土木工程英语小论文
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical structures and infrastructure of a society. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the built environment in which we live.As a student majoring in civil engineering, it is important to have a strong understanding of the field. This involves not only mastering the technical skills and knowledge required for the profession but also developing a deep appreciation for the role that civil engineers play in society.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is the design and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, tunnels, and buildings. These structures are essential for the functioning of a modern society, providing the means for transportation, communication, and commerce. By studying civil engineering, students learn how to design and build these structures in a safe, cost-effective, and sustainable manner.Another important aspect of civil engineering is the focus on environmental sustainability. As the world population continues to grow, the demand for infrastructure also increases. However, it is important to balance this growth with the need to protect the environment and natural resources. Civil engineers play a critical role in identifying and implementing solutions that minimize the impact of infrastructure projects on the environment and promote sustainable development.In addition to technical skills, civil engineering also requires strong communication, leadership, and problem-solving abilities. Civil engineers often work in teams with professionals from other disciplines, such as architects, urban planners, and environmental scientists. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget.Overall, civil engineering is a diverse and challenging field that offers a wide range of opportunities for career growth and development. Whether working in the public sector, private industry, or academia, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by designing and building the infrastructure that shapes our world.In conclusion, studying civil engineering is not just about acquiring technical skills and knowledge, but also about developing a broader understanding of the role that civil engineers play in society. By embracing the challenges and opportunities of the profession, students can prepare themselves for a rewarding and fulfilling career in civil engineering.篇2Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams, buildings, and railways. It is considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the world around us.As a civil engineering student, one must learn a wide range of technical skills and knowledge to be successful in this field. This includes understanding principles of physics, mathematics, and materials science, as well as gaining expertise in computer-aided design (CAD) software and other tools used in engineering analysis and design. In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also possess good communication,problem-solving, and decision-making skills to effectively collaborate with clients, contractors, and other professionals.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is its focus on sustainability and environmental protection. Civil engineers play a vital role in designing infrastructure that is resilient to natural disasters and climate change, as well as minimizing the environmental impact of construction projects. By implementing sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials, reducing energy consumption, and preserving natural habitats, civil engineers can help create a more sustainable built environment for future generations.Another important aspect of civil engineering is its emphasis on safety. Whether designing a skyscraper or a highway bridge, civil engineers must prioritize the safety of the public and ensure that structures are built to withstand various loads and forces. By conducting thorough risk assessments and following industry standards and codes, civil engineers can minimize the likelihood of failure and enhance the safety of infrastructure projects.In today's rapidly changing world, civil engineering is facing new challenges and opportunities. Technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM) and drone surveying, are transforming the way engineers design andconstruct infrastructure. In addition, the increasing demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure is driving the need for innovative solutions and interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, architects, planners, and policymakers.Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic and rewarding profession that offers a diverse range of career opportunities in various sectors, including transportation, water resources, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, and construction management. Whether working for a consulting firm, government agency, or construction company, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by improving the quality of life and protecting the environment.In conclusion, civil engineering is a vital profession that shapes the world we live in and addresses some of the most pressing challenges of our time. By combining technical expertise with creativity and innovation, civil engineers can design sustainable and resilient infrastructure that benefits society and the environment. As a civil engineering student, it is important to embrace the multidisciplinary nature of the field and continuously improve your skills and knowledge to excel in this dynamic and rewarding profession.篇3Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, dams, buildings, and other infrastructure. As one of the oldest engineering disciplines, civil engineering plays a critical role in shaping the world we live in today.As a civil engineering student, it is essential to have a good understanding of professional English terms and concepts in the field. In this essay, I would like to share my insights on the importance of mastering civil engineering professional English.First and foremost, mastering civil engineering professional English is crucial for effective communication in the field. Engineers often need to work with a diverse group of stakeholders, including clients, contractors, government officials, and fellow engineers. Being able to communicate clearly and concisely in English helps to ensure that everyone is on the same page and that projects are completed successfully.Secondly, understanding civil engineering professional English is essential for studying and researching in the field. Many textbooks, research papers, and technical documents incivil engineering are written in English. Therefore, having a strong command of professional English terms and concepts is necessary for students to succeed in their studies and research.Moreover, mastering civil engineering professional English can also enhance one's career prospects. In today's globalized world, many civil engineering projects are international in nature, and engineers often need to work with colleagues and clients from different countries. Having a good understanding of professional English can help engineers to collaborate effectively with their international counterparts and secure opportunities for career advancement.In addition, civil engineering professional English can also help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. Many engineering journals and conferences are conducted in English, and having a good grasp of professional English terms and concepts allows engineers to access valuable information and insights that can benefit their work.To improve one's command of civil engineering professional English, there are several steps that students can take. Reading civil engineering textbooks, journals, and research papers in English can help students to familiarize themselves with professional English terms and concepts. Participating inEnglish-speaking workshops, seminars, and conferences can also provide valuable opportunities for students to practice and improve their English communication skills.In conclusion, mastering civil engineering professional English is essential for students pursuing a career in the field. It can enhance communication skills, facilitate studying and researching, improve career prospects, and help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. By investing time and effort into improving their command of professional English terms and concepts, civil engineering students can set themselves up for success in the future.。
土木建筑英文作文
土木建筑英文作文英文：As a civil engineer, I have always been fascinated by the process of designing and constructing buildings and infrastructure. The field of civil engineering involves a wide range of disciplines, including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, and transportation engineering.In structural engineering, we are responsible for designing the framework of buildings and ensuring that they can withstand various forces and loads. This involves calculating the strength and stability of materials, aswell as considering factors such as wind, earthquakes, and other environmental factors.Geotechnical engineering, on the other hand, deals with the behavior of soil and rock, and how they interact with structures. This includes analyzing soil properties, designing foundations, and assessing the risk of landslidesand other geohazards.Finally, transportation engineering focuses on the design and construction of transportation systems,including roads, bridges, and railways. This involves considering factors such as traffic flow, safety, and environmental impact.Overall, civil engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that requires a strong foundation in math, science, and engineering principles. It also requires good communication and problem-solving skills, as well as the ability to work effectively as part of a team.中文：作为一名土木工程师，我一直被设计和建造建筑物和基础设施的过程所吸引。
对土木工程的认识英语作文
