查尔斯希尔《国际商务》此书是经典。PPT课件
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查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap008 Regional Economic Integration
8.2.3 Impediments To Integration
Economic integration can be difficult because: while a nation as a whole may benefit from a regional free trade agreement, certain groups may lose it implies a loss of national sovereignty
Levels Of Economic Integration
3. a common market has no barriers to trade between member countries, a common external trade policy, and the free movement of the factors of production MERCOSUR (between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is aiming for common market status 4. An economic union has the free flow of products and factors of production between members, a common external trade policy, a common currency, a harmonized tax rates, and a common monetary and fiscal policy The European Union (EU) is an imperfect economic union 5. A political union involves a central political apparatus that coordinates the economic, social, and foreign policy of member states The EU is headed toward at least partial political union, and the United States is an example of even closer political union
查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap007 Foreign Direct Investment
7.2 Theories Of Foreign Direct Investment
Why do firms invest rather than use exporting or licensing to enter foreign markets? Why do firms from the same industry undertake FDI at the same time? How can the pattern of foreign direct investment flows be explained?
7.1.3 The Source Of FDI
Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
Introduction
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market in a foreign country Once a firm undertakes FDI it becomes a multinational enterprise FDI can be: greenfield investments - the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country
希尔 《国际商务》第11版 英文PPT Chapter 2
➢ state-owned enterprises have been privatized
2-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Collectivism?
➢Collectivism stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals
➢ can be traced to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC)
representative democracy where citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them
2-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Totalitarianism?
➢ Totalitarianism - form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties
2-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Collectivism?
➢Collectivism stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals
➢ can be traced to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC)
representative democracy where citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them
2-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Totalitarianism?
➢ Totalitarianism - form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties
国际商务——希尔英文PPT04
Introduction
❖Ethics refers to accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions of an organization ❖Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people ❖Ethical strategy is a strategy, or course of action, that does not violate these accepted principles
4-4
Employment Practices
If work conditions in a host nation are clearly inferior to those in a multinational’s home nation, should companies apply: ❖home country standards ❖host country standards ❖something in between
4-3
Ethical Issues In InLeabharlann ernational Business
The most common ethical issues in business involve: ❖employment practices ❖human rights ❖environmental regulations ❖corruption ❖the moral obligation of multinational companies
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTChap010
10-14
The Role Of The Worldalled the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
