英语中的句子结构【精选】
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Note: Semicolon before conjunctive adverb and comma after conjunctive adverb!
Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
SUBJECT
and
PREDICATE
Compound Sentence
Tom
swims,
Mary
and
plays tennis.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
Semicolons
• “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; however, some schools fail to distinguish between these groups.
Semicolon before conjunctive adverb
Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do.
Comma before coordinating conjunction!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb
and compound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
No comma before “and” in compound
subjects and predicates!
Compound Sentence with Coordinating Conjunctions
When the MAIN clause is first, it is usually NOT
followed by a comma!
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Semicolon after first independent clause--
Comma before conjunctive adverb!
COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
People had continuous moderate exercise when they had to hunt for food.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Basic Elements
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Mary
plays tennis.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Mary
one subject
plays tennis.
one predicate
Simple Sentence
Tom and Mary
Compound Subject &
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
Note: Place a comma before a conjunctive adverb at the end!
When the ADVERB clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike
is popular
because
he
is good looking,
but
he
is not very happy.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:
play tennis.
Simple Sentence
Tom and Mary
Compound Subject &
play tennis and swim.
Compound Predicate &
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.
When the adverb clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Dependent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Sentence Structure
Sentence Types
Sentence Structure
Sentence Types
Sentence Types
• Simple • Compound • Complex
Basic Elements of
Every Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Comma after conjunctive adverb!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools, however, fail to distinguish between these groups.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
No commas before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Coordinating Conjunction
Semicolon after first independent clause-Commas before and after conjunctive
adverb!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb at the end Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools fail to distinguish between these groups, however.
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
and compound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
Hi, I’m Punctuation Pete!
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON
Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
Complex Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
even though
SUBJECT
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before “and” in compound sentences!
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER HOWEVER OTHERWISE THEREFORE
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE BEGINNING
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
IN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
When main clause is first, it is not usually followed by a comma!
COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise.
Even though Bob is ugly, he wenku.baidu.coms popular.
Clause 1 Dependent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
PREDICATE
Complex Sentence
Bob
is popular
even though
he
is ugly.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
ADVERB CLAUSES
EVEN THOUGH WHEN BECAUSE UNLESS WHEREAS
IN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Note: Place commas before and after a conjunctive adverb
in the middle!
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
COMBINES BOTH TYPES
Mike is popular because he is good looking, but he is not very happy.
Punctuate each clause according to its rules!
Punctuation Review!
Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
SUBJECT
and
PREDICATE
Compound Sentence
Tom
swims,
Mary
and
plays tennis.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
Semicolons
• “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; however, some schools fail to distinguish between these groups.
Semicolon before conjunctive adverb
Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do.
Comma before coordinating conjunction!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb
and compound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
No comma before “and” in compound
subjects and predicates!
Compound Sentence with Coordinating Conjunctions
When the MAIN clause is first, it is usually NOT
followed by a comma!
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Semicolon after first independent clause--
Comma before conjunctive adverb!
COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
People had continuous moderate exercise when they had to hunt for food.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Basic Elements
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Mary
plays tennis.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Mary
one subject
plays tennis.
one predicate
Simple Sentence
Tom and Mary
Compound Subject &
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
Note: Place a comma before a conjunctive adverb at the end!
When the ADVERB clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike
is popular
because
he
is good looking,
but
he
is not very happy.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:
play tennis.
Simple Sentence
Tom and Mary
Compound Subject &
play tennis and swim.
Compound Predicate &
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.
When the adverb clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1 Independent
Clause 2 Dependent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Sentence Structure
Sentence Types
Sentence Structure
Sentence Types
Sentence Types
• Simple • Compound • Complex
Basic Elements of
Every Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Comma after conjunctive adverb!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools, however, fail to distinguish between these groups.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
No commas before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Coordinating Conjunction
Semicolon after first independent clause-Commas before and after conjunctive
adverb!
COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb at the end Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools fail to distinguish between these groups, however.
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
and compound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
Hi, I’m Punctuation Pete!
SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON
Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
Complex Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
even though
SUBJECT
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before “and” in compound sentences!
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER HOWEVER OTHERWISE THEREFORE
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE BEGINNING
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
IN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
When main clause is first, it is not usually followed by a comma!
COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise.
Even though Bob is ugly, he wenku.baidu.coms popular.
Clause 1 Dependent
Clause 2 Independent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
PREDICATE
Complex Sentence
Bob
is popular
even though
he
is ugly.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
ADVERB CLAUSES
EVEN THOUGH WHEN BECAUSE UNLESS WHEREAS
IN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Note: Place commas before and after a conjunctive adverb
in the middle!
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
COMBINES BOTH TYPES
Mike is popular because he is good looking, but he is not very happy.
Punctuate each clause according to its rules!
Punctuation Review!