对土木工程的认识英语作文Civil engineering is one of the oldest and most crucial branches of engineering. It plays a vital role in shaping the infrastructure and environment of our world. As societies evolve and grow, the demand for sustainable and resilient structures increases, making civil engineering an indispensable field. This essay aims to explore the significance, challenges, and future of civil engineering.Firstly, civil engineering encompasses a wide array of disciplines including structural, environmental, geotechnical, transportation, and water resources engineering. Each ofthese sub-disciplines focuses on different aspects of construction and infrastructure. For instance, structural engineers design buildings and bridges that can withstand various loads and forces, ensuring safety and durability. Environmental engineers work to address issues such aspollution and waste management, developing systems that protect natural resources while accommodating urban development.One of the primary challenges civil engineers face today is balancing the needs of infrastructure development with environmental sustainability. As populations grow, there is an increasing need for new roads, bridges, and buildings. However, the impact of these developments on the environment and ecosystems cannot be overlooked. Civil engineers are tasked with designing projects that minimize harm to the environment. This includes incorporating green technologies and sustainable materials, as well as considering the long-term effects of their designs on the surrounding landscape.Additionally, the growing effects of climate change present significant challenges for the civil engineering field. Rising sea levels, increased flooding, and severe weather conditions require innovative solutions and adaptivedesigns. Civil engineers must develop infrastructure that is resilient to these changes, ensuring safety and functionality even in the face of extreme conditions. This requires notonly technical skills but also a deep understanding of environmental science and policy.Looking towards the future, the integration of technology in civil engineering is set to transform the field. Theadvent of Building Information Modeling (BIM), drones, and artificial intelligence is revolutionizing how projects are designed, managed, and executed. These technologies allow for improved accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration among engineers, architects, and contractors. As the industry continues to evolve, learning and adapting to these advancements will be essential for future civil engineers.In conclusion, civil engineering is a vital field that significantly impacts our daily lives and the world around us. By addressing current challenges and embracing technologicaladvancements, civil engineers can contribute to a sustainable future. The discipline not only requires technicalproficiency but also a commitment to improving the quality of life for communities and protecting our environment. As we face unprecedented challenges, the role of civil engineering will undoubtedly become more important in shaping a resilient and sustainable world.。
土木工程专业英语论文
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineeringAbstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process摘要：土木工程是人类历史上年代最久远的“技术科学”，作为一种系统的产业活动，土木工程的实质是生产的过程，是一种技术过程。
Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology.As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Introduction to Engineering through a semester course of study, I have been deeply impressed by the Civil Engineering covers a wide range, appreciate the achievements of their predecessors, but also understand that as a civil engineer of great responsibility. Of course, we can not have been immersed in the brilliant achievements, stalled. We should also advance with the times, to dig, to discover, to think, to imagine, to be innovative. In this, China's future as a civil engineer, I would like to combine the history of civil engineering, combined with China's national conditions and the world situation, to talk about civil engineering and sustainable development.My knowledge about civil engineering has been broadened since I became a student of Tongji University.Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering.The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. So this era will be both exciting and rewarding for the Chinese Civil Engineers. And of course, civil engineering’s futu re is promising.However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the future; we should also try to update all the transportation systems.To deal with these problems, we will have to develop innovative and enterprising skills. And we should choose a way that we can go continuously. Hazard Mitigation may be a great choice. Not only can it save money in the long run, but also avoid getting into an embarrassing situation in which we have to rebuild all the broken buildings. And we should also use more environmentally friendly materials when designing or constructing new buildings.Well, to be a brilliant civil engineer is not easy. Today, engineering is a synthetic system. It not only depends on traditional mechanics, but also closely related to advanced science. So Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Computer Science and perhaps more are all in our civil engineering program.To be a good civil engineer, we should have the ability to apply the knowledge, to design a system, a component, or a procedure of construction. We should also be able to conduct experiments and explain the results. Furthermore, an engineer never works alone, so we shall cooperate with working team, and try our best to communicate effectively.I’m very glad to be a student in this wonderful field. And I will try my best to be a successful civil engineer, to make contributions to our motherland.1. Of civil engineering history, current situation and future development of knowledge 1.1.1 Ancient Civil EngineeringAncient Civil Engineering has a very long time span, it is roughly from 5000 BC to the Neolithic Age to the mid-17th century, around about 7000 years. In housing construction, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering have made brilliant achievements. Some of the masterpieces of ancient civilization handed down a lot, so far stand tall. For example, China's Great Wall, Egyptian pyramids and so on. Built in the 6th century arch bridge, is the world's first open shoulder arch bridge, in 1991, American Society of Civil Engineers was selected as the world in 12 civil engineering landmark. 1.1.2 Modern Civil EngineeringThe time span of the modern civil engineering from the mid-17th century to the mid-20th century, after about 300 years. In the meantime, construction materials mainly from a shift to natural materials mainly man-made materials, the construction of theory building from the main to sum up the experience long-term experience to take into account the importance of scientific change. Construction techniques, some of the performance of large machinery along with a variety of highly effective methods of construction there, so people began to construct the complex structure or a poor environment in which civil engineering. During the completion of the Eiffel Tower, Empire State Building and Golden Gate suspension bridge, is still regarded as the great civil engineering.1.1.3 Modern Civil EngineeringModern civil engineering began in the mid-20th century. Development to date,civil engineering in building materials, structural theory and constructiontechniques have made very great progress.Building materials, high-strength concrete, high strength low alloy steel,polymers, glass more and more appear in the buildings. Structure theory, theuse of powerful computing and computer graphics, mechanical analysis and theresults more in line with the results of the calculation of the actual situation inwhich the design is more reliable. For building technology, have been developedto machine - electrical - computer integration, the construction process, whetherit is God, and crosses into the earth or the sea, are not the construction of thebarrier; and the widespread use of welding technology, but also makes the steelstructure development has entered a new stage.Created by world-renowned modern civil engineering construction are: China'sTaipei International Financial Center, Shanghai Jin Mao T ower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia's oil and building the twin towers, the French Normandy cable-stayedbridge and so on.1.2 pairs of understanding of the status of civil engineeringToday's civil engineering, are increasingly using the same function or itsproduction process closely.Requirements of public and residential buildings in the architectural, structural,water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation for gas, electricity and othermodern technical equipment increasingly integrated as a whole.Industrial buildings require constant temperature and humidity, anti-vibration,anti-corrosion, radiation, fire, explosion, magnetic, dust, high (low) temperature,resistance to high (low) wet, to a large span, ultra-heavy-duty, flexible spacedirection.In addition, a growing number of high-rise buildings, underground engineeringhigh-speed development, urban elevated highways, overpasses appeared inlarge numbers, and the progressive realization of high-speed transportation,large-scale water conservancy projects.It is worth mentioning that China's reform and opening up, the comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved, and already has more large-scaledevelopment and use of water conditions, such as the Three Gorges Dam,water diversion project are all world-class large-scale water project.1.3 pairs of understanding the future development of Civil EngineeringWith the constant deepening of China's reform and opening up and rapideconomic development, China will face a more massive building boom. We cansay that we are faced with a leap of civil engineering along with the greatdevelopment of the national economy a good period. And such a gooddevelopment environment has been and will continue to be the West's urgentattention.As a cross-century generation, this situation provides us with excellent rareShizhancaigan unprecedented, the impact to the international standards of goodopportunities. At the same time, we feel deeply that this is an "opportunity" and"challenge" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, "innovation"and "follow the old" era of competing, how to grasp the turn of the century whenthe Civil disciplines, trends, and create with Chinese characteristics, world-classnew era of civil engineering disciplines, a generation of our century's challenges.2. My feelings and understanding: China's Civil Engineering to go the road of sustainabledevelopmentChina's civil engineering has its own particularity."China is the world's most populous country, a great resource in addition to that by 13 $ 110 to become negligible, while a small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion becomes a big problem." Professor Liu Xila this language effectively tells our the difficulty lies.China's coal, oil, gas, water, forests are living in the world total, and per capita, but all below the world average. Population, energy, education, pollution problems have become severe problems faced by the four. Path of sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be when a long-term, out of a sustainable development.World, the modernization process of the United States can be described as advanced, and now data indicate that: the future of the United States to invest $ 1.6 trillion construction projects to address the unsafe condition, for example, chloride-induced corrosion of buildings and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer, in the tradition of the brilliant achievements of our predecessors, but also have a lot of the lessons learned have been an accident, in future work to improve innovation and achieve sustainable development.2.1 the development of high-tech, structural health monitoring applications, toachieve sustainable developmentCivil Engineering in actual use, there will be varying degrees of damage orperformance degradation, since this will affect the carrying capacity anddurability, and even lead to serious construction accidents, caused significantcasualties and economic losses, resulting in serious social impact . Therefore,from the moment of completion of construction, we must make health monitoring,repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With modern sensor technology, computer and communications technology,signal processing techniques and structural analysis and dynamic analysis ofthe rapid development of the theory, it is proposed the concept of structuralhealth monitoring, to revolutionize the development of civil engineering changes.Structural health monitoring system installed in the structure through a variety