工商管理专业英语专业词汇汇总

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工商管理专业英语Unit 2 The Scope of Managem

• 那些努力设想并定义未来的企业往往比那些仅仅对现状做出简单回应的企业更有优势。
整理课件
5
Glossary
• mission ['miʃən]
• n. 使命、任务、代表团 • v. 派遣、传教
• e.g. A starting point is to write a
mission statement that defines why
affordable transportation available to
every person. • 亨利· 福特设想制造出每个人都能负担得起
的交通工具。
整理课件
4
Glossary
• strive [straiv]
• v. 奋斗、努力 strive after/for为...奋斗 strive toward 向...奋进
整理课件
10
Glossary
• interpersonal [.intə'pə:sənl]
• adj. 人与人之间的、人际关系的
• e.g. Managers also employ skills that
fall into three basic categories:
interpersonal,
Unit 2 The Scope of Management
整理课件tail [in'teil]
• v. 使必须、带来、伴随 • n. 限定继承权 • e.g. Management entails planning,
organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to efficiently reach these goals. • 管理需要计划、组织、协调、领导和控制资源来有效地达到这些目标。

工商管理英语术语4页word文档

一、术语解释1、Budget deficit:The fiscal policy set by the government dictates the amount of tax revenue generated by the government andthe amount of governmental spending.If gvermment spending exceeds the amount of taxes,a budget deficit appears.2、Direct foreign investment(DFI):which is a means of acquiring or building subsidiaries in one or more foreign countries.3、Management ：Management refers to the process of coordinating work activities so that the are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.4、Organizations ：Organizations are groups of individuals who work together to achieve the goals or objectives that are important to these individuals.5、Strategy：A strategy is a course of action an organization plans to take or is taking to achieve its organizational goals with regards to the business environment. It involves taking a consistent approach over a pre-determined time.6、Vision：A company’s vision is its management's view and conclusions about the organization's long-term direction，business focus and future business scope.7、Competiive advantage:Competitive advantage refers to what sets an organization apart,i.e., what gives it its distinct edge.8、Franching:A franchise is an arrangement whereby a business owner ( called a franchiser )allows another ( the franchisee ) to use its trademark, trade name, or copyright, under specified conditions.二、词组翻译三、解释描述四、翻译五、希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：六、1、生气，就是拿别人的过错来惩罚自己。

最新自考工商管理词汇表(整理版)

