物理学专业英语 仲海洋版9.2节
物理学专业英语讲义
Physics in EnglishThe scientist does not study nature because it is useful;he studies it because he delights in it,and he delights in it because it is beautiful.If nature were not beautiful,it would not be worth knowing,and if nature were not worth knowing,life would not be worth living."------ Henri PoincareDepartment of PhysicsSchool of scienceXian Technological University 2012.9Chapter 1 What is Physics?Physics is natural science studying nature's LawsPhysics was called natural philosophy and fundamental science.The history of physicsThe history of physics encompasses two broad time periods in which classical physics and modern physics developed. Classical physics developed between 1600 and 1900. It embraces the general areas of physics known as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, culminating in relativity. Modern physics began developing between about 1890 and 1930, when it was realized that classical physics could not account for the newly discovered behavior of nature at the atomic and molecular level. Modern physics includes the theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics and most of the subsequent new physics discovered and developed during the 20th century.Classical physicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); Acoustics, the study of sound, is often considered a branch of mechanics because sound is due to the motions of the particles of air or other medium through which sound waves can travel and thus can be explained in terms of the laws of mechanics. Among the important modern branches of acoustics is ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at restThe Emergence of Classical PhysicsClassical mechanics has its roots in the work of Johannes Kepler, who, between 1600 and 1619, became the first person to describe quantitatively and accurately the elliptic paths of the planets around the Sun.The problem of the shape of the planetary orbits was not easy to solve, because all historical observations of the planets were made from the Earth, itself a moving planet. Although a crude heliocentric(Sun-centered) model of the solar system using circular orbits was proposed by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in the third century B.C. and resurrected by Copernicus in 1542,the planetary positions predicted by Copernicus were not as accurate as those found using Ptolemy's complicated geocentric (Earth-centered} model of the second century A.D.The pure Copernican model was inaccurate because Copernicus refused to abandon the flawed concept of early Greek thought that the natural path of a moving "perfect" celestial object, such as a planet, had to be in the shape of the "perfect" geometrical figure---a circle---with the planet moving at constant speed. a scientist living at the time of Copernicus would have been forced to reject the Copernican theory with its circular planetary orbits, since they did not account for the observed motions of the planets as accurately as the existing, but more complicated, geocentric theory of Ptolemy.The change from the accurate but complex Ptolemaic geocentric model of the solar system to the accurate and simple heliocentric model of Kepler illustrates the characteristics of a good theory. With Kepler's work, accuracy and simplicity blossomed simultaneously from the heliocentric hypothesis. Kepler's model and mathematical methods began the development of physics as we know it. His work was a watershed of quantitative thought and a new worldview.Observation of nature and experimental results typically precede the general theories that account for them. The extensive observations of the planets by Tycho Brahe just prior to 1600 provided Kepler with the data he needed to model the solar system accurately and precisely。
物理专业英语讲解
3、能写作简单的专业语句，能正确无误地写 作论文的英文摘要。
4、阅读是侧重，基本上结合阅读实践来讲解
Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on the motions of bodies. The cause of acceleration is a force exerted by some external agent or environment. The fundamental properties of force and the relationship between force and acceleration are given by Newton’s three laws of motion. The first of these laws describes the natural state of motion of a free body on which no external forces are acting, whereas the other two laws deal with the behavior of bodies under the influence of force.
2.语言必须符合规范，符合本民族语言习惯。
3.专业术语正确，数据无误，具有科学性。
准确
You cannot be too careful.
I couldn’t get home fast enough. 我恨不得马上回到家里。
No man can have too many friends. 朋友愈多愈好。
物理化学专业英语
物理化学专业英语电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant法拉第定律Faraday’s law反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode感胶离子序lyotropic series杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law 隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry 光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy广度性质extensive property广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid过热液体overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation 吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线polarization curves极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence简并度degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻broth jelly胶核colloidal nucleus胶凝作用demulsification胶束micelle胶体colloid胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid胶体化学collochemistry胶体粒子colloidal particles胶团micelle焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule`s law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process节流膨胀throttling expansion节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion 结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption 界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte。
物理学专业英语中的派生词、复合词和混成词
者同其它产品联合制成，即新产品是脱胎于原有的一种或几种产品或技术。
因此新产品的命名往往与原来几种产品的名字有关。混成词大多是在这情
况下产生。
混成词指由最少两个词语或词语的一部分结合而成的词语，该新词
语的意义和读音集合各组成部分而成。这不仅起到了表达简练的作用，而
且还会使读者“顾名思义”。这就是说，即使不借助于词典，也会对这个
汇后，在文献阅读中仍感觉很多词汇不仅难以理解，而且在词典中又不容
易查到。本文就自己在物理学专业文献阅读和双语教学中经常遇到的三种
用词方法和特点进行归纳总结，并列举实例进行说明。
1 派生词
派生词汇在物理学的英文文献中出现的频率较高。所谓派生词是指
在原有的词汇上加前缀、后缀，或以词根生成，或以构词成分形成的新词。
cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管
特别有趣是，专业英语中 -proof 经常出现，它是一个构词成分，意
思是“防…的，耐…的”，“完全地或成功地抵制…的 ；不能穿透…的”。
这个构词成分能构成许多有用的单词。例如 ：
acid-proof alloy 耐 酸 合 金，cold-proof sheath 耐 寒 护 套，water-proof
conductor 载 流 导 体，fine-adjustment 微 调、 细 调，fly-back 回 扫，full-
wave rectifier 全波整流器，digital-to-analogue conversion 数模转换，half-
wave rectification 半波整流，by-pass 旁路，push-button switch 按钮开关，
些复合词已经在词义上发生了很大变化，从意思上根本看不出复合的痕迹，
物理海洋学Overview Chp9
iTzy
Az
C1 1 i a iTzy
iTzy
Az
1 i C1 iTzy Az 1 i a 2a Az 代入u vi C1e
1 i az
得
iTzy az 1 i 1 i az u vi iTzy e e 1 i cos az i sin az 2a Az 2a Az iTzy 2a Az e az (sin az cos az ) i ( cos az sin az )
Holey-Sock Drifter
-------物理海洋学，2009，吕华庆著
注：Tsd为恒星日,即地球自转一周的需时间.
惯性流的存在形式:
(1) Inertial currents have been observed at all depths in the ocean and at all latitudes.
可见水平质量输运只存在与风向垂直的方向上,在北 半球是朝风向的右方输运, 在南半球是朝风向的左方输运.
u v
e cos az 4 2a Az
Tzy
az
Tzy 2 f Az 2 Az
e cos az 4
az
e cos az 2 4 fAz
Tzy
证明:
边界条件,风沿y方向吹. u v 在海面:z 0, Az 0, Az Tzy = T z z 在海底 : z , u v 0
求解 可用升阶法，消去一个未知数进行求解。即消元法。 另一方法，即用复变函数的方法求解，令 i 1 乘 （9.8b）式并与(9.8a)相加，得
物理专业英语翻译127-287
127-149：热力学第一定律：能量守恒定律的再叙，经常运用于避免温度改变的系统中，系统增加的热能等于内能的增加加上系统对外做到的功。
绝热过程：膨胀或压缩过程任何地方都无热能的进入或离开系统。
热力学第二定律：热能永远不会自发地从低温物体流向高温物体。
同样，没有机器可以完全有效的将能量转化为做功。
一些输入的能量以热能的形式消散最终随着时间的流逝，所有系统趋于变得越来越混乱。
热机：一种将内能转化为机械做功的装置（设备）。
熵：系统混乱的度量，任何时候能量自由地从一个转移到另一个，转移方向朝着混乱度大的状态，因此朝着熵值增大的方向。
阅读材料温室效应如果地球不断地从太阳接收能量，也许你会惊讶为什么地球不变得越来越热，或是为什么地球平均气温不升高。
要保持长时期平均气温相对不变，地球必须丢失与接收到的相同数量的平均能量。
这通过想外太空辐射能量来完成的，大气通过这种方式对于防止日常气温的较大变化非常重要。
在没有大气层的月球上，日常气温从白天的或向阳面的100度到变化到阴暗面的-173度入射的太阳辐射使得大气和地表变暖，变暖的地球以红外线辐射的形式辐射能量。
大气中的水蒸气和二氧化碳有选择性地吸收能量，因此这些气体允许入射的可见太阳光通过，但却吸收或套住某些特定的红外线。
大气这种有选择性的吸收有助于保留地球的能量，所以我们没有像在月球上的日常气温的波动。
云层（小水滴）也通过吸收红外线辐射来帮助保持地球的温度。
在没有云层覆盖的地方，光线又冷又清。
因此，大气表层有保持地球日常气温变化的热静力学效应，我们把这种过程叫做温室效应。
玻璃的吸收特性类似于大气，如同应用于温室，玻璃允许可见的太阳光通过，阻止或吸收红外线辐射。
事实上，在这种情况下，温室的温暖基本上应归因于防止被玻璃包围的大地加热后的热气体的逃逸上。
夏天，涂上白色的玻璃板通过反射阳光和打开让热气体逃逸来控制温度。
封闭的温室内非常温暖，即使在冷天也是如此。
在寒冷却有阳光的日子里，你也许已经在汽车内体验过温室效应。
物理专业英语
p i n diode p i n 极管p i n junction p i n 结p n i p transistor p n i p 晶体管p n junction p n 结p n p junction p n p 结p n p n junction p n p n 结p n p n transistor p n p n 晶体管p p junction p p 结p type semiconductor p 型半导体p wave p 波pachymeter 测厚计packing 填塞packing effect 聚集效应packing fraction 聚集率packing loss 聚集效应padua model of the nucleon 核子的帕多瓦模型pair 偶pair annihilation 偶湮没pair correlation function 对相关函数pair creation 偶产生pair interaction 偶相互酌pair potential 对势pair production 偶产生pairing energy 对能pairing interaction 偶相互酌pairing rotation 对转动pairing vibration 对振动palaeo astrobiology 古天体生物学palaeomagnetism 古地磁学palaeovolcanology 古火山学paleobiogeochemistry 古生物地球化学palladium 钯panalyzor 多能分析仪panofsky ratio 帕诺夫斯基比panoramic lens 全景镜头panoramic telescope 全景望远镜paper capacitor 纸电容器paper chromatography 纸色谱法para state 仲态para statistics 仲统计法parabola 抛物线parabolic antenna 抛物面天线parabolic curve 抛物曲线parabolic orbit 抛物线轨道parabolic potential 抛物线势parabolic reflector 抛物面反射器parabolic type 抛物型paraboloid 抛物面paraboloid of revolution 回转抛物面paracrystal 仲晶paradox 佯谬parahelium 仲氦parahydrogen 仲氢parallactic angle 视差角parallactic ellipse 视差椭圆parallactic motion 视差动parallax 视差parallel circuit 并联电路parallel connection 并联parallel cut y 切割parallel displacement 平行位移parallel plate capacitor 平行板形电容器parallel plate condenser 平行板形电容器parallelogram of forces 力平行四边形paramagnet 顺磁体paramagnetic absorption 顺磁性吸收paramagnetic element 顺磁性元素paramagnetic material 顺磁物质paramagnetic relaxation 顺磁弛豫paramagnetic resonance 顺磁共振paramagnetic resonance absorption 顺磁共振吸收paramagnetic substance 顺磁物质paramagnetic susceptibility 顺磁磁化率paramagnetism 顺磁性paramagnon 顺磁振子parameter 参量parameter of state 态变数parametric amplifier 参量放大器parametric excitation 参量激发parametron 参数器parasitic ferromagnetism 寄生铁磁性parasitic oscillation 寄生振荡parasitic resonance 寄生共振paraterm 仲项paraxial rays 近轴光线parent element 母元素parent mass peak 原始峰parent peak 原始峰parhelium 仲氦parity 宇称parity conservation law 宇称守恒律parity violation 宇称不守恒parsec 秒差距partial dislocation 分位错partial equilibrium 部分平衡partial polarization 部分偏振partial pressure 分压partial wave 分波partial wave analysis 