There are two ways to borrow from the World Bank: 1. under the IBRD scheme, money is raised through bond sales in the international capital market ❖ borrowers pay what the bank calls a market rate of interest - the bank's cost of funds plus a margin for expenses. 2. through the International Development Agency, an arm of the bank created in 1960 ❖ IDA loans go only to the poorest countries
❖ the World Bank to promote general economic development
10-12
The Role Of The IMF
❖The IMF was charged with executing the main goal of the Bretton Woods agreement - avoiding a repetition of the chaos that occurred between the wars through a combination of discipline and flexibility
The Role Of The Worldalled the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
There are two ways to borrow from the World Bank: 1. under the IBRD scheme, money is raised through bond sales in the international capital market ❖ borrowers pay what the bank calls a market rate of interest - the bank's cost of funds plus a margin for expenses. 2. through the International Development Agency, an arm of the bank created in 1960 ❖ IDA loans go only to the poorest countries
❖ the World Bank to promote general economic development
10-12
The Role Of The IMF
❖The IMF was charged with executing the main goal of the Bretton Woods agreement - avoiding a repetition of the chaos that occurred between the wars through a combination of discipline and flexibility
国际商务-查尔斯W.L.希尔-第七版-原版官方教学课件Chap01
To maximize long run return on invested capital, firms must ·pick a viable position on the efficien cy frontier ·configure internal operations to support that position ·have the right organization structure in place to execut the strategy
12-17
Location Economies
·Firms that take advantage of location economies in different parts of the world, create a global web of value creation activities ·Under this strategy, different stages of the value chain are dispersed to those locations around the globe where perceived value is maximized or where the costs of value creation are minimized
12-15
Expanding The Market : Leveraging Products And Competencies
·Firms can increase growth by selling goods or services developed at home i nternationally ·The success of firms that expand internationa lly depends on the goods or services they sell, and on their core competencies (skills within the firm that competitors cann easily match or imitate) ·Core competencies enable the firm to reduce the costs of value creation and/or to create perceived value in such a way that premium pricing is possible
12-17
Location Economies
·Firms that take advantage of location economies in different parts of the world, create a global web of value creation activities ·Under this strategy, different stages of the value chain are dispersed to those locations around the globe where perceived value is maximized or where the costs of value creation are minimized
12-15
Expanding The Market : Leveraging Products And Competencies
·Firms can increase growth by selling goods or services developed at home i nternationally ·The success of firms that expand internationa lly depends on the goods or services they sell, and on their core competencies (skills within the firm that competitors cann easily match or imitate) ·Core competencies enable the firm to reduce the costs of value creation and/or to create perceived value in such a way that premium pricing is possible
查尔斯希尔《国际商务》课件-此书是经典。
· 全球化的支持者自由贸易的本质是收益大于成本。
· 自由贸易导致国家针对这些商品和服务的专业化分 工, 因为分工之后它们能最有效地生产某些产品,而 进口它们不擅长的产品。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6.3 全球化 、劳工政策与环境
· 全球化的批评者经常争辩说,那些遵守劳动和环境 法规的制造企业的成本大幅提高,从而使它们相对 于那些在发展中国家无须遵守管制的企业在全球 市场上处于竞争劣势。
· 1997年和1998年泰国爆发金融危机时完全显现出来 · 2008—2009年间从美国金融业开始的危机
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6 全球化的争议
转向一个更为一体化和相互依存的全球经济是 一件好事吗? · 许多有影响力的经济学家、政治家和企业领袖认