2021自考工商管理a great many 很多abolish vt.废除(法律，习惯等)；取消above all 首先，首要abroad ad.到国外；在国外abuse vt./n.滥用，妄用；虐待，凌辱academic a.学院的，学会的；学术的accessible a.易接近的；易受影响的(to)；可理解的accompany vt.伴随，陪同；为…伴奏accomplish vt.完成(任务等) accountability n.有解释义务；负有责任achievement n.完成，达到；成就，成绩acknowledge vt.承认；表示感谢acquire vt.获得，得到acronym n.首字母缩略词activate vt.使活动，使起作用actor n.男演员additional a.附加的，追加的；另外的adjust vt.调整，调节；校准adjustment n.调整administration n.管理，经营；行政，行政机关advantageous a.有利的，有助的adversely ad.相反地；不利地，有害地afflict vt.使苦恼，折磨aged a.年老的，老的Alabama 阿拉巴马(美国州名)alarm n.警报；惊恐vt.向…报警；打扰Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦(美籍德国理论物理学家)Alex la Guma 亚力克斯•拉顾玛(南非作家)Alfrde Hutchinson 阿尔弗雷德•哈奇逊(南非作家)Alfred Whitehead 阿尔福雷德•怀特里德allege vt.断言，宣称alter vt./vi.改变，改动Alvin Bronstein 阿尔文•布朗斯坦(人名)amplifier n.放大器amusement n.娱乐，消遣anaesthetics n.麻醉学analyze vt.分析and the like 等等，诸如此类Andre Brink 安德烈•布林克(南非作家)Andrew Ferguson 安德鲁•福格森(人名)antithesis n.对偶，(修辞学)对句；对立，对立面apartheid n.种族隔离，种族隔离法appliance n.应用，适用；用具，器械applicant n.申请人，请求者appoint vt.任命，委任(as)；约定，指定2021自考工商管理appointment n.任命；约会appreciate vt.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价，鉴别；感激appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价；感激，感谢appropriate a.适合的，恰当的，相宜的approximate a.近似的，大约的v.近似，接近；使接近aptly ad.恰当地，贴切地；灵巧地argue vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；说服argument n.争论，辩论；论据，理由aristocracy n.贵族统治；贵族aristocratic a.贵族的；贵族式的Aristotle 亚里士多德Arkansas 阿肯色(美国州名) arthquake n.地震as a rule 通常；一般说来as for 对于，至于as fresh as paint 精神饱满assault n.攻击，袭击；(军)冲击，突击，强击assemble vt.集合；装配vi.集合assembly n.集合；集会，与会者；装配，组装assignment n.分配，委派；任务，(课外)作业assumption n.假定，设想；承担，采取astronaut n.宇航员astronomer n.天文学家Aswan Dam 阿斯旺水坝at a disadvantage 处于不利地位at a guess 凭猜测at a stretch 连续不断地at ease 自在的，舒适的at present 现在；目前at sea 在海上，在航海中；迷惑，茫然attach vt.固定住，系；附加，隶属；使喜爱attacker n.攻击者attain vt.达到；完成attainment n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣attendant n.侍者，服务员；出席者attitude toward(s) 对…的态度；意见attribute n.属性，特征；vt.把…归因与(to)Austria 奥地利automatic a.自动的；无意识的，机械的automatically ad.自动地；习惯性地automotive a.自动的，机动的；汽车的avail vt./vi.有利，有助n.好处，用处award vt.授予，判给n.判定；奖，奖品Bach 巴赫(德国作曲家)ballroom n.舞厅ban vt.禁止，取缔n.禁止；禁2021自考工商管理令barrier n.障碍；障碍物Basil D'Oliviera 贝兹尔•戴里维尔拉(南非板球运动员)basis n.基础，根据；主要成份；军事基地BBC 英国广播公司be beneficial to 对…有益be central to 对…极为重要的be concerned with 关于，涉及；忙于…；关心，关切be confronted with 面临，面对be contrary to 与…相反be deserving of 值得；应得be free from 没有…的；不受…的be incapable of 不会…，不能…be irrelevant to 与…不相干；不切题be opposed to 反对be relevant to 与…有关be subversive of 破坏…的be supposed to 应该be true of 符合于…，对…适用be unaware of 不知道…，没觉察到…be worth doing 值得做…Beatle ［the Beatles］披头士摇滚乐队Beethoven 贝多芬(德国作曲家)belonging n.［常pl.］所有物；行李beloved a.为…所爱的；亲爱的n.心爱的人，爱人Berkeley 伯克利；加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校Berlioz 柏辽兹(法国作曲家，指挥家及音乐评论家)bias n.偏见v.［常用被动语态］有偏见binary a.二，双；二进制的n.