ofsensors, automatic, real-time measurement of the structure of the environment,load, response, etc., on the structure of health status assessment, scientific andeffective conservation and management structure to provide basis for decisionmaking, to ensure the structural safety of the operation to extend the structurallife.In recent years, large-scale civil engineering structures, especially large-spanbridge health monitoring domestic and international engineering and technologyas the focus of attention in the academic community through research andengineering and technical personnel research efforts have yielded fruitful results.Home and abroad in recent years, new bridges were installed in many largestructural health monitoring systems, such as China's Shanghai Xupu Bridge,Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge, the Donghai Bridge, Hong Kong's TsingMa Bridge, the bridge and Youngjong Korea Seohae bridge, U.S. CommodoreBarry Bridge and Canada Confedration bridges.Like this, through the development of structural health monitoring and safetywarning, the first time found that the construction problems that may arise,timely repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible constructionaccidents, construction has been largely solved the rapid aging of damage, haveRemove the restoration of the embarrassing situation, and the resulting largenumber of economic resources, a waste of time to achieve the sustainabledevelopment of building use.2.2 The rational use of natural resources, focusing on re-use of existing civilengineering infrastructure, to achieve sustainable development"Sustainable development is achieved without sacrificing the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs and conditions, to meet current needs."Rational use of natural resources, will have in the civil engineering construction,use and maintenance process, the civil engineer to take the initiative to besaving energy, and maximize the role of both civil engineering facilities.For example, we can take advantage of building green, gray brick walls in thesummer, reduce the surface temperature, thereby reducing air conditioning use;can use energy-saving type of brick or insulation composite wall as the wallmaterial, to the role of thermal insulation in winter ; also solar energy, groundheat and other new energy sources, reducing the amount of non-renewableresources to reduce.In addition, the reuse of existing buildings is also an important means ofsustainable development. This regard, Shanghai has made a lot of successfulexperience: do not plant a lot, a lot has been transformed into exhibition halls,offices, artists studios. This transformation of re-use, consistent with therequirements of modern use, but also save energy, avoid waste, is an effective 2.3 Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources toachieve sustainable developmentRemoval of waste each year the world of concrete, concrete waste generated byconstruction etc will have a huge amount of construction waste. China's annualconstruction of the building construction waste generated by 4,000 tons, haveproduced 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removal processing a largeamount of environmental pollution. In addition, China is the world's cementproduction 20 years of superpower, which in itself is a high consumption ofresources, high energy consumption, pollution of the environment industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete is more in line withgreen building standards, this should be to develop the green building materials.In this regard, Japan's Aichi World Expo, give us a vivid lesson: materials, theExpo will be a variety of construction materials on the surface is very high, butmany are recycling. Many plank wood construction waste by processing, placedaround the chair, TV cabinet is made of crush. Toyota Pavilion wall is made fromrecycled waste paper processing, long-term venue Japan Pavilion, only thepursuit of harmony between man and nature, but also saves the expenditure,the use of most of the steel and wood, can be recycled. At the same time, theadvantages of bamboo wall to September 3 Aichi summer also showedexhaustive. Bamboo greatly reduces the performance of their indoortemperature, air-conditioning use is also significantly reduced. This gave me anumber of thought: in the building material selection, the appropriate place in theapplication of renewable natural resources, save money, but also to achieve aharmonious and sustainable ecological development and architecture, why not?In addition, the World Expo in Aichi Japan Nagakute, Japan Pavilion cocoon-likein order to reduce heat load, the use of green walls, bio-degradable plasticmaterials and thinning wood (forest wood to be cut fine) to achieve theenvironmental protection function. "Nature's Wisdom" as the theme of the AichiWorld Expo, pavilion building large-scale application of modern scientific andtechnological achievements, highlighting the environmental and functional,reflecting the natural beauty of the human diligently pursuing. This should alsobe the future civil engineers to learn and develop.China's building, Professor Li Guohao Yangpu Bridge is also designed classic.Approach part of the spiral structure, saving several hundred million RMB, is acivil and sustainable economic development model.Of course, sustainable development, by no means blind pursuit of savings, butthe most reasonable to seek a middle state, we must ensure there is enoughcreative architecture, but also the pursuit of the perfect technical and economicindicators, with minimum investment for maximum benefits. We still still want tocreate classic, but must not be built on the squandering of money, based onconsuming more resources and energy basis. T oday, building the world hasentered an era of eco-aesthetics, focusing on culture, ecology, engineering andenvironmental relationship between the human-oriented, energy saving andsustainable development, the focus is the direction of contemporary engineers.3.Civil Engineering expertise should have the qualityA good civil engineer, must have the "four elements", that is, knowledge structure,practical skills, ability to structure and the overall quality and innovation.Knowledge structure, including: public basic knowledge, professional knowledge and expertise.First, the good civil engineer must have a solid basic knowledge of the public, and, in the familiar basis of natural science, a good psychological and moral humanities, social science-based knowledge is also essential.Second, the best engineers must also have excellent professional knowledge. Ofengineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and so have a solid understanding and ability to apply strong.Third, also in-depth expertise. Whether engaged in railway engineering, tunnels, underground works or construction projects, each engineer has to be advanced for the emphasis on industry expertise. The only way to make our civil engineering business, walking in the forefront of the world.Inseparable from the practice of Civil Engineering. Therefore, engineers have to have superb practical skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, measurement skills and structural engineering testing skills.As a Civil Engineering undergraduate students, I will be four years of college learning process, and strive to master the computer language and programming skills, treasure every opportunity to practice on the machine, and in college physics experiments, material testing and structural experiments The general structure of the experiment to master the basic method, with the structure of the initial test of skills, and providing technical training, curriculum design, structural design for the contest winners.In addition, the difference between engineers and scientists not only by the constraints of the laws of nature, will be bound by the laws of society. Engineering and technical personnel complete each project is a program of "social activities" may not rely on a person in the room alone. Therefore, to have sufficient capacity to deal with social, follow the laws of good society.In school life, I will continue to improve their learning ability, from the engineering capabilities to enhance learning, students work to enhance the management capacity, and gradually improve their own knowledge structure, from which to develop a science and technology development capabilities and skills and the ability of public relations to do more.However, these skills also help to constitute a truly sustainable development of China's civil engineer. Because the engineer is the most important cultural enrichment with high moral and intellectual quality. In order to state and national interests, dedicated to the cause of the motherland. For the country's honor, to have a strong sense of competition. With dialectical materialist way of thinking, there is step on solid, rigorous, hard working style. The only way to be a qualified civil engineer in China.We should also note that China's civil engineering industry with world-class level there is a gap. For example, many domestic high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai World Financial Center), almost all of its engineering design borne from abroad, almost all steel products imported from abroad, the general contractor were mostly borne by the foreign countries, only the steel structure fabrication and installation work by domestic unit commitment. Be completely independent intellectual property rights, engineering and construction to achieve the localization, catch up with international standards, we need the young generation to complete!附录：参考资料：《土木工程》(英)斯科特(Scott,J.S.)撰中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑文献检索与利用》肖友瑟主编大连理工大学出版社《土木工程总论》丁大钧，蒋永生编中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑工程概论》王继明主编高等教育出版社《土木工程学报》中国土木工程学会土木工程学报编辑部《土木工程》中国土木工程学会科学出版社《土木工程概论》上海交通出版社《土木系统工程》机械工业出版社《INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》中国建筑工业出版社。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文Civil engineering is a cornerstone of modern society, playing a pivotal role in shaping our cities, infrastructure, and the environment we live in. This essay will explore the significance of civil engineering, its impact on daily life, and the future challenges it faces.Firstly, civil engineering is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. It encompasses a wide range of projects, from the construction of roads and bridges to the development of water supply systems and the planning of urban landscapes. The work of civil engineers is vital for the connectivity and functionality of our cities, ensuring that people can travel, trade, and live efficiently.Secondly, civil engineering contributes significantly to the safety and well-being of communities. Engineers are tasked with creating structures that can withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and storms. By employing advanced materials and innovative design techniques, civil engineers help to minimize the risk of structural failure and loss of life.Moreover, civil engineering is at the forefront of sustainable development. As the world grapples with climate change and resource scarcity, civil engineers are developing solutions to reduce carbon emissions, conserve water, andcreate energy-efficient buildings. Green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and green roofs, is becoming increasingly popular as a means to manage stormwater runoff and improve urban air quality.However, civil engineering faces numerous challenges in the modern era. Rapid urbanization and population growth are putting immense pressure on existing infrastructure, necessitating constant innovation and expansion. Additionally, the need for sustainable practices is becoming more urgent, requiring civil engineers to balance economic viability with environmental responsibility.In conclusion, civil engineering is an essential field that underpins the very fabric of our society. It is a discipline that requires a deep understanding of both the physical sciences and the social implications of its work. As we lookto the future, the role of civil engineers will only become more critical in addressing the complex issues that our world faces. Through continued innovation, education, and collaboration, civil engineering will remain a driving force for positive change in the 21st century and beyond.。