为国际贸易和国际投资壁垒的减少犹如一对发动 机,它们将推动全球经济走向更大的繁荣。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
世界产出和贸易变化的格局(%)
国家
美国 德国 法国 意大利 英国 加拿大 日本 中国
1963年占世界 2009年占世界 产出的份额 产出的份额
40.3 9.7 6.3 3.4 6.5 3.0 5.5
NA
24. 1 5.9 4.6 3.6 4.3 1.9 8.2 8.2
2010年占世界 出口的份额
· 公司希望降低其总成本构成； · 提高质量或改善它们所提供产品的功能。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
· 随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
· 世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) · 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
· 自由贸易导致国家针对这些商品和服务的专业化分 工, 因为分工之后它们能最有效地生产某些产品,而 进口它们不擅长的产品。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6.3 全球化 、劳工政策与环境
· 全球化的批评者经常争辩说,那些遵守劳动和环境 法规的制造企业的成本大幅提高,从而使它们相对 于那些在发展中国家无须遵守管制的企业在全球 市场上处于竞争劣势。
· 1997年和1998年泰国爆发金融危机时完全显现出来 · 2008—2009年间从美国金融业开始的危机
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6 全球化的争议
转向一个更为一体化和相互依存的全球经济是 一件好事吗? · 许多有影响力的经济学家、政治家和企业领袖认
为国际贸易和国际投资壁垒的减少犹如一对发动 机,它们将推动全球经济走向更大的繁荣。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
世界产出和贸易变化的格局(%)
国家
美国 德国 法国 意大利 英国 加拿大 日本 中国
1963年占世界 2009年占世界 产出的份额 产出的份额
40.3 9.7 6.3 3.4 6.5 3.0 5.5
NA
24. 1 5.9 4.6 3.6 4.3 1.9 8.2 8.2
2010年占世界 出口的份额
· 公司希望降低其总成本构成； · 提高质量或改善它们所提供产品的功能。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
· 随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
· 世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) · 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
国际商务——希尔英文PPT01
1-16
Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country After World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investment Since 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4% Countries have also been opening markets to FDI
1-9
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to: help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization
国际商务(希尔)英文版1PPT课件
1-5
1-6
1-7
The Globalization Of Markets
❖Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally ❖The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm ❖Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide
1-9
The Globalization Of Production
❖The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital ❖Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering
1-10
1-11
1-12
Classroom Performance System
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known as a) global market facilitation b) cross-border trade c) supranational market integration d) the globalization of markets
1-6
1-7
The Globalization Of Markets
❖Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally ❖The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm ❖Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide
1-9
The Globalization Of Production
❖The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital ❖Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering
1-10
1-11
1-12
Classroom Performance System
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known as a) global market facilitation b) cross-border trade c) supranational market integration d) the globalization of markets
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTchap019
19-17
Classroom Performance System
The IASB currently has about ____ standards. a) 10 b) 25 c) 45 d) 95
19-18
International Standards
19-8
Classroom Performance System
_______ has an accounting system that was developed with the government in mind. a) France b) Japan c) Great Britain d) Germany
19-12
Culture
The extent to which a culture is characterized by uncertainty avoidance (the extent to which cultures socialize their members to accept ambiguous situations and tolerate uncertainty) impacts the country’s accounting system Countries with low uncertainty avoidance cultures have strong independent auditing professions
19-6
Country Differences In Accounting Standards
Figure 19.2
19-7
Relationship Between Business And Providers Of Capital
查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap009 The Foreign Exchange Market
