过去分词作定语

过去分词作定语
1.过去分词的形式: done
2.分类：前置定语和后置定语；
3.条件：单个的单词通常作前置定语，放在名词之前；多个单词或是短语通常作后置定语，放在名词之后；
4过去分词作定语:
(1)过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。

从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。

过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。

(2)过去分词作定语时的意义:不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。

①只表示完成不表示被动
e.g. fallen leaves落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
②表示被动
e.g. an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行
③表示被动和完成
e.g. the broken glass 碎了的杯子
the question discussed yesterday昨天讨论的问题
a divided country 一个分裂的国家
(3)过去分词作定语时的位置
①前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的
名词之前。

e.g. The broken vase has been thrown outside.
The injured workers are now being taken good care of
②后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名
词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。

e.g. The suggestion (which had been) sent to the committee
was adopted.
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(＝that has ever been written)．
The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.
You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.
③过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。

e.g. He is one of those invited.
④有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。

e.g. This is a used car which is worth only 5,000 yuan. (表状态和被动)
The method used is very efficient. (表被动)
⑤过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。

e.g. A girl, dressed like a student, came in and sat beside me.
(4)现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
①过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。

现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。

e.g. This is a letter written in black ink.
There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.
The witnesses questioned by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
②过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作定语表示被修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。

e.g. Have you noticed the surprised expression on his face?
What came to us was surprising news.
While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
5.专题练习
(1) He is the man__________(see) by me yesterday.
(2) That is one of the most interesting books______(sell) in the bookshop.
(3) The writer and his novel______(talk) are really well known.
(4) So many thousands of_______(terrify)people died.
(5) He is a _______(retire)worker.
(6) This is a newly________(develop) device.
(7) He found that it came from the river________(pollute)by the dirty water from London.
(8) Some of them, born and______(bring) up in rural villages, had never seen a train.
(9) Recently ________ (arrive)soldiers are helping to take the victims to safe areas from the flood.
(10) This is the statue of a brave soldier ________(seat) on a horse, with
a gun on his back.
(11) He is enthusiastically talking with a man__________ (call) Mike. 6.答案：
(1) seen; (2) sold; (3) talked; (4) terrified; (5) retired; (6) developed; (7) polluted; (8) brought; (9) arrived; (10) seated; (11) called.
7.动词过去分词（或过去式）的转换规则：
(1)规则动词的转化规则：
①一般情况下直接加-ed；
e.g. look—looked
play—played
start—started
②以e结尾的动词加-d；
e.g. live—lived
hope—hoped
use—used
face—aced
③以重读闭音节结尾的，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed；
e.g. stop—stopped
plan—planned
permit—permitted
beg—begged
④以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词，变y为i再加-ed；
e.g. study—studied
carry—carried
worry—worried
(2)不规则动词的变化规则:
①原形，过去式和过去分词形式相同：
e.g. hit—hit—hit
set—set—set
put—put—put
cut—cut—cut
cast—cast—cast
cost—cost—cost
shut—shut—shut
hurt—hurt—hurt
burst—burst—burst
spread—spread—spread
②过去式和过去分词同形：
e.g. feed—fed—fed
bleed—bled—bled
bend—bent—bent
buy—bought—bought
breed—bred—bred
fight—fought—fought
bring—brought—brought
catch—caught—caught
sell—sold—-sold
leave—left—left
meet—met—met
send—sent—sent
find—found—found
sleep—slept—slept
teach—taught—taught
think—thought—thought
③原形，过去式和过去分词均不相同：
e.g. lie—lay—lain
see—saw—seen
rise—rose—risen
give—gave—given
begin—began—begun
blow—blew—blown
know—knew—known
grow—grew—grown
break—broke—broken
drink—drank—drunk
speak—spoke—spoken
swim—swam—swum。