跨文化交流期末

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跨文化交际期末试题

考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。

考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。

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Test Paper 1Ⅰ. Filling the blanks:1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, thecommunication in the West is low-contextual while that inthe East is high-contextual2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adoptsDualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the Westfollows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East followssynthetic and concrete thinking4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the Westuses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and ArchimedesⅡ. Choose the best answer:1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two co mprehensivecategories: those that are primarily produced by the body, suchas_________,________,_______; and those that the individualcombines with the setting, such as _______, _______,_______.DA.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, manB.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silenceC.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, manD.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbsand allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholarsname this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a morefanciful impression than information, and the information isusually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other“goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term thisstyle as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct withobjective information. To them, much-repeated words may meanless after a while. We may term the Western writing as________-oriented.CA. adjective, objectiveB. Chinese, WesternC. impression, information C. indirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western beliefholds that _______, while the Asian people believethat_______.BA. basically good; basically badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western beliefholds that _______, while the Asian people believethat_______.DA. subjugation to nature; harmony with natureB. harmony with nature; mastery over natureC. harmony with nature; subjugation to natureD. mastery over nature; harmony with nature5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USA is______, thePhilippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia,Britain, Greece, France are ______.CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-orientedC. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, thePhilippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is ______.DA. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-orientedB. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-orientedC. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming orientedD. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic view. Itgoes by the following different names: DA. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity versusimaginationB. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;imagination versus subjectivityC. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugationversus subjectivityD. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivityversus subjectivity8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The Hinduthinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. CA. do; die; liveB. spectacle; meddle; contemptC. understand; think; self-cultivateD. think; self-cultivate; understand9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____BA. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand.B. body language is important.C. body contact is dangerous.D. we can’t separate mind from body.10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by sharing______, while in China, people make friends by sharing _______.BA. personal relationship; activitiesB. activities; personal relationshipC. love; bloodD. blood; love11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are__________________________________, while the lowcontact countries are ________________________________.CA. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arabworld, Mediterranean countries, IndonesiaB. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia,Middle EastC. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US,Britain, most Northern European countriesD. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain,most Northern European countries12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of communication,the high-contextual people are __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________AA. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans, German,SwissB. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese,JapaneseC. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans, Japanese,BritishD. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans, Chinese,Koreans13. Each person has a “bubble”of space (territory). Studies showthat people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, -_________.AA. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;North America, Britain, GermanyB. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arabcountries, and many Asian countriesC. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arabcountries, and many Asian countries.D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;South America, Britain, Germany14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much moreimportant to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. CA. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, AfricanB. Arabian; American, Asian, African, HispanicC. American; Asian, African, Arabian, HispanicD. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______, ______,________for help, while in extended-family culture, people relymainly on ________for help. CA. families, friends, professionals; familiesB. families, friends, professionals; institutionsC. friends, professionals, institutions; familiesD. friends, families, institutions; professionals16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while inextended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. BA. family; individualB. individual; familyC. husband; wifeD. wife; husband17.When it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel thatthey had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter of providing ______ support and ______. BA. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dependent;receiving; material; get separateB. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”;independent; giving; emotional; spend time together.C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; free;earning; financial; get involvedD. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent;giving; spiritual; get together.18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem virtually________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a _______period of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need in some way, offers to assist you _________.CA. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; whenbeing askedB. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long; unwillinglyC. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; withoutwaiting to be askedD. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese fr iends give eachother emotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinesefriend is more likely to be ________ to give _______ advice to afriend, while an American friend will be ________ to give________ advice, instead she may raise questions to en courageher friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does onething instead of another. CA. cautious; detailed; ready; specificB. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guidelineC. ready; specific; cautious; directD. unwilling; direct; ready; specific20. When it comes to the relationship b etween parents and marriedsons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel betweenhis wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most hemight hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________.In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______than that with his wife. He would be expected to______________. He might even be counseled to_______________ the vicinity of his parents’home to ease theconflict. DA. more important; side with his mother; side with his father;honorable; more important; side with no one; move intoB. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable; lessimportant; side with his father; get away fromC. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable;more important; side with his wife; move intoD. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral;dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; move awayⅢ. True or false:1.Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is ahierarchy society. ( F )2.Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance issmall, while in America, the power distance is large. ( F )3.Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”,and “face” has the same social significance for these countries inthat one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F )4.The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as opposed to“opinions”. ( T )5. A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is tolook upward, for the Hindu is to look inward, for the Confuciansis to look outward. (F )6.Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware ofthem, and we make judgments according to them. (F )7.Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )8.Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of onlytwo possible choices. People everywhere possess the samevalues to different degrees, and the importance of that commonvalue, how it gets acted out, is a matter of degree. ( T)9.“Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F )10.I n both China and Western countries, it is very common andusual for adults to fondle other people’s babies and very smallchildren to show their affection and friendliness. ( F )Ⅳ.Translation:1.Translate the following English into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity.天人合一2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds responsein Nature. 天人感应3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in thecompany of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in closecontact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者6)Look before you leap. 三思而后行7) A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch.轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万木林He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事8)2.Translate the following Chinese into English:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信用trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety8)Ⅴ. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in differentcountries:Gesture 1 Gesture 2 Gesture 31.In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbal message“Let’s keep our fingers crossed”to mean that _ the person is hoping forgood luck______________. In Greece and Turkey it means the breaking ofa friendship ________________. In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____.2.In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable, OK_______________. InBelgium and France, it means _ zero_____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece andMalta it has _ an obscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money_______. In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______.3.It means ____ Slow down”, “relax” or “wait a second ________________.Test Paper 2下列各题请参阅了所指定的课本内容后，用中文回答，可翻译课本的内容作为答案。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