Insuring Against Foreign Exchange Risk
A currency swap is the simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different value dates Swaps are transacted between international businesses and their banks, between banks, and between governments when it is desirable to move out of one currency into another for a limited period without incurring foreign exchange rate risk
The Nature Of The Foreign Exchange Market
High-speed computer linkages between trading centers around the globe have effectively created a single market— there is no significant difference between exchange rates quotes in the differing trading centers If exchange rates quoted in different markets were not essentially the same, there would be an opportunity for arbitrage (the process of buying a currency low and selling it high), and the gap would close Most transactions involve dollars on one side—it is a vehicle currency along with the euro, the Japanese yen, and the British pound
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTChap014
14-5
Which Foreign Markets?
The choice of foreign markets will depend on their long run profit potential Favorable markets are politically stable developed and developing nations with free market systems and relatively low inflation rates and private sector debt Less desirable markets are politically unstable developing nations with mixed or command economies, or developing nations with excessive levels of borrowing Markets are also more attractive when the product in question is not widely available and satisfies an unmet need
Introduction
Firms expanding internationally must decide: which markets to enter when to enter them and on what scale which entry mode to use Entry modes include: exporting licensing or franchising to a company in the host nation establishing a joint venture with a local company establishing a new wholly owned subsidiary acquiring an established enterprise
《国际商务希尔》PPT课件_OK
12
2-12
Classroom Performance System
A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spher es of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a representative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism
16
2-16
Market Economy
•In a market economy all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by th e interaction of supply and demand •The role of government is to encourage free and fair competition between private producers
4
2-4
Collectivism And Individualism
•Collectivism refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual go als •Collectivism can be traced back to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC), but in modern times, collectivism is equated with socialists
2-12
Classroom Performance System
A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spher es of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a representative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism
16
2-16
Market Economy
•In a market economy all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by th e interaction of supply and demand •The role of government is to encourage free and fair competition between private producers
4
2-4
Collectivism And Individualism
•Collectivism refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual go als •Collectivism can be traced back to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC), but in modern times, collectivism is equated with socialists
查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap006 The Political Economy of International Trade
6.1 Instruments Of Trade Policy
The main instruments of trade policy are: Tariffs Subsides Import Quotas Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies
6.2.1 Political Arguments Foguments for government intervention include: protecting jobs protecting industries deemed important for national security retaliating to unfair foreign competition protecting consumers from “dangerous” products furthering the goals of foreign policy protecting the human rights of individuals in exporting countries
Protecting Jobs And Industries Protecting jobs and industries is the most common political reason for trade restrictions Usually this results from political pressures by unions or industries that are "threatened" by more efficient foreign producers, and have more political clout than the consumers that will eventually pay the costs National Security Industries such as aerospace or electronics are often protected because they are deemed important for national security
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTChap018
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Classroom Performance System
When a firm wants to pursue a transnational strategy, a _________ approach to staffing makes sense. a) Ethnocentric b) Geocentric c) Polycentric d) Transcentric
18-15
Types Of Staffing Policy
Table 18.1: Comparison of Staffing Approaches
18-16
Classroom Performance System
Firms using _______ fill all key management positions with parent-country nationals. a) An ethnocentric staffing policy b) A geocentric staffing policy c) A polycentric staffing policy d) A transcentric staffing policy
Firms that pursue an ethnocentric policy believe that: there is a lack of qualified individuals in the host country to fill senior management positions it is the best way to maintain a unified corporate culture value can be created by transferring core competencies to a foreign operation via parent country nationals
国际商务查尔斯W.L.希尔第七版原版官方PPTChap.ppt
1-8
Classroom Performance System
Firms that are involved in international business tend to be a) large b) small c) medium-sized d) large, small, and medium-sized
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Globalization
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization
1-10
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions created over the past half century include: ❖the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ❖the World Trade Organization (WTO) ❖the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ❖the World Bank ❖the United Nations (UN)
Classroom Performance System
Firms that are involved in international business tend to be a) large b) small c) medium-sized d) large, small, and medium-sized
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Globalization
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization
1-10
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions created over the past half century include: ❖the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ❖the World Trade Organization (WTO) ❖the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ❖the World Bank ❖the United Nations (UN)
国际商务(希尔)英文版PPT
7-10
The Direction Of FDI
Figure 7.3: FDI Inflows by Region ($ b i l l i o n ) , 1995-2006
7-11
The Direction Of FDI
·Gross fixed capital formation summarizes the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like ·All else being equal, the greater the capital investment an economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to be ·So, FDI can be seen as an important source of capital investment and a determinant of the future growth rate of
7-14
The Source Of FDI
·Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI ·The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
7-6
Classroom Performance System
The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is
The Direction Of FDI
Figure 7.3: FDI Inflows by Region ($ b i l l i o n ) , 1995-2006
7-11
The Direction Of FDI
·Gross fixed capital formation summarizes the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like ·All else being equal, the greater the capital investment an economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to be ·So, FDI can be seen as an important source of capital investment and a determinant of the future growth rate of