土木工程专业英语作文
Influence of The Development of Civil Engineeringin Our LifeAbstract:With the social and economic development and modern science and technology increasingly advanced,civil engineering has been considerable development. In the process of rapid development, it is inevitable to bring huge influence on the environment of economic development. Through reviewing the development of civil engineering, we find that now it is a good time that the civil engineering develops with the development of national economy. The good development environment has attracted the attention from the globe. To realize the harmonious development of human being and environment and build beautiful homes, we should adhere to the path of sustainable development. Therefore, it is an important issue that protect ecological environment, conserve land, and deal with the relationship between society and economy, and realize the sustainable development with the development of civil engineering.Keyword:civil engineering ;environment;development;construction1.Overview of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering refers to the general name of housing, highway, railway, bridge, hydraulic, harbor engineering, underground etc. It is very obvious and important to the country's economic construction and people's life. And civil engineering is closely related to human survival and reproduction of the four basic elements: clothing, food, housing, travel, to provide mankind with modern human life and the development of the necessary space.Civil engineering is an ancient subject.The ancient civil engineering has a long time span, in this period of time, due to the development of scientific theory is very slow, there is no breakthrough in the development of civil engineering. With the progress of human society, civil engineering has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline which has many branches, such as architectural engineering, railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, water conservancy engineering.The development of civil engineering has experienced the ancient experience of civil construction, modern mechanical civil construction and the construction of modern information technology. With the development of science and technology, the concept of civil engineering construction is constantly updated. And with the use of new materials, new technologies and new technologies, the construction of the project has become more and more extensive. Our life has become more convenient with the improvement of civil engineering technology. The development of civil engineering construction technology is bound to provide more and more powerful guarantee for the development of human and human life.Since the reform and opening up, China is committed to in social development, economic and technology development, and constantly sum up the lessons of history, learn from experience, innovative ideas, reform and development mode, so as to promote the development of our country, such as new equipment, new technology andnew materials. Civil engineering staff innovation will bring into the building construction, especially the mechanical automation facilities have been applied to civil engineering construction, which greatly promoted the civil engineering toward modernization and intelligent direction.2.Development trend of Civil Engineering2.1 Information technology in Civil Engineering ManagementAt present, the application of information technology has made the global industry information is very convenient. We can easily get the latest technology using internet.2.2 Development of new and high technologyAs the environment changes rapidly, the structure will be different degrees of damage or performance degradation, which will affect the bearing capacity and durability, and even lead to serious accidents, it cause significant casualties and economic losses resulting in serious social influence. Therefore, from the construction of a moment, we must do a good job in health monitoring, repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With the rapid development of modern sensor technology, computer and communication technology, the signal analysis and processing technology and structural dynamic analysis theory, people put forward the concept of structural health monitoring, which for the development of civil engineering bring revolutionary change.2.3Application of building materials and construction technology in the development of high performance building materialsThe high performance concrete with less segregation. It can be preserved for a long time. High performance concrete has good toughness, high strength and volume stability. It can maintain the original nature in the bad environment.2.4 Underground, desert, ocean are the development direction of Civil Engineering With the rapid development of the construction industry, building space resources has become an important factor restricting the development of the construction industry. The development of space resources is a very effective way to solve the problem of building space resources. In our country, there are underground space, desert, ocean and space. In fact, our country in the civil engineering development process has been in the gradual development of these space resources, for example, the existing subway, underground parking is the embodiment of the use of underground space. China is also developing the ocean and desert resources. So the future development trend of our country is to develop to the underground, the ocean and the desert.3 Some problems in the development of civil engineering in ChinaDespite the rapid development of civil engineering in our country, there are still a lot of question. It has a certain impact on the healthy development of civil society and the environment and society.3.1 Some problems in planning and designPlanning and design is the premise of the project construction, it is directly related to the quality and use of future projects. If there are problems in the planning and design, it will lose a lot. Many projects do not pay attention to the planning and design,such as some projects started after long time no management, some water conservancy project dam due to the unreasonable design and planning resulting in a lot of problem in the process.Highway design and planning is not reasonable resulting in some sections of the road traffic accidents. These problems frequently appear to bring plenty of loss to the state enterprises.3.2 Some quality problemsQuality problem is generally produced in the process of construction, some construction process was not seriously in accordance with the design requirements of the construction cut corners in the construction process. For example, some of the building's underground water leakage, some of the road repair a few years will be re renovated, and some of the buildings collapsed and collapsed bridges caused casualties and economic losses. Quality problems will bring many negative effects, Reconstruction not only waste resources and pollute the environment, and the society will make people lack of trust.3.3 Some environmental problemsIn the civil engineering construction process, the environment will have a great impact, such as the construction of a railway or highway will have a certain impact on the environment along the road. In the process of building a reservoir or dam will also make the ecological environment in the river changes, while build a building will cause air pollution and noise pollution in the urban areas. How to solve these problems which the development of civil engineering face are important for us.3.4 The influence of civil engineering on the ecological environment(1) Occupation of landLarge number of highway, railway and real estate construction, occupy a lot of farmland, the possession of land resources is permanent and is great influence on agricultural production and farmers.(2) Change the ecological environmentSome civil engineering will change the original terrain, topography, resulting in the destruction of vegetation. For example the influence of the Three Gorges Project on the ecological environment and is very wide, including the Three Gorges Reservoir influence most direct and significant, in the Yangtze River basin also exist significant impact, and some people even think that the Three Gorges Project will make global climate and ocean environment has undergone major changes.(3) The influence of rare animals and plantsIf the highway passes through the vicinity of Nature Reserve, it may affect the living environment of wild animals, or damaged some rare plants, affecting the biological diversity.4 Combined with the sustainable development strategy to solve the current problemsThe sustainable development is one of the main guiding ideas for the development of the world, and the development of civil engineering is also one of the main ideas.In order to promote environmental protection to make more efficient use of resources, the next, to talk about the current development of China's civil engineering in the process of solving the problem of sustainable development.4.1 The sustainable development of civil engineering planning and designThe planning and design of civil engineering must be focused, it doesn’t allowed to have any mistakes. Therefore, in the process of planning and design, the designer can not only rely on the theory, there should be a field study, in order to design the sustainable designers should actively carry out some green design, the project to adapt to the local environment. In short, in the design process combined with sustainable development strategy to make the construction planning more reasonable, while the building in the use of the process can play a greater efficiency.4.2 The sustainable development of civil engineering constructionConstruction process is prone to quality problems, so the construction should be in accordance with the standard construction, the construction process to deal with the details, as well as technical points, to ensure the quality of construction. In order to realize the strategy of sustainable development of civil engineering requirements, in the construction of material selection is to strictly and civil engineering construction need a lot of material application, once the material problems will lead to civil engineering suffered a serious impact. Therefore, attention should be paid to material selection. First, the selection of construction materials should