曼哈顿语法笔记
GMAT Manhattan SC Note 曼哈顿SC笔记汇总
Chapter 3 Sentence Structure
Subject and verb must both exists, make sense together, and agree in number.
Compound subjects are always plural and must be connected by and. Lin and Guy drive to work. Lin, as well as Guy, drives to work.
command have authority from voters person from species that originated in variety of varying speed or frequency of prices for seek to accomplish experiment with
后续每天分析 3-5 题 SC： 1、重做一遍 2、先分析排除理由，再对照 OG 补充自己的分析 3、总结考点 4、制作 flash cards for clues/markers/grammar issues
Chapter 2 Grammar & Meaning
Focus your efforts on grammar and meaning.
Chapter 4 Modifiers
Adjective: Modify a noun Adverbial: Mofify anything else other than a noun
The semicolon is often followed by a transition expression, such as however/therefore/in addition. The semicolon connects two related independent clauses, but the second does not necessarily explain the first.
manhattan语法笔记
Manhattan语法笔记By SheilaChapter 1 Sentence correction Basics Understand the Sentence, Then Split the Answer 理解句意后，给选项分类1.读原句，完全理解句子(discrepancy; leap out)2.垂直浏览选项以分类(split; local; totally)3.选择一个容易的类别开始(ideally; herring)4.在第一类别中作出决定(resolve)5.写下ABCDE，删掉你排除的选项(bullet)6.重新分类剩下的选项，直到只剩下一个answer为止7.把选项放入原句中看是否正确(aversion)Put Your Answer Back In 把答案放入检查GMAT总是把重要的单词放在离划线部分很远的地方。
Chapter 2 Grammar & MeaningGrammar: 句子坚持的标准书面英语规则Meaning: 正确的答案能够解决原句中模棱两可的意思，但不应该改变作想要表达的意思Meaning: Choose Your Words 选择合适的单词1.Cousin words and expressions:economic (monetary) economical (thrifty; efficient)aggravate (worsen) aggravating (irritating)known as (named) known to be (acknowledge as)loss of (no longer in possession of) loss in (decline in value)mandate (command) have a mandate (have authority form voters) native of (person from) native to (species that originated in)range of (variety of) ranging (varying)rate of (speed or frequency of) rates for (prices for)rise (general increase) raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English) try to do (seek to accomplish) try doing(experiment with)2. Helping Verbs:注意情态动词！只交换情态动词就会改变句子意思。
曼哈顿 5 语法笔记
Chapter 1: Sentence Correction BasicsFollow these seven steps to be both efficient and effective on Sentence Correction:1.Read the original sentence carefully, and make sure that you understand it.(i.e. know the intended meaning)2. Scan the choices vertically for splits.3. Choose an easy split to start with.Most importantly, you need to be able to decide which way is right.~Does a grammatical rule make one way right and the others wrong?~Does one way match the intended meaning much better than the others?*In fact, an attractive split might just be a red herring. That is, the difference doesn't matter at all.4. Make your decision on the first split.6. Re-split the remaining choices, and eliminate until you have one answer left.(5&7...X useful to me)Chapter 2:Grammar & MeaningThese TWO principles are equally important:~Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English?~Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author's intended meaning?*Choose your word:Consider the following pairs of ―cousin‖ words and expressions, together with their distinct meanings.aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)loss of (no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)native of (person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)rate of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English)try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)Big changes in meaning can be accomplished with switches of little words. Pay attention to the precise meaning of every word in each answer choice. Certain Helping Verbs, such as may, will, must, and should, provide another way for the GMAT to test meaning.*Place your word*Match Your Words: Subject and verb should make sense together.*Avoid RedundancyAbout concision:It is true that the GMAT does not like to waste words. If an idea expressed in ten words can be expressed clearly and grammatically in six, the GMAT prefers six. However, this is apreference, not a rule.*Do not simply pick the shortest choice and move on. Quite frequently, the right answer will be a longer choice that is grammatically correct and that clearly reflects the author's intended meaning.Concision is a dangerous tool. The GMAT often makes the right answer less concise than an attractive wrong answer. Never consider concision except as a last resort—if you are down to two choices and you cannot make up your mind any other way.Chapter 3:Subject-Verb Agreement*Subject and Verb Must Both Exist*Subject and Verb Must Make Sense Together*Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number*Eliminate the Middlemen, and Skip the Warmup*Use Structure to Decide!!!!! A noun in a prepositional phrase cannot be the subject of the sentence*And vs. Additive PhrasesMathematics, in addition to history and science,IS a required subject.