陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第6单元亨利

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陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第20单元田纳西

20.1复习笔记Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)（田纳西·威廉斯）1.Life（生平）Tennessee Williams was one of the greatest American dramatists.He was born Thomas Lanier Williams but he changed“Thomas”to“Tennessee”in1939.He was born in Columbus,Mississippi,in1911.Several years later,the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St.Louis,Missouri.In1929attended the University of Missouri,and dropped out in1932because of poverty.He finally earned a degree in1938from the University of Iowa.His first play,Battle of Angels, proved to be such a fiasco that he did not surface again,until1945when The Glass Menagerie won him international recognition.After that he kept writing at the rate of every two years and enjoyed popularity all along.He was also a novelist and a poet.He wrote a novel,two volumes of poetry,and six volumes of prose,including three collections of short stories.田纳西·威廉斯是美国最伟大的剧作家之一。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(本杰明富兰克林)【圣才出品】

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1. Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Key: Because that when he was young, he has “never had a pleasure in obtaining any anecdotes” of his ancestors, and he held that it was a great pity because he was curious about them. So, he thought that his son would also want to know the story of him and he himself also had responsibility to share it with his son. In addition, he thought that his experiences and success would give some useful advice to his son. With such consideration in mind, Franklin wrote his autobiography.2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?Key: The altercation between Franklin and his brother made him decide to leave. His brother considered himself as Franklin’s master and treated him harshly and tyrannically. This kind of treatment annoyed Franklin, so he decided to leave.3. How did he arrive in Philadelphia?Key: He arrived in Philadelphia with great difficulties. At the very start, he set out in a boat for Amboy, and in crossing the bay he, along with his companions, met with a squall that tore the rotten sails to pieces and drove him upon Long Island.On approaching the island, they had to drop anchor and swim out their cable towards the shore, etc. In a word, he went through many hardships on the way to Philadelphia.4. What features do you find in the style of the above selection?Key: This selection is written in the form of letters to his son. By this way, it can show the author’s honesty and frankness, which will make the reader stand close to him and actually feel and understand his emotions and experiences. Another feature is that this biography has a good narrative and reads like a story, which can arouse the readers’ reading interest and curiosity.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第4单元纳撒尼尔

4.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。

1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。

他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。

另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。

家族渐渐走向没落。

霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】

22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明富兰克林)【圣才出品】

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。

他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。

他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。

2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第1~13单元【圣才出品】

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。

1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。

高教版美国文学选读-陶洁翻译(吐血整理)

美国文学选读第1单元自传The autobiography Benjamin Franklin我儿：我一向爱好搜集有关祖上的一切珍闻轶事。

你也许还记得当你跟我同住在英国的时候我曾经为了那个缘故跋涉旅途，遍访家族中的老人。

目前我正在乡间休假，预料有整整一个星期的空闲，我想你也许同样地喜欢知道我一生的事迹(其中有许多你还没有听过)，因此我就坐了下来替你把这些事迹写出来。

除此以外，我还有一些别的动机。

我出身贫寒，幼年生长在穷苦卑贱的家庭中，后来居然生活优裕，在世界上稍有声誉，迄今为止我一生一帆风顺，遇事顺利，我的立身之道，得蒙上帝的祝福，获得巨大的成就，我的子孙或许愿意知道这些处世之道，其中一部分或许与他们的情况适合，因此他们可以仿效。

当我回顾我一生中幸运的时候，我有时候不禁这样说：如果有人提议我重新做人的话，我倒乐意把我的一生再从头重演一遍，我仅仅要求像作家那样，在再版时有改正初版某些缺陷的机会。