conform to the state standards, which is no pollution and safe.Second, to ensure not to cut corners.4.3 Sustainable development of civil engineering for the solution of environmental problemsConstruction of roads, railways, water conservancy projects for environmental impact greater. When railway or highway through the wild animal protection zone, a line may segregate on both sides of the road, so that the animal cannot migration, in order to reduce project on environmental impact. The Qinghai Tibet Railway in order to solve this problem,left a channel below the road, so that animals can through it. In short, facing these problems we can solved, as long as we think of ways.SummaryCivil engineering is an important project of the national economy and the people's livelihood, the modern civil engineering has changed our life, it has become more and more important to us. The population is rapidly increasing at present, the world population has more than 6 billion. By the end of twenty-first Century, the population is expected to be close to 10 billion. At the same time, the earth's land resources are limited, and due to the consumption of the transition and increasingly depleted. In order to achieve the unity of civil engineering construction and environmental protection, the sustainable development of ecology and economy must be done.We must rational use of resources via the theory and method of modern environmental science.There are plans to protect the environment,prevent the deterioration of environmental quality, control and treatment of pollution of the environment.Civil engineering is closely related to our daily life. In the future, our living environment will become more and more severe. In recent years, due to the frequent occurrence of disasters, the performance has become the primary subject of structural structure development. The future building structure must resist earthquake, wind, storm, tsunami,fire,collision, radiation, etc.. Due to the progress of science,technologyand economic prosperity, it will bring to the development of civil engineering in the spring.。
土木工程的英语作文
土木工程的英语作文Civil engineering is all about designing, constructing, and maintaining the physical and naturally built environment. It involves the use of materials such as concrete, steel, and wood to create structures such as buildings, bridges, roads, and dams. Civil engineers are responsible for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of these structures.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is structural design. This involves calculating the loads and forces that a structure will experience and designing it to withstand these forces. It's like solving a puzzle, trying to find the best way to distribute the weight and make sure everything stays standing.Another important aspect of civil engineering is construction management. This involves coordinating the various elements of a construction project, such as scheduling, budgeting, and ensuring that the work is doneto the required standards. It's like being the conductor of an orchestra, making sure that everything comes together in harmony.Civil engineers also play a crucial role in environmental engineering. This involves designing infrastructure and systems that minimize the impact on the environment, such as wastewater treatment plants and green buildings. It's like being a guardian of the planet, trying to find ways to protect and preserve our natural resources.In addition to these technical aspects, civil engineering also requires strong communication and teamwork skills. Engineers need to be able to work effectively with a variety of people, from construction workers to government officials. It's like being a diplomat, finding common ground and working towards a common goal.Overall, civil engineering is a diverse and challenging field that requires a combination of technical expertise, creativity, and interpersonal skills. It's about shaping the world around us, creating the infrastructure thatsupports our daily lives, and finding innovative solutions to complex problems.。
土木工程专业英语论文
土木工程专业英语论文文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to alittle bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defendShen and a little bit other use function not a creation to after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope reinforced concrete norm is alsoexplicit provision:Some structure at place ofdissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the preventionSuo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a the cement syruphumidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy the Suo crack is much surface parallellines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dintetc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of theconcrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of theproperty and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to usethe constringency quantity smaller cement, general lowhot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use,the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protectto is a constitution the accommodation is in theconcrete structure of the constringency sew.Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlierperiod strength or common the Huo sour brine is strictthe control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reactioncrack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of becauseof chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation openthis kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measurecarry on of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone isthe in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali boneto anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner,the harmful material get into concrete to makereinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcingbar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcingbar of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the is a concrete class to go together with to want is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight is areinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating. Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structurereinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concretefrom continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to theconcrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
土木专业相关作文英文
土木专业相关作文英文英文：As a civil engineering major, I have learned a lot about the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and water systems. Civil engineering is a challenging and rewarding field, and I am proud to be a part of it.One of the most important skills I have developed as a civil engineering student is problem-solving. Whether it's figuring out how to design a structure that can withstand earthquakes or determining the best way to repair a damaged road, civil engineers must be able to think critically and creatively to find solutions to complex problems.Another key aspect of civil engineering is teamwork. Many projects require collaboration between architects, contractors, and engineers of various specialties, and being able to communicate effectively and work togethertowards a common goal is essential. I have had the opportunity to work on several group projects in my classes, and I have learned a lot about the importance of clear communication and delegation of tasks.In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also have a strong understanding of the ethical and social implications of their work. For example, designing abuilding that is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly can have a positive impact on the community, while ignoring these factors can have negative consequences. Itis important for civil engineers to consider the long-term effects of their projects and strive to create sustainable and equitable solutions.Overall, studying civil engineering has been a challenging and rewarding experience. I am excited to continue learning and growing in this field, and I hope to make a positive impact on the world through my work.中文：作为一名土木工程专业的学生，我学习了很多关于基础设施设计、建设和维护的知识，如建筑物、道路、桥梁和水系统等。
土木工程英语论文
Structure of BulidingsA building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment, education and other social activities.The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the material used, and in the structure forms or systems they are used.Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be difined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Is primy purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground.In terms of architecture, the structue of a building is and dose much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architecture volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emincipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ingored. It is physical.The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architecture form. The principles and tools of physics teand mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and inrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot.There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building: stabily, strength and stiffness, economy.Taking the first of the three requiements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces.The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure(s) must be adequate. Indeed, a “factor of safety” is usually provided so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different form strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strains or deflects under load. A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.Economy of a building structure refers to more than just the cost of the material used. Construction economy is a complicated subjectinvovling raw materials, fabrication, erection, and maintenance. Design and construction labor costs and the costs of energy consumption money(interest) are consumption must be consiedered. Speed of construction and the cost of money(interest) are also factors. In most design situations, more than one structural material requires consideration. Completive alternatives almost always exist, and the choice is seldom obvious.Apart form these three primary requirements, several other factors are worthy of emphasis. First, the structure or suctructural system must relate to the building’s function. It should not be in conflict in terms of form. For example, a linear function demands a linear structure, and therefore it would be improper to roof a bowling alley with a dome. Similarly, a theater must have large, unobstructed spans but a fine restaurant probably should not. Stated simply, the structure must be appropriate to the function it is to shelter.Second, the structure must be fire-resistant. It is obvious that the structural system must be able to maintain its integrity at least until the occupuants are safely out. Building codes specify the number of hours for which certain parts of a building must resist the heat without collapse. The structural materials used for those elements must be inherently fire-resistant or be adequently protected by fireproofing materials. The degree of fire resistance to be provided will depend upon a number ofitems, including the use and occupancy load of the space, its dimensions, and the location of the building.Third, the structure should integrate well with the building’s circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential step-by-step manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward completion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent.Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A highrise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Ligheweight floor systems that are too “bouncy” can make the users very uncomfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing motions, can bu quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to on 40 floors above the street.Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the building’s structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety.The building designer needs to understand the behavior of physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or “feel” structural behavior is possessed by those having much experience involving structural analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. The consequent knowledge of how forces, stresses, and deformations build up in different materials and shapes is vital to development of this “sense”.Structural analysis is the process of determining the forces and deformations in structures due to specified loads so that the structure can be designed rationally, and so that the state of safety of existing structures can be checked.In the design of structures, it is necessary to start with a concept leading to a configuration which can then be analyzed. This is done to members can be sized and the needed reinforcing determined, in order to: a) carry the design loads without distress or excessive deformations ( serviceability or working condition); and b) to prevent collapse before a specified overload has been placed on the structure (safety or ultimate condition).Since normally elastic conditions will prevail under working loads, a structural theory based on the assumptions of elastic behavior is appropriate for determining serviceability conditions. Collapse of a structure will usually occur only long after the elastic range of the materials has been exceeded at circal points, so that an ultimate strengththeory based on the inelastic behavior of the material is necessary for a rational determination of the safety of a structure against collapse. Neverthelese, an elastic theory can be used to determine a safe approximation to the strength of ductile structures (the lower bound approach of plasticity), and this approach is customarily followed in reinforced concrete practice. For this reasion only the elastic theory of gtructure is pursued in this chapter.Looked at critically, all structures are assemblies of three-dimensional elements, the exact analysis of which is a forbdding task even under ideal conditions and impossible to contemplate under conditions of professional practice. For this reason, an important part of the analyst’s work is the simplification of the actual structure and loading conditions to a model which is susceptible to rational analysis.Thus, a structural framing system is decomposed into a slab and floor beams which in turn frame into girders carried by colums which transmit the loads to the foundations. Since traditional structural analysis has been unable to cope with the action of the slab, this has often been idealized into a system of strips acting as beams. A lso, long-hand methods have been unable to cope with three-dimensional framing systems, so that the entire structure has been modeled by a system of planner subassemblies, to be analyzed one at a time. The modern matrix-computer methods have revolutionized structural analysis bymaking it possible to analyze entrie systems, thus leading to more reliable predictions about the behavior of structures under loads.Actual loading conditions are also both difficult to determine and to express realistically, and must be simplified for purposes of analysis. Thus, traffic loads on a bridge structure, which are essentially both of dynamic and random nature, are usually idealized into statically moving standard trucks, or distributed loads, intended to simulate the most severe loading conditions occurring in practice.Similary, continuous beams are sometimes reduced to simple beams, rigid joints to pin-joints, fillers-walls are neglected, shear walls considered as beams; in deciding how to model a structure so as to make it reasonably realistic but at the same time reasonably simple, the analyst must remember that each such idealization will make the soulation more suspect. The more realistic the analysis, the greater will be the confidence which it inspires, and the smaller may be the safety factor ( or factor of ignorance ). Thus, unless code provisions control, the engineer must evaluate the extra expense of a thorough analysis as compared to possible savings in the structure.The most important use of structure analysis is as a tool in structural design. As such, it will usually be a part of a trial-and-error procedure, in which an assumed configuration with assumed dead loads is analyzed, and the members designed in accordance with the results of theanalysis. This phase is called the preliminary design; since this design is still subject to change, usually a crude, fast analysis method is adequate. At this stage, the cost of the structure is estimated, loads and member properties are revised, and the design is checked for possible improvements. The changes are now incorporated in the structure, a more refined analysis is performed, and the member design is revised. This project is carried to convergence, the rapidity of which will depend on the capability of the designer. It is clear that a variety of analysis methods, ranging from “ quick and dirty to exact ”, is needed for design purposes.An efficient analyst must thus be in command of the rigorous methods of analysis, must be able to reduce these to shortcut methods by appropriate assumptions, and must be aware of available design and analysis aids, as well as simplification permitted by applicable building codes. An up-to-date analyst must likewise be versed in the bases of matrix structural analysis and its use in digital computers as well as in the use of available analysis programs or software.建筑结构建筑物与人类有着密切的关系，它能为人们在其中工作和生活提供必要的空间。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文As a civil engineering student, I have always been fascinated by the challenge of designing and constructing infrastructure that can withstand the test of time. From bridges to skyscrapers, the field of civil engineeringoffers endless opportunities to make a lasting impact onthe world around us.One of the most rewarding aspects of civil engineeringis the opportunity to work on projects that directlyimprove the lives of people in communities around the world. Whether it's designing a new water treatment facility or developing sustainable transportation solutions, civil engineers have the chance to make a real difference in the world.In addition to the technical aspects of civil engineering, there is also a strong emphasis oncollaboration and communication. Civil engineers often work closely with architects, urban planners, and governmentofficials to ensure that projects meet the needs of the community while also adhering to strict safety and environmental standards.Another exciting aspect of civil engineering is the constant innovation and advancement in the field. From new materials to cutting-edge construction techniques, there is always something new to learn and explore in the world of civil engineering.Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic and rewarding field that offers endless opportunities for creativity, problem-solving, and making a positive impact on the world. Whether it's designing a sustainable building or developing new infrastructure for a growing city, civil engineers play a crucial role in shaping the world around us.。
土木工程英语作文
Civil engineering is a diverse and challenging field that encompasses the design, construction,and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment.This includes various types of infrastructure such as roads,bridges,canals,dams,and buildings.Here are some key aspects of civil engineering that can be discussed in an essay:1.History of Civil Engineering:The essay could start by tracing the roots of civil engineering back to ancient civilizations like the Egyptians,Romans,and Greeks,who built monumental structures that still stand today,such as the Pyramids and the Colosseum.2.Significant Developments:Discuss the major advancements in civil engineering,such as the development of concrete,steel,and modern construction techniques,which have allowed for the creation of taller buildings and longer bridges.3.Types of Civil Engineering:There are several branches of civil engineering,including structural,geotechnical,transportation,environmental,and water resources engineering. Each has its own set of challenges and applications.4.Structural Engineering:This involves the design and analysis of structures to ensure they can withstand various loads and forces.The essay could delve into the importance of structural integrity and the role of materials in achieving it.5.Geotechnical Engineering:This field focuses on the behavior of earth materials and the design of foundations for structures.It is crucial for ensuring the stability of buildings, bridges,and other infrastructure.6.Transportation Engineering:This aspect of civil engineering is concerned with the planning,design,and operation of transportation systems.The essay could explore the impact of transportation engineering on urban planning and the environment.7.Environmental Engineering:This branch deals with the protection of the environment from pollution and the sustainable use of natural resources.Discuss the role of environmental engineers in designing systems to purify water,manage waste,and reduce pollution.8.Water Resources Engineering:This includes the management of water resources for various purposes such as irrigation,hydroelectric power,and flood control.The essay could highlight the importance of water management in a world facing water scarcity.9.Sustainability and Green Engineering:With increasing awareness of environmental issues,civil engineering is increasingly focusing on sustainable practices.The essay could discuss the integration of green technologies and materials in construction projects.10.Challenges and Future Trends:The essay could conclude by addressing the challenges faced by civil engineers today,such as climate change,urbanization,and the need for resilient infrastructure.It could also speculate on future trends,such as the use of advanced materials,robotics,and artificial intelligence in the field.11.Ethical Considerations:Civil engineering projects have a profound impact on communities and the environment.The essay could touch on the ethical responsibilities of civil engineers to ensure that their work is safe,efficient,and socially responsible.12.Career Opportunities:For students interested in civil engineering,the essay could provide an overview of the various career paths available,from consulting to research and development.By covering these topics,an essay on civil engineering can provide a comprehensive overview of the field,its importance,and its impact on society and the environment.。
土木工程英文论文