双(体)；联星biomedical a.生物医学的Birmingham 伯明翰(英格兰中部城市)birthrate n.出生率blindness n.无视，视而不见；盲目性Bloke Modisane 布娄克•莫狄森(南非作家)blues n.布鲁斯；慢四步舞Bob Dylan 鲍伯•狄伦bodily a.身体的，肉体的boring a.令人厌烦的boundary n.分界线，边界breadwinner n.养家糊口的人brightness n.明亮，晴朗；聪敏，机灵Briton n.大不列颠人；英国人budget n.预算vt.把…编入预算；安排，预定burden n.负担；责任，义务vt.使负重担；麻烦bus(s)ing n.公共汽车接送；［美］用校车接送学生by nature 生来，天生，就其本性而言cadre n.干部；基础结构2021自考工商管理calculation n.计算，计算结果；仔细考虑calculator n.计算者；计算器California 加利福尼亚(美国州名)Cambridge 剑桥；剑桥大学camera n.照相机，摄影机campaign n.战役；运动v.参加运动，参加竞选活动Camry 汽车牌名candidate n.候选人，候补者；应试者capture vt.捕获；夺得，占领n.捕获，捕获物cargo n.船货，货物cast vt.投，扔；投射；铸造n.投，掷；模具cease vt./vi./n.停止，结束Cees van Wendel de Joode 齐思•范•万德尔•德•尤德(人名)cell n.细胞；小房间，单人牢房certainty n.一定；必定Cesar Frank 弗兰克(法国比利时作曲家)character n.性格，品质；特性；人物；符号，(汉)字Charles Richter 查尔斯•里克特chess n.国际象棋Chile 智利chip n.片屑；薄片；电子集成电路片，芯片Cicely Saunders 茜西莉•桑德斯(人名)Cincinnati 辛辛那提(美国俄亥俄州西南部城市)circumstance n.［pl.］情况，环境；境遇circus n.马戏团，杂技团；马戏场，杂技场civil a.国民的，民用的；国内的，民间的Clare Bolderson 克莱尔•博尔德森(人名)clarification n.澄清，阐明classify vt.把…分类，把…分等级；把…列为classless a.无阶级的；不属于任何阶级的clavichord n.(音)击弦古钢琴clerk n.办事员，公务员；(美)店员Clinton 比尔•克林顿(BillClinton)clipboard n.带弹簧夹子的书写板cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的clutch vt./vi.抓住，握紧cobbler n.补鞋匠coin n.硬币，钱币vt.创造(新词)coincide vi.一致，相符(with)Colin Blackmore 科林•布莱克默(人名)collapse vt./vi./n.(使)倒塌，(使)崩溃；瓦解collectively ad.总体地；集体地coloured a.有色的coming a.正在到来的，即将来到的n.来到，到达communicator n.传播者，传播2021自考工商管理工作者community n.社区；共同体companion n.同伴，同事；［天］伴星(=～star)compassion n.同情；怜悯(for) compel vt.强迫(to) compensatory a.赔偿的，补偿的competition n.竞争；比赛competitive a.竞争的，比赛的competitor n.竞争者；对手completeness n.完整，圆满；完成，结束completion n.完成，结束；完满composer n.作曲家compulsion n.强制，强迫computerize vt.电子计算机化，用电子计算机计算conception n.概念，观念concerned a.有关的；关切的，担心的concession n.让步；特许权；租界，租界地concrete a.具体的；混凝土的n.混凝土vt.使凝固confront vt.面对，遭遇；正视，对抗congress n.国会，议会；参议院，上院congressman n.(［复］congressmen) (美)国会议员conquer vt.征服，战胜vi.得胜，胜利Conrad Hilton 希尔顿(美国旅馆业巨头)consciousness n.意识，知觉；觉悟conservative a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的consideration n.考虑；体谅，照顾conspiracy n.阴谋，密谋；阴谋集团，阴谋帮派constant a.永恒的，经久不变的；经常的n.常数constitutional a.宪法上规定的；组成的，构成的constraint n.强制；强制因素，制约条件constructive a.建设的，建设性的contemplate vt.注视，凝视；沉思content a.满足的，满意的vt.使满意n.满足，满意contented a.满足的，满意的contest n.竞争，比赛；争夺，竞争；争论，争辩continued a.继续的，连续的contrary a.相反的，相对的，与…相反(to)conventional a.惯例的，常规的；(艺术等)因袭的convict vt.证明…有罪(of)；宣判n.罪犯convince vt.使确认，使信服；使认识错误convincing a.有说服力的，使人2021自考工商管理信服的cope vi.对付，妥善处理(with) coronary a.冠的；冠状的n.冠状动脉correction n.改正，纠正；责备，惩罚correctness n.正确，正确性correlation n.相互关系，关联correspondence n.