如若可能，除了改正错误以外，我也同样地要把某些不幸的遭遇变得更顺利些。

但是即使无法避免这些不幸的厄运，我还是愿意接受原议，重演生平。

但是由于这种重演是不可能的，那么最接近重演的似乎就是回忆了。

为了使回忆尽可能地保持久远，似乎就需要把它记下来。

因此我将顺从一种老人中常有的癖好来谈论自己和自己过去的作为。

但是我这样做，将不使听者感到厌倦，他们或是因为敬老，觉得非听我的话不可，但是一经写下来，听与不听就可以悉听自便了。

最后(我还是自己承认了好，因为即使我否认，别人也不会相信)，写自传，或许还会大大地满足我的自负心。

说句老实话，我时常听见或在书上读到别人在刚说完了像“我可以毫不自夸地说……”这种开场白以后，接着就是一大篇自吹自擂的话。

大多数人不喜欢别人的虚夸，不管他们自己是多么自负。

但是无论在什么地方，我对这种自负心总是宽宥的。

因为我相信这种心理对自己和他四周的人都有好处。

所以，在许多情况下，一个人如果把自负心当作生命的慰藉而感谢上帝，这也不能算是怪诞悖理的。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)课后习题详解(第8单元马克

8.2课后习题详解1.Why do you think Mr.Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?Key:Because Mr.Wheeler regards these stories as really important matters,and he admires the two heroes of these stories very much.He is really eager to share his stories with others.2.Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?Key:No,his audience does not share his enthusiasm nor has any interest in his stories.Although the narrator tells his stories in a very earnest and sincere way,his audience shows no interest,because that it has nothing to do with his preoccupation.As an educated man,the audience cannot understand the way of laborers for joy,and he will not bother himself to understand it.So,in the end, when the audience gets a chance,he flees away.3.Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why?How do you interpret their interactions?Key:No,I don’t think that the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor.Because both the narrator and the listener show no special response andemotion to these stories,that is,the narrator tells his stories for the story-telling sake,and the listener listening to it for the listening sake.There is no communication between them,which causes the failure of interaction.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(亨利大卫梭罗)【圣才出品】

第6单元亨利•大卫•梭罗1. Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? Key: He lived in woods, and pursued his own simple and meaningful lifestyle at a very high physical and spiritual level.2. Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?Key: No, he had never bought a farm.Because he liked to have dealings with others, from which he can get a lot of fun.3. Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Key: Yes, it is significant. Because the Fourth of July is the Independence Day of America, and from this day on, America has become a new and independent nation. By mentioning it, Thoreau wanted to state that he also began to be independent and self-reliant from the same day, and that will be the regeneration of him.4. How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection? Key: That means his flocks is always out of his control, and he cannot managethem effectively. The shepherd will be disturbed and annoyed by them rather than get some pleasure from feeding and raising them. The shepherd’s life will be a mess.。

美国文学史及选读复习笔记(1-2册)

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

美国文学史及选读2复习笔记

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅡ)美国文学史及选读2PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2.现实主义一词来源于法语realism, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。

Realism had originated in France asrealism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that Americ an was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第1~6单元【圣才出品】