跨文化交际期末练习

I. Choose the best answer:1.When someone responds only to the residue of the behavior of anotherperson ,communicationa. is not effective .b. is quite effective .c. also takes place.d. does not occur.2.All cultures or institutions are equally valid or fitting ,according toa. cultural analysis.b. cultural relativism.c. cultural absolutism.d. cultural determinism.3.Intercultural communication as a field of study is interdisciplinary. Closely related to this fieldare the following disciplines excepta. medical studies .b. sociolinguistics.c. cultural anthropology.d. sociology.4.when you have paid a cashier in the US for your shopping, the cashier will most likely saya. Thank youb. Nothing.c. You’re very rich.d. You’ve made a great purchase.5.Can I whisper in your ear? I didn’t have a chance to tell you this morning how lovely you look!A male colleague of an American woman professor walked into the professor’s classroom and“whispered” in her ear when she was just lecturing to her students. This s hows thata. Americans make compliments on women’s appearance far more frequently and freely thanChinese people.b. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance as frequently and freely asAmericans.c. Americans make compliments on women’s app earance only when the complimented are oflow social status.d. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance only when the complimentedare of low social status.6.When you want to know whether an American is married or single or divorced, you can askindirectlya. Do you have any children?b. Are you married?c. Have you solved your personal problem?d. Do you have a large family?7.Your written work has really improved, but you still have a bit of a problem with yourspelling.This is criticism by English standards.a. directb. indirectc. weakd. strong8.When an American expresses thanks for a favor you have done him, you shoulda. say It’s my duty.b. say that’s what I should do .c. say It’s a pleasure .d. say That’s the least I can do .9.When an English woman tells you her real age, you can saya. That’s what I guess.b. No, no, you really are much younger than your age.c. That’s impossibled. Oh , dear me !You don’t expect that I believe you .10.By tradition westerners have much stronger sense of privacy than Chinese, because they laygreater emphasis ona. collectivism.b. individualism.c. relativism.d. imperialism.11.When an English tennis champion says well, I’m very keen on tennis,he is employingspeech calleda. irony.b. understatement.c. simile.d. exaggeration.12.This is x x x’s residence. We are not here at this moment. Please leave your name andtelephone number. W e’ll call you back as soon as we can. when you hear this on the phone, you should know that this comes froma. a gentleman’s family.b. an advanced telephone.c. an answering machine.d. a lady’s family.13.The nonverbal elements of the voice is calleda. kinesics.b. oculesics.c. proxemics.d. paralanguage.14.A: When can I come back for my ticket?B: Don’t worry. It is being taken care of.B’s response would be regarded by Americans asa. a polite response.b. a rude remark..c. a little information.d. insufficient information.15.When a newly-arrived American professor has just conducted his first class with Chinesestudents, you, as an administrator, can greet him by sayinga. You must have had a tiring job.b. Are you happy with your class?c. Are Chinese students the same as American students?d. Are they happy with your teaching?16.When you receive a phone call and knows that the person wanted on the phone is notavailable to answer it, you should saya. Does she/he have your name?b. Can I say that she/he is away from here?c. He/She is not available to speak to you.d. He/She is not with me right now.17.If you are asked to dine out, Dutch treat means thata. whoever pays for his own meal.b. You’ll be treated Dutch food.c. You’ll be invited to a Dutch restaurant.d. Whoever invites you will pay for the dinner.18.When an American friend compliments you on what you have, you should not say Do youreally like it, just take it ,becausea. what you have might be offensive to the people from his culture.b. What you have might be so expensive that he dares not take it.c. It could be just a compliment and he might have been a slip of the tongue.d. He might think that you made the offer on the spur of the moment without sincerity.19. The Chinese language is well known for in connecting phrases or sentences without usingmany logic-grammatical connectors.a. hypotactic techniques.b. various techniques.c. covert coherence.d. function words.20. “Han d extended toward person, open palm, palm down, with all fingers crooked in abeckoning motion”-this is normally the way of beckoning someone to come.a. universalb. Americanc. Chinesed. specific21．When an English tennis champion says I think I’m quite good, he is employing the figure of speech called :a. understatement.b. irony.c. similed. exaggeration22．When the training we receive is aimed at cultural self-awareness and other concepts that prepare us to communicate effectively any culture, it is calleda. narrow trainingb. culture-specific trainingc. all-around trainingd. culture-general training23．The turning point came for intercultural communication studies when the International Communication Association established under it the Division of Intercultural Communication ina.1980b.1970c.1990d.196024．I’m very impressed with your figures. A made colleague of an American woman professor said to her when she walked into the restaurant where he was dining. This shows thata. Americans make compliments on women’s appearance far more frequently and freely thanChinese speakers.b. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance as frequently and freely asAmericans.c. Americans make compliments o women’s appearance only when the complimented are oflow social status.d. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance only when the complimentedare of low social status.25．In response to You did a great job, you can say___ by American standards.a. Oh well, it had to happen sometimesb. No, no, I didn’t do it very wellc. Well, this is the result of collective labord. I’ll try to do it better next time26．I’m afraid your last essay was not quite up to standard, this is__ criticism by English standards.a. strongb. directc. weakd. indirect27. When you want to know whether an American is marred or single or divorced, you can askindirectlya. Do you have any children?b. Are you married?c. Have you solved your personal problem?d. Is your family with you here in China?28. When an American friend of yours has caught a cold, you can show concern by sayinga. I’m sure you’ll be better soon.b. You should drink more water.c. You should be more careful not catch cold again.d. I hope you’ll be feeling better soon29. Before you present a gift to an American friend, you shoulda. make sure to present it to his wife .b. make sure to keep the price tag onc. tear off its price tagd. tear off its wrapper30. When American friend compliments you on what you have, you should not say “Do you reallylike it? Just take it”, becausea. it could be just a compliment and he might have made a slip of the tongueb. what you have might be so expensive that he dares not take itc. it could be just a compliment and he might not really like it.d. what you have might be offensive to the people from his culture.31．