过去分词作定语

过去分词作定语，在语态上表被动；在 时间上表示动作已经发生或完成，与它 所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾 关系。
1. 过去分词作定语位置
B: Yes. And we had canned fish, smoked sausages, cakes made by our teacher and fresh apples picked from the orchard. We also played a lot of games there. B: Indeed, to our delight, we helped a lost boy to find his mother.
4. 形容词性化过去分词作定语
一些由表示情感或心理状态的动词转化而来 的过去分词作定语时，已经完全形容词化， 不表被动。
常见的有：amazed, embarrassed, disappointed, excited, encouraged, bored, interested, tired, worried, surprised, satisfied, pleased, moved, frightened等。
a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意 义 a broken cup a cup which is broken a wounded soldier a soldier who was wounded an unexpected guest a guest who is unexpected the excited crowd the crowd who were excited
has changed machine.
= This object, which was discovered almost by accident, has changed machine.
Practice
① 破损的窗户很快就会被换掉。 ______________________will be replaced soon. The broken window = The window which was broken will be replaced soon. ② 昨天买的书确实不错。 bought yesterday The books _______________are of high quality. = The books which were bought yesterday are of high quality.
3.及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可 以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动 作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.
the problem discussed yesterday已经发生，完成 the problem being discussed 正在发生 4. 过去分词与现在分词的完成被动式都表示 “完成”和“被动”，但前者的时间性不变， 而后者更加强调分词动作明显先于谓语动作。 ① He is a teacher respected _________(respect) by all. Having been told ② __________________(tell) to stay in Beijing, the boy decided not to returned to his village.
单个过去分词
过去分词短语
单个的过去分词作定 语时，位于它所修饰 的名词或代词前面；
过去分词短语作定语 时，位于它所修饰的 名词或代词后面。
a risen sun
已升起的太阳 有组织的旅行
an organized trip
people addicted to drugs 药物上瘾的人
a school built for orphans 为孤儿专建的学校
3) They are the problems which have been left over by history. They are the problems left over by history.
4) The plan which has been made might be changed. The plan made might be changed. 5) They finally came to the areas that had been liberated.
3. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition involving Word War II disabled soldiers in England. 4. Four years later, competitors from Holland joined the Games, and the international movement, now known as the Paralympics.
The _____ children were opening their presents.
A. excited excited
B. exciting
C. excite
D. excites
过去分词与现在分词作定语 1.语态不同：现在分词表示主动，及物动词的过 去分词表示被动。 注：不及物动词的过去分词只有“完成”含义， 而不表示被动。
1. Tick each of the following sentences below in which the past participle is used as an attribute.
____1) × She was surprised to see the beautiful horse in front of the house. ____2) √ Most of the people invited to the party were my old friends. ____3) Things seen are mightier than √ things heard. ____ × 4) Tired out, the group of workers stopped to have a rest.
= a letter which was written in pencil
② the book borrowed by Jack
= the book which was borrowed by Jack
③ the machines produced last year
= the machines which were produced last year ④This object, discovered almost by accident,
2. Rewrite each of the following sentences by following the example, paying attention to the position of the past participle.
先行词 定语从句
The letter which was posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow.
____ √ 5) She shouted in a pleased voice when she heard the good news. ____ × 6) Frightened by the barking dog, the little girl cried loudly. √ ____7) The injured passengers were immediately sent to the city hospital. ____ √ 8) The river mentioned in the song is actually slightly to the east of Virginia.
b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完 成意义。
Biblioteka Baidu
a grown woman
a woman who has grown
a retired officer a officer who has retired
3. 过去分词作定语和定语从句的转换
过去分词作定语的作用相当于定语从句，二者可以转 换。
① a letter written in pencil
an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说
the inspired audience 受到鼓舞的观众 the falling leaves 落叶（正往下落的）
the fallen leaves 落叶（已经落到地面的）
2. 时间关系不同：现在分词作定语，多表示“动作 正在进行”或“与谓语同时进行”或“经常性”。 过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于位于动词 表示的动作”或“没有一定的时间性”
先行词
分词作定语
The letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow.
1) I don’t like to read a letter which is written in pencil. I don’t like to read a letter written in pencil. 2) All the guests who are invited are here now. All the guests invited are here now.
单个过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody, those 等不定代词时，也要放在 这些词后面。 Nothing reported ( in the newspaper) interested him.
2. 过去分词作定语的含义
The Past Participle as the Attribute
Read the sentences from the text, paying attention to the coloured words. 1.The first recorded ancient Olympic Games were held in 776 BC in ancient Greece and … 2. An olive wreath as the only prize given at Olympia suggested that the athletes competed for honour, …
lying ① Do you know the boy _______(lie) under the big tree? pointing ②“Can’t you read?” Mary said angrily, _______ (point) to the notice. selling ③ The woman ________(sell) vegetables has gone. brought ④ The wheat is watered by water _______(bring) from a pond. ⑤ He is a leader___________ respected (respect) by the people.
Unit 1
Olympic History
Grammar
Revision 1) 与…相连 be connected to 2) 信任 believe in 3) 当作重点 centre round/ on/ upon… 4) 为…竞争 compete for/against… 5) 不熟悉 be unfamiliar with… 6) 每4年 every 4 years 7) 超过 more than 8) 继续 live on 9) 苏醒 come to life 10) 在当代 in modern times 11) 使交替 alternate …and /with… 12) 被称为… be known as… 13) 符合 consistent with…