非谓语动词知识点总结
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非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词
I非谓语动词有哪些不冋的形式?—
不定式除一般式.完成式以外还有一进行式
主语/表语:
不定式和ing分词均能作主语,二者有何区别?
1.表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式;表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的,多用动名词。
2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首;不定式作主语时常置于句末」it作形式主语放在句首。
1)Smok ing is prohibited 禁止)here.
2)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
-See ing is believ ing.
*-To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。
{
no use/good 1
not stoy t,
- 0 +Sill.
of little usc/good useless
宾语:
1.有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,如:
... man age, promise, prete nd, pla n, ofer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, he帮助),want(想要),refuse等。
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
2.有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语,如:
... practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, sta nd, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get dow n to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in …
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。
3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语,意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为;不定式表示具体的行为)。
4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟动名词作宾语,但意义上有明显差别。
go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/do ing
can' t help to do / doing try to do/ doing mean to do (打算)/ doing (意味)be used to do / doing
(get used to doing)(used to do)
5.动词need, require, want作“需要”,deserve作“应受,应得”,主动表被动定语:
不定式、ing分词和过去分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是:现在分词表示主动、进行之意;过去分词表示被动与完成;而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。
不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定词的中心词,表主动关系。
E.g.: The car to be bought is for his sister. / He was the best man to do the job. The
houses being built are for the teachers.
Develop ing coun tries/ developed coun tries
补语:
1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, i nten d,expect, en courage, persuade, permit, request,order, warn, caus等0
Think, consider, believe, suppose, fee等后常用“ to be....”作补语。
E.g.: You are not allowed to smoke here.
People con sidered him to be a great leader.
2.使役动词,感官动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补足
语。常见的使役动词有
make, let, have等;感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, fee以及look at, listen to 等。
let, have) 2 听( listen to, hea) 1 感觉(feel)主动不加to,被动加to
3.不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。
状语:
现在分词作结果状语往往表示正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果
目的:in order/ so as to do
结果:so...as to, ...e no ugh to, only to..., too..to
原因:happy, glad, sorry, disappo in ted等的表语独立主格:
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致;如果不一致,需在分词
前加一个逻辑主语,分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。
构成:n/代词+分词n/代词+不定式with/without+n/代词+分词/不定式
e.g.:The test finished, we began our holiday.
I stood before her with my heart beating fast.
定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、that指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
which指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
who指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
whom指人在从句中作宾语
whose指人或物在从句中作定语
as指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
but指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+ 名词
2、as的用法
(1)常用于下歹U结构:such…as; so …as;the same …as; as …as
注意:the same…as表示同一类,不同一个the same…that表示同一个
⑵as与which的区别
♦位置不同
as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
♦as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’” ♦先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时,通常用as。
短语as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said
before/above,as might be excepted, as is often the case ffl as.
♦关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾
语时;非限定性定从是否定句时;非限定性定从中be动词不能省略时;用which
I don 'th ink that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.
He pretended not to know me, which i didnt understand.
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
As (was) pla nn ed, we met at the airport.
二、只用that不用which的情况
1.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ‘anything, nothing, none,