Awareness of how another culture feels the standpoint of the insider can be calleda. empathyb. sympathyc. apathyd. insensibility32. It is believed that the publication of Introduction to Kinesics by marked thebeginning of nonverbal communication studies as a relatively independent field.a. Jespersenb. Birdwhistellc. Potter.d. Pennycook33. The study of the communication of interpersonal space and distance isa. chronemics.b. proxemics.c. haptics.d. oculesics.34. In I’m afraid you’re mistaken, the underlined part can be called from theperspective of interpersonal communication.a. negative words .b. softening words.c. redundant words .d. beautiful words35. When you hear on the phone well, I mustn’t hold you up any longer, you should know that thiscould well be a signal ofa. saying good-byeb. encouraging you to talk more .c. saying I enjoy our conversation ,but you need to go .d. saying I’ll try to be brief with you .36. Church Sale in the United States isa. to sell a churchb. to sell Bibles for very low pricesc. to sell things to church—goers for very low prices.d. to sell things donated by church-goers for very low prices.37. When an American stamps his foot, it usually suggestsa. remorseb. angerc. impatienced. disapproval38. As times passed, the desire of learning the language grew in my heart like a tree, bigger andbigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life. This kind of languagea. is very impressive by American standards.b. sounds too emotional by American standards.c. sounds too flowery and exaggerated by American standards.d. Is very bad English by American standards?39. When we say that Americans tend to behave this way or that, we don’t mean that everyAmerican will behave in exactly the way in every given situation, because culture isa. an approximationb. tendencyc. an abstractiond. all of the above40. A: (Showing B the sofa) Sit down, please.B: No, no. I’ll sit here. (Moving towards a chair)A: Oh, do sit over here on the sofa.B: No, no. This chair is perfectly all right.From the conversation you can deduce that B is most likelya. an Englishmanb. an Americanc. a Chinesed. a JapaneseII. True or false:1. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message sender is a member of one culture anda message receiver is of another.2. Intercultural communication studies are as old as recorded history.3. “Give and take” is a principle highly valued in the United Sates.4. Friendship characterizes much of American daily interactions.5. Compared with Chinese Americans make friends easily and leave their friends almost asquickly.6. Chinese writers are not so particular about providing notes or bibliography in writing as English speakers, because the Chinese depend very much on shared cultural knowledge for mutual understanding.7. Sociologists believe that cultural mistakes are far more serious than linguistic mistakes, for the former often incur ill-feeling between speakers of two different cultures.8. Ms. can be used in the United States to address both married and unmarried ladies.9. IC courses are interdisciplinary in nature and therefore should draw materials from many disciplines.10. Cultures do not communicate; people do.11.If you are a guest and are introduced to your host, you do not take the initiative in shakinghands unless he holds out his hand first.12.When you want to learn about an American’s marital status, you can ask ,“Are you married orsingle ”13.By tradition westerners have much stronger sense of privacy than Chinese.14.Americans avoid the talk of the Civil War in their daily conversation.15.When you want to ask a native English-speaker to do you a favor, you should begin withAre you very busy?16.When you want to learn about an American’s political stand, you can ask, “Why did you votefor?”17.For entertaining English speakers, the more banquets or more courses for a banquet, thebetter.18.It is said that the British people hate to trouble others and ,when they need help, will usuallybegin with I don’t really like to ask you, but ….19.You can compliment an American with You look goo d. You ‘ve lost weight.20.Memorial Day is on the last Monday of May.21. In American forms you can often find “optional”following “religion”, because religiousbeliefs are very much a matter of privacy.22. When you are reading a book, you are actually responding to the author’s writing behavior.23. Communication is not irreversible.24. In a broad sense, culture indicates the history and literature of a people.25. Personal comments, implicitly or explicitly, on women’s appearance are more common in theUS than in China.26. Americans are said to be pushing in nature.27. All the Chinese expressions of gratitude do not sound courteous to American speakers.28. Intercultural communication and intracultural communication are both interpersonalcommunication.29. Chinese speakers always tear away price tags before they offer gifts to others.30. Americans are said to work while they work and play while they play.31. P-time is apt to be considered a point rather than a ribbon or a road.32. It is said that Englishmen’s humor sometimes consists of self-deprecation.33. There are basically two approaches to academic or scientific research and, for that matter, tointercultural communication studies; namely, induction and deduction.34. In English –speaking countries you usually first introduce an older person to a younger person, not the other way round.35. The English language is basically a hypotactic language in that it can do without the heavy use of logic-grammatical connectors.36. According to Benjamin Lee Whorf, the background linguistic system of each language is notmerely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the program and guide for the individual’s analysis of impressions, for his synthesis of his mental stock in trade. 37. If you are an old person and are introduced to someone younger than you, you do not take theinitiative in shaking hands unless he holds out his hand first.38. In China it’s inappropriate to keep one’s hat on indoors.39. Sometimes an Englishman may offer help merely as a gesture of politeness. In this case, youcan say something like I’d like to have your help, but ….40. Avoiding taboo has much to do with privacy.III. Explain the following terms:1.response2.intentional communication3.acceptance and integration4.linguistic relativity5.dominant culture6.Michigan States University7.culture-general training 8.role prescription9.lexical gap 10.Mr.America11.decoding 12.nondirectded communication13.mental isolation 14.black tie15.connotation 16.linguistic determinism17.individualism 18.cross-cultural communicationmunicative competence 20.China Association for Intercultural CommunicationIV. Elaborate the following topics:1.Do you think that “When in Rome do as Romans do” is the best indication of interculturalcommunication competence?2. Comment on the significance of nonverbal communication studies.3. Illustrate cultural differences in showing concern.4. Illustrate cultural differences in greeting people.。