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

陶洁版美国文学选读_第三版_课后习题答案

美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁（部分）Unit 1 Benjamin FranklinQuestions1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reachedBurlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o ' clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Streetwharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selecti on?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, andconcision（言简意赅）. The narrative is lucid（易懂的），thestructure is simpie, the imagery is homely（朴素的）.Unit 2 Edgar Alle n Poe1.Who is the n arrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Mon tresor.Fort un ato, one of wine exp erts in sulted him, so he wan ted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amon tillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is trulyAmon tillado, so he goes to the vault with Mon tresor.3. What happens to Fort un ato in the end?He was walled up alive beh ind bricks in a wi ne cellar.4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor andFort un ato as con trasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Mon tresor face is covered in a black silk mask, I n con trast, Fort un ato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who getsliterally and tragically fooled by Mon tresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fort un ato,we knowHe is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults justbecause a cask of Amon tillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity( himself onheari ng the wine. At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.Whe n he heard the p rete nded comp lime nt from Mon tresor, he became very boastful and arroga nt.He was easily con fused by the sup erficial phenomena and failed't tolerate that others were酗酒).He lostto watch out for others. He could nstron ger tha n him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresitrap.dan ger was app roach ing him.He looked dow n upon Mon tresor and others.He didn ' t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talki ng from the app eara nee, Mon stresor was a well-educated and “ kind ” bus in essma n.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feeli ngs were so cruel thatthey eve n made peopletremble. Under his rich appearanee was the dirty soul and despicable character.We could n ' t see any glorious virtues in his mind. In stead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.who was good at conno isseur （鉴赏） in wine.Under the impuIse of vanity,he fell into Montreso r ' terribleIn fact, he was careless andfoolish and didn ‘fin d that theunit 4 Natha niel Hawtho rneI.Why is the prison the sett ing of Chap ter 1 ?No matter how op timistic the foun ders of new colonies may be, they are quick toestablish a prison and a cemetery in their“ Utopia, ” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are un avoidable.This belief fits into the larger Pu rita n doctri ne, which p uts heavyemp hasis on the idea of orig inal sin —the no ti on that all people areborn sinners because of the in itial tran sgressi ons of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Ede n. he is therefore using the prison buildi ng to rep rese nt the crime andthe puni shme nt which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the imp licati on of the descri pti on of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man'sactivities.The n arrator suggests that roses offer a remin der of Nature'skindn ess to the condemn ed; for his tale, he says, it will p rovide un rele ntingsorrow and gloom.either a “ sweet moral blossom ” or else some relief in the face of 2.Describe the app eara nee of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towardsher.The sec ond p aragra ph on p age 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and wome n, all mai ntai ning severe looks of disa pp roval.Several of the wome n beg in to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had bee n the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar,Chilli ngworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While wait ing for him, she had an affair with a Pu rita n mini ster n amed Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to P earl.The scarlet letter is her puni shme nt for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is pro ud, rather tha n ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “ sin a”d symbol as part of herself, just as she acce pts her child.And although she can hardly believe her p rese nt takes them as they are rather tha n resisti ng them or tryi ng to its“ realities,atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an in tellige nt, cap able. It is the extraord inary circumsta nces sha ping her that make her such an imp orta nt figure.Unit5 Herman Melville1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?Ishmael comp ares the lege nd of Moby Dick to his exp erie nee of the whale.He no tes that sperm whale attacks have in creased rece ntly and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as hav ing an in tellige nt, eve n supern atural orig in.