(由此可知mathematics是CN)*Or, Either…Or, & Neither…Nor！！find the noun nearest to the verb, and make sure that the verb agrees in number with this noun.(Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.)*Collective Nouns: Almost Always Singular （crowd, team, and army）*Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular （to do sth is xxxx。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s~75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1)注意一词多义Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known forLoss of –失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于Range of –多种的； ranging-变化Rate of –速度或频率； rates for –价格…Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做Impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to–require及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
GMAT语法笔记
GMAT语法笔记个人GMAT语法笔记,综合ManhattanSC及prep语法笔记主谓一致一.原则1.主谓必须同时存在连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的becae,if,when,although从句开头的句子，若从句后面没有逗号，一定错。
2.主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。
当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的★若不知道主语是否单复，就想是什么造成公司的上涨。
肯定是一件事。
所以是单数3.找到真正的主语---去掉介宾短语，从句及动词短语修饰词介宾短语（of,／forby,／in,／with／,at,／to,／on,／from后面的词不是主语可以忽略，所以要学会看到介词跳读。
）从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词4.不能确定的话，一般用单数谓语动词规律1.and连接几个不同的（单数）名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数2.就前原则的短语morethan;nolethan;beide;e某cept;3.就近原则：or,nor,either…or;neither…nor；not...but..(notthat…butratherthat…);notonly…butalo;（注意，只有either，neither做主语时，谓语动词用单数）5.模糊代词，谓语动词用单数：(-one,-thing)Anyone,anybody,anything,Noone,nobody,nothing,notoneEach,every(apronoun)Someone,omebody,omethingEveryone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoeverEither,neither(mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwithor/nor)6.以下代词的单复数由后面的名词决定：Someof,Anyof,None,Allof,More/Motof,nohalfof,majority,minority,pluralityof,theretof,分数/百分数Ifyouwanttoindicatethetotalityitelf,thenueaingularverbform.e.g.ThemajorityofthetudentinthiclaAREhardworker.个人GMAT语法笔记,综合ManhattanSC及prep语法笔记7.each/every做主语，单数：由each/every开头+任何名词（不论单复数）单数谓语EverydogandcatHASpaw.复数名词（代词）+each+复数谓语TheyeachAREgreattenniplayer9.agroupof/abodyof/anarrayof/aerieof/aetof/aportionof+复数名词，谓语动词用单数！10.atotalof,anaverageof+复数名词，复数vtheaverageof+复数名词，单数v10.一些表示学科的词（phyic,mathematic）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobic）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabete）虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数当tatitic做“统计数据”，economic做“经济政策”时，复数v；new谓语动词用单数pecie物种（单数）4.集合名词看做整体，谓语动词用单数：如果说一种动物比如cat（无冠词）。
GMATSCManhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
目录Subject-verb agreement ............................ 错误!未定义书签。
Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist........................... 错误!未定义书签。
Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together. ............... 错误!未定义书签。
Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number . 错误!未定义书签。
Additive phrases................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
Or, either…or, neither…nor: ne arest................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Collective nouns: almost always singular ......................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Indefinite pronouns: usually singular................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; ...................... 错误!未定义书签。
Each and every.................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
曼哈顿语法中文
Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记－by equalgirl目录一总原则二意思与简洁三主语与谓语(主谓一致)四平行五代词六修饰语七动词（时态，语气，主被动）八比较九习语十简洁＋平行（高阶）十一代词＋修饰语（高阶）十二动词＋比较（高阶）附：固定搭配词组一、SC 的做题方法与原则1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。
2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。
要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。
看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。
从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。
最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。
要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。
3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。
在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。
4．GMC 原则(grammar, meaning and concision):主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁(GMC原则语法，语义，简洁)GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）（一）意思1．正确用词①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的②Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的③Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于⑦Range of –多种的；ranging-变化⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑾Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫2．情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版.doc