符合，一致；通信correspondent n.对应物；新闻通讯员，记者，通信者cortisol n.［生］皮质(甾)醇council n.理事会；委员会county n.(英国)郡；县crash a.紧急的，速成的creative a.创造性的creativity n.创造性crisis n.危机；决定性时刻criterion n.标准，准则critical a.批评(性)的；紧要的，关键性的，危急的criticism n.批评；评论crowd n.群，人群vi.聚集，群集curtail vt.截短，缩短；削减Danie Carluccio 丹尼尔•卡鲁齐奥(人名)datum n.(［复］data)资料，材料；数据David Morton 大卫•莫顿(人名)day to day work 日常工作daydream vi./n.白日做梦daytime n.白天，日间debate vt./n.争论，辩论vi.对…进行争论，辩论Debussy 德彪西(法国作曲家)decay vi./vt.(使)腐朽，腐烂；衰变n.腐烂；衰败decline vi.下降；衰退vt.拒绝n.下降；衰落deem vt.认为，相信defective a.有缺点的；有缺陷的deficiency n.缺乏，不足define vt.解释，给…下定义；限定，规定definitive a.决定的，确定的；限定的，明确的degrade vt.降级，贬低；堕落；退化delightful a.令人高兴的；讨人喜欢的demand for 对…的要求democrat n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员democratic a.民主的，民主主义的demographer n.人口学家demography n.人口统计学density n.密集度，稠密度；［物][化］密度deny vt.否定，否认；拒绝接受，拒绝给予dependency n.从属；依赖(on)deport vt.驱逐出境deprive vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去(of)deserving a.应得的，值得的(of)desirable a.称心的，合意的，理2021自考工商管理想的despite prep.尽管，任凭destination n.目的地，终点detail n.细节，详情vt.详述，详细说明deteriorate vt./vi.(使)恶化developmental a.发展的，开发的；促使成长的device n.装置，器械；方法，手段devotion n.献身，忠诚diabetes n.糖尿病differ vi.不同，相异(from)；与…意见不同digital a.手指的，指状的；数字的，计数的digression n.离题；偏离diploma n.执照，特许证；毕业文凭，学位证书diplomat a.外交家；外交官disabled a.伤残的；使失去战斗力的disaffection n.不满disapproval n.不赞成；不许可discredit vt.使不可置信n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑discrepancy n.差异；不一致disorder n.混乱；失调，紊乱vt.使混乱；使失调distinct a.与其他不同的，独特的；明显的distract vt.分散(注意，心思等)；使人分心distraction n.精神涣散，精神不集中；消遣，娱乐distractor n.分散注意力的东西district n.区，行政区；地区，区域District of Columbia (美) (D.C.)哥伦比亚特区ditch n.沟，沟渠vt./vi.开渠；筑渠diversified a.多样化的diversity n.多样性division n.分开，分割；除(法)；部门，科，处divisive a.造成不和的，制造分裂的domestic adj.家庭的，家务的；国内的n.家仆，佣人dominance n.优势，控制，统治dominant a.占优势的；支配的Don Claxton 唐•克莱克斯顿(人名)donation n.捐献；赠送dose n.(一次)剂量dozen n.一打，十二个；十来个，十几个dreamer n.做梦的人；空想家dreamlike a.梦一般的，梦幻的drift n.漂流；趋势，倾向vi./vt.(使)漂流；漂泊duel n./vi.决斗；(双方的)斗争duration n.持续；持续时间Dutch a.荷兰人的；荷兰语的n.荷兰人；荷兰语Dutchman n.(［复］Dutchmen)荷兰人dwarf n.矮子；［天］矮星2021自考工商管理dynamo n.［电］发电机；精力，精力充沛的人earning n.警告；警报a.警告的eastern a.东方的，东部的；向东方的，来自东方的eclecticism n.折衷主义economics n.［用作单或复］经济学；经济情况，经济economy n.经济；节约Edgar Varese 瓦雷兹(法裔美国作曲家)effect on 对…的作用efficiency n.效率；功效，效能，实力efficiently ad.效率高地；有能力地effortless a.不作努力的；不费力的，容易的elderly a.较老的，人过中年的n.近老年人election n.选举；选举权electoral a.选举的electorate n.全体选民；选区electronic a.电子的electronics n.［复］［用作单］电子学eliminate vt.排除，消灭elite n.精英，杰出人物a.杰出的，精英的elitist n.杰出人物a.杰出人物(统治论)的elsewhere ad.在别处；向别处elude vt.(巧妙地)逃避，躲避elusive a.躲避的；难以捉摸的，难以理解的emergency n.紧急情况；突发事件employee n.