12-13-02跨文化沟通期末考试复习范围

一．选择题1. When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ______ perspective.A. anthropologicB. intellectualC. socialD. psychological2. _____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source3. _____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context4. _____ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. Feedback5. Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress ________,which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.A. exchanging informationB. harmonyC. respectD. instrumental function6. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes placein a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Which characteristic of communication does this statement reflect _____?A. SymbolicB. SystematicC. IrreversibleD. Transactional7. The _____ is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.A. messageB. sourceC. contextD. feedback8. An American company that operates in Japan almost caused a disaster in theUnited States—Japanese relations by addressing 500 red Christmas cars to its Japanese joint-venture partner, since funeral notices are red in Japan. This case has reflected that each country has its art for _____.A. tippingB. greetingC. card exchangeD. giving gift9. _____ is the environment in which the communication takes place and whichhelps define the communication.A. ContextB. SourceC. Receiver responseD. Feedback10. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect11. It is quite common in many English speaking countries for ____________.A. students to ignore their professors.B. students to address their professors by the title “Mr”.C. students to ignore any form of address for their professors.D. students to address their professors by their first name.12. Normally, when hearing compliments, a typical Chinese reaction is to show________.A. disagreement and angerB. modesty and humilityC. enjoyment and prideD. pride and gratitude13. In the West, it is regarded polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express_________.A. greedinessB. understandingC. gratitudeD. Appreciation14. According to intercultural communication theories, collectivism and _________are basic clusters of values and assumptions.A. independenceB. IndividualismC. imbalanceD. communication15. _______ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChromaticsB. OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics16. ________ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics17. Communication improvement between cultures requires an ability to ___ .A. speak some of the language and master some non-verbal behaviorB. speak some of the language and master all non-verbal behaviorC. speak the language and master all non-verbal behaviorD. speak the language and master some non-verbal behavior18. It is all right to ask someone what their job or position is, but it’s not polite to askthem their salary. This is considered a ______ matter in English speaking countries.A. humbleB. secretC. privateD. taboo19. Hofstede’s ________ index indicates how much a society feels threatened by ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them by providing rules, believing in absolutetruths, and refusing to tolerate deviance.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. uncertainty avoidanceD. power distance20. Hofstede’s _____ index measures the extent to which the less powerful membersof organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. cultural valuesD. power distance21. Today, in England, people usually call each other by their first names inA. formal situations outside workB. formal meetings at workC. informal situations outside workD. informal meetings with bosses22. ________ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style canbe found in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate23. Li Ming, a Chinese student, had lived several years in the United States. A monthago, he came back to China and found everything was unfamiliar and weird.Liming is in_____ stage of intercultural adaptation.A. honeymoon phaseB. adjustment periodC. reentry shockD. crisis period24. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called ___________.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization25. _______ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. AcculturationC. Cultural identityD. Integration26. The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A.interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.international communicationD. interpersonal communication27. In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.internationalcommunicationD. interpersonal communication28. _____ refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominantculture within a country.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Intercultural CommunicationC. international CommunicationD. Interregional Communication29._____ occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fromdifferent races with different physical characteristics.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Interracial CommunicationC. Intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication30. _____ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.A. Cultural identityB. Cultural valueC. Cultural normD. Subculture31. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_____.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization32. Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States.In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment33. _____ refers to maintaining one’s original culture a nd not participating in thenew culture.A. Separation and segregationB. AssimilationC. MarginalizationD. Integration34. _____ refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values ofthe new host culture.A. AcculturationB. DeculturationC. MarginalizationD. Assimilation35. _____ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. IntegrationC. Cultural identityD. Acculturation36. In______, the handshake is accompanied with a light kiss; even males kiss bothcheeks after a handshake.A. the United StatesB. Saudi ArabiaC. RussiaD. France37. _____ style focuses on the speaker and role relationships. People with suchcommunication style stress high power distance. This style is popular in collectivist and high-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate38. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect39. The _________ refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s comm unication and interaction according to the context.A. intercultural competenceB. social competenceC. communication competenceD. cultural competence40. _________ refers to losing one’s cultural ide ntity and not having anypsychological contact with the larger society.A. MarginalizationB. AcculturationC. Culture shockD. Separation and segregation41. _________ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounterwhen entering a different society.A. DissimilationB. AssimilationC. IntegrationD. Culture shock42. _____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eyecontact.A.ChromaticsB.OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics43. While writing business messages, ______is usually the first step.A. predictionB. selectionC. analysisD. planning44. While the highest goal of communication in the Eastern Culture is to achieve ___,the highest goal of communication in the West is to achieve the practical cooperation from others.A. proprietyB. further relationshipC. practical purposeD. definite result45. _____ is the study of communications sent by the eyes.A. OculesicsB. HapticsC. KinesicsD. Chromatics46. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is not true?A. It is communication between people of different cultures.B. We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.C. During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s backon one’s own culture.D. We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.47. _____ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ChronemicsB. ProxemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics48. _____is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Koreaand Japan.A. BowingB. Firm handshakeC. EmbracingD. Handshake49. _____ means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for oneconsidered harsh, blunt, or offensive.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect50. _____ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style can befound in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate51. ______ refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectationspeople have of one another and of others.A. BeliefsB. ValuesC. RolesD. Norms52. _____ refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specificmessage.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. Nonverbal communicationD. Olfactics53. _____is considered inappropriate as a form of greeting in the United States andmodern China.A. EtiquetteB. BowingC. EmbracingD. Handshake54. In the _____ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of thegroup.A. masculinityB. femininityC. individualistD. collectivism55. ______ is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just becausethe person is a member of a specific group.A. RacismB. PrejudiceC. SexismD. Stereotyping56. In the United States, the main meal is ______.A. in the morningB. at noonC. in the eveningD. B or C57. _______ refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous withdecoding.A. PerceptionB. InterpretationC. SensationD. Selection二．判断题的范围：1-7单元课后的判断题三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?2. What is the nature of culture?3. What are the characteristics of communication?4. What are the components of communication?5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?7. What are the four modes of acculturation?8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?9. How is sex different from gender?10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?11. What are the forms of culture shock?12. What are the components of cultural patterns?13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?四．案例分析重点考察内容：verbal communication; nonverbal communication; communication styles。

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案

Chinese： To show respect to the other or give
the face to the other
American：Illegal as the child abuse
Warm up
• 2. What is a good friend in Chinese and
mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.
What is intercultural communication? What have you learned from this class?
3. Intercultural Communication
• Samovar & Porter
Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.
• Non verbal communication includes those important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit, specifically: body language (encompassing carriage/posture, appearance, listening, eye contact), hand gestures, and facial expressions. Non-verbal communication makes up the majority of the communication that we engage is, although it isn't always conscious.A very good example is:

跨文化交际期末汇总

Unit 1 An IntroductionTerms/questions:1.Economic globalization 经济全球化: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2．Global village 地球村: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3．Melting-pot 大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 4．Cultural Diversity文化多样性: the mix of people from various backgrounds with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5．What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (p8~9)全球化因素:1) Convenient transportation systems 便捷的交通系统2) Innovative communication systems 先进的通信系统3) Economic globalization 经济全球化4) Widespread migration 大规模移民6．The concept of cultureCulture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7．What are the three ingredients of culture?1) Artifacts: the material and spiritual products people produce.2) Behavior: what they do3) Concepts: what they think (belief, values, world views……)8．Culture iceberg文化冰山(p7)Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger who le. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be s uspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.水面上: the aspect of culture that are explicit (明确的) , visible taught (可数的)水面下: intangible (无形的) , not taught directly9．Characteristics of culture1) Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.2) Culture is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not fromone’s genes.•Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.3)Culture is dynamic: culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static constantly changingand evolving and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.•Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.4) Culture is ethnocentric: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.※Ethnocentrism文化中心主义: the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 10．Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.11．Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter their communication event.12．Components of communication1) Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.2) Encoding编码Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.3) Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the messa ge is the resulting object.4) Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.5) Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.6) Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.7) Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver isactively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.8)Receiver response接受反应Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.9) Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10) Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. 13．Process of communication14．Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic.2) Communication is irreversible.不可逆的3) Communication is symbolic.符号性的4) Communication is systematic. 系统的5) Communication is transactional. 交互式的6) Communication is contextual. 上下文的，受语境影响的15．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p1) Case2 (p2) Exercises A B2 C E (P12~13)Unit 2~4 Verbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2. Semantics语义学: a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3. Denotation 字面意思: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.4. Connotation弦外之音: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.5. Taboo 禁忌语: refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.6. Euphemism委婉语: means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.7．How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? Form of Address (p22~23)In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed. Addressing by names:In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (Intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship:Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession:a nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influe ntial status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8．Social Functions of Compliments (p50)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or evenovercoming embarrassment.9．相关案例与题目Unit 2 Case 1 (p17) Case2 (p17~18) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A B2 C (P32~33)Unit 3 Case 3 (p45) Exercises A B1 C (P59~60)Unit 4 Case 1 (p67) Case2 (p69) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A C (P80~81)Unit 5 Nonverbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1．Chronemics 时间学：The study of how people perceive and use time.2．Monochronic time 一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. 3．Polychronic time 多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once4．Proxemics 空间学: refers to the perception and use of space.5．Kinesics 肢体语言:the study of body language .6．Paralanguage 副语言: involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.7．Nonverbal Communication, Its Study Areas (p95)1) Time language ; 2) Space language ; 3) Body language ; 4) Paralanguage8．Monochronic time VS Polychronic time (P97)Monochronic time is structured and often rigid everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruptions.People and cultures who run on Polychronic time multitask well. These people focus on maintainingpersonal relationships more than completing tasks.9．相关案例与题目Unit 5 Case 1 (p85) Case3 (p87) Case 6 (p90) Case 7 (p91) Exercises A B2 D E(P111~114)Unit 6 Cross-gender CommunicationTerms/questions:1．What has influenced the gender socialization? (p121)1) Family communicationParticularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children2) Recreational interaction2．Gender and Sex are not synonymous. (p120)3．Differences between feminine and masculine communication cultures (p123)P123 Table 6.34．Understanding Cross-gender Communication. (p123~126)1)What counts as support?2)Tricky feedback.3)Expressing care.4)I’d rather do it myself.5．相关案例与题目Exercises A B2 (P129)Unit 7 Cultural Variations in Negotiation StylesTerms/questions:1．High-context cultures VS Low-context cultures•High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. Inhigh-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.•Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.2．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p137) Exercises A B3 (P152~153)Unit 9 Intercultural Personhood:An Integration Of Eastern and Western PerspectivesTerms/questions:1．Planetary culture 行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.2．Intercultural personhood 跨文化人格: Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.3．Theories of cultural values.Cultural values affect people’s attitudes about the form of behavior considered more appropriate and effective in a given condition.Over the years, a number of cross-cultural dimensions were developed by scholars.•Kluckhohn and S trodtbeck’s theory of value orientation.•Hofsted’s cultural dimensions4． What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?Looking at the phenomenon of culture. They came up with five basic questions at root of any culture’s value system.1) What is the character of innate human nature?2) What is the relation of man to nature?3) What is the temporal focus of human life?4) What is the mode of human activity?5) What is the mode of human relationships?5．Hofsted’s cultural dimensions文化取向Hofsted’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. He identified four dimensions that he labeled.•Individualism versus collectivism 个人/集体主义•Power distance 权利距离•Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避•Masculinity versus femininity 男性/女性主义6．American cultural valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group. 7．Chinese culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.8．相关案例与题目Case 3 (p186) Exercises A (P198)。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background。

2.interethnic communication：refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3。

verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4。

nonverbal communication：involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver。

4. Monochronic time一元时间观念：means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time。

5。

Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6。

ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it。

跨文化交际期末考试

跨文化交际期末考试名词解释Unit 1:Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication eventComponents of Communication：①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea intoa symbol.③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.⑤Noise: T he term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Unit 5:Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.caseUnit11.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1)the material and spiritual products people produce2)What they do3)What they think3.What are the three ingredients of culture?1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2. behavior (what they do)3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)4.How to understand cultural iceberg?What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.5.What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation6.What are the characteristic of communication?Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.Unit 2-47.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names areused in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.9.What are the social functions of compliments?Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.Unit 510. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.Unit 611. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.12.What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgementUnit 914.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese cultureholds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。

跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

（ T ）2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化（ F ）3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

（ T ）4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。

（ F ）components :sender,encoding,message,chann el,noise,decoding,feedback,and context通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

（ T ）10 No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same我们谁也不能假定我们的感觉是一样的。

（ T ）11 people may possess different sensing of the same smell人们可能对同一气味有不同的感觉。

（ T ）12 Our perception are influenced by who we are,includeing the accumulation of our experience我们的感觉被我们是谁的影响，包括我们的经验的积累（ T ）13 we give meaning to or decode the information that we have selected andorganized during the selection stage 我们在选择阶段对我们选择和组织的信息给予意义或解码。

跨文化交际期末试题及答案

跨文化交际期末试题及答案试题一：1. 跨文化交际的概念是什么？2. 跨文化交际中可能遇到的困难有哪些？如何应对？3. 请列举两个不同文化背景下的沟通误解，并说明产生误解的原因。

4. 如何加强跨文化交际的能力？5. 请描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，并谈谈你从中学到了什么。