分波分析partial wave expansion 分波展开partially conserved axial vector current 轴矢量分守恒partially polarized light 部分偏振光particle 粒子particle acceleration 粒子加速particle accelerator 粒子加速器particle antiparticle conjugation 正反粒子共轭particle aspect of matter 物质的粒子观点particle beam 粒子束particle booster 注入加速器particle collisions 粒子碰撞particle concentration 粒子浓度particle counter 粒子计数器particle hole interaction 粒子空穴相互酌particle hole theory 粒子空穴理论particle hole transformation 粒子空穴变换particle particle correlation 粒子粒子相关particle separation 粒子分离particle separator 粒子分离器particle track detector 粒子径迹探测器particle transfer reaction 粒子转移反应partition function 统计和parton model 部分子模型pascal 帕pascal's principle 帕斯卡原理paschen back effect 帕邢巴克效应paschen runge mounting 帕邢朗格装置paschen series 帕邢系passive electric circuit 无源电路passive network 无源网络passive state 被动状态passivity 被动状态path 路径path difference 程差path integral 路径积分path of vision 视线path tracking 跟踪飞行轨道pattern 图形pattern recognition 图样识别patterson function 帕特森函数patterson method 帕特森方法pauli approximation 泡利近似pauli exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理pauli matrix 泡利矩阵pauli paramagnetism 泡利顺磁性pauli principle 泡利不相容原理pauli spinor 泡利旋量pauli villars regularization 泡利维拉斯正规化pavo 孔雀座peak 峰peak energy 峰值能量峰peak power 峰值功率peak voltage 峰压pearl necklace model 珍珠颈挂式模型peculiar galaxy 特殊星系peculiar minor planet 特殊小行星pegasus 飞马座peierls potential 佩尔斯势peierls transition 佩尔斯跃迁pellet compression 靶丸压缩pellet implosion 靶丸爆聚pellets 靶丸peltier effect 珀耳帖效应pencil 束pencil beam survey 深巡天pencil of light 光束pendular oscillation 摆振动pendulum 摆pendulum clock 摆钟penetrability 贯穿性penetrating power 贯穿本领penetrating shower 贯穿簇射penetration depth 穿透深度penetration depth of london 伦敦穿透深度penetrometer 透度计penning discharge 彭宁放电penning effect 彭宁效应penning gage 彭宁真空计penning ion source 彭宁离子源penning ionization 彭宁电离penrose diagramm 彭罗斯图形penrose lattice 彭罗斯点阵penrose tile 彭罗斯点阵pentagonal prism 五角棱镜pentane lamp 戊烷灯pentode 五极管pentration 贵穿penumbra 半影percent 百分率percolating network 渗透网络percolation 渗滤percussion 冲击perfect conductivity 理想导电性perfect conductor 理想导体perfect cosmological principle 完全宇宙原理perfect crystal 理想晶体perfect diamagnetism 理想抗磁性perfect elasto plastic body 完全弹塑性体perfect fluid 完全铃perfect gas 理想气体perfect liquid 理想液体perfect polarization 全极化perfect solution 理想溶液perfectly black body 绝对黑体perfectly elastic body 完全弹性体perfectly elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞perfectly inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞period 周期period luminosity relation 周期光度关系period of oscillation 振荡周期period of revolution 公转周期periodic comet 周期彗星periodic error 周期误差periodic law 周期律periodic motion 周期运动periodic orbit 周期轨道periodic potential 周期势periodic system 周期系periodic table 周期表periodic zone 周期带peripheral collision 边缘碰撞peripheral reaction 圆周反应peripheral vision 周边视觉periscope 潜望镜permalloy 坡莫合金permanent magnet 永磁铁permeability 磁导率permeameter 磁导计permeance 磁导permissible dose 容许剂量permissible error 容许误差permissible stress 容许应力permissible tolerance 容许剂量permitted line 容许谱线permittivity 介电常数permutation 排列permutation group 置换群permutation operator 置换算符perovskite structure 钙钛矿型结构perpendicular band 正交带perpendicular susceptibility 垂直磁化率perpetual mobile 永恒机关perpetual motion 永恒运动perpetuum mobile 永动机perpetuum mobile of the first kind 第一类永动机perpetuum mobile of the second kind 第二类永动机perseus 英仙座persistence of vision 视觉暂留persistent current 持久电流persistent line 暂留谱线personal computer 个人计算机personal error 人为误差personal monitor 个人剂量计personal monitoring 个人监测perturbation 微扰perturbation energy 微扰能perturbation method 摄动法perturbation theory 微扰理论perturbed motion 受摄运动perveance 电子管导电系数peta 拍它petra 正负电子串列存储环型加速器petrapfund series 芬德系phantom 人体模型phase 相位phase advance capacitor 相位超前电容器phase angle 相位角phase average 相平均phase boundary 相界phase coherent state 相位相干态phase conjugate interferometry 相位共轭干涉法phase contrast 相衬phase contrast method 相衬法phase contrast microscope 相衬显微镜phase diagram 平衡图phase difference 相位差phase discriminator 相位鉴别器鉴相器phase displacement 相移phase distortion 相位畸变phase equilibrium 相平衡phase grating 相位衍射光栅phase hologram 相位全息图phase locked loop 锁相环路phase locking 锁相phase locking technique 锁相法phase margin 相位容限phase matching 相位平衡phase meter 功率因数计phase mode 相位模phase modulation 掂phase orbit 相轨道phase oscillation 相位振动phase retrieval 相位复原phase rule 相律phase sensitive detection 相敏检波phase separation 相分离phase shift 相移phase shift oscillator 相移振荡器phase shifter 移相器phase space 相宇phase space average 相平均phase stability 相位稳定性phase transformation 相变phase transition 相变phase transition of the first kind 第一类相变phase transition of the second kind 第二类相变phase transition of vacuum 真空相变phase velocity 相速度phase voltage 相电压phase volume 相体积phason 起伏量子phasotron 稳相加速器phenomenon 现象phoenix 凤凰座phon 方phonometer 声响度计phonon 声子phonon drag 声子曳引phonon echo 声子回波phonon excitation 声子激发phosphor 磷光体phosphorescence 磷光phot 辐透photo acoustic spectroscopy 光声光谱学photo magnetoelectric effect 光磁电效应photoacoustics 光声学photoactivation 光激活photobiology 光生物学photocathode 光电阴极photocell 光电池photoceram 光敏玻璃陶瓷photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemical system 光化学系统photochemistry 光化学photochromic glass 光变色玻璃photocolorimeter 光电比色计photoconduction 光电导photoconductive cell 光电导管photoconductive effect 内光电效应photoconductivity 光电导性photocurrent 光电流photodensitometer 光密度计photodensitometry 光密度分析法photodetachment 光致脱离photodetector 光探测器photodiode 光电二极管photoeffect 光电效应photoelastic effect 光弹性效应photoelastic holography 光弹性全息照相photoelasticimeter 光致弹性测量计photoelasticity 光弹性photoelectret 光永电体photoelectric absorption 光电吸收photoelectric cell 光电池photoelectric current 光电流photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectric emission 光电发射photoelectric microphotometer 光电测微光度计photoelectric photometer 光电光度计photoelectric photometry 光电测光photoelectric pyrometer 光电高温计photoelectric threshold 光电阈photoelectric tube 光电管photoelectricity 光电photoelectromagnetic effect 光电磁效应photoelectron 光电子photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子谱学photoemission 光电发射photoexcitation 光激发photofission 光核裂变photogalvanic effect 光生伏打效应photographic apparatus 照相机photographic camera 照相机photographic density 照相密度photographic emulsion 照相乳胶photographic film 软片photographic lens 照相物镜photographic magnitude 照相星等photographic material 照相材料photographic photometry 照相测光学photographic plate 照相底板photographic telescope 天体照相机photography 照相术photogun 光电子枪photoionization 光致电离photoirradiation 光致辐照photoluminescence 光致发光photolysis 光解酌photomagnetic effect 光磁效应photometer 光度计photometric cube 光度计立方体photometric distance 测光距离photometric elements 测光要素photometric quantity 光度量photometric standard 光度学标准photometric unit 光度单位photometric wedge 测光楔photometrical paradox 奥伯斯佯谬photometry 光度学photomicrograph 显微镜照片photomicroscopic 显微照相机photomultiplier 光电倍增管photomultiplier tube 光电倍增管photon 光子photon counting method 光子计数法photon coupled pair 光导发光元件photon echo 光子回波photon gas 光子气体photon packet 光子束photonegative effect 负光电效应photoneutron 光中子photonuclear fission 光核裂变photonuclear reaction 光核反应photophoresis 光致迁动photopic vision 亮视觉photoplate 照相底板photoradiometer 光辐射计photorecorder 自动记录照相机photoresist 光致抗蚀剂photosemiconductor 光半导体photosensitive resin 光敏尸photosensitivity 光灵敏度photosensitization 光敏化photosphere 光球photostatistics 光子统计学photosynthesis 光合酌phototelegraphy 传真photothermal displacement 光照位移phototransistor 光电晶体管photovisual magnitude 仿视星等photovoltaic effect 光生伏打效应physical chaos 物理混沌physical chemistry 物理化学physical constant 物理常数physical double star 物理双星physical libration 物理天平动physical mathematics 物理数学physical oceanography 海洋物理学physical optics 物理光学physical pendulum 复摆physical photometer 物理光度计physical photometry 物理光度学physical property 物理性质physical quantity 物理量physical roentgen equivalent 物理伦琴当量physical variable 物理变星physicist 物理学家physico chemical 物理化学的physics 物理学physics of heat 热物理学physics of metals 金属物理学physiological acoustics 生理声学pi bond 键pi electron 电子pi electron approximation 电子近似pi meson 介子pi orbital 轨道pick up reaction 拾取反应pico 微微picofarad 微微法picosecond 微微秒picosecond laser 微微秒激光器picosecond light pulse 微微秒光脉冲picosecond spectroscopy 微微秒光谱学pictor 绘架座pid action 比例积分微分酌pierce type crystal oscillator 皮尔斯石英振荡器pierce type electron gun 皮尔斯电子枪piezo ceramic element 压电陶瓷元件piezo semiconductor transducer 压电半导体换能器piezoceramics 压电陶瓷piezochromism 受压变色piezoelectric 压电piezoelectric actuator 压电传动装置piezoelectric axis 压电轴piezoelectric constant 压电常数piezoelectric crystal 压电晶体piezoelectric effect 压电效应piezoelectric element 压电元件piezoelectric loudspeaker 压电扬声器piezoelectric modulus 压电模量piezoelectric oscillator 压电振荡器piezoelectric polaron 压电极化子piezoelectric transducer 压电转换器piezoelectric vibration 压电振动piezoelectricity 压电piezometer 液体压力计piezoresistor 压电电阻器piezotropy 压性pile 反应堆pile oscillator 反应堆振荡器pile up effect 脉冲堆积效应pilot lamp 指示灯pinch effect 箍缩效应pinching 自压缩pinhole camera 针孔照相机pinning 锁住pinning center 锁住中心pinning force 锁住力pinning potential 锁住势pion 介子pion beam 介子束pion condensation 介子凝聚pionic atom 介原子pionization 介子化过程pipe 导管pipe line 导管pippard equation 皮帕德方程pirani gage 皮拉尼压力计pisces 双鱼座piscis austrinus 南鱼座pitot tube 皮托管planar transistor 平面晶体管planck mass 普朗克质量planck time 普朗克时间planck's constant 普朗克常数planck's function 普朗克函数planck's fundamental length 普朗克基本长度planck's law of radiation 普朗克辐射定律plane concave lens 平凹透镜plane convex lens 平凸透镜plane fault 面缺陷plane grating 平面光栅plane mirror 平面镜plane of incidence 入射面plane of polarization 偏光面plane of projection 射影平面plane of symmetry 对称面plane polarization 平面偏振plane polarized light 平面偏振光plane polarized wave 平面偏振波plane wave 平面波planet 行星planetarium 天象仪planetary aberration 行星光行差planetary cosmogony 行星演化学planetary geology 行星地质学planetary nebula 行星状星云planetary system 行星系planetesimal theory 星子论planetesimals 星子planetoid 小行星planimeter 测面仪plano concave lens 平凹透镜plano convex lens 平凸透镜plano cylindrical lens 平圆柱透镜plano spherical lens 平面球面透镜plasma 等离子体plasma accelerator 等离子体加速器plasma balance 等离子体平衡plasma cluster 等离子粒团plasma confinement 等离子体禁闭plasma containment 等离子体禁闭plasma diagnostics 等离子体诊断学plasma dispersion function 等离子体弥散函数plasma echo 等离子体回波plasma engine 等离子体发动机plasma focus 等离子体聚焦点plasma frequency 等离子体频率plasma gun 等离子体枪plasma heating 等离子体加热plasma instability 等离子体不稳定性plasma membrane 原生质膜plasma oscillation 等离子体振荡plasma physics 等离子体物理学plasma potential 