雇员，雇工employment n.使用；雇佣；职业，工作encounter vt./vi.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇，冲突；偶然相见enhance vt.提高；增强enjoyable a.愉快的；快乐的；有趣的enrol(l)ment n.登记，接收，招生；招收人数，入学人数ensure vt.保证，担保entity n.存在，实体；统一性entrance n.进入；入口，门口；入场，入会，入学entry n.进入；入口；登记，条目，账目equilibrium n.平衡，均衡，相称；均势；平静equivalent a.相等的；等价的n.等价(物)；对应词error n.谬误；错误eruption n.(火山)喷发；(战争，感情等)爆发，迸发escalator n.自动扶梯escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免n.逃跑；逃路，出口establishment n.建立，创办；机构esteem vt./n.尊敬，尊重ethics n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准euthanasia n.无痛楚的死亡；安2021自考工商管理乐死evaluate vt.估价，评价eventual a.最后的，结局的evident a.明显的，明白的evolve vt.使发展，推论vi.进展；进化excellence n.优秀，杰出exceptional a.例外的；异常的，特殊的excerpt n.摘录，节录vt.摘，引用excessive a.过多的，过分的excitement n.刺激；兴奋excretion n.排泄；分泌execute vt.实行，执行，完成，贯彻；将…处死exert vt.尽(力)；施加(压力等)；行使(职权等)expansion n.扩张；膨胀expectation n.期待；估计寿命experiential a.经验的；凭经验的experimental a.实验的；经验的explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸；突发exploit vt.开发，开采；利用；剥削expose vt.使暴露，使面临；揭露，揭发extension n.伸张，伸展，扩大；电话分机extent n.广度，范围；程度external a.外在的，在外的eyeball n.眼球eyewitness n.目击者；见证人fade vi.凋谢，枯萎；(颜色)褪去vt.使褪色faithfully ad.忠诚地；如实地far-fetched a.牵强的；未必会的，靠不住的fault n.缺点，毛病；错误，过失；［地］断层fearful a.可怕的，吓人的；害怕的，胆怯的feasible a.可行的，可能的Ferris Greenlet 费里斯•格林里特(人名)fiercely ad.凶猛地，凶残地；猛烈地Filipino n.菲律宾人(语) a.菲律宾人的；菲律宾的finance n.财政，金融；经费，资金fireman n.消防队员flee vi./vt.(fled,fled)逃离；逃避flexible a.柔韧的，柔顺的；可变通的，灵活的flight n.飞行，飞翔；航班，班机；逃跑，溃退Florence Nightingale 南丁格尔fluctuate vi.波动，起伏；动摇vt.使波动，使起伏fluctuation n.波动，起伏focal n.焦点的fold vt./vi.折叠；对折n.褶(痕)folk n.人们；［口］家属，亲属a.民间的foolishness n.愚蠢；可笑2021自考工商管理foolproof a.连傻子都懂的；不会出毛病的for the sake of 为了…之好处；为了…的目的fore ad.在前面a.先前的；在前部的n.前部forecast vt.预测，预报；预示foreigner n.外国人formerly ad.以前，从前foster vt.鼓励，促进；养育a.收养的founder n.创始者；缔造者frame n.构架，框架France 法兰西，法国Francis Bacon 培根Franz Schubert 舒伯特(奥地利作曲家)Frederick W.T aylor 弗雷德里克•泰勒freshman n.新手，生手；大学一年级学生fruitful a.有成果的，有收获的functional a.功能的；职务上的；实用的galaxy n.［天］星系，［G-］银河系gamble vi./vt.赌博；打赌；投机n.赌博；冒险gang n.一队，一族；一群，一帮gap n.裂口，裂缝Garm 加尔姆(俄国城市)gathering n.聚集；集会George Bush 乔治•布什George McGovern 乔治•麦戈文George Wallace 乔治•华莱士Georgia 佐治亚(美国州名)Gesualdo 杰苏阿尔多(意大利作曲家)giant n.巨人；巨物，巨大的动物a.巨大的Giuseppe Verdi 威尔弟(意大利作曲家，作歌剧30余部)glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁n.闪光goal n.目的，目标；得分进球，球门going n.进行状况a.进行中的；现行的goings and comings 来往；活动，发生的事grab vt./n.攫取；抓取vi.攫取；抓住(at)graduate v.(使)(大学)毕业n.大学毕业生，研究生grant vt.同意；准予n.同意，授予；拨款gravity n.严肃，认真；重要性；［物］重力grayscale 灰度grip vt./n.紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制grouse n.松鸡Guam 关岛(美国在西太平洋的重要海、空军基地)Guatemala 危地马拉guilt n.