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whaleme n, suggesti ng that he can be in more tha n one p lace at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks thateve n the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.Whales, for in sta nee, have bee n known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Gree niand ship in it.Moby Dick, who has defied cap ture nu merous times, exhibitsan “ intelligent malignity （狠毒）怡his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so viole ntly aga inst the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Secon d,He con siders Moby Dick the embodime nt of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale , because he believes it his in esca pable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “ crazy ” cold him “ aravinglun atic. ” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does in deed seem mad to try to fight the forces of n ature or God.3.What n arrative features can you find in the selected cha pter?In the selected charpter, Melville empioyed the technique of mult iple view of his n arrative to p ortray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the mea ning.Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau1.Where in deed did Thoreau live, both at a p hysical level and ata sp iritual level?He lived in a cab in on Walde n Pond, which bel on ged toEmers on s prop erty.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the actof buying?No, he had n t.He avoided pu rchas ing a farm because it would in evitably tie him dow n finan cially and comp licate his life.Thoreau didn ‘se e the acquisition of wealth as the goal for huma n existe nee, he saw the goal of life to be an expIo rati on of the mind and of the mag ni fice nt world around us.He regarded the p laces as an existe nee free of obligati ons and full of leisure.3.1s it sig nifica nt that Thoreau men ti oned the Fourth of July as the day on which he bega n to stay in the woods? Why?Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the Un ited States.Here Thoreau uses the day to exp ress his beg inning of rege nerati on at Walde n.It also mea ns a symbol of his conq uest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selecti on?Unit 7 19th Cen tury American Poets1.Henry Wadsworth Lon gfellow(1) I Shot an Arrow1.Why did the sp eaker lose sight of his arrow and song?The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be see n by the sp eaker; whereas the song is n aturally in visible.2.In what circumsta nces did he find them aga in?He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a frie nd.3.What do arrow and song sta nd for in this p oem?The images of arrow and song here may sta nd for frie ndsh ip.⑵ A P salm of Life1.What kind of person is the sp eaker of this p oem?The sp eaker is a man of acti on, always op timistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as p ossible in the short span of life.2.According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us n earer to death?We should work harder and live happ ier.3.I nterpret the meta phor of "Foot prin ts on the sand of time" (li ne 28).The meta phor refers to huma n deeds in real life.2.Walt Whitman (1) On e's Self I Si ng1.What is the sig nifica nee of singing about on e's self?It is an exaltati on of the in dividual sp irit, which is typ ical ofAmerica n people.2.What is the differe nee betwee n p hysiology pandhysiog nomy?Physiology is a scienee that deals with the functions and lifeP rocess of huma n bein gs, whereas p hysiog nomy refers to an art of judg ing character from con tours of face itself or the app eara nee of a person.3.What does Whitman mea n by the term of "the Modern Man"?He mea ns that a man should be free from any p rejudice and p ride, totally differe nt from the traditi onal one, that is full of bias.(3) O Ca ptai n! My Ca pta in!1.Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the p oem?In this p oem the word“ Captain ” specially refers to AbrahamLincoln, p reside nt of the Un ited States.2.What overall meta phor does the poet emp loy in this p oem?Life is a journey.3.Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the sp eaker rema ins so sad?They welcome the ship returni ng from its hard trip, whereas the sp eaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.3.Emily Dick inson(1)To Make a P rairie1. What things are n eeded to "make" a p rairie? In what sense can one really do it?Some grass and in sects and small ani mals. People can make a p rairie with their imagi natio n.2. How can "revery alone" create a p rairie?The p rairie stays in on e's mind.(2) Success Is Coun ted Sweetest1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?Those who have tasted the bitter ness of failure would have a kee ner desire for success.2. Who are "the p urple host"?The so-called successful people in the world.3.Who is "he" in the last sta nza?Anyone who is pursuing his success.