等离子体势plasma source 等离子体源plasma wave 等离子体波plasmapause 等离子体层顶plasmasphere 等离子层plasmoid 等离子粒团plasmon 等离振子plasmon excitation 等离振子激发plastic anisotropy 塑性蛤异性plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic flow 塑性怜plastic material 塑胶plastic potential 塑性势plastic wave 塑性波plastic yield 塑性屈服plasticity 塑性plastics 塑胶plate 正极plate battery 阳极电池组plate circuit 板极电路plate current 板极电流plate detection 板极检波plate resistance 板极电阻plate tectonics 板块构造plate voltage 板极电压plateau 坪platinum 铂platinum group elements 铂族元素platinum resistance thermometer 铂电阻温度计pleochroic halo 多向色晕pleochroism 多色性pleochromatism 多色性plk method plk 法plot 标绘plotter 标绘器plug 插头plural scattering 多重散射plus 加plus sign 加号pluto 冥王星plutonium 钚plutonium reactor 钚堆plutonium regeneration 钚再生pluviometer 雨量器pneumatic laser 气动激光器pockels cell 波克尔斯盒pocket dosimeter 袖珍剂量计pocket of air 气囊point at infinity 无穷远点point charge 点电荷point contact rectifier 点接触整流point contact transistor 点接触晶体管point defect 点缺陷point discharge 尖端放电point group 点群point lattice 点晶格point of action 酌点point of application 酌点point of contact 接触点point source of light 点光源poise 泊poiseuille flow 泊萧叶怜poiseuille's law 泊萧叶定律poisson bracket 泊松括号poisson equation 泊松方程poisson process 泊松过程poisson's ratio 泊松比polar aurora 极光polar binding 极性键polar bond 极性键polar cap 极冠polar cap absorption 极冠吸收polar crystal 极性晶体polar gas 极性气体polar light 极光polar liquid 极性液体polar molecule 极性分子polar motion 极运动polar sequence 北极星序polar telescope 天极仪polar triangle 极三角形polar vector 极矢量polar wandering 极运动polar year 极年polarimeter 偏振计polarimetry 测偏振术polaris 北极星polarisation angle 布儒斯特偏振角polariscope 偏振光镜polariton 电磁耦合振子polarity 极性polarizability 极化率polarizability ellipsoid 极化率椭球polarization 极化polarization charge 极化电荷polarization current 极化电流polarization curve 极化曲线polarization factor 极化因数polarization filter 偏振滤光镜polarization force 极化力polarization interferometer 偏振干涉仪polarization microscope 偏光显微镜polarization of neutron 中子的极化polarization orbital 极化轨道polarization potential 极化势polarization spectroscopy 偏振光光谱学polarized beam 极化束polarized ion source 极化离子源polarized light 偏振光polarized neutron diffraction technique 极化中子衍射法polarized nucleus 极化核polarized raman scattering 偏振喇曼散射polarized relay 极化继电器polarized target 极化靶polarizer 起偏器偏振器polarizing filter 偏振滤光镜polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarizing prism 偏振棱镜polarograph 极谱仪polarography 极谱学polaroid 偏光片polaron 极化子pole 极pole of ecliptic 黄极pole piece 极片pole shoe 极片pole strength 磁极强度polestar 北极星polhode 心迹线polishing 抛光poloidal magnetic field 极向磁场polonium 钋polyatomic molecule 多原子分子polycondensation 缩聚酌polycrystal 多晶polycrystalline material 多晶物质polydisperse system 多色散系polygon of forces 力多边形polygonization 多边形化polymer 聚合物polymer complex 聚合络合物polymer crystal 聚合晶体polymer effect 聚合效应polymerization 聚合polymerization of protein 蛋白质聚合polymolecularity 多分子性polymorphism 多形性polyphase 多相polyphase current 多相电流polytrope 多变性polytropic change 多方状态变化polytropic index 多方指标polytropic process 多变过程pomeranchuk effect 坡密朗丘克效应pomeranchuk theorem 坡密兰丘克定理pomeron 坡密子pool type reactor 池式堆population 全域population inversion 粒子数反转pore 小黑子porosity 多孔性porous flow 多孔流position 位置position resolution 位置分辨率position sensitive detector 对位置灵敏的探测器position vector 位置矢量positive 正片positive charge 正电菏positive column 阳极区positive crystal 正晶体positive electricity 正电positive electrode 阳极positive electron 正电子positive element 正元素positive eyepiece 正目镜positive feedback 正反馈positive hole 空子positive ion 阳离子positive lens 正透镜positive magnetostriction 正磁致伸缩positive meniscus 凹凸透镜positive meson 正介子positive rays 阳射线positon 正电子positron 正电子positron annihilation 正电子湮没positron beam 正电子束positron channeling 正电子沟道positron electron annihilation 偶湮没positron electron tandem ring accelerator 正负电子串列存储环型加速器petra positron emission 正电子发射positron factory 正电子工厂positron spectroscopy 正电子谱学positronium 电子偶素post newtonian approximation 后牛顿近似post nova 燃后新星post post newtonian approximation 后后牛顿近似potassium 钾potassium dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸二氢钾potential 势potential barrier 势垒potential difference 势差potential divider 分压器potential energy 势能potential energy curve 势能曲线potential field 势场potential flow 势流potential function 势函数potential instability 对粱稳定性potential motion 势运动potential scattering 势散射potential well 势阱potentiometer 电位计potts model 波特模型pound 磅powder camera 粉末照相机powder diffraction method 粉末法powder pattern 粉末干涉象powder photography 粉末照相术power 功率power amplification 功率放大power demonstration reactor 动力示范堆power density 功率密度power dissipation 耗散功率power factor 功率因数power factor meter 功率因数计power gain 功率增益power of a lens 透镜的焦强power reactor 动力堆power tube 功率管poynting robertson effect 坡印廷罗伯逊效应poynting's vector 坡印廷矢量practical system of units 实用单位制prandtl number 普朗特数praseodymium 镨pre vacuum 初真空pre vacuum pump 预备真空泵preacceleration 预加速preaccelerator 前加速器preamplifier 前置放大器precession 旋进precession camera 旋进照相机precession of orbit 轨道旋进precessional constant 岁差常数precious metal 贵金属precipitation 沉淀precision 精密度precision measurement 精密测量predict earthquake with catfish 用鲶鱼预报地震prediction 预报prediction of solar activity 太阳活动预告predissociation 预离解preferential recombination 优选复合preionization 预电离preliminary vacuum 初真空pressure 压力pressure broadening 压力增宽pressure coefficient 压力系数pressure dispersion 压力弥散pressure drag 压力阻pressure drop 压降pressure gage 压力表pressure head 压头pressure height equation 气压测高公式pressure of light 光压pressure of water vapor 水汽压pressure sensitive diode 压力敏感二极管pressure sensitive transistor 压力敏感晶体管pressure tensor 压强张量pressurized air 压缩空气pressurized water reactor 压水堆primakoff effect 普里马科夫效应primary battery 原电池primary beam 初级束流原射线束primary cell 原电池primary circuit 原电路primary colors 原色primary cosmic radiation 原宇宙辐射primary cosmic rays 原宇宙射线primary electron 原电子primary energy 一次能量primary ionization 一次电离primary rainbow 昼primary recrystallization 一次再结晶primary standard 原标准primary star 智primary target 初始靶primary thermometer 初始温度计primary voltage 初级电压prime meridian 零子午线prime vertical 卯酉圈primeval galaxy 原始星系primitive black hole 原始黑洞primitive lattice 初基点阵primordial solar nebula 太阳系星云principal axes of stress 应力轴principal axis 轴principal axis of inertia 惯性轴principal index for extraordinary ray 非常光线舟射率principal moment of inertia 知动惯量principal plane 纸面principal point 帚principal quantum number 挚子数principal ray 肘线principal refractive indices 舟射率principal series 诌系principal stress 枝力principle 原理principle of constancy of light velocity 光速不变原理principle of corresponding states 对应态原理principle of detailed balancing 细致平衡原理principle of entropy compensation 熵补偿原理principle of equal a priori probabilities 等验前概率原理principle of equipartition 均分原理principle of equivalence 等价原理principle of equivalence of mass and energy 质能当量原理principle of indeterminancy 测不准原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of least constraint 最小约束运动原理principle of microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性原理principle of minimum dissipation of energy 最小能量耗散原理principle of relativity 相对性原理principle of reversibility 可逆性原理principle of superposition 叠加原理principle of virtual displacement 虚位移原理principle of virtual work 虚功原理printed board 印刷电路板printed circuit 印刷电路printer 打印机prism 棱镜prism angle 棱镜角prism spectrograph 棱镜摄谱仪prism spectroscope 棱镜分光镜prismatic transit instrument 折轴中星仪probability 概率probability current density 概率淋度probability density 概率密度probability distribution 概率分布probability distribution function 概率分布函数probability function 概率函数probability of collision 碰撞概率probable error 概率误差probe 探头probe charge 试探电荷probe method 探测法problem of three bodies 三体问题process control 过程控制product nucleus 生成核production 产生production of entropy 熵产生profile drag 翼型阻力profile monitor 剖面监测器prognosis 预报program 程序program library 程序库programme 程序programming language 程序设计语言progressive wave 前进波projecting lens 投影透镜projection 投影projection of crystal 晶体投影projection operator 投影算符projector 投影器幻灯promethium 钷prominence 日珥prominence spectroscope 日珥分光镜prompt neutron 瞬发中子propagation 传播propagation constant 传播常数propagation of sound 声传播propagation velocity 传播速度propagator 传播函数proper channeling 本盏道proper field 固有场proper lorentz group 固有洛伦兹群proper motion 自行proper time 原时proper tone 固有音proper value 本盏proportion 比例proportional component 比例分量proportional counter 正比计数管proportional ionization chamber 正比电离室proportionality factor 比例系数protoatmosphere 原大气protocol 协议proton 质子proton accelerator 质子加速器proton antiproton collision 质子反质子碰撞proton decay 质子衰变proton induced x ray analysis 质子激发x 射线分析proton linear accelerator 质子直线加速器proton number 质子数proton spectrometer 质子谱仪proton synchrotron 质子同步加速器protoplanet 原行星protostar 原恒星protosun 原太阳prototype 原型prototype meter 米原器proximity 附近proximity effect 邻近效应proximity switch 接近开关pseudo crossing 伪交叉pseudo crystal 伪晶体pseudo dipole interaction 伪偶极子相互酌pseudo energy gap 伪能隙pseudo equilibrium 伪平衡pseudo image 假象pseudo plastic flow 伪塑性流pseudo scalar 伪标量pseudo scalar coupling 伪标量耦合pseudo scalar meson 伪标介子pseudo tensor 伪张量pseudo vector 伪矢量pseudo vector coupling 伪矢量耦合pseudo wave 伪波pseudopotential 伪势pseudostate 伪态pseudosymmetry 伪对称pseudovariable 准变星pss method pss 法psychoacoustics 心理声学psychobiophysics 心理生物物理学psychorheology 心理龄学psychrometer 干湿表ptolemaic system 托勒玫体系pulsar 脉冲星pulsating current 脉动电流pulsating star 脉动星pulsating universe 振动宇宙pulsating variable 脉动星pulsating voltage 脉动电压pulsation 脉动pulse 脉冲pulse amplifier 脉冲放大器pulse code modulation 脉冲编码灯pulse coincidence 脉冲符合pulse decay 脉冲衰减pulse discharge 脉冲放电pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse generator 脉冲发生器pulse height 脉冲高度pulse height analyzer 脉冲高度分析器pulse height discriminator 脉冲高度鉴别器pulse height selector 脉冲高度选择器pulse interval 脉冲间隔pulse laser 脉冲激光pulse length 脉冲宽度pulse modulation 脉冲灯pulse motor 脉冲电动机pulse neutron source 脉冲式中子源pulse oscillator 脉冲发生器pulse recurrence frequency 脉冲重复频率pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率pulse shape 脉冲波形pulse shape discriminator 脉冲波形鉴别器pulse shaper 脉冲成形器pulse shaping 脉冲成形pulse spacing 脉冲间隔pulse transformer 脉冲变压器pulse width 脉冲宽度pulse x rays 脉冲x 射线pulsed cyclotron 脉冲回旋加速器pulsed ion source 脉冲离子源pulsed neutron beam 脉冲中子束pulsimeter 脉冲计数器pump 泵pumping 抽运pumping speed 抽速punctum remotum 远点pupil 光瞳pupillary aperture 光瞳孔径puppis 船尾座pure scattering 纯散射pure state 纯态pure tone 纯音purgemeter 微量量计purity 纯度purple light 柴光push button 按钮push pull 推挽式push pull amplifier 推挽放大器pycnometer 比重瓶pyrex glass 派热克斯玻璃pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 直接日射强度计pyroelectricity 热电pyrogeology 火山学pyrology 热学pyromagnetism 高温磁学pyrometer 高温计pyrometric cone 测温锥pyrometry 高温测定法pyxis 罗盘座。
