简洁度 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： STEP 1、 首先看有无语法错误 STEP 2、 看意思表达是否准确 STEP 3、 是否简洁 （一） 意思 1、正确用词 ①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 ②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的 ③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known for ④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值 ⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权 ⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于 ⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格… ⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向 ⑩Such as –比如； like-好像 （举例只能用such as, 不能用like） ⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫 2、情态动词 （1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。 Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. （2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。 EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。 3、词在句中的位置 （1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。 EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays. （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。 （3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。 定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 4、搭配 句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。 （二） 简洁 § 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言 1
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
fleet, fruit, furniture （七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数 Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, whatever, whoever 但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据内容确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, part EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank. （八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用复数，复数之后用单数 EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. （九）量词 A number of +复数主语+复数谓语 The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语 Majority, minority, and plurality 根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数 （十）短语或者从句：用单数 注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数 EG: near those buildings sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 定语从句内结构最好不用倒装 OG 68： sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达 习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。 （十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看 EG: 1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. 3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes. Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended. Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes. 四、平行结构 （一）平行结构的标志词 And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to （二）平行元素 1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉 2.平行结构开始于同一个词 （三）AND：最重要，GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。 （四）一些常见的并列习语 A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y （五）系动词两边的成分要并列 3
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。 § GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于have difference in Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE INVESTMENTS in new technologies. Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies. 切忌冗余： 1、在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try; other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough; including-among； have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to 2、注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语 法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。 3、注意修饰时间的词 过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before 现在：now; currently; presently; at present; 每年的：annual; each year; a year EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么 的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth 三、主语与谓语 每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。 EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句 （二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles) （三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分 EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和 表示连接的词 1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。 2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）连接不 同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。 3. 一些表示学科的词 （physics, mathematics） 、 一些活动 （aerobics） 和一些疾病 （diabetes） 虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。 （五）either or, neither nor 1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数 EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach. 2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 （六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语 agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team，baggage, citrus, equipment, 2