7-14
The Source Of FDI
·Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI ·The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
7-6
Classroom Performance System
The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is
国际商务中文版PPT (39)[38页]
![国际商务中文版PPT (39)[38页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/54287a58a0116c175e0e48cd.png)
20-17
减少交易成本
❖交易成本是进行交易所需的成本 ❖每当公司将现金从一种货币转换成到另一种，他们就面临 交易成本 ❖大部分银行也收取把现金从一个地方移动到另一个位地方 的转运费 ❖多边净额结算可以减少子公司之间的交易数量和交易成本 的金额
20-18
课堂教学测试
❖将现金从一个地方移动到另一个地方的费用被称为 a）钱管理费 b）交易成本 c）转会费 d）资本成本
调整政治和经济风险
❖经济风险是指经济管理不善将导致一个国家的商业环境急 剧变化而伤害企业的利润和其他目标的可能性 ❖通常，最大的经济风险是通胀 ❖物价通胀膨胀体现于货币价值的下降和项目现金流量的降 低
20-11
调整政治和经济风险
❖企业分析外商投资机会可以应对风险： ❖通过提高在政治和经济风险高的国家的贴现率 ❖通过降低未来现金流量估计未来可能发生的不利的政治和 经济变化
20-23
课堂教学测试
❖__________规定，不对母公司在国外来源的收入上征税， 直到他们真正得到红利。 a）税收抵免 b）延期原则 c）避税港 d）税务条约
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跨边界资本：实现效率，减少征税
企业可以将资金跨边境流动通过： ❖股息汇款 ❖专利使用费及补偿费 ❖转移价格 ❖面向贷款 企业使用一个以上技术的做法称为分拆
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课堂教学测试
❖企业可使用以下技术使资本跨边界流动，除了： ❖ a）股息汇款 b）专利使用费和补偿费 c）转移价格 d）不面向贷款
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股息汇款
❖资金子公司转移到母公司最常见的方法是通过股息 股息的相对吸引力根据： ❖税收法规 - 高税率使之缺乏吸引力 ❖外汇风险 –在高风险国家分红可能会增加 ❖附属年龄 - 年纪较大的子公司汇出的红利收入比例较高 ❖当地资本的参与程度 - 当地业主要求对股息发挥作用
减少交易成本
❖交易成本是进行交易所需的成本 ❖每当公司将现金从一种货币转换成到另一种，他们就面临 交易成本 ❖大部分银行也收取把现金从一个地方移动到另一个位地方 的转运费 ❖多边净额结算可以减少子公司之间的交易数量和交易成本 的金额
20-18
课堂教学测试
❖将现金从一个地方移动到另一个地方的费用被称为 a）钱管理费 b）交易成本 c）转会费 d）资本成本
调整政治和经济风险
❖经济风险是指经济管理不善将导致一个国家的商业环境急 剧变化而伤害企业的利润和其他目标的可能性 ❖通常，最大的经济风险是通胀 ❖物价通胀膨胀体现于货币价值的下降和项目现金流量的降 低
20-11
调整政治和经济风险
❖企业分析外商投资机会可以应对风险： ❖通过提高在政治和经济风险高的国家的贴现率 ❖通过降低未来现金流量估计未来可能发生的不利的政治和 经济变化
20-23
课堂教学测试
❖__________规定，不对母公司在国外来源的收入上征税， 直到他们真正得到红利。 a）税收抵免 b）延期原则 c）避税港 d）税务条约
20-24
跨边界资本：实现效率，减少征税
企业可以将资金跨边境流动通过： ❖股息汇款 ❖专利使用费及补偿费 ❖转移价格 ❖面向贷款 企业使用一个以上技术的做法称为分拆
20-25
课堂教学测试
❖企业可使用以下技术使资本跨边界流动，除了： ❖ a）股息汇款 b）专利使用费和补偿费 c）转移价格 d）不面向贷款
20-26
股息汇款
❖资金子公司转移到母公司最常见的方法是通过股息 股息的相对吸引力根据： ❖税收法规 - 高税率使之缺乏吸引力 ❖外汇风险 –在高风险国家分红可能会增加 ❖附属年龄 - 年纪较大的子公司汇出的红利收入比例较高 ❖当地资本的参与程度 - 当地业主要求对股息发挥作用
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当企业把资源投到母国之外的商务活动中时,对 外直接投资(foreign direct investment,FDI) 就产生了。
关税的主要目的是保护国内工业免遭外国的竞 争。现在的关税率约为4%。
既助长了生产全球化也促进了市场全球化
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4.1 贸易与投资壁垒的减少
Fund) 世界银行(World Bank) 联合国(United Nations) G20tx(20国集团)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
既助长了生产全球化也促进了市场全球化
算的平均关税率(%)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
制造产品按价值百分比计算的平均关税率(%)
国家 法国 德国 意大利 日本 荷兰 瑞典 英国 美国
1913年 21 20 18 30 5 20 — 44
1950年 18 26 25 — 11 9 23 14
1990年 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.9 4.4 5.9 4.8
公司通过生产全球化可以达到以下目的：
公司希望降低其总成本构成； 提高质量或改善它们所提供产品的功能。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
20国集团(G20tx)——1999
应对发展中国家的金融危机制定协调的政策； 2008—2009年间,它成为峰会论坛,为应对由美国
开始,很快席卷全球,导致自1981年以来最严重的 全球经济衰退的金融危机
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4 全球化的推动力
全球化趋势的背后,有两个宏观因素在起作用：
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2 什么是全球化
全球化(globalization),是指转向一个更为一 体化与相互依存的世界经济。
全球化有若干不同的侧面,包括市场全球化和 生产全球化。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.1 市场全球化
市场全球化(globalization of markets)是指 把历史上独特的和分离的国家市场合并为一个 巨大的全球市场。
Fund) 世界银行(World Bank) 联合国(United Nations) G20tx(20国集团)
希尔国际商务（World Trade Organization)(前 身《关贸总协定》
主要负责监管世界贸易秩序； 确保各国遵守世界贸易组织各成员签署的贸易协
2010年 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.2
算的平均关税率(%)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
定中制定的规则； 促进了跨国贸易和投资壁垒的不断降低； 2011年,共同占有世界贸易97%的154个成员组成
世界贸易组织。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)——1944
维持国际货币系统的秩序； 一国的经济出现混乱并且货币相对其他国家大幅
一是第二次世界大战结束后,商品、服务和资本 自由流动的障碍减少了;