物理英文版
Time -averaged net forceWhen a time-varying net force isdifficult to measure, we can use a time-averaged net force as the substitute provided that it would give the same impulse to the particle in sametime interval.When a particle experiences a impact in a veryshort time, the non-impulse forces such as gravitational force and friction force are negligible compared to impulsive force.1f i t t F Fdtt =Δ∑∫J G J G ()F t ∑J G J p F t=Δ=Δ∑JG J G J GTime -averaged net force (continued)For a given amount of momentum change, we can delay the timeinterval to decrease the impulsive force.A baseball player catching a ball can soften the impact by pulling hishand back.Example:Example: Conical Pendulum.A small object of mass m is suspended from a string of length L . The object revolves in a horizontal circle of radium r with constant speed v . Determine the impulse exerted (1) by gravity, (2) by string tension on the object, during the time in which the object has passed half of the circle.Solution: From impulse-momentum theorem212122t net net t J F dt mv mv mv ==−=∫J G J G G G G The impulse exerted by gravity on the object 211222t mg t T r r J mgdt mg mgmg v v ππ====∫J G G G G GThe impulse exerted by string intension on the objectT net mgJ J J =−J G J G J G ()222222224T rmg r g J mv m v vvππ⎛⎞=+=+⎜⎟⎝⎠Impulse-momentum theorem for a system of particlesConsider a system of N interacting particles with masses m 1, m 2, …, m N .For i-th particle : the net external force the internal force exerted by j-th particle For the system of particles :According to Newton’s third law, the internal forces cancel in pairs.The total external force acting on the system:The total momentum of the system:i F J G ijf J G ()i ij iF f dt d p +=JG J G J G()i ij iij iiF f dt d p ≠+=∑∑∑JG J G J Gij ij if ≠=∑∑J G iiF ∑J Gtotiip p =∑JG J G §2Impulse -momentum theorem fora system of particlesImpulse-momentum theorem for a system of particles (continued)zerototd p J GWhich case of collision satisfies the conservation of momentum? Or conservation of component momentum?Example②Example: A wooden block of mass M 1is suspended from a cord of length L attached to a cart of mass M 2which can roll freely on a frictionless horizontal track. A bullet of mass m is fired into the block from left. After the impact of the bullet, the block swings up with the maximum angle of θ. What is the initial speed v of the bullet?Solution:(1)Stage 1:For the systemconsisting of m and M 1, the momentum isconserved in horizontal during a small intervaltime of impact.11()mv M m v =+Example: is suspended vertically with its lowest end§3 Center of MassDescribe the motion of a system of particlesby every motion for individual particles by overall motion in terms of center of mass Center of massFor the system of discretely distributed particles represented by components For the extended object with uniformly distribution of mass CM i i i i i i i i m r m r r m M==∑∑∑G G G CM CM CM i i i i i i ii i m x m y m z x y z M M M ===∑∑∑10CM 10CM lim 1, lim 11, i i N i i N i m N i N i m CM x m x dm x x dm M dm m y y dm z z dm M M →∞=Δ→→∞=Δ→Δ===Δ==∑∫∫∫∑∫∫CM 1r r dm M=∫GGExample: Find the center of mass of a uniform solidhemisphere of radius R and mass M .Solution: From symmetry it is apparent that the center ofmass lies on the z axis. x CM =0, y CM =0.The three-dimensional integral can be treated as an one-dimensional integral. Subdivide the hemisphere into a pile of thin disk .CM 11z zdm z dV M Mρ==∫∫2dV r dzπ=323M R ρπ⎛⎞=⎜⎟⎝⎠022CM 323322003cos sin (sin )233cos sin sin (sin )22313248z R R R d R R d R d R R πππθθθθθθθθθ=−===×=∫∫∫Find r , z in terms of θ.sin cos sin r R z R dz R d θθθθ===−Supplement problem: Find the center of mass of a uniform semicircular plate of radius R and mass M.Applications of center of massFor a system of discrete particlesA cannon shell in a parabolictrajectory explodes in flight,splitting into two fragments. Thefragments follow new paths, butcenter of mass continues on the original parabolic trajectory.For a rigid bodyWe can describe a rigid body as a combination of translational motion of the center of mass and rotational motion about an axis throughthe center of mass.Fig. (a) The motion of the diver is pure translation.Fig. (b) The motion of the diver is translation plus rotation.Example: A rocket is fired into the air. At the moment it reaches its highest point,a horizontal distance d from its starting point, an explosion separates it intotwo parts of equal mass. Part I is stopped in midair by explosion and fallsvertically to Earth. Where does par II land?Solution: After the rocket is fired, the path of the center of mass of the system continues to follow the parabolic trajectory of a projectile acted on only by a constant gravitational force. The center of mass will thus arrive at a point 2d from the starting point. Since the masses of I and II are equal,the center of mass must be midway between them. Therefore, II lands a distance3d from the starting point.Example:Solution II: Treat the two blocks as a whole.External force: exerted by wall on m 2.2CM2122()()d x k l x m m dt −=+2CM 212m x x m m =+2CM12CM 1222()()d x m m k l x m m m dt+−=+2CM 2CM 22120d x m k x l dt m m m ⎛⎞+−=⎜⎟+⎝⎠2CM 122cos m k x l A t m m m φ⎛⎞−=+⎜⎟⎜⎟+⎝⎠。
物理专业英语知识点总结
物理专业英语知识点总结第一篇：物理专业英语知识点总结目录1.kinematic2.mechanical motion 运动学3.vector 机械运动 4velocity and speed 向量5.acceleration 速度和速率ws of conservation 加速度7.quantities 8.conservation obeying the 守恒定律laws of量符合守恒定律的9.kinetic energy 10.work 动能11.conservative forces 功12.potential 保守力external energy inan 的势能force field 在外力场中13.mechanics of a rigid body 体力学刚14.motion of a body 15.motion 物体运动 of a bodyof the center of mass 16.rotation 物体质心的运动fixed of a body abouta 动axis 绕固定轴的物体的运17.molecular 学physics分子物理18.statistical thermodynamics physics and 19.mass 分子的质量和大小and size 热动力学of molecules 20.state 统运动状态of asystem process 系21.internal 系统内能energy of a system 22.the thermodynamics first law of 律热力学第一定23.work changes 变体积做功in donevolomeby a 物体通过改body upon 24.temperature 25.equation gas of state 温度of an ideal 26.statistical physics 理想气体状态方程rmation 统计物理of probability28.nature of the thermal motion 概率原理form thetheory of molecules29.number 分子热运动的本质molecules 密度with ofa wall collisions 分子碰撞of 30.pressure of a opticsgas on a wall 31.interference 光学涉of light 光的干32.interference 光波干涉of light waves 33.coherence34.ways interference of 相干的的方法of lightobserving 观察光干涉the 35.diffraction of light 36.introduction 37.huygens-fresnel 前言光的衍射更斯-菲涅尔原理principle惠38.fresnel zones39.electricity 区域学和磁学and magnetism 电40.electric 空中的电场fieldin a vacuum真41.electric charge42.coulomb43.system of untis ’s law库仑定律电荷44.rationalized 单位体系 formulasform of writing 形式正规性合理化的书写45.potential 46.electric stbengthfield 电势电场。
物理学专业英语翻译
2.1 Introduction(引言)We begin our study of the physical universe by examining objects in motion. Thestudy of motion . whose measurement. more than 400 years ago gave birth to physics. iscalled kinematics.Much of our understanding of nature comes from observing the motion of objects. Inthis chapter we will develop a description for the motion of a single point as it movesthrough space. Although a point is a geometrical concept quite different from everydayobjects such as footballs and automobiles, we shall see that the actual mot10n of manyobjects is most easily described as the motion of a single point (the "center of mass"). plusthe rotation of the object about that point. Postponing a discussion of rotation. let usbegin he-re with a description of a single point as it moves through space. Space and timeKinematics is concerned with two basic questions. "Where?" and "When?". Thoughthe questions are simple. the answers are potentially quite complicated if we inquire aboutphenomena outside our ordinary daily experiences. For example. the physics of very highspeeds, or of events involving intergalactic distances or submicroscopic dimensions. isquite different from our common-sense ideas. We will discuss the… interesting subjects inlater chapters. For the present we shall adopt the space and time of Newton-thoseconcepts we gradually developed as a result of our everyday experiences.Space is assumed to be continuously uniform and isotropic. These two terms meanthat space has no 'graininess' and that whatever its properties may be, they areindependent of any particular direction or location. in the words of Isaac Newton.' Absolute space . in its own nature . without relation to anything external . remains alwayssimilar and unmovable. " Every object in the universe exists at a particular location inspace. and an object may change its location Ly moving through space as time goes on. Wespecify the Location of a particular point in space by its relation to a frame of reference.Time, according to Newton, is also absolute in the sense that it "flows on" at auniform rate . We cannot speed it up or slow it down in any way. in Newton's words," Absolute. true. and mathematical time . of itself . and from its own nature . flows equablywithout relation to anything external. and by another name is called duration. " Time isassumed to be continuous and ever advancing. as might be indicated by a clock.Space and time are wholly independent of each other. though it is recognized that allphysical objects must exist simultaneously in both space and time.Remarkably . many of these traditional ideas turn out to be naive and inconsistent withexperimental evidence. The world is just different from the picture we form from ourcommon-sense. intuitive ideas. Space and time, by themselves. arc concepts that arcdifficult (or perhaps impossible) to define in terms of anything simpler. However. we canmeasure space and time in unambiguous ways. We define certain operations by which weobtain numerical measurements of these quantities using rulers and clocks. based uponstandard units of space and time.For many years. our standard of time was based on astronomical observations of the earth'srotation. Because of the variations in the earth’s rotation . in 1967 the 13th General Conference onWeights and Measures. attended by 38 nations. adopted an atomic standard for time.Similarly. our former standard of length was the distance between two marks onplatinum-iridium bar. kept at Sevres. France. in 1960. the fundamental length standardwas redefined in terms of the wavelength of light emitted during a transition between two.The standard units of time and length may be described as follows:An interval of time. The fundamental unit is the second (s) . which by internationalagreement is defined as the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding tothe transition between the two lowest energy levels in the atomic isotope cesium 133.An interval of length. The fundamental unit is the meter (m). which is defined independently of the time interval Before 1983 . by international agreement the meter wasdefined as exactly 1 650 763. 73 wavelengths of the orange light emitted from the isotopekrypton 86. in November 1983. the length standard was defined as the distance that lighttravels in a vacuum in l1299 792 458 second.l angstrom(A) -. 10-l0 m l micron (u or um)10-6 m2.1简介（引言）我们开始研究宇宙的物理研究物体的运动。