⑶ I'm Nobody!1. Who are the "p air of us" and "they" in this p oem?The "pairof us" refers to the sp eaker in the p oem and the reader, and "they" refers to the p ublic, esp ecially those in po wer.2. What does "an admiri ng bog" really mea n?" (li ne 28).It Im plies the vai n and empty com mon peop le, who arealways admiri ng and pursuing the celebrities.3. What is the theme of this p oem?The real admirable life is a secluded and com mon one.4. Do you want to be "n obody" or "somebody"? Explain yourreas ons.Different persons would have different answers to thisquestio n. Person ally, I prefer to be no body.Unit 8 Mark Twain1: Why do you think Mr.Wheeler is so eager to tell thesestories?From Mr.Wheeler 's behaviors and contents of his narration wecan know he is so eager to tell these stories.First, when "I"asked him to tell "me" someth ing about W.Smiley, he “ ba me into a corner and blockaded me with his chair, and the n satdown a nd reeled off the narrative ” .And during the process oftelli ng his stories, he n ever p aid any atte nti on to others'response to his story and justwent on telling what amused him. At last whe n the liste ner felt bori ng and wan ted to leave,Mr.Wheeler eve n did n't no tice it and still asked him to sit there liste ning to him.2: Does his audie nee share his en thusiasm in telli ng the stories?No. the audienee does not show any interest in Mr.Wheeler stories. In fact, the n arrator was very feverish about his stories, but ,i n the eyes of the liste ner,the stories were very bori ng and had nothing to do with his p reocc up ati on. As an educated man, the liste ner couldn't un dersta nd the way of laborers for joy, and he would n ever bother himself to un dersta nd it. So after thesolo n arrati on and whe n the audie neelong time of Mr.Wheelergot a cha nee, he fled away.3: Do you think the n arrator and his liste ner ever sus pect the presenee of humor? Why? How do you interpret their in teracti ons?The narrator and his listener never noticed or suspected thepresenee of humor.During the intercourse,the narrator went vigorously on his monotonous n arrative "wihout a little smili ng" talk ing about the an imals and the thingslike ,while the liste ner felt rather pu zzled or bothered by his stories.It seemed to becontempo raries. For ano ther thing, Gatsby n ever realized thatDaisy wasn ' t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was innocent that he staked everyth ing on his dreams, not realizi ngkind of coarse things. So the two different seenes go onsep arately without a in terseeti on. And their interaetion was a complete failure according toourcom mon sense about com muni cati on .But it in thissenseproduced the effect of humor which can be tasted by our readers due to the skills adop ted by Mark Twain Unit 14 F Scott Fitzgerald 1.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great ” ? Why? (1 )1 think it is too comp licated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be —great or no t.For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardwork ing, gen erous and p assi on ate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady bus in ess to earn money and socialposition; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy 's atte ntio n; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause. (2) In this respect, he is much — greatertha n hissobe impossible. Daisy lived in — a being real, where poor ghosts, breath ing dream like air(2)After five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracleDaisy had lost her orig inal glory. Therefore, there is no delay ing that Gatsby ' s dream would not come true. In the novel, the green light not only represents that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, but also means his longing for the history -his happy p ast with Daisy. The dist in cti on betwee n ideal and reality was huge. As if America n dream betwee n golde n p ast and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.that his dreams are un worthy of him. He was n ' t sober eno ughto be great.2.Does “ the green light ” Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why or why not ?(1) I think — the green lightdoes not exist in reality.Because the gree n light which situated at the end of Daisy East Egg dock and barely visible from West Egglawn rep rese nts Gatsby ' usatta in able dream. Although the coloritself can be see n as hope and bright future, Gatsby's quest forDaisy back is doomed to material world without3.What does Gatsby ' s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the America n Dream?(1)The schedule is a reflecti on of Gatsby ' s determ in ati on and ambiti on. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pu rsuit of his goal —to be an upp er-class man.(2)On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his America n Dream-- to atta in wealth and happin ess through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and n aive.