My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s~75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split 排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1) 注意一词多义Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate- 加重，恶化；aggravating- 令人愤怒的Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be- 被承认⋯；known forLoss of –失去；loss in-贬值Mandate- 命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于Range of –多种的；ranging-变化Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格⋯Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise- （打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as –比如；like- 好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like ）Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做Impale- 刺穿；impel- 逼迫(2) 情态动词(may,will,must,should) 不要随意添加或改变(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood; 法律法规只能用must 不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only) 和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to –require及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being 、having ，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT 也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
GMAT曼哈顿语法总结2014年必胜!!最终版2014.7.17
GMAT曼哈顿语法总结（自己手打总结）为了给逻辑和阅读题目留出更多的时间，每道语法题目最好在1分半到1分钟之内完成。
需要运用split法进行排除。
句首和句尾是split的关键，否则就没必要划线了。
第二章语法和语义GMAT句子改错最重要的是语义和语法。
语义是句子作者的intended meaning.这种original intended meaning才是句子的真实句义。
任何改变句义的选项都是错误的，语义是最最最重要的，通过语法来判断句义是辅助的，所以不能拘泥于语法，而是通过句义来判断作者的原意。
所以，可以通过逻辑来找句义，而通过语法来排除那些特别错误的选项。
One of your tasks is to choose the answer choice that transmits the author’s intent as clearly as possible. Don’t alter the author’s intent when you make your choice! (如果句子原文的句义没有错的话，则不能改变句义)Aggravate aggravatingKnown as known to beLoss of loss inMandate have a mandateNative of native toRange of rangingRate of rates forRise raiseTry to do try doing区别以上词汇的含义区别句子里任何一个小词的改变，比如虚拟词汇的改变，或者词的位置的改变都会改变句子的含义，所以一定要细细体会这些“小词”的含义。
Will: certainMay: uncertainMust: absolutely necessaryShould: morally obligated (on the GMAT, should almost always means “morally obligation”, not likelihood)Would: hypotheticalAll the children are covered in mud.The children are all covered in mud.Only the council votes on Thursdays.The council votes only on Thursdays.If a word changes its position in the answer choices, consider whether the change has an impact on the meaning of the sentence. Look out especially for short words that quantify nouns or otherwise restrict meaningThe council granted the right to make legal petitions to city officials.(有歧义，改成：The council granted CITY OFFICIALS the right to make legal petitions. Or The right to make legal petitions to CITY OFFICIALS was granted by the council.比较常见的多余的形式是使用同一含义的词，比如：The value of the stock rose by 10% increase.应改为：The value of the stock increase by 10%,or the value of the stock rose by 10%.再如：The three prices sum to a total of $11.56应改为：The three prices sum to $11.56. Or The three prices total $11.56GMAT)Past: previously, formerly, in the past, before nowPresent: now, currently, presently, at presentYearly: annual each year, a yearpeople are better off never applying it on the GMAT)Problem set1.How matter how much work it may require, getting MBA turns outtobe a wise investment for most people (correct, 但是不太明白那个it代表什么)2.Even though it requires much work, getting MBA turns out to be a wise investment for most people(incorrect, 因为它改变了句子的原意)3.She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every daywateringthe more than 50 plants in her yard.(correct, more than修饰50 plants in her yard)4. She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day wateringmore than the 50 plants in her yard.（incorrect, more than 修饰the 50 plants in her yard，隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外，还给其他东西浇水，改变了句子的含义）5. Hector remembers San Francisco as it was when he left ten years ago.(correct,不太明白这句话的含义)6.Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which stems success in college applications.(correct,个人认为是倒装，详细见第三章的flip it)7. Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which success in college applications stems.(correct, flip it)第三章主语和谓语的一致任何一个句子里，主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是make sense的一、一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有，否则为fragment:GMAT错误句子常见方式：1.drop the verbs: The electron named in 1894.2.连词开头且没有主句：because the dog was never mine二、主语和谓语必须合理make senseThe development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.(incorrect)refueling.(correct)三、主语和谓语必须在数量上一致GMAT often tries to confuse you before you make the subject-verb match.如何找句子中的主语呢：1.eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warmupGMAT hides the subject in a few ways: the most common way by far is to insert words between the subject and the verb:(Near Galway), the houses (on the road to Spiddle) are gorgeous.other parts of the sentence, acting as big adj or big adv. Some subordinate clauses even act as big nouns）(When the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.到修饰语。
曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记
一、语法和语义Grammar and Meaning1.Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard WrittenEnglish?2.Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intendedmeaning?Meaning Errors1. Choose your wordsEg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court declared that Jack should pay full damages explanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3.Match your words (主语和谓语在一起要有意义)4.Avoid Redundancya. GMAT考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个意思重复的词语。
例如：The value of the stock rose by a 10% increase .Right: The value of the stock rose by 10%b. 要注意时间的表达词语。
尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线，或者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同练习：1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment.替换：Even though it requires much work,解析：原句要表达的意思是，不论主语花费的工作量有多大，它都是一个明智的投资（may是关键词）；而替换句中把may去掉，意思变为“即使它要求很大工作量，它是一个明智的投资。
GMAT曼哈顿语法-精华汇总情况
曼哈顿 SC 总结Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics1.一道例题Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",futuregenerations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, theMalibu campus of Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine.A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsB: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations willC:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsD: including that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationswillE:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationswill这道题用两点split。
1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT usedto claim that ‘like’ simply meant ‘similar to’ and could not introduceexamples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty inpublished explanations. As a result, either ‘including’ or ‘likelihoodwould technically work in the sentence.1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的名词。
Charles曼哈顿 语法笔记
一、对应OG题目分类：初级部分：1. Meaning & Concision8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 572. Subject-Verb Agreement2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 843. Parallelism6, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 36, 42, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 88 4. Pronouns1, 7, 23, 47, 915. Modifiers10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 796. Verb Tense, Mood, &Voice3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 877. Comparisons9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 1008. Idioms4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 1209. Odds & Ends80, 116高级部分：11Meaning & Concision93, 98, 135Subject-Verb Agreement95, 104, 129, 133, 140Parallelism90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 13712Pronouns101, 113, 124, 132Modifiers102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 12613Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice122, 128, 139Comparisons108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138二、Basic部分：Chapter 1: 单复数1.Additive Phrases:Along with Polly、In addition to surgery、Accompanied by me together with a tie、As well as the mayorOnly the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects.2.Or, Either or, Neither n or:Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.Find the nearest to the verb.Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.3.Collective Nouns: Almost Alway s SingularPeople: agency, a rmy, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furnitureIn some rare circumstances, collective nouns can be considered plural (e.g., when you emphasize the individual actors, not their unity). However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always considered singular and therefore require singular verb forms.Note:in British usage, many of these nouns are normally considered plural.Not so on the GMAT!The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.Each collective noun (crowd, team, and army) takes a singular verb form.4.Indefinite Pronouns:不定代词Usually SingularAnyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every (as pronouns) someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)Technically,none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. But not one is alway s singular: Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5.Each and Every: Singular Sensations但是，Note that each following a subject has no bearing on the verb form.They each are great tennis players.Here, the plural subject they requires the plural verb form are.Chapter 3:1.Wrong:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.2. P49Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.Chapter 5: PRONOUNS1.Wrong: She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done. These them2.Wrong: Our cat is cuter than those in the shelter.Right: Our cat is cuter than the cats in the shelter.This new, correct version of the sentence contains no third-person pronouns. (Our is a pronoun, but first-person pronouns such as our never have antecedents in the sentence.)The original sentence is incorrect because those has no antecedent. Those is plural, and therefore cannot refer to cat.Chapter 6:MODIFIERS1 .Wrong: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Position of Noun ModifiersAvoid dangling modifiers by making sure the noun you want to modify is in the sentence. To avoid misplaced modifiers, place them next to the nouns they are meant to modify.2. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other.Errors such as these are common in speech. The modifier using the latest technology needs to refer to someone who actually used the technology. To correct this issue, we insert a reasonable noun as the subject of using.Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem.Wrong:George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Better:Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Best:Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.4. According to the GMAT, clauses led by the pronoun that cannot modify people.Do not use That or Which to modify people.Wrong:The scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded.Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.5 .Condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which where.6 .Use WHICH(and commas) if the modifier is non-essential.Use THAT(and no commas) if the modifier is essential.Who 同理Non-essential:This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED is owned by the tees.Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.7 . which “不能”指代前面一整句话Sentences such as the following are common in speech, but they are wrong in writing.Use WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to an entire clause.Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.8 .When relative clauses are parallel, they should start with the same relative pronoun.Mary buys cookies made with Sugar Free, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but which contains fewer calories than does an equivalent amount of corn syrup.9 .If the sentence ended with the wine, it would be incomplete. The clause should therefore begin with that rather than which.Well-informed people know that Bordeaux is a French region whose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.10 .错：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepal and Tiber.对：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest, which is on the border between Nepal and Tibet.错：People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers.对：People who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers. 错：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake, which destroyed Lisbon in 1755, is perhaps the most famous.对：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755 is perhaps the most famous.对：Regina returned the dress, which was torn at one of the seams, to the store.11 .错：The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.对：The patient's rare disease was treated through the use of novel techniques developed at the medical school.OR对：The doctor treated the patient's rare disease by using novel techniques developed at the medical school.Chapter 71.If you use since, you must use the Present Perfect to indicate continued action or effect:Since 1986 no one HAS BROKEN that world record.2.Tense SequenceThe supercollider IS ready, it DID not COST too much, and it WILL PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.The scientist ANNOUNCED that the supercollider WAS ready, that it HAD not COST too much, and that it WOULD PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.With a past tense reporting v erb, mov e Present to Past, Past to Past Perf ect, and Future to Conditional (that is w ill to would).3.Helen would feel better if she swallowed this pill.Swallowed is in the present tense of the hypothetical subjunctive mood. The presence of would in the clause Helen would feel better requires that the if-clause be in the hy pothetical subjunctive mood. In other words, the verb in the if-clause takes the hypothetical subjunctive mood because would indicates that Helen is unlikely to take the pill.Chapter 81.Like vs. AsLike is a preposition. This means that LIKE must be followed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like! (Remember, a clause contains a working verb, one that can be the main verb in a sentence.) You can correctly use like to compare two nouns.As can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction (appearing with a clause). You can correctly use as to compare two clauses.LIKE her brother, Ava aced the test.AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.2.Wrong: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.Right: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can.Chapter 9 IDIOMS1.I value my ABILITY