物理专业英语-课件
物理专业英语English in Physics教材：《物理专业英语》，李淑侠、刘盛春，哈尔滨工业大学出版社学时：32目的：1、增加了解——专业词汇、语法、结构2、扩宽专业知识3、打基础——文献的查阅、翻译、写作内容：(5 parts)1、Mechanics力学2、Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics热力学与统计物理3、Optics光学4、Electromagnetism电磁学5、Modern Physics近代物理Part 1 The physical fundamentals of mechanicsCharpter1 kinematics§1-0 Prologuequestions:Can you briefly describe mechanics in your mind?Study the motion of the material bodiesHave long historyTremendous growth by Galileo and NewtonWhat can we do applying the principles of mechanics?Predict motions \ analyse motions and explain the causeWhy mechanics is most important branch of physics?The first complete branch,furnish the basic concepts of whole physics, influence theother branches.passages:✧Now we apply some principles to the motions of artificial satellites such as anorbiting Space Shuttle. In general, the principles of mechanics can be applied toi. The motions of celestial objects so as to accurately predict events, in somecases many years before they happen, for example, the return of the Halley’scomet;ii. The motions of ordinary objects on Earth , for example, an automobile or a thrown baseball;iii. The behavior of atoms, atomic particles, and subatomic particles, withconsiderable success.words：●kinematics[,kini'mætiks, kai]n. the branch of mechanics concerned with motion withoutreference to force or mass运动学；动力学●celestial [si'lestjəl] adj. adj.1. of or relating to the sky 2. relating to or inhabiting a divine heaven 3.of heaven or the spirit 天上的，天空的●space shuttle n. a reusable spacecraft with wings for a controlled descent through the Earth'satmosphere太空飞船●comet ['kɔmit] n. (astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen massthat travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit●differentiate [,difə'renʃieit] v. 1. mark as different 2. be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait;sometimes in a very positive sense 3. calculate a derivative; take the derivative4. becomedifferent during development cells differentiate 5. evolve so as to lead to a new species or develop in a way most suited to the environment 6. become distinct and acquire a different charactervi. 区分，区别vt. 区分，区别§1-1Mechanical motionquestions:●What must we introduce or consider when we describe the mechanical motion?●Why do we usually study the idea models, such as particle and rigid body?●When a body we study is regarded as a point particle ? or a rigid body?●How can we describe the motion of a body or system ?●How many kinds of the motion of the rigid body? And what they are?●Can you describe the Cartesian coordinates as a example in this section?Passage:✧It was indicated above that motion in mechanics is defined as the change in themutual arrangement of the bodies. If we imagine a separate isolated body in aspace where no others are present, then we cannot speak of the motion of thebody because there is nothing with respect to which the body could change its position. It thus follows that if we intend to study the motion of a body, then we must indicate with respect to what other bodies the given motion occurs.✧To describe the motion of a body means to indicate for every moment of thetime the position of the body in space and its velocity. To set the state of amechanical system, we must indicate the positions and the velocities of all thebodies forming the system. A typical problem of mechanics consists indetermining the states of a system at all the following moments of time t whenwe know the state of the system at a certain initial moment t0 and also the laws governing the motion.✧It is simpler to treat a point particle than an extended body. We shall thereforefirst study the mechanics of a particle, and then go over to the mechanics of arigid body. We shall start with kinematics, and then delve into dynamics. Weremind our reader that kinematics studies the motion of bodies without regardto what causes this motion. Dynamics studies the motion of bodies with a view to what causes this motion to have the nature it does, i.e. with a view to theinteractions between bodies.Word:timepiece ['taimpi:s] n. a measuring instrument or device for keeping time 计时器stationary ['steiʃənəri] adj. 1. standing still 2. not capable of being moved 固定的；静止的；定居的；常备军的reference frame n. a system that uses coordinates to establish position参考系，参考坐标系constant ['kɔnstənt]adj. 1. persistent in occurrence and unvarying in nature 2. continually recurring or continuing without interruption 3. steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection 4.uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing n.1. a quantity that does not vary2. anumber representing a quantity adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的n. [数] 常数；恒量corridor ['kɔridɔ:] n. an enclosed passageway; rooms usually open onto it走廊disengage [,disin'ɡeidʒ] v. release from something that holds fast, connects, or entangles 使脱离；解开；解除disengage from 使…从…脱离(或解脱、解除):deform [di'fɔ:m] v. 1. make formless 2. twist and press out of shape 3. cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form 4. become misshapen 5. alter the shape of(something) by stress 6. assume a different shape or form vt. 使变形；使成畸形vi. 变形；变畸形adj. 畸形的；丑陋的Cartesian [kɑ:'tiziən] adj. of or relating to Rene Descartes or his works adj. 笛卡尔哲学的；笛卡尔的cartesian coordinate [数学]笛卡尔坐标cartesian coordinate system 笛卡儿坐标系统cartesian product 笛卡儿积cartesian space 直角坐标空间；欧几里得空间；笛卡儿空间rectangular ['rek'tæŋɡjulə] adj. 1. having four right angles 2. having a set of mutually perpendicular axes; meeting at right angles adj. 矩形的；成直角的lattice ['lætis] n. 1. an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions 2. small opening (like a window in a door) through which business can be transacted 3. framework consisting of an ornamental design made of strips of wood or metal[晶体] 晶格；格子；格架rod [rɔd] n. 1. a linear measure of 16.5 feet 2. a long thin implement made of metal or wood3. any rod-shaped bacterium4. a square rod of land5. visual receptor cell sensitive to dimlight 6. a gangster's pistol 棒；惩罚；枝条；权力identical [ai'dentikəl]adj. 同一的；完全相同的n. 完全相同的事物scale1 [skeil] n.1. an ordered reference standard 2. relative magnitude 3. the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it v.1. measure by or as if by a scale 2. pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard3. take by attacking withscaling ladders 4. reach the highest point of 5. measure with or as if with scales 6. size or measure according to a scale n.规模；比例；鳞；刻度；天平；数值范围v. 测量；依比例决定graduate ['ɡrædʒuət, 'ɡrædjueit] v 1. receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies 2. make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuringvt. 授予…学位；分等级；标上刻度synchronize ['siŋkrənaiz] v.1. make synchronous and adjust in time or manner 2. happen at the same time3. make (motion picture sound) exactly simultaneous with the action 4. arrange orrepresent events so that they co-occur 5. operate simultaneously 6. cause to indicate the same time or rate vt. 使……合拍；使……同步vi. 同步；同时发生go over 复习，重温；仔细检查；转变；润色delve [delv] v. turn up, loosen, or remove earthvi. 钻研；探究；挖i.e. 是拉丁文id est [id'est]的缩写，它的意思就是“那就是说，换句话说”，等同于“thatis，in other words” ，目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。
物理学专业英语仲海洋版9.2节
物理学专业英语仲海洋版9.2节Unit ThreeLESSON 99.1 物理学专业英语中的长句分析（一）总的来说，专业英语文献中的句子长度呈现两种趋向: 长难句多，短的简单句也多。
一个句子长达一百来个单词，构成一个完整的段落的现象屡见不鲜。
物理学专业英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述,以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达的。
为了表示严谨、精确的含义，语法结构复杂的长句有较多的应用，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了专业英语文体又一重要特征。
长句由基本句型扩展而成，其方式有增加修饰成分如定语、状语的，有用各种短语如介词、分词、动名词或不定式短语充当句子成分的，也可能是通过关联词将两个或两个以上的句子组合成复合句。
从句子结构来看，英语中句子可分简单句，并列复合句和主从复合句。
英语利用形态变化、词序和虚词三大语法手段可构成包孕许多修饰成分或从句的长句，句中各部分顺序灵活多样。
通常英语句中的表态部分（如判断和结论）在先，而叙事部分（如事实和描写）在后，汉语则正好相反；英语句中先短后长，“头轻脚重”，而汉语也正好相反；英语借助形态变化和连接手段而将句中成分灵活排列，汉语则常按时间和逻辑顺序由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论这样排列。
在专业英语的学习中，长句的分析是一个非常重要的基础，无论是专业文献阅读、翻译还是严谨精确地写作，都要从长句分析开始。
长句分析既重要也有些难度。
然而，无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。
只要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容，理解各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和方式表达就可以理解或译出原文了。
9.1.1 长句结构的分析抓住主干，添枝加叶。
所谓抓住主干，就是在理解长句时首先要找到主语、谓语这两个主要成分。
添枝加叶，就是在主语、谓语这两个主要成分的基础上，逐个加上各种修饰语，包括定语、状语、补语、非谓语动词结构、各种从句等。
物理专业英语词汇（C）