Buried tunnel project on the environmentAbstract: a deeply buried tunnel far-reaching impact on the environment through the waterways with the sinking pipe related. Under the tunnel on the mainland in the region and the impact of surface water in the tunnel design and construction method of choice to play the most important role. In considering the impact of the recent construction of a problem is the need to trench excavation for the tunnel may appear to be contaminated soil. And transporting the excavated soil up to the specialized equipment in order to receive their storage place is a series of important new technologies and quality control measures for environmental problems. The most common is in any construction project will encounter environmental problems, namely, noise, dust and traffic congestion. In this paper, these issues and the current technology to address these issues and measures are discussed.Key words: tunnel environmentCharacteristics of a Buried deeply buried tunnel tunnel has two fundamental characteristics: (1) It is part of an underground structure of the site, to ensure that heavy traffic conditions, construction, and does not mean that this area is full use of The. Therefore, the construction space is very valuable.Will eventually be installed in the location of the river or canal bottom section of tunnel is very close in other areas to build manufacturing plants, ways, and this condition is unlikely in the field and reached the site. The advantages of planning and construction of pipe manufacture and the site will be ready to separate from the logistical advantages are obvious, there are extremely easy to implement effective quality control advantages.Tunnel work site on the environmental impact is also considerablyless than the construction of the tunnel fully all the circumstances at the scene; such as space requirements and construction of transport, these two issues is greatly easing.Of course, a prerequisite for these benefits is a ready-made for pipe suitable site. It must meet the conditions for a series of environmental impact. In the Netherlands such as densely populated countries, to find a suitable site is not easy, but it is clear that once selected an available position, can be used repeatedly for quite a draw a crowd. Therefore, the overall plan for the tunnel construction is a common topic for discussion.Both ends of the structure of a new underground tunnel link to the original structure to the existing underground, often in fact across the waters to replace an existing facility, such as ferry or bridge. It can also be a complement existing facilities in tunnels or bridges. Whether the decision to build a new tunnel the reason, its location will be in large part by the constraints of existing underground structure layout, and its construction design must also meet the existing transport only by the requirements of minimal interference. This means that the location in the tunnel area designers rarely have a choice, and thus have the position according to the established conditions and requirements to modify the tunnel design.This situation mainly affects the approach roads connecting part of the tunnel itself. However, because the approach road through the water by the formation of sub-components, it may require new measures to control the approaches to the scope of the construction pit drainage impact.Buried Tunnel approach roads are almost always located in the deposition zone, where the tunnel approach road down to the groundwater level below. At its completion, they are impervious structure, the surrounding water can not penetrate, there's just the nature of the environmental impact of a simple structure.However, during construction, environmental issues will play an important role. To build from the structures, construction of foundation must be excavated until the water table following a number of meters deep,the traditional construction method requires the construction period in the continuous draining of the water. Unless further measures, or drainage will definitely lower the water level in the surrounding area, and will lead to a series of undesirable consequences. Subsidence will occur, based on the surrounding buildings and structures will be affected, and even deep pile foundation soil settlement will also be passed by the friction down to the pile on the extra load. Subsidence and elevation of the dam sinking, and agricultural drainage water will be affected.May also result in a completely different nature of environmental problems: the construction area may be contaminated soil. In this case, the construction of the excavation pit special attention to requirements and, if possible, should be used, such as soil mixed with water and water transport by pipeline, special methods. There must also be able to accommodate an approved place of contaminated soil.Number of measures must be taken to prevent the pumping of contaminated water caused by the rapid distribution of the soil to a large area on the ground.Technically speaking, is always possible to eliminate the impact of these kinds. However, it is extremely complex and do take a lot of money and time, therefore, tend to look at present the greatest extent possible the construction of approach roads and tunnels in the water imported methods. Ideally, the empty pit in the construction of a drainage of water should be no impact on the approach roads and the surrounding groundwater single operation.The obvious conclusion is that as far as possible the construction pit designed as part of the final product.Approach a wall can be designed to image the wall of the dam impervious core in the form of a slurry wall, curtain or plastic sheet of steel sheet pile walls common. On the final form (steel sheet pile wall) (off panel through the use of heavy anchor piles and soil) to increase its retaining function, you can save valuable space and can be easily achieved in the water and impermeable floor connection.Water under the concrete floor can be built. This approach hasbeen developed to control the elevation and surface roughness, which completely drained to the approach road after finishing requires less work.Another method is the use of impermeable plastic sheet, add water to the town of emphasis placed on the bottom and cover the pit slope. In the Netherlands, this approach not only for the tunnel approaches, and the groove for the public network segment.Use large plastic sheet, to the soil to the water for the town re-placed by a major highway intersection in the play a long-term good results, it shows that this technology has been widely used. Soon, the Netherlands, the tunnel approach roads may be to show a lush green slope, thereby replacing the gray concrete vertical wall.Approach can also be prefabricated elsewhere and in the form of installation of floating structures. This method only with trench excavation and dredging vessels do not have to drain. But not yet able to adequately address basic problems of buoyancy and appropriate design. Buried tunnel project on the environmentPipe manufacturing approaches to the excavation of underground water and the discussion of the relationship between the way the majority can be used to produce the same pipe excavation of the temporary venues. Expensive solution to bring an unreasonable burden to the project. Moreover, the manufacture of pipe near the site have repeatedly flooded the open waters and open to the precast tunnel segments into the transportation to the dock at the other pipe section in order to make room. Rarely a large enough place for all of the pipe manufacturer.In short, the choice of the location of manufacturing pipe dock not chosen as the location of the tunnel approach roads to be strictly determined by functional requirements, so choose the location of manufacturing pipe dock with the advantages of flexibility. Therefore, the manufacture of docks will be allowed to use the traditional water method, if the reasons listed above that do not allow the use of traditional water law, and the dock had to separate from the surrounding water, this places impermeable plastic plate because of its low cost to have obvious advantages.Another does not affect the drainage around the water table is "pumping recharge Law" This law is the foundation of the water into the pump discharge and pump water through the filter of these tube wells to the water source recharge area. As long as the penetration rate is not too large and can be maintained roughly a constant, the row, when the closed-loop irrigation can be maintained. The new measures, now being expanded in the Netherlands approaches to the construction of a pit, but also because the foundation of the dock as the manufacture of pipe it to be expanded.Construction of foundation trench trough structure deeply buried tunnel excavation method is dredging. In this paper, we only stress the importance of dredging requirements of foundation trench excavation method can achieve high accuracy, and this requires that the work will determine the most suitable type of device. Given the strict positioning tolerances, preferably dredging boat anchor or pile in positioning the dredging equipment. However, because they can not move freely, it could become an obstacle to shipping vessels.If there is water in the dredging area, or the wave of the impact of dredging will become the base slot to carry water along the bottom or sediment accumulation over the place. If the foundation trench excavation in place pipe for long periods, it will soon form a deposition. In these circumstances, the base section of tank excavation and tunnel installation of the interval between the two processes must be as short as possible, and thus the arrangement of the two procedure are to be particularly accurate, you can use a special device to clean the base before the installation of pipe slot. In the Netherlands, this operation has been developed to be used in the East (Eastern Scheldt) anti-dam pier storm waves reach a very high precision installation.Dredging stir up the river sediments, resulting in a certain time a certain area of the water turbidity. Eventually become a suspended fine particles of these substances will spread out and gradually settle down again. Although this process had limited impact on the environment, and harmless, but in a certain range or the increasingly strong criticism.If you want to have dredged soil is contaminated, it is even more complicated, because in such conditions, the dredging operation will cause the spread of contamination. Dredging technology has now developed to the drain by using a special mud head to eliminate this effect. Under the floating boat by hanging curtains from the dredging area will be completely separated from the surrounding method may also reduce the spread of pollution.Further development in this regard we have taken note of the current, most waterways in the Netherlands contain contaminated bottom sediments have been very clear, so dredging the mud is bound to take some special environmental requirements.Currently, these requirements have not been unified to form, but made different for each specific project requirements. Hope that this delay in the development of key technologies of the chaos can be quickly resolved.According to the type and extent of contamination, contaminated soil can be divided into 1 to 4 classes. For dredging mud (including dredging process water in the process) and disposal are subject to strict restrictions by category; particular, 3 and 4 the soil must be isolated, and in possible to be purified.In the Rotterdam area, has built a store of these solid waste and other hazardous