TO SING.2.Aim at doing…/ with the aim of doing3.AS I walked, I became more nervous. (= during)AS I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (= because, since)AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)JUST AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)4.We have AS MANY apples AS need to be cooked.We have THREE TIMES AS MANY pears AS you.We have AT LEAST AS MANY apples AS you.5.JUST AS you practice piano regularly, you should study regularly.6.I CONSIDER her a friend. I CONSIDER her intelligent.Note: You can switch the order of the two objects, if one is long.I CONSIDER illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.The law IS CONSIDERED illegal.7.We ARE IN DANGER OF FORGETTING the past.8.The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old.They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old.9.LIKE his sister, Matt drives fast cars. (= both drive fast cars)Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister.(= both drive fast cars, OR both drive fast cars in the same way)Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister's.(= both drive similar cars; he does not drive his sister's car)10.The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes.11.He wrote with pencils RATHER THAN with pens.12.She REQUIRES THAT her friend DO work. (Subjunctive)13.The Caucasus region has several times as many indigenous languages per square mile as most other areas of the world. (X times as many ... as)14.The sign in front of the Baker residence forbids anyone to trespass on the property. (Forbid + to do)The sign in front of the Baker residence prohibits anyone from trespassing on the property. (Prohibit+from doing)15.Her performance is exceeded ONLY by theirs. (Modifies by theirs)Her performance is ONLY exceeded by theirs. (Technically modifies exceeded)should be placed just before the words it is meant to modify.In both speech and writing, we often place ONLY before the verb, but this placement is generally wrong, according to the GMAT, since we rarely mean that the verb is the only action ever performed by the subject.Chapter 10 ODDS & ENDS1.AndWhenever you see an “and”after a comma, check for 2 possibilities:(1) A list (apples, grapes, AND pears), or(2) Two main clauses (I like apples, AND she likes grapes).The term "Eureka," meaning "I have found it" in ancient Greek, WAS famously uttered by Archimedes, AND ever since then, scientists have exclaimed the same word upon making important discoveries.form a grammatical sentence.Coordinating Conjunctions: For /And/ Nor/ But/ Or/ Yet/ SoSubordinators: Although/Because/Before/ After/ Since/ When/ If/ Unless/ That/ Though/ WhileConjunctive Adverb: However/Therefore/In addition三、Advanced部分Wordy: The townspeople's REVOLUTION WAS AGAINST the king.Wordy: The hypothesis ABOUT the COMPOSITION OF the universe AS largely dark energy seems strange.The hypothesis THAT the universe IS largely COMPOSED OF dark energy seems strange.Wordy: The artist WAS INFLUENTIAL TO the movement.The artist INFLUENCED the movement.Wordy: THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF funds for school construction.Funds for school construction ARE ABUNDANT.Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLYWordy: Marcos is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.GMAT avoids such constructions in correct answers.Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.Better: Children should play without fear.None of these Concision patterns expresses a rule but rather a preference. Make use of these patterns judiciously.In brief, there are 3 categories of nouns:(1) Concrete Nouns(2) Action Nouns and Complex Gerunds(3) Simple Gerunds1) Concrete nouns refer to things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events.Rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week2) Action nouns refer to actions, as their name implies. They are often formed from verbs.Eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth(a, an, or the) or adjectives(accurate). The object is put into an Of prepositional phrase (e.g., the running ofmarathon) or placed in front of the -Ing form (e.g. marathon running).Only complex ones (gerund phrases) can be parallel to action nouns.The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions(1) Working Verbs(2) Infinitives(3) Adjectives and Participles Adjectives, Past Participles, and Present Participles (used as adjectives)(4) Clauses Only clauses starting with the same word should be made parallelA mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is still fresh, is on display. Chapter 12Other Pronounsdid not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.Alternatively, you can simply repeat the helping verb without so.Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.例句:Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT.It refers specifically to the homework. Of course, the verb does not have to be do:例句:Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.这是我第二遍看Manhattan语法的时候整理的，希望对你能有帮助！GOOD LUCK!Charles 2011/9/1。