物理专业英语词汇（C）c battery c电池组c invariance c 不变性c number c 数c quark c 夸克c transformation c 变换cabibbo theory 卡比玻理论cable 电缆cadmium 镉cadmium cell 镉电池cadmium iodide structure 碘化镉型结构cadmium ratio 镉比caelum 雕具座cage effect 笼效应calabi yau space 卡拉比丘空间calcite 方解石calcium 钙calcium carbide structure 碳化钙型结构calculus of finite differences 差分学calibration 校准calibration curve 校准曲线californium 锎callan symanzik equation 卡兰吸齐克方程caloric theory 热质论calorie 卡calorific 发热的calorific power 热值calorific value 热值calorimeter 热量计calorimetric 量热颇calorimetric measurement 量热calorimetry 热量测定法calory 卡camac 计算机辅助测量和控制系统camelopardalis 鹿豹座camera 照相机camera for electron diffraction 电子衍射照相机camera obscura 针孔照相机canada balsam 加拿大屎canal 道canal rays 极隧射线cancer 巨蟹座candela 新烛candle 蜡烛candle power 烛光canes venatici 猎犬座canis major 大犬座canis minor 小犬座canonical coordinates 正则坐标canonical distribution 正则分布canonical ensemble 正则系综canonical equation 正则方程canonical equation of motion 正则运动方程canonical field theory 正则场论canonical form 典型变式canonical quantization 正则量子化canonical representation 正则表示canonical transformation 正则变换canonical variable 正则变量capacitance 电容capacitance bridge 电容电桥capacitance meter 电容计capacitive 电容的capacitive reactance 电容电抗capacitor 电容器capacity 容量capacity coupling 电容耦合capillarity 毛细管现象capillary 毛细管的capillary electrical phenomenon 毛细管电现象capillary electrometer 毛细管静电计capillary phenomena 毛细现象capillary phenomenon 毛细管现象capillary pressure 毛细管压capillary tube 毛细管capillary viscometer 毛细管粘度计capillary viscosimeter 毛细管粘度计capillary wave 表面张力波capricornus 摩羯座capsule 辐照盒capture 俘获capture cross section 俘获截面capture cross section of neutrons 中子俘获截面capture efficiency 俘获效率capture reaction 俘获反应carat 克拉carbon 碳carbon cycle 碳循环carbon dioxide laser 二氧化碳激光器carbon filament lamp 炭丝灯carbon film resistor 碳薄膜电阻器carbon monoxide laser 一氧化碳激光器carbon nitrogen cycle 碳循环cardioid condenser 心脏形聚光器carina 船底座carnot clausius inequality 卡诺克劳修斯不等式carnot efficiency 卡诺效率carnot's cycle 卡诺循环carrier 载体carrier current 载波电流carrier free 无载体的carrier injection 载体注入carrier lifetime 载体寿命carrier mobility 载体迁移率carrier recombination 载体复合carrier transport 载体输送carrier wave 载波cartesian space 欧几里得空间cascade accelerator 级联加速器cascade process 级联过程cascade radiation 级联辐射cascade shower 级联簇射cascade transformer 级联变压器cascode amplifier 共阴共栅放大器case hardening 表面硬化casimir operator 卡巫尔算符cassegrain focus 卡塞格林焦点cassiopeia 仙后座castigliano theorem 卡斯蒂利亚诺定理cat's eye diaphragm 猫眼光阑cataclysmic variable 激变变星catadioptric system 折反射光系统catalog of celestial bodies 天体表catalysis 催化catalyst 催化剂catalyzer 催化剂catastrophe 灾变catastrophic hypothesis 偶迂假说cathetometer 测高计cathode 阴极cathode dark space 阴极暗区cathode drop 阴极势降cathode fall 阴极势降cathode follower 阴极输出放大器阴极跟随器cathode glow 阴极电辉cathode layer effect 阴极层效应cathode light 阴极电辉cathode luminescence 阴极发光cathode ray oscillograph 阴极射线示波器cathode ray tube 布劳盾cathode rays 阴极射线cathode sputtering 阴极溅射cathodoluminescence 阴极发光cathodophosphorescence 阴极磷光cation 阳离子catoptric element 反射元件catoptrics 反射光学cauchy number 科锡causal green function 因果格林函数causality 因果律cause 原因caustic 焦散线caustic curve 焦散曲线caustic surface 焦散面cavitation 空化cavity 空腔cavity dumping 倾腔cavity frequency meter 空腔频率计cavity ionization 空腔电离cavity magnetron 空腔磁控管cavity radiation 空腔辐射cavity resonance 空腔共振cavity resonator 空腔共振器cavity wavemeter 共振腔波长计ccd camera 电荷耦合掐摄象机ccd imager 电荷耦合掐视频变换器ccd photometry 电荷耦合掐测光法ceiling light 测云灯celestial body 天体celestial coordinates 天球坐标celestial mechanics 天体力学cell 电池cell nucleus 细胞核cell structure 细胞结构cellstructure of the universe 宇宙的栅元结构cellular automaton 细胞自动机celsius' scale 摄氏温标cent 森特centaurus 半人马座center of fluorescence 荧光中心center of force 力心center of gravity 质心center of gyration 旋转中心center of inversion 反演中心center of mass 质心center of mass effect 质心效应center of mass motion 质心运动center of mass system 质心系center of percussion 撞恍心center of pressure 压力中心center of rotation 转动中心center of similarity 相似中心center of symmetry 对称中心centered optical system 共轴光学系统centi 厘centimeter 厘米centimeter gramme second 厘米克秒centimeter wave 超高频central force 中心力central force field 中心力场central limit theorem 中心极限定理central nervous system 中枢神经系统central peak 中央峰central processing unit 中央处理单元centre of buyconcy 浮心centre of fluorescence 茧光中心centrifugal 离心的centrifugal acceleration 离心加速度centrifugal effect 离心效应centrifugal field 离心力场centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal governor 离心蒂器centrifugal potential 离心势centrifugal separator 离心分离器centrifugation 离心分离centrifuge 离心机centrifuge method 离心法centripetal 向心的centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力centrode 中心轨迹centroid 矩心centrosymmetric crystal 中心对称晶体century 世纪cepheid variable 造父变星cepheus 仙王座ceramic capacitor 陶瓷电容器ceramic filter 陶瓷过滤器ceramic fuel 陶瓷燃料ceramics 陶瓷cerium 铈cesium 铯cesium chloride structure 氯化铯结构cetus 鲸鱼座cgs electromagnetic unit 厘米克秒电磁单位cgs electrostatic unit 厘米克秒静电单位cgs system 厘米克秒单位制cgs unit 厘米克秒单位chain disintegration 链式衰变chain molecule 链式分子chain polymer 链型聚合物chain reaction 链式反应chalcogenide glass 硫族玻璃chalcogenide vitreous semiconductor 硫族玻璃半导体chamaeleon 蜓座chandler's period 钱德勒期chandrasekhar limit 钱德拉塞卡极限change 变化channel 道channel width 管道宽度channeling 沟道效应channeling radiation 沟道辐射chaos 混沌chaotic character 随机性chaotic inflation 混沌膨胀chaotic motion 无序运动chaotization 混沌化chapman kolmogorov equation 查普曼柯尔莫哥洛夫方程character 特征特贞character recognition 字符识别characteristic 特征特性characteristic curve 特怔线characteristic energy of electron swarms 电子群集的特哲量characteristic equation 特战程characteristic function 特寨数characteristic impedance 波阻抗characteristic line 特性线characteristic radiation 特狰射characteristic spectrum x 射线线光谱characteristic temperature 特章度characteristic value 本盏characteristic vector 本崭量characteristic vibration 特振动characteristic x rays 特性 x 射线charge 充电charge conjugation 正反粒子共轭charge conservation 电荷守恒charge conservation law 电荷守恒律charge coupled device 电荷耦合掐charge coupled imaging device 电荷耦合掐视频变换器charge density wave 电荷密度波charge distribution 电荷分布charge exchange 电荷交换charge exchange injection 电荷交换注入charge exchange potential 电荷交换势charge independence 电荷独立性charge independence of nuclear forces 核力的电荷独立性charge independent 电荷独立的charge invariance 电荷不变性charge multiplet 电荷多重态charge parity 电荷宇称charge reversal 电荷反转charge sensitive amplifier 电荷灵敏放大器charge separation 电荷分离charge symmetry 电荷对称charge transfer 电荷转移charge transfer complex 电荷转移络合物charge transfer device 电荷转移掐charge transfer spectrum 电荷转移谱charged current 荷电流charged particle 带电粒子charging 充电charm 粲数charm particle 粲粒子charm quark c 夸克charmed particle 粲粒子charmonium 粲素charmonium model 粲素模型charpy impact test 夏氏冲辉验chassis 底盘chebyshev polynomial 车比雪夫多项式chemi ionization 化学电离chemical absorption 化学吸收chemical accelerator 化学加速器chemical balance 分析天平chemical binding 化学键chemical bond 化学键chemical bond energy 化学键能量chemical change 化学变化chemical clock 化学钟chemical deposition 化学淀积chemical equation 化学方程chemical equilibrium 化学平衡chemical equivalent 化学当量chemical evolution 化学演变chemical formula 化学式chemical kinetics 化学运动学chemical laser 化学激光器chemical oscillation 化学振荡chemical physics 化学物理学chemical potential 化学势chemical reaction 化学反应chemical separation 化学分离chemical shift 化学位移chemical stability 化学稳定性chemical symbol 化学符号chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学chemical vapor deposition 化学汽相淀积chemically pumped laser 化学泵浦激光器chemiluminescence 化学发光chemisorption 化学吸附chemistry 化学cherenkov counter 切伦科夫计数器cherenkov effect 切伦科夫效应cherenkov radiation 切伦科夫辐射chern simons gauge theory 陈紊规范理论chief ray 肘线chip 小片chiral anomaly 手沾常chiral dynamics 手寨力学chiral invariant 手栈变性chiral symmetry 手赵称性chirality 手赵chladni's figure 克拉尼图形chlorine 氯choice 选挥choke 抗吝圈choking coil 抗吝圈cholesteric liquid crystal 胆甾相液晶cholesteric phase 胆甾相chondrite 球粒陨石chopper 斩波器chopper amplifier 斩波放大器振动换僚大器christoffel symbol 克氏符号chromathermography 色热测量法chromatic 色的chromatic aberration 色差chromatic polarization 色偏振chromatic scale 半音音阶chromatic semitone 花半音chromaticity 色品chromaticity diagram 色度图chromatics 颜色学chromatography 色谱法chromatometry 色度法chrome 铬chromel 克罗梅尔chromel alumel thermocouple 铬镍铝镍热电偶chromel constantan thermocouple 铬镍康铜热电偶chromel copper thermocouple 铬镍铜热电偶chromium 铬chromosphere 色球chromospheric faculae 色球光斑chromospheric flare 太阳耀斑chromospheric telescope 色球望远镜chromotropism 异色异构chronograph 计时仪chronometer 记时计chronometry 测时chronotron 延时器时间间隔测定仪cie standard colorimeter system cie 标准比色系cie standard colorimetric system 标准比色系统circinus 圆规座circle of confusion 弥散圆circuit 电路circuit breaker 断路器circuit diagram 电路图circuit tester 电路试验器circular accelerator 圆形加速器circular dichroism 圆二向色性circular motion 圆运动;圆周运动circular orbit 圆轨道circular pendulum 循环摆circular polarization 圆偏振光circular velocity 轨道速度circular waveguide 圆形波导管circularly polarized light 圆偏振光circularly polarizing plate 圆偏振板circulation 循环circulator 循环机circulatory motion 涡旋运动clapeyron clausius equation 克拉珀龙克劳修斯方程clark cell 克拉克电池clarke number 克拉克数class 级class ab amplification ab 类放大classical 经典的classical absorption 经典吸收classical diffusion coefficient 经典扩散系数classical electron radius 经典电子半径classical groups 经典群classical mechanics 经典力学classical physics 经典物理学classical quantum theory 经典量子论classical scattering 汤姆逊散射classical statistical mechanics 经典统计力学clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式clausius mosotti formula 克劳修斯莫苏替公式clearance 空隙cleavage plane 劈理面cleavage surface 劈理面clebsch gordan coefficient 克莱布希戈丹系数clinical thermometer 体温计clock paradox 时钟佯谬clock pulse 时钟脉冲clockwise 顺时针的clockwise rotation 顺时针旋转close binary 密近双星close collision 密近碰撞close coupling method 紧密耦合法close packing 密积closed circuit 闭合电路closed shell 满壳层closed system 闭合系closed universe 闭宇宙closeness 附近closest packed lattice 最密积点阵cloud 云cloud chamber 云室cloud physics 云的物理学cloud searchlight 测云灯cluster 簇cluster integral 集团积分cluster ion 簇离子cluster model of nuclei 核的集团模型cluster of galaxies 星系团cluster of nebulae 星系团cma diagram cma 图cmos inverter cmos 倒相器cnare's method 克纳尔方法cno cycle cno 循环co3laser propelled rocket 用co3激光推进的火箭coagulation 凝结coalescence 聚结coalescence model 聚结模型coating 涂层coaxial 同轴的coaxial cable 同轴电缆coaxial resonator 同轴谐振器同轴共振器cobalt 钴cobe satellite 宇宙背景探诉卫星cobol 通用商业语言cochlea 耳蜗cockroft walton accelerator 考克饶夫特瓦尔顿加速器cocktail party effect 鸡尾酒会效应code 码coder 编码器编码机coding 编码coefficient of amplification 放大系数coefficient of capacity 电容系数coefficient of diffusion 扩散系数coefficient of elasticity 弹性系数coefficient of electrostatic induction 静电感应系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of heat transfer 传热系数coefficient of induction 感应系数coefficient of linear expansion 线膨胀系数coefficient of mutual induction 互感系数coefficient of proportionality 比例系数coefficient