substances the center of the dump site. In addition, Type 4 is placed in temporary dredging spoil heap smaller point, let it be purified and then transferred to another isolated place repository. Place in the absence of such facilities to be established by dredging this dump sites. This measure is a clear need to do a lot of work.Transportation and installation of pipe work and dredging the shipping obstacles to transport and install pipe sections are brought about environmental problems. To open the pipe system and installation of marinas and docks to deepen the shallow waters between the points need to channel dredging operations. Some of the previous discussion about dredging also apply to this situation.The installation procedures in a particular area may involve theend of the tunnel-based clean-up slot. To make clean-up and installation of the two processes reduce to a minimum interval of time, placed in the pipe to its final position before the bottom of the sand filling has been successfully used to shoot clean water law section of the base tunnel. With a powerful water jet to remove the last layer of the sediment washed into the suspension, followed by water flow away.Left in the pipe manufacturing dock, anchored at the temporary terminal and leave the temporary pier, floating point and transported to the installation during installation are likely to hinder shipping. Only the last one caused by the shipping process will complete in the short term temporary interruption or partial interruption.In this respect, a deeply buried tunnel across a river and there are differences across a canal. In the latter case, the absence of flow effects to make the sinking and installation of pipe can be better controlled. The advantage of this control to allow the use of more deeply buried sections of the tunnel tube pipe unit, but it must be large enough to create dock.Therefore, in the Netherlands, in the past most deeply buried pipe unit length of the tunnel are varied between 100 ~ 150m, crossing the North Sea Canal between Amsterdam and the Trondheim area tunnel (Hemtunnel) project has also used the unit for up to 268m of pipe . Use a longer pipe unit reduces the number of installation, which will slow down the barriers to shipping.Buried pipe for the tunnel project, it seems to impede the shipping for the environment as a problem, but not a major problem.This process includes filling with sand filling pipe at the base, back to the filling tank, and, if necessary in the pipe at the top of the construction of a scour protection layer.Backfill material must be uncontaminated. Ship in the tunnel construction work will interfere with the above shipping. However, by using a pipe installed in the tunnel were part of the operation of equipment, we can reduce such problems, for example, through the tunnel at the bottom of the holes by pumping sand and water mixture to backfilling.This system has been successfully applied in the Netherlands.Tunnel operation and maintenance operations involving major environmental issue is ventilation.Cleaning and maintenance of the tunnel wall to obstruct the road vehicle operation, they must be in the appropriate period of time quickly. Smooth wall and good coating helps to clean the operating table, thus reducing the time limit traffic through the tunnel.Road construction must be done to minimize future maintenance.。
帮我写一篇关于土木工程的英语作文
帮我写一篇关于土木工程的英语作文英文回答：Civil engineering is a broad and challenging field that involves the design, construction, and maintenance ofpublic works, such as roads, bridges, dams, and buildings. Civil engineers play a vital role in shaping the built environment and ensuring its safety and sustainability.Civil engineering encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, transportation engineering, and environmental engineering. Structural engineers design and analyze the load-bearing components of buildings and bridges, ensuring their stability and strength. Geotechnical engineers study the behavior of soil and rock, and design foundations and earthworks that can withstand various loads and environmental conditions. Water resources engineers manage and distribute water resources, designing water treatment plants, dams, and irrigationsystems. Transportation engineers plan and design transportation systems, including roads, highways, airports, and railways. Environmental engineers focus on protecting the environment from the impacts of construction and development, designing systems for waste management, air pollution control, and water treatment.Civil engineering projects require a high level of technical expertise and collaboration. Civil engineers work closely with architects, planners, environmental scientists, and other professionals to ensure that projects meet functional, aesthetic, and environmental requirements. They use advanced software and modeling techniques to analyzeand design structures, and they must have a strong understanding of materials, construction methods, andproject management.Civil engineering is a stimulating and rewarding field that offers opportunities for professional growth and societal impact. Civil engineers have the opportunity to design and build structures that improve the quality oflife for people around the world, and they play a crucialrole in protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development.中文回答：土木工程是一个涉及公共工程（如道路、桥梁、水坝和建筑）的设计、建造和维护的广泛而具有挑战性的领域。
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土木工程英语小论文012301834119 汪天雄这学期学了土木工程英语这个课程，已对土木工程有了一个初步的认识，下面我想谈谈我对土木工程的理解。
土木工程不论过去还是现在都起着非常大的作用，而且土木工程有着很长的历史，甚至可以追溯到石器时期，所以我们现在学习土木工程是相当有必要的。
This semester to learn the course of introduction to civil engineering has to have a preliminary understanding of civil engineering, the next thing I'd like to talk about my understanding of civil engineering.Regardless of past or present civil engineering plays an important part, and civil engineering has a long history, and even can be traced back to the Stone Age, so we are now learning civil engineering is quite necessary.土木工程包括的范围非常广泛，它包括房屋建筑工程、公路与城市道路工程、铁道工程、桥梁工程、隧道工程、机场工程等，还有运河、水库、大坝等水利工程也包括于土木工程中。
可以说人们的“衣食住行”都离不开土木工程。
从古自今土木工程一直在造福于人类，我觉得土木工程也是人类文明的一个体现。
Civil engineering including scope is very broad, it includes building engineering, highway and urban road engineering, railway engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel engineering, airport engineering, etc., and canals, reservoir, DAMS and other water conservancy projects also include in civil engineering.Can say people cannot leave the civil engineering, to provide for"".Civil engineering has been a popular from ancient to benefit human, I think that civil engineering is also a reflection of human civilization.中国古代令世人所惊叹的建筑体现了我国古代劳动人民的智慧，比如我国的万里长城、都江堰水利工程、圆明园等等，都是我国古代建筑的瑰宝，让我们炎黄子孙引以自豪。
不论是在中国还是在其他国家又都许多的建筑奇迹，我们不得不对古代的劳动人民生敬佩之情。
比如说埃及的金字塔、古罗马的斗兽场等等都堪称人类建筑史上的奇迹。
在近代世界上的土木工程又有了新的变化，这也是土木工程史上的材料变化，以前的建筑到都采用石块、粘土等原始材料构建的，而近代的建筑开始采用水泥、钢筋等新型材料，这些材料使得建筑的承受力更强。
世界上近代的一些有名的建筑比如法国的埃菲尔铁塔、各个国家的钢筋混泥土桥梁、铁路等都采用了这些与以往不同的建筑材料。
而现代人们对土木工程的概念更深，而且人们对建筑的要求越来越高，所以现在的土木工程有以下几个特点：①功能要求多样化，②城市建设立体化，③交通工程快速化④工程设施大型化。
而且现在人们对自然灾害越来越关注，所以人们要求各种建筑能够应对一些较严重的自然灾害，减少人力和财力的损耗，我觉得这也是现在土木工程的特点。
In ancient China to the world of architecture embodies the ancient working people's wisdom in our country, such as the Great Wall of our country, the dujiangyan irrigation project, the Summer Palace and so on, is the treasure of ancient architecture in our country, let us Chinese people feel proud.Whether in China or in other countries are many architectural wonders, we have to admire the ancient working people born of love.Such as the pyramids in Egypt, the Roman Colosseum, are of the human miracle in the history of architecture,and so on.In modern civil engineering in the world and had the new change, it is also a change in the history of civil engineering materials, before construction to are built with stones, clay and other raw materials, and modern construction began to use the new materials such as cement, steel, these materials so that the strength of the stronger.Modern some famous buildings in the world such as the Eiffel Tower in France, countries of reinforced concrete Bridges, railways and other all use these different building materials.The modern people to further the concept of civil engineering, and people more and more high to the requirement of the building, so now the civil engineering has the following characteristics: (1) functional requirements diversification, (2) the construction of three-dimensional city, (3) traffic engineering large-scale rapidness (4) works.And to the natural disasters are now more and more attention, so people require all kinds of buildings can deal with some of the more serious natural disasters, reduce the wastage of the human and financial resources, I think this is now the characteristics of civil engineering.现在我们来谈谈土工程的具体内容，首先所有的建筑都必须要有材料才能完成，正所谓巧妇难为无米之炊。
从古自今都有哪些建筑材料呢？早期的土木工程材料主要是砖、瓦、砂、石、灰、木材等，这些都是一些原始的建筑材料，这些材料都是比较廉价但也存在一些缺点。
而近现代的土木工程的材料主要有钢材、水泥、混泥土等。
钢材具有强度高、构建的截面尺寸小、质地坚实、良好的加工性能等优点，现在钢材料已运用于各种建筑。
水泥也是近现代新兴的建筑材料，水泥有很多种类，有通用水泥、专用水泥、特性水泥。
水泥的特性因其种类不同而异，比如说快凝快硬硅酸盐水泥就主要运用于军事工程、机场跑道、桥梁等紧急抢修工程。
水泥也具有以下几个优点：原料较易获得、相对较低的成本、良好的工程使用性能以及与环境有较好的相容性，这使得水泥在现在的建筑中起着非常大的作用。
至于混凝土，它已是世界上用量最大、使用最广泛的土木工程材料，混泥土主要有以下种类：水泥混凝土、特种混凝土、钢筋凝土等。
混凝土具有很多优点，它的原料丰富、价格低廉、生产工艺简单、抗压强度高、耐久性好等。
现代的高性能混凝土、纤维混凝土的有点更为突出，它具有超高的强度、低渗透性、良好的结构性能、优越的耐久性、可观的经济效应、环保等诸多优点。
现在也推出了一个绿色材料的概念，这也应了人们对高品质的生活需求。
Now let's talk about the specific content of the soil engineering, first all buildings must be material to complete, is the so-called one.From ancient since JinDou what building materials?Early civil engineering material is mainly brick, tile, sand, stone, ash, wood, etc., these are some of the original building materials, these materials are relatively cheap but there are also some disadvantages.The modern civil engineering materials mainly include steel, cement, concrete, etc.Steel has high strength, build the section size of small, quality of a material is solid, the advantages of good processing performance, now the steel material has been used in all kinds of buildings.Cement is also a modern new building materials, cement has many kinds, with general cement, cement, cement.The characteristics of cement because of its different kinds, such as quick setting rapid hardening Portland cement is mainly used in military engineering, airport runway, Bridges and other emergency repairproject.Cement also has the following advantages: can be obtained from the raw material, relatively low cost, good engineering using performance and has good compatibility with environment, this makes the cement in the current construction plays an important part.As to concrete, it is already the world's dosage the biggest, the most widely used in civil engineering materials, concrete has the following categories: cement concrete and special concrete and reinforced concrete, etc.Concrete has many advantages, and its abundant raw materials, low cost, simple production process, high compressive strength, good durability, etc.Modern high performance concrete, fiber concrete is a bit more prominent, it has the ultra high strength, low permeability, good structural performance, superior durability, significant economic effect, environmental protection, and many other advantages.Now also launched the concept of a green material, it also should be the people demand for high quality of life.土木工程是一个多种工程的结合体，有其基础的工程，那么土木工程都有哪些基础工程呢？就我所了解到的有岩土工程勘察、浅基础、深基础、不均匀沉降、地基处理。