曼哈顿语法Threesu总结
第一眼：先找主谓，看可能存在哪些知识点，固定搭配（such.like)，对比平行并列，修饰：分词形式起头(同位语从句对象要对等，逻辑主语要看准)；比较对象是否可比；第二眼：找句子主干，看主谓一致，找代词，出现which,where,whose之类的看代词，看指代有无错误，看时态有无错误看修饰对象是否错误；第三眼：看逻辑意思是否遭到改变，观察句子结构是否完整；介词结构后置会导致句子出现歧义#Meaning#做SC的最佳步骤1、读一遍原句，确认自己读懂意思（自己记下出错的点）2、从上到下阅读选项，寻找不同点split（开头，结尾）3、选择一个比较简单的不同点作为切入点4、尽量在第一个split做决定5、不要再看已经被确定dead 的选项6、Put your final answer back into the original sentence时间要以写句子时间为threshold，以此用will等时态指代的时候，that指代单数，those is plural#Points for consideration:Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English?Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intended meaning?#Consider the following pairs of “cousin”words and expressions, together with their distinct meanings#aggravate (worsen) vs aggravating(irritating)#known as (named) vs known to be (acknowledged as)#loss of (no longer in possession of) vs loss in (decline in value)#mandate (command) vs have a mandate (have authority from votes)#range of (variety of) vs ranging (varying)#rate of (speed or frequency of) vs rates for (prices for)#rise (general increase) vs raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English)#try to do (seek to accomplish) vs try doing (experiment with)①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫unqualifying与unqualified(from manhattan)unqualifying释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification没有达到一些合格的标准unqualified释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation 没有任何限制#Some certain Helping V erbs, such as may, will, must and should will change the meaning a lot when changed.#X is native to Y is used to say that X(a species) is from Y(a place). The expression X(an individual) is a native of Y(place) tells us that X was born in Y.#X is known as Y means that X is commonly referred to by the name Y. X is known to Y means that doing Y is a characteristic behavior of X.#18Excepting usually appears in negative constructions#23think of x as y#The idiomatic expression is effort t o rather than effort of#47prohibits x from doing y = forbids x to do y不存在prohibit x to do#51owed restitution to x for y is correctly used#As can be a preposition meaning “in the capacity of,” but more often is a conjunction of manner and is followed by a verb. Like is generally used as a preposition, and therefore is followed by a noun, an object pronoun, or a verb ending in –ingFewer refers to a specific number, whereas less than refers to a continuous quantity. Between …and is the correct form to designate a choice. Father refers to distance, whereas further refers to degree#estimated should be followed by the infinitive to be, not the preposition at, unless the writer intends to indicate a location at which someone made the estimate.#in addition to 除。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版my Manhattan(5号)笔记-daisy otwch1 sc basic1。
控制在60到75s2之间。
解决问题的步骤:理解原句，垂直阅读选项。
为消除分裂错误，把原查CH2语法法规放回只能用必须，不能用应该)(3)的选项和原查2的态度一致。
单词的位置:关注关键词(全部，仅)和句子整体顺序3。
词语搭配:主谓一致，逻辑一致。
讲道理三。
避免冗余:1。
在一个句子中，不要使用两个意思相同的词:上升-增加；总计；重新获得；启用-能够；尝试-尝试；非-相反；下降-减少；6-够了；包括其中；必须-要求及其同义词，然后-以后；所以-为了2。
注意存在和拥有。
虽然大多数都是错的，但GMAT在中通常会犯一些其他的错误，这使得这些选项稍微好一些。
(除了两种情况:1、介词++正在完成；2.持续被动语态正在完成)3。
注意过去式中修饰时间的词的重复；以前；在过去；以前现在；目前；目前；目前；每年:每年；每年；一年例:og12无人陪伴不是一个好的表达方式，意思不清楚；另一方面，一般用法是“增加某物”而不是“增加某物”。
简洁起见:1。
简洁是GMAT的最后一个测试点。
只有当语法和意义正确时，才能选择最简单的(不是排除规则)。
2.在GMAT语法问题中，如果一个单词的意思可以固定，不要使用短语，例如:different > have difference inch 3:主语-谓语一致1。
一个句子必须有主语和谓语；以连词开头的句子(因为，虽然)必须有主语句子2。
主谓逻辑是合理的。
主谓单复数一致GMAC。
隐藏主语的方法是在主语和谓语之间插入大量的单词(中短、介词和后置短语、从句和其他修饰语)跳过以上可以忽略的单词，找到句子结构(主谓结构)，当单复数1.and vs加法短语(1)连接几个不同的名词时，决定形成一个复数结构。
谓语动词应该是复数(2)虽然其他连接词(单独与、除、以及、与、包括)也表达-和/的意思，但它们连接不同的名词只是为了修饰，而不改变主语的单复数或影响谓语动词有些单词(物理、数学)、一些活动——有氧运动(有氧运动)和一些疾病——糖尿病(糖尿病)虽然以s结尾，但都是单数名词，谓语动词是单数注:有且只有-and/可以从单数主语转换为复数主语其他带连词的单数主语(如2所示)仍然是单数主语。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
My Man hatta n( 5th) NotesDaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1. 控制在60s〜75s2. 做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Mea ning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二语义：1. 词的选择：（i）注意一词多义Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as -被认为是，很著名；known to be- 被承认…；known forLoss of 咲去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate- 拥有选举权Native of-（人）来自；native to -物种起源于Range of -多种的；ranging-变化Rate of -速度或频率；rates for -价格…Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as —匕如；like-好像（举例只能用such as,不能用like）Try to do -努力去完成；try doing -尝试去做Impale-朿Q穿；impel-逼迫⑵情态动词（may,will,must,should）不要随意添加或改变（*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should）（3）选项和原文态度一致2. 词的位置：关注重点词（all,only）和句子整体顺序3. 词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致, make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to -equire及近义词then-later; so-in order to2. 注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