of reflection 反射系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of self induction 自感系数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数coefficient of viscosity 粘滞系数coefficient of volume expansion 体积膨胀系数coercive force 矫顽力coercivity 矫顽性coexistence curve 共存曲线cofactor 代数余子式coherence 相干性coherence length 相干长度coherence time 相干时间coherent 相干的coherent active raman spectroscopy 相干激活喇曼光谱学coherent anti stokes raman spectroscopy 相干反斯托克斯喇曼光谱学coherent light 相干光coherent optics 相干光学coherent oscillations 相干振荡coherent potential approximation 相干势近似coherent production 相干产生coherent raman scattering spectroscopy 相干喇曼散射光谱学coherent representation 相干态表示coherent scattering 相干散射coherent state 相干态coherent synchrotron radiation 相干同步加速气射coherent system of units 相干单位制coherent transient spectroscopy 相干瞬时光谱学coherent waves 相干波cohesion 内聚性cohesive force 内聚力cohomology 上同调coil 线圈coiled polymer 螺旋状聚合物coincidence 符合coincidence boundary 重合边界coincidence circuit 符合线路coincidence counter 符合计数器coincidence method 符合法cold cathode 冷阴极cold cathode emission 冷阴极发射cold cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计cold cathode tube 冷阴极管cold dark matter 冷暗物质cold emission 场致发射cold filter 过滤器cold fusion 冷聚变cold neutron 冷中子cold plasma 冷等离子体cold trap 冷捕集器冷阱coleman theorem 科勒曼定理collapse 坍缩collecting electrode 集电极collecting lens 聚光透镜collective coordinates 集体坐标collective excitation 集体激发collective model 集体模型collective model of nucleus 核的综合模型collective motion 集体运动collective rotational motion 集体转动运动collector 集电极collector junction 集电极结collider 对撞机colliding beam 碰撞束colliding beam accelerator 对撞机colliding beam experiment 碰撞束实验collimating slit 准直缝collimation 准直collimation error 视准差collimator 准直器collision 碰撞collision cascade 碰撞级联collision cross section 碰撞截面collision density 碰撞密度collision frequency 碰撞频率collision integral 碰撞积分collision of first kind 第一种碰撞collision of second kind 第二种碰撞collision rate 碰撞率collision strength 碰撞强度collisional radiative recombination 碰撞辐射复合collisionless plasma 无碰撞等离子体collisionless shock wave 无碰撞激波colloid 胶质colloidal particle 胶粒colloidal solution 胶体溶液color 色color atlas 比色图表color blindness 色盲color center 色心color center laser 色心激光器color chart 比色图表color code 色码color color plot 颜色颜色图color contrast 彩色对比度color degree of freedom 色自由度color development 发色color excess 色余color field 色场color film 彩色胶片color filter 滤色片color hologram 彩色全息图color holography 彩色全息照相术color index 色指数color magnitude diagram 颜色星等图color matching 配色color mixing 色混合color photography 彩色照相术color pyramid 色棱锥体color pyrometer 比色高温计color saturation 彩色饱和color sensitivity 感色灵敏度color sensitization 色敏化color space 色空间color stimulus 色剌激color system 彩色电视系统color temperature 色温度color tone 色调color triangle 原色三角color vision 色视觉colored symmetry space group 色对称空间群colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 色度学colour 色colour cinematography 彩色电影colour circle 色圆colour disk 色盘colour sensation 色觉coloured glass 有色玻璃colourless 无色的colpitts oscillator 科耳皮兹振荡器columba 天鸽座columnar ionization 柱状电离coma 彗差coma berenices 后发座combination 结合combination principle 并合原理combination relation 组合关系combination tone 合音combined function type synchrotron 组合机能型同步加速器combined parity conservation law 复合宇称守恒律combustion 燃烧combustion heat 燃烧热combustion rate 燃烧率comet 彗星comet group 彗星群cometograph 彗星照相仪command 命令command guidance 指令制导commensurate incommensurate transition 适应不适应转变commensurate structure 适应结构common emitter circuit 共同发射电路communicating vessels 连通器communication 通信commutation 整流转换commutation relation 交换关系commutative group 可换群commutative law 交换律commutativity 交换性commutator 整流转换器;对易子compact galaxy 致密星系compact group 紧致群companion 伴星companion star 伴星comparable 可比较的comparative measurement 比较测定comparative planetology 比较行星学comparator 比较器比长仪comparison circuit 比较线路comparison lamp 比较灯comparison spectrum 比较光谱compass 罗盘仪compass needle type frequencymeter 罗盘针型频率计compensated pendulum 补偿摆compensating eyepiece 补偿目镜compensating filter 补偿滤光镜compensating method 补偿法compensation 补偿compensation theorem 补偿定理compensator 补偿片compiler 编译程序complement of an angle 余角complementarity 互协性complementarity principle 互补原理complementary angle 余角complementary colors 互补色complete 完备的complete normalized orthogonal system 完全正交系complete orthogonal system 完全正交系complete polarization 全极化complete system 完全系completed shell 满壳层completely elastic 完善弹性的completeness 完备性complex 络合物complex admittance 复导纳complex amplitude 复振幅complex dielectric 复合电介质complex dielectric constant 复电容率complex impedance 复阻抗complex index of refraction 复折射率complex modulus 复弹性模量complex particle 复合粒子complex potential 复势complex sound 复杂声音complex variable 复变量complex velocity potential 复速度势complex viscosity 复粘度compliance 柔量component 分量composite material 复合材料composite particle 复合粒子composition 合成composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度合成compound 化合物compound lens 复合透镜compound nucleus 复核compound pendulum 复摆compound semiconductor 化合物半导体compressed air 压缩空气compressibility coefficient 压缩系数compressibility factor 压缩因子compressible flow 可压缩流compressible fluid 可压缩铃compression 压缩compression strength 抗压强度compression wave 压缩波compressive strain 压缩应变compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 压应力compressor 压缩机compton effect 康普顿效应compton electron 康普顿电子compton scattering 康普顿散射compton wavelength 康普顿波长compuer generated hologram 计算全息图computation 计算computational astrophysics 计算天体物理学computational physics 计算物理computed hologram 计算全息图computer 计算机computer language 计算机语言computer network 计算机网络computer simulation 计算机模拟computer tomography 计算机断层摄影computer tomography with nmr 核磁共振计算机断层摄影computing hydrodynamics 计算铃动力学concave convex 凹凸的concave grating 凹光栅concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹镜concavo concave 两面凹的concavo convex lens 凹凸透镜concentrated 集中的concentration 浓缩concentration cell 浓差电池concept 概念condensate 冷凝物condensation 凝结condensation center 凝结中心condensation nuclei 凝结核condensed matter physics 凝聚物理学condensed medium 凝结介质condensed system 凝聚系condenser 电容器condenser coupling 电容耦合condenser lens 聚光透镜condensing lens 聚光透镜conditional equilibrium 条件平衡conditions of similarity 相似条件conductance 电导conduction 传导conduction band 传导带conduction current 传导电流conduction of heat 热传导conductivity 传导率conductivity water 蒸馏水conductor 导体conduit 导管cone of friction 摩擦圆锥configuration 位形configuration interaction 组态相互酌configuration mixing 组态混合configuration space 组态空间configurational energy 组态能量configurational entropy 构形熵confirmation 确认confocal resonator 共焦谐振器conformal field theory 共形场理论conformal gravity 共形引力conformal mapping 保角映象conformal representation 保角映象conformal symmetry 共形对称性conformal transformation 共形变换confrontation 比较congelation point 凝固点congruent melting 同成分熔化conical pendulum 锥动摆conical refraction 锥形折射conjugate class 共轭类conjugate function 共轭函数conjugate momentum 共轭动量conjugate space 共轭空间conjugate transformation 共轭变换conjugate wave 共轭波conjugated bond 共轭键conjugation 共轭connector 插头conoscope 锥光镜consequence 结果conservation 守恒conservation law 守恒定律conservation law in elementary particle reaction 基本粒子反应的守恒定律conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒conservation of charge 电荷守恒conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of mass 质量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservation of parity 宇称守恒conservation of particles 粒子数的守恒conservation of probability 概率守恒conservative force 守恒力conservative system 守恒系conserved vector current 守恒矢量流consonance 谐和constancy 恒定constant 常数constant current power supply 恒电羚源constant deviation monochromator 恒偏向单色仪constant deviation prism 恒偏向棱镜constant deviation spectroscope 恒偏光谱仪constant of precession 岁差常数constant value 常数constant voltage power supply 恒压电源constant voltage transformer 恒压变压器constantan 康铜constellation 星座constituent 组分constitutional diagram 组分图constrained motion 约束运动constraining force 约束力constraint 约束construction 结构constructive field theory 结构场论contact action 接触酌contact angle 接触角contact electricity 接触电contact friction 外摩擦contact phenomena 接触现象contact point 接点contact potential difference 接触势差contact resistance 接触电阻contact surface 接触面contact transformation 接触变换contactor 接触器contamination 污染contemporary physics 现代物理学continental drift theory 大陆漂移论continuity 连续性continuity equation 连续性方程continuous eigenvalue 连续本盏continuous function 连续函数continuous group 连续群continuous laser 连续激光器continuous oscillations 连续振荡continuous radiation 连续辐射continuous spectrum 连续光谱continuous wave oscillation 连续波振荡continuous x radiation 连续x辐射continuous x rays 连续 x 射线continuum 连续体contour 周线contour of a line 谱线轮廓contraction 收缩contrast factor 反差系数contrast photometer 对比光度计contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度contravariant tensor 逆变张量contravariant vector 逆变矢量control 控制control board 控制板control circuit 控制电路control element 控制元件control interval 第间隔control panel 控制板control rod 控制棒control signal 控制信号control system 第系统control unit 控制装置controllable 可挖制的controlled thermonuclear fusion 受控热核聚变controlled thermonuclear reaction 受控热核反应convection 对流convection current 对羚流convection diffusion 对俩散convective core 对了convective diffusion 对俩散convective equilibrium 对两衡convective flow 对流convective instability 对粱稳定性convective layer 对零convergent beam electron diffraction 会聚束电子衍射convergent lens 聚光透镜convergent pencil of rays 会聚光束conversion 转换conversion coefficient 转换系数conversion electron 转换电子conversion factor 变换因数conversion filter for color temperature 色温度变换滤波器conversion of energy 能的转变conversion spectrum 转换谱converter 换能器变换器converter reactor 转换堆convex concave lens 凸凹透镜convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸镜convexo concave 凸凹的convexo concave lens 凸凹透镜convolution 褶积cool colour 冷色coolant 冷却剂coolidge tube 热阴极电子射线管cooling 冷却cooper pair 库珀对cooperative phenomena 合字象coordinate bond 配位结合coordinate system 坐标系coordinate time 坐标时coordinated universal time 协道界时coordination 配位coordination number 配位数copenhagen interpretation 哥本哈根解释coplanar forces 共面力copolymerization 共聚合copper 铜copper loss 铜耗copper oxide rectifier 氧化铜整流copper ratio 铜比coprecipitation 共沉淀corbino disk 克比诺圆盘core 心core halo galaxy 核晕星系core of the earth 地核core polarization 核心极化coriolis' force 科里奥利力corkscrew antenna 螺旋天线cornea 角膜corner cube 隅角棱镜cornu spiral 考纽旋涡corona 电晕corona australis 南冕座corona borealis 北冕座corona discharge 