二是技术变革,特别是近年来通信、信息处理和 运输技术的迅猛发展。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4.1 贸易与投资壁垒的减少
当一个企业把商品和服务出口给别国的消费者 时,国际贸易(international trade)就产生了
当一个企业把商品和服务出口给别国的消费者 时,国际贸易(international trade)就产生了
当企业把资源投到母国之外的商务活动中时,对 外直接投资(foreign direct investment,FDI) 就产生了。
关税的主要目的是保护国内工业免遭外国的竞 争。现在的关税率约为4%。
贬值时,被视为可求助的最后的贷款者，但有附 带条件。
世界银行(World Bank)——1944
促进经济发展
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
联合国(United Nations)——1945
维护国际和平与安全 发展各国友好关系 共同解决国际问题和促进尊重人权 成为协调各国行动的中心
例2：德国98%的中小规模的公司通过出口或国 际生产涉足国际市场
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.2 生产全球化
生产全球化(globalization of production) 指的是从全球各地区筹供商品和服务,以利用 各国在生产要素(factors of production)(如 劳动力、能源、土地和资本)上的成本和质量 差异。
跨国贸易壁垒的降低,使得全球市场的国际销售 更为容易
不同国家消费者的嗜好和偏爱正在趋同于某些 全球标准
星巴克等公司不仅是这一潮流的倡导者,而且也 是该潮流的推动者。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.1 市场全球化
一家公司不必达到跨国巨人的规模也能促进市 场全球化并从中获益。
例1：美国出口企业的90%都是小企业,其雇员不 超过100人。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
全球化
第一章
希尔国际商务（第9版）
目录
1 引言 2 什么是全球化 3 全球机构的出现 4 全球化的推动力
5 变化了的全球经济统计数据 6 全球化的争议 7 在全球市场进行管理
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.1 引言
我们正在走向一个世界,其跨国贸易和 投资壁垒正在崩溃;由于运输和通信技术的 进步,人们感知的距离缩短了;全世界的物 质文化正在趋同;而各民族经济逐渐消失在 相互依存的全球经济制度之中。
关税的主要目的是保护国内工业免遭外国的竞 争。现在的关税率约为4%。
既助长了生产全球化也促进了市场全球化
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4.1 贸易与投资壁垒的减少
Fund) 世界银行(World Bank) 联合国(United Nations) G20tx(20国集团)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
既助长了生产全球化也促进了市场全球化
算的平均关税率(%)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
制造产品按价值百分比计算的平均关税率(%)
国家 法国 德国 意大利 日本 荷兰 瑞典 英国 美国
1913年 21 20 18 30 5 20 — 44
1950年 18 26 25 — 11 9 23 14
1990年 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.9 4.4 5.9 4.8
公司通过生产全球化可以达到以下目的：
公司希望降低其总成本构成； 提高质量或改善它们所提供产品的功能。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary
20国集团(G20tx)——1999
应对发展中国家的金融危机制定协调的政策； 2008—2009年间,它成为峰会论坛,为应对由美国
开始,很快席卷全球,导致自1981年以来最严重的 全球经济衰退的金融危机
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4 全球化的推动力
全球化趋势的背后,有两个宏观因素在起作用：
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2 什么是全球化
全球化(globalization),是指转向一个更为一 体化与相互依存的世界经济。
全球化有若干不同的侧面,包括市场全球化和 生产全球化。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.1 市场全球化
市场全球化(globalization of markets)是指 把历史上独特的和分离的国家市场合并为一个 巨大的全球市场。
Fund) 世界银行(World Bank) 联合国(United Nations) G20tx(20国集团)
希尔国际商务（World Trade Organization)(前 身《关贸总协定》
主要负责监管世界贸易秩序； 确保各国遵守世界贸易组织各成员签署的贸易协
2010年 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.2
算的平均关税率(%)
希尔国际商务（第9版）
定中制定的规则； 促进了跨国贸易和投资壁垒的不断降低； 2011年,共同占有世界贸易97%的154个成员组成
世界贸易组织。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)——1944
维持国际货币系统的秩序； 一国的经济出现混乱并且货币相对其他国家大幅
一是第二次世界大战结束后,商品、服务和资本 自由流动的障碍减少了;
二是技术变革,特别是近年来通信、信息处理和 运输技术的迅猛发展。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.4.1 贸易与投资壁垒的减少
当一个企业把商品和服务出口给别国的消费者 时,国际贸易(international trade)就产生了
当一个企业把商品和服务出口给别国的消费者 时,国际贸易(international trade)就产生了
当企业把资源投到母国之外的商务活动中时,对 外直接投资(foreign direct investment,FDI) 就产生了。
关税的主要目的是保护国内工业免遭外国的竞 争。现在的关税率约为4%。
贬值时,被视为可求助的最后的贷款者，但有附 带条件。
世界银行(World Bank)——1944
促进经济发展
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
联合国(United Nations)——1945
维护国际和平与安全 发展各国友好关系 共同解决国际问题和促进尊重人权 成为协调各国行动的中心
例2：德国98%的中小规模的公司通过出口或国 际生产涉足国际市场
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.2 生产全球化
生产全球化(globalization of production) 指的是从全球各地区筹供商品和服务,以利用 各国在生产要素(factors of production)(如 劳动力、能源、土地和资本)上的成本和质量 差异。
跨国贸易壁垒的降低,使得全球市场的国际销售 更为容易
不同国家消费者的嗜好和偏爱正在趋同于某些 全球标准
星巴克等公司不仅是这一潮流的倡导者,而且也 是该潮流的推动者。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.2.1 市场全球化
一家公司不必达到跨国巨人的规模也能促进市 场全球化并从中获益。
例1：美国出口企业的90%都是小企业,其雇员不 超过100人。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
全球化
第一章
希尔国际商务（第9版）
目录
1 引言 2 什么是全球化 3 全球机构的出现 4 全球化的推动力
5 变化了的全球经济统计数据 6 全球化的争议 7 在全球市场进行管理
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.1 引言
我们正在走向一个世界,其跨国贸易和 投资壁垒正在崩溃;由于运输和通信技术的 进步,人们感知的距离缩短了;全世界的物 质文化正在趋同;而各民族经济逐渐消失在 相互依存的全球经济制度之中。