gmat曼哈顿语法笔记
曼哈顿语法笔记第三章Subject and Verb Agreement一、Subject and verb must both exist1、如果一个句子没有主语或动词，就不是完整的句子，是一个fragment。
两种错误方法：（1）One way the GMAT disguises the error is by dropping the verbWrong: The electron named in 1894.Right: The electron W AS NAMED in 1894.（2）it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main ClauseWrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.二、Subject and Verb Must Make Sense TogetherWrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.能够行驶数百公里的肯定不可能是development而是a car三、Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number-主谓单复数一致（1）eliminate these Middlemen words to reveal the subject.common types of middlemen and warmups.A、prepositional phraseof mice for milk by 1800in Zambia with her at that levelto the store on their orders from the officeB、S ubordinate ClausesC、其他:有的时候comma也是一个信号（2）Use Structure to Decide（3）And vs. Additive PhrasesA、and可以通过将两个或更多单数形式的主语连起来成为一个复数形式的主语B、additive phrases改变不了主语的单复数形式，作用类似于modifieralong with Polly in addition to surgery as well as the mayoraccompanied by me together with a tie including salt and pepper（4）Or, Either... Or, & Neither... NorA、这种情况下找离动词最近的那个名词，由这个名词决定谓语单复数B、如果仅仅出现了either或者neither，就使用单数形式谓语动词（5）collective nouns永远被看作单数People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture（6）Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular但有五个例外一点，可以是单数也可以是复数THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/MostAnyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothingEach, every (aspronouns) Someone, somebody, somethingEveryone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoeverEither, neither (may require a plural verb i f paired with or/nor)（7）each和every永远单数（8）Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular（9）Flip itWrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Flip it! A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.第四章Parallelism一、Parallel element1、两个句子平行的时候两边都要有主从连词，否则可能有歧义。
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Chapter 3: 主谓一致注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)没有必要的句子成分尽量少读介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.And和additive phases（注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式）Media是medium的复数形式。
Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）集体名词People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.用单数Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.不定代词SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends is here this weekend.Every and eachEvery dog has paws.Every dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.They each are great tennis players.The number of 和a number of的用法要注意注意there be句型的单复数There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.注意：Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意Chapter 4：平行准则Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.使用where能够减少歧义。
注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上andSal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。
注意另一种更为subtle的平行结构：系动词The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F)The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. ®注意意思还必须对应Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. RChapter 5：Pronouns看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否make sense。
注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.Park 在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做it 的前置词。
正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词永远保证pronouns make sense错误：Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.注意单复数一致。
The deadly five：it its they them theirThat, this, these, and those正确用法：New ‘nano-paper’ incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分注意用it来指代前者的时候必须做到it就完全是前面的事物The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be.The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.(原因在于supernovas 和they属于两个主从句的主语，虽然they可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they 是合理的代词用法啊)Chapter 6：Modifier注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：Corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, resent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed and usual.名词性修饰成分修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Right: both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.注意所有格的陷阱Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。
带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分That不能用来修饰人Whose能够用来修饰人和物Who和whom要严格区分The security guard whom we met was nice.修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用where，只能够用in which例如arrangement，phenomenon等限定性和非限定性定语从句主要区别一个是that，一个是，which的结构一个重要的区别是This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用that（一般不会只考这个区别）动词修饰成分注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)Which vs doingWhich不能够指代前面整个句子Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。