电晕放电corona loss 电晕损耗corona model 日冕模型corona of galaxy 星系冕coronagraph 日冕仪coronal equilibrium 日冕平衡coronal hole 冕洞coronal prominence 冕珥coronals 冕珥coronograph 日冕仪corpuscle 微粒子corpuscular emission 微粒发射corpuscular model 微粒模型corpuscular radiation 微粒辐射corpuscular rays 微粒射线corpuscular stream 微粒流corpuscular theory 微粒说corpuscule 微粒子correcting lens 校正透镜correction factor 校准因子correctness 正确性correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correlation energy 相关能correlation function 相关函数correlation interferometer 相关干涉仪correlation length 相关长度correlation method 相关法correlation ratio 相关比correspondence 对应correspondence principle 对应原理corresponding state 对应态corrosion 腐蚀corrosion fatigue 腐蚀疲劳corrosion resistance 耐蚀性corrosion test 腐蚀试验corundum 刚玉corvus 乌鸦座cosmic background radiation 宇宙背景辐射cosmic cloud 宇宙云cosmic dust 宇宙尘cosmic electrodynamics 宇宙电动力学cosmic elevator 宇宙电梯cosmic laser 宇宙激光cosmic maser 宇宙微波激射cosmic neutrino 宇宙中微子cosmic noise 宇宙噪声cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic radio astronomy 宇宙射电天文学cosmic radio radiation 宇宙射电辐射cosmic radio source 宇宙射电源cosmic radio spectroscopy 宇宙射电光谱学cosmic radio waves 宇宙无线电波cosmic ray burst 宇宙线爆发cosmic ray electron 宇宙线电子cosmic ray physics 宇宙线物理学cosmic ray shower 宇宙线簇射cosmic ray spectrometer 宇宙射线光谱仪cosmic rays 宇宙射线cosmic space 宇宙空间cosmic string 宇宙弦cosmic time 宇宙时cosmic velocity 宇宙速度cosmic x rays 宇宙 x 射线cosmic year 宇宙年cosmical constant 宇宙常数cosmical plasma 宇宙等离子体cosmoballistics 宇宙弹道学cosmobarometry 宇宙测压术cosmochemistry 宇宙化学cosmochronometer 宇宙年代测量仪cosmochronometry 宇宙年代测量学cosmogony 天体演化学cosmological constant 宇宙常数cosmological principle 宇宙学原理cosmological red shift 宇宙学红移cosmological singularity 宇宙学奇异性cosmological term 宇宙项cosmological time 宇宙时cosmology 宇宙论cosmonautics 航天学cosmophysics 宇宙物理学cosmos 宇宙cosmotron 质子同步加速器考司莫加速器cottrell atmosphere 科垂尔大气couette flow 库艾特流coulomb 库仑coulomb attraction 库仑引力coulomb barrier 库仑势垒coulomb born approximation 库仑玻饵似coulomb energy 库仑能coulomb excitation 库仑激发coulomb field 库仑场coulomb gauge 库仑规范coulomb interaction 库仑相互酌coulomb potential 库仑势coulomb repulsion 库仑斥力coulomb scattering 库仑散射coulomb's law 库仑定律coulombmeter 电量计coulometer 库仑计count type analog to digital conversion 计数型模拟数字变换counter 计数管counter circuit 计数线路counter clockwise rotation 反时针旋转counter electrmotive foroce 反电动势counter hodoscope 计数描迹器counter radiation 逆辐射counter telescope 计数望远镜counter tube 计数管counting efficiency 计数效率counting rate 计数率counting rate meter 计数率计couple 力偶couple of forces 力偶coupled oscillations 耦合振荡coupled systemes 耦合系coupled vibrations 耦合振动coupling 耦合coupling coefficient 耦合系数coupling coil 耦合线圈coupling constant 耦合常数coupling factor 耦合系数coupling transformer 耦合变压器covalence 共价covalent bond 电子对键covalent crystal 共价晶体covalent structure 共价结构covar 科伐covariance 协方差covariant 共变式covariant differentiation 共变微分covariant tensor 共变张量coverage factor 覆盖率covering group 覆盖群cp invariance cp 不变性cp violation cp 破坏cpt theorem cpt 定理crab nebula 蟹状星云cranking model 曲柄模型crater 巨爵座creep 蠕变creep test 蠕变试验creeping discharge 蠕缓放电crest 峰crest factor 波峰因数criterion 准则critical absorption 临界吸收critical angle 临界角critical assembly 临界装置critical condition 临界条件critical coupling 临界耦合critical current 临界电流critical damping 临界阻尼critical density 临界密度critical density of the universe 宇宙临界密度critical dimensions 临界维数critical distance 临界距离critical energy 临界能critical equation 临界方程critical experiment 临界实验critical exponent 临界指数critical field 临界场critical fluctuation 临界涨落critical frequency 临界频率critical load 临界负载critical mach number 临界马赫数critical magnetic field 临界磁场critical magnetic scattering 临界磁性散射critical mass 临界质量critical opalescence 临界乳光critical parameter 临界参数critical phenomenon 临界现象critical point 临界点critical pressure 临界压力critical reactor 临界堆critical relaxation 临界弛豫critical resistance 临界电阻critical reynolds number 临界雷诺数critical scattering 临界散射critical size 临界维数critical state 临界critical temperature 临界温度critical value 临界值critical velocity 中肯速度critical volume 临界体积criticality 临界crooked 弯曲的crooked line 曲线crookes dark space 克鲁克斯暗区crookes tube 克鲁克斯管cross correlation 互相关cross correlation function 互相关函数cross hairs 十字准线cross relaxation 交叉衰减cross section 截面cross slip 横向滑移cross spectral density 互谱密度cross wire 十字准线crossed beam method 交叉束法crossed nicols 正交尼科耳棱镜crossing relation 交叉关系crossing symmetry 交叉对称crowdion 群离子crusher gage 压缩压强计crustal alteration 地壳蚀变crustal deformation 地壳形变crux 南十字座cryocrystal 低温晶体cryoelectronics 低温电子学cryogen 冷冻剂cryogenic liquid 低温液体cryogenics 低温学cryolite 冰晶石cryophorus 凝冰器cryopump 低温泵cryosar 低温雪崩开关cryoscopy 冰点降低测定法cryostat 恒低温器cryotron 冷子管crypto symmetry 隐超对称crystal 晶体crystal acoustics 晶体声学。
物理专业英语
第一章：运动学Vector quantity: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction .译文;矢量：一个既有大小又有方向的量Scalar quantity A quantity that has magnitude, but no direction.译文：标量：一个只有大小没有方向的量Vector An arrow drawn to scale used to represent a vector quantity.译文：矢：一个标有刻度的箭头去代表矢量Motion A change of position.译文：运动：位置的改变Speed The distance traveled per time.译文：速率：单位时间内走过的路程Velocity The rate of change position and the direct of the motion.译文：速度：沿运动方向位移的变化率Acceleration Time rate of velocity :Acceleration=change in velocity/time it takes for change.译文：加速度：速度的变化率，加速度=速度的变化量/这段时间第二章：守恒定律Force ： A quantity capable of producing motion or a change in motion.译文：力：一个能够产生运动或该变运动的量Net force：The equivalent or resultant force of two or more force.译文：合外力：它等价于两个或多个力或者可由其合成Newton’s first law of motion(law of inertia)：An object remains at rest or in uniform motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net unbalanced force.译文：牛顿第一定律：一切物体总保持静止或匀速直线运动知道有不平衡的力迫使他改变为止。
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1) 以状语从句或含有从句的状语短语开头的长主从复合句
由于状语可以位于句首，因而很多长句是以状语从句或含有从句的状语短语开头的。在从句末尾往往有一逗号，逗号之后就是主句。这样的长句，在结构上与汉语的句子类似。例如:
①Although there exists much experimental knowledge in regard to the behaviour of bodies ②which are not in the conditions ③to which the mathematical theory is applicable, yet it appears ④that the appropriate extensions of the theory ⑤which would be needed in order to incorporate such knowledge within it cannot be made ⑥until much fuller experimental knowledge has been obtained.
2) 以主句开头的长主从复合句
主句位于句首，后面可以接以引导词引导的各种从句，如主语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。例如:
Viscosity is a general term for all those properties of matter ①by virtue of which the resistance, ②which a body offers to any change, depends upon the rate ③at which the change is effected.
Unit ThreeLESSON 9此例是带有两个定语从句和一个宾语从句的主从复合句。主句为“Laser...is nothing more than a light." 。定语从句①修饰主句中的名词light，宾语从句②为介词in的宾语，定语从句③修饰名词fields。另外，主句中又有一个独立主格结构“its creation...today's wonder”作状语。
在专业英语的学习中，长句的分析是一个非常重要的基础，无论是专业文献阅读、翻译还是严谨精确地写作，都要从长句分析开始。长句分析既重要也有些难度。然而，无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容，理解各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和方式表达就可以理解或译出原文了。
该句主语heat容易确定，它后面紧跟一个动词过去分词required，这个required很容易误解为谓语，其实真正的谓语是is produced.
Laser, its creation being thought to be one of today's wonders, is nothing more than a light①that differs from ordinary lights only in ②that it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields ③ that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.
该句主语property后面省略了一个that或which，用来引导定语从句the air has，修饰主语的介词短语of taking... and giving...中又套两个用when引导的状语从句，显得句子结构复杂。借助is前面这个逗号，使我们找到了这个谓语联系动词。
在进行长句分析时，首先要理解透原文，分析句子结构，弄清语法关系。而对一个句子做结构分析，通常可采取下列步骤: 通读全句，确定句子的种类--简单句或复合句，然后对句子的各种成分进行层次分析。
分析: 在这个句子中。It是句子的形式主语，真正的主语是to be familiar with the mechanism; is necessary是谓语。of charge transfer across a junction是个介词短语，作mechanism的定语；formed是过去分词，作junction的定语；between a piece of n-type semi-conductor 是介词短语，作formed的状语。In order to...transistor是个目的状语，修饰全句。这个句子有三层意思: ①为了理解晶体管的工作原理； ②首先必须熟悉电荷越过结的机理； ③结是在一块n型半导体材料和一块P型半导体材料之间形成的。
这是一个以although引导的让步状语从句开头的复合句。它的从句多达六个: ①although引导的修饰主句谓语的让步状语从句； ②which引导的修饰bodies的定语从句； ③to which引导的修饰conditions的定语从句； ④that引导的主语从句； ⑤which引导的修饰extensions的定语从句； ⑥until引导的修饰cannot be made的时间状语从句。
9.1.2 简单句的分析
对于简单句，进行句子分析时，要先找出句子的主要成分--主语、谓语，并进一步判明句中其余部分的语法成分--宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、插入语等。一个简单句中只有一个主语和谓语，主谓结构是句子的骨干（主干）；其他的句子成分，如定语、状语、补语等，则是生长在这个骨干上的次要（枝叶）成分。因此，在分析简单句时，应首先找出主语和谓语，再确定其他成分跟主语和谓语之间的关系以及各次要成分之间的关系。在把原文的意思彻底弄清楚之后，再来考虑如何用中文进行表达。例如:
9.1.3 复合句的分析
所谓复合句就是由两个或两个以上完整的子句组合而成的句子。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句、并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。
把两个子句结合在一个句子中，英语需要加上连接词或加上标点符号。而由连接词and, or, but...或标点符号结合的子句，在全句内处于并列的地位，这样的复合句称为并列复合句。这种复合句不过是简单地将两句写成一句而已，所以分析起来并不困难。
该句中and后面是动名词短语developing the potentialities of atomic energy, and前面也有两个动名词短语investigating...和extending...，可以肯定这三个动名词短语并列，用作as引导的定语从句的主语。
The property the air has of taking up a great amount of water when heated and giving it out when cooled, is the cause of our clouds and rain. 空气所具有的这种热时吸收、冷时放出大量水汽的性能，是云和雨生成的原因。
Unit Three
LESSON 9
9.1 物理学专业英语中的长句分析（一）
总的来说，专业英语文献中的句子长度呈现两种趋向: 长难句多，短的简单句也多。一个句子长达一百来个单词，构成一个完整的段落的现象屡见不鲜。
物理学专业英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述,以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达的。为了表示严谨、精确的含义，语法结构复杂的长句有较多的应用，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了专业英语文体又一重要特征。长句由基本句型扩展而成，其方式有增加修饰成分如定语、状语的，有用各种短语如介词、分词、动名词或不定式短语充当句子成分的，也可能是通过关联词将两个或两个以上的句子组合成复合句。从句子结构来看，英语中句子可分简单句，并列复合句和主从复合句。
在进行句子分析时，如遇到的长句为复合句，按照我们刚才介绍的方法“抓住主干，添枝加叶”，应先找出主句，然后再确定各个从句的性质及其作用，判明各从句之间的关系--并列关系或从属关系，并对各成分进行层次分析。
对于结构复杂，层次纷纭的主从复合句要抓住引导各种从句的连词，弄清各种从句的性质，这样就能掌握全局结构，分清主次。
这是一个以主句开头的复合句。其中包含三个从句: ①以by virtue of which引导的定语从句； ②以which引导的修饰tance的定语从句； ③以at which引导的修饰rate的定语从句。
3) 并列成分多或长的长复合句
正确判断并列成分是能否对长句进行正确分析的重要因素。这些并列的成分，既可以是并列的分句，也可以是并列的主语、谓语、宾语、定语和状语等。而且，并列成分一般多由and等连词连接。在大多数情况下，根据该连词后面那个词或短语的性质到前面去找与之性质相同的词或短语，即可对并列成分做出正确判断。例如:
另一类复合句中的子句地位不平等，一个子句是主句，其他是从句，这样的复合句称为主从复合句。主从复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是专业英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为: 名词性从句、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。
9.1.1 长句结构的分析
抓住主干，添枝加叶。所谓抓住主干，就是在理解长句时首先要找到主语、谓语这两个主要成分。添枝加叶，就是在主语、谓语这两个主要成分的基础上，逐个加上各种修饰语，包括定语、状语、补语、非谓语动词结构、各种从句等。比如:
In the engine, the heat required to change the water into steam is produced by the combination of the oxygen gas in the air with the fuel. 在蒸汽机中，把水变成蒸汽所需要的热是由空气中的氧气与燃料结合而产生的。