(3)He tries his best to make money and learns everything required to be an upper-class man so that he can get access tohis beloved girl.Money is important , but there are other barriersdifficult to penetrate. The girl he loves is as vulgar and superficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meetsGatsby ' s romantic fantasy. So his dream is destined to shatter,which in dicates the disillusi on of America n Dream.4.Whe n you read the line “ He (the man wiyed)w l asses)took off his glasses and wiped them aga in, outside and in , what images does it create in your mind, give n the novelnumerous references to the strikingly strange seene of thesp ectacled eyes?(1) From this line , superficially, owl-eyes is a person withthick and blurry glasses who can not see clearly all the things inthe world. However, we know he is actually an owl-wiseobserver and sees more clearly tha n anyone else in the no vel.Owl-Eyes, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the rain-soaked burial of Gatsby, when others are unwilling to come. He feels sympathy for Gatsby ' s tragedy.(2) After reading this line, I cannot help thinking of the Dr.Eckleburg billboard with its huge yellow spectacles in this novel. In many rainy days, Dr. Eckleburg ' s eyes are also dimmed and seem bli nd. But in fact this is a p air of "all-see ing"eyes. The Owl-Eyed Man is similar to Dr. Eckleburg, sadlylook ing at the people 's life and idealism of this timothBbfthem symbolize an uninvolved spectator god. They watch all the activities of the humans. Owl-eyes is the avatar of thesightless Dr. Eckleburg.Unit 16 Ern est Hemin gway1.How do you interpret the irony of the title after read ing thestory?(1)The title — A Clean Well-Lighted Place e in the text.refers to the caf The caf e was very clean and well- lighted. From the literarymeaning, we may feel this p lace was very warm and comfortable, was a p lace where people n eed warmth wan ted to go. So the old man, who was rich but deaf and Ion ely came here to find warmth and avoided n ada. It was the only p lace he could go and could find some comfort. (2) However, the youn ger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was wait ing him on the bed, he wan ted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man ano ther cup of wine by the excuse that the bus in ess was fini shed. In fact, there was still an hour from clos ing time. The youn ger thought an hour was more imp orta nt to him tha n to the old man. The old man n eeded to leave the only p lace where he could get far away from n ada/ nothing.This caf e should be warm but the younger waiter forced theIon ely and deaf to leave without any symp athy. This is the irony of the title.2.Do you think youth and con fide nee can help one withsta nd the metaphorical dark ? Why or why not? (1) I don ' t thinkso.ln our opinion, the metaphorical dark means nada , nothing in one ' s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and con fide nee; however, he n ever made full useofthem. As we can see, he didn ' t understand the old man suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man ' s present situation.(2)What' s more, he had no idea that youth is not permanent, which cannot guara ntee love and work. From above, there is nodenying that he didn ' t realize his nada. Therefore, his youthand con fide nee n ever con tributed to withsta nding his meta phorical dark.(3)I think that, no wadays, youth and con fide nee do can help to withsta nd the meta phorical dark, for one can bravely face the reality and overcome the n ada with youth and con fide nee.But they only serve as two mai n factors. I n fact, we n eed some other factors such as courage, dig nity and so on if we want towithsta nd the meta phorical dark successfully.“We are of two3.The older waiter said to the youn ger waiter: differe ntkin ds. ” In what way do you think they are differe nt?(1) I think they are different from each other in the following four asp ects : In the beg inning, they are in differe nt ages.The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much youn ger.(2) Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man.From the article, we know the older waiter had suffered a lot.He had maintained a clea n and well-lighted p lace in his heart, and he could un dersta nd the old man and show symp athy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He wan ted to go home early so that he fini shed the bus in ess one hour earlier and forced the old man to leave. He showed hatred rather tha n symp athy to the old man.