答案如下：1. 跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行信息传递和相互理解的过程。

它涉及到语言、行为、价值观等方面的差异，需要在尊重和理解对方文化的基础上进行有效交流。

2. 在跨文化交际中，可能遇到语言障碍、文化差异导致的误解、价值观冲突等困难。

要应对这些困难，首先需要学习对方的语言，尽量减少语言障碍。

其次，要了解对方文化的特点，避免由于文化差异而引起的误解。

最后，要保持开放心态，尊重不同的价值观，通过倾听和理解来解决潜在的冲突。

3. （1）例子一：在西方国家，直接表达意见被视为开放和直率的表现，但在东方文化中，过于直接的表达会被视为冒犯和不尊重他人。

这种差异可能导致沟通中的误解和冲突。

原因：西方文化注重个人主义和直接表达，而东方文化注重集体主义和含蓄表达。

双方的价值观和文化习惯差异导致了沟通误解。

（2）例子二：在某些非洲国家，左手被视为不洁之手，不可用于触摸或传递物品；而在西方国家，左手并没有特殊的意义。

如果一个西方人无意中用左手递给非洲人物品，可能会被视为不尊重对方的文化。

原因：非洲文化中，左手被认为是不洁的，使用左手被视为不尊重和不礼貌的行为。

而在西方文化中，没有类似的禁忌。

4. 加强跨文化交际的能力需要多方面的努力。

首先，要增加对不同文化背景的了解，包括语言、历史、价值观等方面。

其次，要培养跨文化沟通的敏感性和意识，学会观察和尊重不同文化之间的差异。

此外，多与来自不同文化的人交流，积累经验和技巧，不断提升自己的跨文化交际水平。

5. 描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，得以学习到很多。

我在一次国际研讨会上结识了一位来自日本的研究者。

跨文化交际期末复习题

判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

（ F ）5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。

（ T ）6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者（ F ）7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。

（ T ）8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码（ F ）9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context 通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface: customs and behaviorMore deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people whoare following themIn a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywheremunication：Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (thebasis of all human contact)3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communication betweenpeople whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high-context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).5.low-context culture：In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.6.relationship between culture and language：7.verbal communication8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive)9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive)10.nonverbal communication：Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbalstimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver11.body language：Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with bodymovements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time)：P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It ismore flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything,and al l others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (William G. Sumner)15.stereotypes：Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group ofpeople, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people16.prejudice：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based onfaulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)17.discrimination：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, itcan be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester)18.racism：19.culture shock：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion,inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. (Linell Davis)20.acculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contactbetween two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological, physiological and social changes.Essay Writing1.Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500 words.2.From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze the followingmovies.(1)Joy Luck Club(2)Guasha(3)Crash。

跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案

跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪项不是文化差异的表现？A. 语言差异B. 饮食习惯C. 宗教信仰D. 个人兴趣答案：D2. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个行为可能被视为不礼貌？A. 握手B. 鞠躬C. 直视对方D. 赠送礼物答案：C3. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪个概念强调了文化对个体行为的影响？A. 个人主义B. 集体主义C. 权力距离D. 所有以上选项答案：D4. 根据霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论，以下哪个维度不是其分类之一？A. 个人主义与集体主义B. 男性化与女性化C. 长幼有序D. 权力距离答案：C5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个策略不是有效的沟通策略？A. 保持开放心态B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. 在跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于同一事件或行为的不同理解和解释。

答案：文化相对主义7. 跨文化沟通的障碍之一是_________，即对其他文化持有偏见或刻板印象。

答案：文化偏见8. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化间进行有效交流的能力。

答案：跨文化能力9. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于时间的理解和使用方式。

答案：时间观念10. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于空间的理解和使用方式。

答案：空间观念三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述跨文化沟通中的语言障碍及其克服方法。

答案：语言障碍包括语言差异、非言语沟通差异等。

克服方法包括学习对方的语言、使用简单明了的表达、利用肢体语言辅助沟通、寻求翻译帮助等。

12. 描述跨文化沟通中的文化适应过程。

答案：文化适应过程通常包括四个阶段：蜜月期、文化休克期、调整期和融入期。

在蜜月期，人们对于新文化充满好奇和兴奋；文化休克期则可能感到困惑和挫败；调整期是逐渐适应新文化的过程；最后，在融入期，人们能够自如地在新文化中生活和工作。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface：customs and behaviorMore deeply：what the behavior and customs mean to the people whoare following themIn a word：Culture is all about meaningsHall：Culture is everything and everywheremunication:Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings。

（thebasis of all human contact）3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communication betweenpeople whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high—context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarilycontained in words. Information is provided through gestures，the use of space, and even silence。