(3)Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a dee p sense of life. He was brave and wan ted to fight aga in n ada. Besides, he cared about others. Theyounger one was totally differe nt; he has a shadow un dersta nding of life.He satisfied with his p rese nt love and work, he only care about himself and was relucta nt to take others into con siderati on. He even never thought of his future. (4) Finally, they have different attitudes towards n ada. The older waiter had realized that it isimpo ssible to avoid n ada in one's whole life. The only thing hecan do is to kee p a ki nd of clear ness in his own mi nd. So he wasWilli ng to work late for the Ion ely old man and was p leased to help those who are suffering nada. But out of youth and con fide nee, he failed to overcome n ada. On the con trary, theyounger waiter had the two most important factors for withsta nding n ada; however, he did n heart at all. Then his youth and con fide nee became useless. Unit 17 20th -Ce ntury American Poets1. Ezra Pou nd In A Station of the Metro1. Why does the p oet call the faces of p edestria ns "app aritio n"?These p edestria ns are all walk ing in a hurry amidst the drizzli ng rain.2. What do "p etals" a nd "bough" sta nd for?faces while the bough sta nds for the floati ng crowd.2. Wallace Steve ns An ecdote of the Jar1. What does the jar in p oem symbolize? Why does the sp eaker place it on top of a hill? The jar here symbolizes a certain't realize the nada in hisPetals refer to thepersp ective on look ing at this world. If the persp ective of the view ing is creative and uniq ue, it will cha nge the conven ti onal order of the old world. Whe n a new persp ective comes out, it will certai niy hold atte nti on from the rest.2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately imp orta nee. What effect does it have on surr oundings when placed on the ground?Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domin eeri ng figure, which helps to form a certa in order out of the disordered surr ounding.3. How did the wilder ness of Tenn essee characterized? What words or p hrases does the p oet use to describe it? seems to a p lace full of life and en ergy.and “ wild ” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See An ecdote of the Jar )4. Robert Frost(1)Fire and Ice 1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this p oem? Fire symbolizes n atural disaster, huma n p assi on, as well as war.Tennessee“ SlovenIy, ”2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great fordestructio n? Explain what ice sta nds for here. Ice, opp ose to fire, is also a dreadful n atural disaster in this world, and ice isalways related to in differe nee, cold ness, hatred, and the othern egative sen time nts of huma n beings.3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is moredestructive? Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful worldif they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore weshould be open-min ded and reduce our p rejudice and p ride soas to kee p this world in p eace.(2)St opping By Woods On a Snowy Eve ning1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made thesp eaker stop by the woods on a snowy eve ning? The p oet wasdee ply attracted by the n atural beauty of the sce ne at that verymome nt.2. Why did the horse give the harn ess bell a shake? The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middle of the dark, cold woods at mid ni ght. It was eager to go home.3. Why could n't the sp eaker stay Ion ger by the woods to app reciate its mysterious beauty? He realized that it was lateat ni ght and he would have to hurry home to get some foodand slee p, because the n ext morning he would have a lot ofwork to do.4. What is the effect of rep etiti on in the last two lin es? Therefrai n-like rep etiti on in the last two lines reminds the reader asim pie fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward inthe journey of his or her life.⑶ The Road Not Taken1. What is the sp eaker's in itial response to the diverge nee ofthe two roads? The sp eaker is at a loss which road he shouldchoose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads atthe same time.2. Describe the similarities and differe nces of these two roads.Which one does the speaker take? Two roads are similarexce pt one of them is more “ grassy, ” which imp lies that it is less traveled by peop le. The sp eaker prefers the less traveledone, because he likes adve nture.3. What might the two roads sta nd for in the sp eaker's mind?One road stands for the traditional one and the other isunconven ti onal one and full of challe nges and difficulties. Tofollow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decisi on for us to make in our lives.Un it22 Alle n Gin sbergAll through the poem, the speaker is addressing to WaltWhitma n. Is this p oem about Walt Whitma n or about moder nAmerica?from Alle n Gin sberg A Sup ermarket in CaliforniaThe author in this p oem wan ted to emp hasis his theme about show ing his respect to the p assed age and show ing his worry about the corrupt in the part of spirit and society. As we all know, Walt Whitman ' poetry was a revolution in American literature can be see n in the first p ublicati on of Leaves of Grassin 1855. His p oetry is“ free verse ” in that the lack of meter andrhyme is known as his major technical innovation. AllenGin sberg had a highly p raise on him. As the moveme nt of BeatGen erati on, Alle n Gin sberg used p oetry as wea pon to exp ress his own un dersta nding of Beat---beatific and beat dow n.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(埃德加爱伦坡)【圣才出品】

第2单元埃德加•爱伦•坡1. Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Key: Montresor is the narrator. He had borne thousands of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity.2. What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him. At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, whi ch firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar.3. What happens to Fortunato in the end?Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death.4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”.Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.。

美国文学选读(陶洁版)复习资料

美国文学选读（陶洁版）复习资料ADAM整理William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or “interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929) 人物??As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism 浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the wayto Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality”of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.Psychological RealismIt is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威尔斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man.William Dean Howells：The Rise of Silas LaphamHenry James：The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local colorismTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation of American literary realism.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,”brought him recognition from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Mark Twain’s most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHis humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超验主义One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.The Scarlet Letter:红字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven GablesHe is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.American Naturalism 自然主义The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.代表作家Stephen Crane；Frank Norris；Theodore Dreiser；Edwin Arlington Robinson；Upton Sinclair；Jack London；O’ HenryStephen Crane：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage；The Open Boat；The Black Riders and Other Lines；War Is KindEdwin Arlington Robinson：Richard CoryJack London：The Call of the Wild；The White Fang；The Sea Wolf；Martin EdenUpton Sinclair：The JungleO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire:1.The Financier2. The Titan3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe 20th Century American Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismT.S.Eliot：The Waste LandImagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound：Idaho爱达荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley; In a Station of the Metro; CathayWilliam Carlos Williams:The Red WheelbarrowE.E.Cummings: L(a; r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rWallace Stevens:Anecdote of the JarThe 20th Century American Poets:Major Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transaction between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects.Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not Taken Major Features:1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing the dark side of human life and society. Later, filledwith sunshine.2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry inpastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolatedfarmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.诗歌鉴赏：In both "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken," the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from thesame impulse and misgiving or are they distinct?Langston Hughes: The first prominent black writer in American literary history.Poet Laureate of Harlem & O’ Henry of HarlemA poet, playwright, novelist, song writer, biographer, editor, newspaper columnist, translator,lecturer.主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew Harlem RenaissanceIn the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. So, “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous Black writers after mid-twentieth century.The Harlem Renaissance began with a work entitled: New Negro: An Interpretation(by Alain Locke).Dialect, folklore, and Jazz.The Modern PeriodPart I The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)l The Roaring Twenties (economically)l The Jazz Age (socially)l“lost” and “waste land” (spiritually)There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)The Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingway’s presence that “Y ou are all a lost generation.”The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War Ⅰand World War Ⅱ, particularly in North America.With the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline.The most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term “The Jazz Age”.Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and some others.Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene O’Neill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)Sinclair Lewisl Main Street (masterpiece) (a bitter satire on the life style of American small towns) Carol Milford // Will Kennicottl BabbittSome other famous writers and poets:Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio;Hands; Paper PillsF. Scott. Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby; This Side of Paradise; T ender is the Night; The Beautifuland the DamnedThe Last Tycoon ( unfinished)John Dos PassosEzra PoundRobert FrostAmerican DreamThe is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity繁荣. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. ….It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."In the United States’Declaration of Independence独立宣言, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." …….The Post-War Period 战后Literature：This period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fiction appeared. The same mood in this period is despair, but continuing to search absurdity荒谬of modern life; lonely, but searching for the meaning of existence; identity.The Beat Generation 行为怪癖的一代The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s,known especially for their use of non-traditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.The term "Beat" was reportedly coined by Jack Kerouac in the late 1940s, quickly becoming a slang term in America after World War II, meaning "exhausted" or "beat down" and provided this generation with a definitive label for their personal and social positions and perspectives.The core group consisted of Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady and William S. Burroughs。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)课后习题详解(第3单元拉尔夫

3.2课后习题详解1.What is the author’s attitude towards charity?Why does he hold such an attitude?Key:The author thinks that not all charity is good,especially when malice and vanity wear the coat of philanthropy.And it is not his obligation to give money to the poor. What’s more,he feels shameful when sometimes he succumbs and gives the dollar,and it is a wicked dollar.He objects to the charity.Because he thinks that people’s good actions,such as doing charity,are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world.However,he holds that people should not wish to expiate,but to live.2.According to the author,what do most people believe to be virtue?And what is real virtue?Key:Most people believe that virtues are rather the exception than the rule,and they are penances.The real virtue is the rule that people must do what concerns them rather than what the people think.3.Why does the author dislike“consistency”?Do you agree with him?Do you think that people should give up consistency?Key:Because that consistency scares us from self-trust,and makes us less confident. It also makes us have a reverence for our past act or word because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts,and we are loath to disappoint them.What’s more,a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.And with consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do.It will ruin a man’s creativity.I cannot totally agree with him.Although I confess that there are some positive meanings in his proposal,I cannot neglect the positive aspects of consistency. Because that we sometimes need consistency to restrict people’s behaviors.For example,nature has its own law that we must follow,or we will violate the order of it.In my mind,whether people should give up consistency or not depends on the specific situation.That is,Keeping it firmly or giving it up is not wise choice.We should treat it case-by-case.4.What is the agreement of one’s actions?Why is it important for people? Key:The agreement of one’s actions is that the actions will be harmonious,no matter how unlike they seem.Because only with this agreement,can people be each honest and natural in their hour.Conformity explains nothing,and people’s genuine action will explainitself and their other genuine actions.So,it is important for people.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第6单元 亨利

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第20单元 田纳西

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第4单元 纳撒尼尔