跨文化交际期末

定义题1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event.There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2.What is a culture? P13A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people3.What are stereotypes?P13Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth.It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.4.What does “interpretation” means?P24A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.5.I n dividualist p32Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.6.Collectivist P32Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals ofthese collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.7.What is “hierarchy”?P50Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.8.What is “culture shock”?P58“Culture shock”is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9.Low context P66The way to communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, people tend to put most of heir ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to “get the point” and “say what you mean”, and it is largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.10.High context P66High context is more indirect and subtle and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for interpreting messages correctly. People are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. In fact, people in high context cultures often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.11.What is “projected cultural similarity”? P74Projected cultural similarity is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".12.“Loose” cultures P83“Loose” culture do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms.13. “Tight” cultures P83Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.14.What is “ethnocentrism”? P93"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.15.What are “in-groups” and “out-groups”? P107In-Groups: “In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments.16.Collectivist culturesCollectivist generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups. However, they feel less obligation to outsiders. The main distinction people usually make is between “us” and “them”.17.Individualist western cultures P114While individualist westerners also treat outsiders differently from members of their out-groups, the difference is generally not so great; for example, individualists generally assist members of their in-groups as much as collectivists would, but they may offer more assistance to outsiders than collectivists would. The main distinction people usually make is between “me” and “others”.18.What are “war stories”? P125The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsiders, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. What’s more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to draw conclusions about foreigners in general.19.What is giving the benefit of the doubt? P142When you encounter a foreigner whose behavior seems unusual or hard to understand, you should keep an open mind and try to delay or suspend interpretation. Giving the benefit of the doubt is less likely to cause us to think or act in ways that will unnecessarily damage our relationships with foreigners.简答题(定义+评论）1. What are the problems in intercultural communication?/Why is it so hard to communicate with foreigners? P9refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Learn about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other — in other words, "intercultural communication."Part of the problem is that there are many different languages, so it is very hard to communicate with foreigners. Also, cultures are different and it’s difficult for foreigners to understand why students acted as they did. Another part of the problem is the way foreigners handle the intercultural communication. When Chinese do or say things that seem strange to them, foreigners tend to jump to conclusions and they are more likely to jump to negative conclusions instead of considering other possible explanations for the Chinese students’ behavior.2.What are the characteristics of Chinese culture? P17定义“culture”1. collectivism----------emphasis on the doctrine of the mean2. large power distance--hierarchy3. Inter-group (in-group) harmony and avoidance of overt (covert) conflict in interpersonal relations4. hypocritical5. hypocrisy6. belief in the “naturalness, necessity, and inevitability of hierarchy.”7. inequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral, and financial achievement8. belief that “the judgment of wise people”is a better way to regulate life than rigid, artificial laws9. people exist “in and through relationship with others.”10. academic emphasis on memory, attention to detail, and lengthy homework3.What are the virtues of Chinese culture? P31定义“culture”1. formality2. hierarchy3. industriousness/diligent/assiduous4. being filial5. hard work6. modesty (modest)---humility (humble)7. thrifty—economical---frugal—frugalityment on: “Never a borrower or lender be” P32定义“individualist”Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.“Never a borrower or a lender be”, this sentence means that it is best to not lend money to other people and to not borrow from other people. When we lend something we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with that other person. To begin with, it is because westerners are in Individualist Cultures. Individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and toemphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want ot hers to rely on them, either.5.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one? P35定义：individualist and collectivistThere are two basic difference between cultures.One illustration of the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures can be found in the way schools are organized. Chinese students generally function as a group. They are organized into class groups and have the same courses with students in the same class. In contrast, North American students are expected to function as individuals. They generally choose courses according to their own interests and have different classmates in different courses.Parties serve as another illustration. Chinese parties often have a group focus. Western parties are different, for example, the cocktail party in which people chat together in pairs or small groups and may change conversation partners during the party.6. What are some ways in which Western societies differ in how they view the issue of equality? P51定义：equality 和hierarchyMost modern societies believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. In other words, people these societies try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority.Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.In US culture, “equality”almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. Americans tend to believe that, as much as possible, all people should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially, Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that difference in wealth between citizens is not large.7.A prescription for culture shock. P61“Culture shock” is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.1. accept the occurrence of culture shock as natural2. learn about the host culture3. find a logical reason for everything strange or bad about the host culture4. look for the positive things in the host culture5. avoid foreigners who are critical of the host country6. do not always say critical things about host culture7. keep a good sense of humor8. find another foreigner who knows the host culture9. make friends with people from the host culture10. you won’t lose your own culture11. keep busy and active12. if you feel fatigued, take a little vacation13. prepare a presentation about your own culture8.Why does PCS cause intercultural communication problems? P74Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".1. People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would. For this reason, the misunderstanding become worse over time rather than getting better.2. Languages are different.3. Misinterpret non-verbal communication.4. Stereotypes and preconceptions.5. Evaluate before really understanding.9.the golden rules -Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. P77定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena “Projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it is right, too. However, it just doesn’t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened .we can not expect others to think or act the same as we do.ment on: conformity in Western cultures. P83定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”Chinese culture is tight culture ,and western cultures are loose cultures. So conformity in western cultures is less than that in Chinese culture.Western individualist cultures tend to be “looser” than collectivist cultures. This tendency toward looseness can be seen in a variety of ways. One reflection is a widespread reluctance to pass laws that prohibit unusual behavior. Another reflection can be seen in Western advertising.ment on: What factors lead to /contribute to looseness or tightness in culture？P86定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”1. the degree of change in the population---the more people move, the looser and individualist a society tends to be“a country on the wheels”2. the density of the population—small dense society tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---“a melting pot”3. the number of choices available in society---the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism--looserment on: ethnocentrism and projected cultural similarities P93定义：”ethnocentrism” and “projected cultural similarities”"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.“Projected cultural similarity” is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".Both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation consider their own culture as the center.Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures and it is purposeful. What’s worse, it may lead to manslaughter.PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do---cultural assumption and it is not purposeful.13.Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication? P107定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”1. We generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more.2. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more …3. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders. More generous, to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgmentsSo the ties of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.14.How do Chinese people treat in/out-group based on their own culture? P117定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”The distinction Chinese usually make is between “us” and “them”. In other wards, there is much assistance and concern for insiders and less for those outside.Chinese often view outsiders who come to China as guests, and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group and tend to treat in-group members very well.15.Characteristics of war stories. P128定义：war stories1. Desire for sympathy. We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually people from our own culture rather than outsiders2. Desire for assurance. We want to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encounter makes sense.3. Desire to tell a good story. we tend to emphasize how unreasonable the behavior of the foreigner was, and how reasonable our own behavior was.16.Why do Americans know less about other countries? P149定义：”culture” and “ethnocentrism”1. US schools do not teach as much world history as schools in many other countries.2. The US borders on relatively few other nations, and is separated from most by large oceans.3. The power of the US means that it has more impact on other nations than other nations have on the US affairs.4. In terms of geographic size and population, the US as a very large nation, hence generates such a volume of local news that the importance of international news diminishes by comparison.5. The power of the US tempts Americans to believe that learning about other countries isn’t so important.6. The international spread of the English language and Western culture diminishes the need of Americans to learn other languages and cultures.。

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧？A. 保持开放态度B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B2. 在不同文化背景下，以下哪种行为可能被误解？A. 直视对方眼睛B. 点头表示同意C. 用食指指人D. 握手答案：C3. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪种方式可以增进相互理解？A. 坚持自己的文化观点B. 避免讨论敏感话题C. 主动分享自己的文化背景D. 只关注自己的文化答案：C4. 以下哪个概念与跨文化交际密切相关？A. 文化适应B. 个人主义C. 集体主义D. 所有选项答案：D5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个因素可能导致误解？A. 语言障碍B. 非语言信号C. 文化价值观差异D. 所有选项答案：D...二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化交际中“文化休克”的现象及其应对策略。

答案：文化休克是指个体在进入一个与自己文化背景不同的新环境时，由于文化差异而产生的困惑、焦虑和不适应感。

应对策略包括：提前了解目标文化，保持开放和灵活的心态，寻找支持系统，以及采取积极的适应措施。

2. 描述跨文化交际中的“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的特点。

答案：高语境文化（High-context culture）指的是在交流中，信息的传递依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和情境背景。

低语境文化（Low-context culture）则强调语言的直接性和明确性，信息主要通过语言来传递。

三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一名国际商务谈判代表，你被派往一个与你文化背景截然不同的国家进行商务谈判。

请描述你将如何准备这次谈判，并在谈判中如何运用跨文化交际技巧。

答案：在准备谈判时，我会首先研究目标国家的文化、商业习惯和谈判风格。

我会学习基本的语言词汇，了解当地的礼仪和非语言交流习惯。

在谈判中，我会保持尊重和耐心，避免使用可能引起误解的肢体语言，积极倾听对方的观点，并在适当的时候表达自己的立场。

跨文化交际期末复习

判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

（T ）2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化（F ）3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

（T ）4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。

（F ）5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。

（T ）6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者（F ）7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。

（T ）8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码（F ）9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料

新编跨⽂化交际期末复习资料1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--标志着“跨⽂化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中⼼主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market./doc/01d16f0aa216147916112802.html munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕?马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person12.Culture Dimensions ⽂化维度13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿⾃我A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显⾃我Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interactionexchange is direct,to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显⾃我，隐匿⾃我In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indi rect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering. Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟⼦>，Great Learning <⼤学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakerInfluence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reve als a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.18.The way people speakHigh involvement⾼度卷⼊: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh considerateness⾼度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American19.⽂化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨⽂化交际中的绊脚⽯(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不⽤⾔语表达的误解(4) Preconception先⼊为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Essentials of Human Communication(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic.(4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence23. How is language related to cultureCulture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24.More words/expression→important role in cultureIn Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time;2. perceptions of past, present, and future;3. monochromic and polychromic.26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间Monochronic people:美国⼈Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychromic people: 中国⼈Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27.Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be(1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage:Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK. Adaptation and reentry再进⼊Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案一、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下面短文，并根据文章内容选择正确答案。

Passage 1Communication styles and norms differ significantly between cultures, and understanding these differences is essential for successful cross-cultural communication.In some cultures, such as the United States and Canada, direct communication is highly valued. People tend to speak their mind openly and directly, even if it means disagreeing with others. They believe in being straightforward and assertive.On the other hand, in many Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, indirect communication is the norm. People are more likely to hint at what they mean rather than stating it outright. They often use nonverbal cues and context to convey their messages. This communication style values harmony and maintaining face.When engaging in cross-cultural communication, it is important to be aware of these differences and adjust your communication style accordingly. If you are from a direct communication culture, you may need to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues when interacting with individuals from an indirect communication culture.1. According to the passage, direct communication is highly valued in which cultures?A. Asian culturesB. United States and CanadaC. European culturesD. African cultures2. What is the communication style in Japan and China?A. Direct communicationB. Indirect communicationC. Nonverbal communicationD. Contextual communication参考答案：1. B2. B二、交际用语（共10分）根据对话情境和所给选项，选择恰当的答案完成对话。

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Final AssessmentPart 1 True or False （20%）1. It is possible to communicate without talking to anyone else.A. true√B. false2. Communication is defined in your text as the deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning.A. trueB. false√3. A distracting odor is an example of noise.A. trueB. false√4. An effect of communication would more likely be emotional than intellectual or physical.A. trueB. false√5. Culture is the lens through which you view the world.A. trueB. false√6. “I” may be most important in individualistic countries.A. true√B. false7. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see your culture as superior.A. true√B. false8. Individual goals are stressed in collectivistic cultures.A. trueB. false√9. Listening to music on an iPod or watching a movie are examples of appreciative listening.A. true√B. false10. An e-mail list of people who have interest in and knowledge of a particular topic is called a Boolean list.A. true√B. falsePart 2 Multiple Choice (20%)11. Feedback that is designed to encourage us to continue behaving as we are is called:A. positive√B. negativeC. negative/positiveD. none of these12. During the communication processA. one person functions as source and one or more others as receivers.B. the role of sender belongs to the person who initiated the contact.C. the processes of sending and receiving are static.D. the processes of sending and receiving are constantly reversed. √E. none of these13. Olfactics is theA. study of the use of space.B. study of languageC. study of the use of time.D. study of the sense of smell. √14. ListeningA. is automatic.B. requires no conscious effort.C. is a deliberate process. √D. is both automatic and a deliberate process.E. none of these; hearing and listening are the same15. When we listen critically, weA. listen for pleasure.B. seek to understand the feelings of another person.C. seek to determine the accuracy of a message. √D. listen to gain knowledge.16. When we listen empathically, weA. listen for pleasure.B. seek to understand the feelings of another person. √C. seek to determine the accuracy of a message.D. listen to gain knowledge.17. ParaphrasingA. is a useful was to demonstrate a willingness to understand.B. is a method of rephrasing another’s message to verify comprehension.√C. is used in the process of nonevaluative feedback.D. is described by all of the above statements.18. Which of the following statements is true?A. Women provide more vocal and verbal feedback when speaking with others.√B. Men are more comfortable listening to the emotional content of a message than women.C. Men listen to have others like them, not to have others respect them.D. Men tend not to focus on the structure of a message.19. The text suggests that you can conduct an informal survey to generate material for a speech. Such a survey might have a sample of about how many people?A. 3 or 4B. 10C. 25 to 50 √D. at least 10020. WikipediaA. offers a quick basic overview of a subject. √B. is the definitive source to use.C. has a penchant for inaccuracy and is questioned on its validity.D. both A and C.Part 3 Open Questions (60%)21. Do you believe that we are becoming the tools of our tools? In what ways, if any, do you believe that technology tends to overshadow or enhance our one-to-one communication efforts? Explain. (30%)NO,I don’t believe that we are becoming the tools of our tools. We are in constant communication but with a whole new way. Just some people think it is hindered the communication of people. Compared with the original must be face to face. Phones and computers is more fast and convenient. They will enhance our one-to-one communication efforts. Let us faster and more convenient. Perhaps some people need more time to accept them. People can use them to know more people around the world. Not just in front of people.22. Ralph W aldo Emerson said, “What you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say.” What did he mean? (20%)When people speak loudly, it is when their emotion excited. When the communication of both emotional excited. They cannot be rational to hear each other's voice. Instead, let they couldn't hear the sound of the other. I have heard a sentence: When I speak loudly. Is the distance between our hearts too far.23. Please make some comments about this course and the teacher’s teaching. And make some suggestions accordingly. (10%)I love you teacher. Could you let me through the course, I will love you more.~ The class itself is very interesting but the course is too rigid. Teachers use a lot of examples of very interesting. If not they may I fell asleep early. I hope the teacher can conclusion knowledge after the example，let us to know the point. This is my only advice.。