有罪；内疚guitar n.六弦琴，吉他habitual a.习惯性的，习以为常2021自考工商管理的；惯常的Haicheng 海城(中国辽宁省城市)handle n.柄，把手vt.运用，操纵；经营，管理Hannah Arendt 汉纳•阿伦特(人名)harmony n.协调，和谐；融洽，一致Harry Emerson Fosdick 福斯迪克Harry S. Truman 杜鲁门(美国第33任总统)Harvard (美国)哈佛大学headmaster n.(中学或小学的)校长headquarters n.司令部，指挥部；总部，总店healthcare n.保健heartbreaking a.使人心碎的hell n.地狱，阴间；用以咒骂或表示愤怒，不满Henry Kaiser 凯泽(美国实业家) hiker n.徙步旅行者hinder vt.阻止；妨碍(from)hormonal a.荷尔蒙的，激素的hospice n.(晚期病人)收容所House n.［英］议院housekeeper n.管理家务的主妇；女管家How come...? 怎么会…?Hugo Wolf 沃尔夫(奥地利作曲家)humanistic a.人文主义的，人本主义的，人道主义的humanity n.个性，博爱，仁慈；人类Huntsville 亨茨维尔(城市名，位于阿拉巴马州北部)hysterical a.癔病的，歇斯底里的；患癔病的identity n.同一，一致；身份，本体illegal a.非法的；违规的illusion n.错觉；幻觉illustration n.说明；例证，插图imitator n.模仿者immigrant a.移民的，侨民的n.移民，侨民immigration n.移居；外来的移民impact n.冲击，碰撞；影响vt.装紧，压紧impact on 对…之影响impart vt.把…分给；给予(to)imperative a.绝对必要的；命令的，强制的；祈使的implement vt.实现；完成；履行implication n.含意，暗示；牵连，涉及，卷入impoverished a.贫困的，赤贫的improvise vt.即兴创作；临时准备，临时凑成in a sense 在某种意义上in advance 在前面；预先in between 在中间；每间隔；在…期间2021自考工商管理in favour of 赞成，支持；为…的利益，有利于in hand 手头上有in large measure 很；大半；大部分in one's mind's eye 在脑海里in other words 换句话说in part 部分地，在某种程度上in power 掌权的，执政的in question 正被谈论的in reality 实际上，事实上in return 作为回报in series 串联电路的；成串联的in that 在于，原因是in the running 参赛，参加竞选in the strict sense 在严格的意义上in the way 挡路；碍事in time 及时；终于in unison 完全一致地in vain 无效地；无结果地；徒然inactive a.不活动的；不活跃的incapable a.无能力的；不能的(of)incidence n.影响程度，影响范围；发生率inconsiderate a.不替别人考虑的；不体谅人的increasingly ad.不断增加地indication n.指示，表示；象征，迹象indifference n.冷漠；不感兴趣(to)individual n.个人，个体，独立单位a.个人的；个别的individualistic a.个人主义(者)的inefficiency n.无效；效能差inefficient a.无效的；效率低的inevitable a.不可避免的，必然(发生)的inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地infant n.婴儿，幼儿a.婴儿的，幼儿的infiltrate vt./vi.渗入，透过；浸润infinitely ad.无限地，无穷地inflexible a.不可弯曲的；不可改变的，固执的inflict vt.使遭受(损伤，苦痛等)，使承受(on,upon)influence on 对…的影响infrastructure n.基础；基础结构infrequent a.很少发生的inhumane a.不人道的，残忍的initial a.最初的，开始的；词首的n.首字母injection n.注射；注射剂，针剂inner a.内部的，里面的；思想的n.内部；里面inspire vt.鼓舞；使产生灵感install vt.安装instantaneously ad.瞬间地；即刻地instrument n.仪器；乐器integrate vt./vi.使结合，使并入；使成一体2021自考工商管理intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的，理智的intensity n.强烈，剧烈interchangeable a.可交换的；可互换的internal a.内部的，内在的；国内的interstate a.［主美］州际的interview vt./n.面谈，采访；面试，口试interviewer n.接见者；面谈者intimidate vt.恐吓，恫吓invariably ad.不变地inventor n.发明者，创造者investment n.投资；(时间，精力的)投入irrelevant a.不相干的，离题的，与…不相干irresponsible a.无责任感的，不负责任的Isaac Newton 牛顿(英国物理学家，数学家和天文学家)It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然ivy n.常青藤James Carville 詹姆斯•卡维尔jaw n.颔，颚jazz n.爵士乐Jefferson Airplane 杰弗逊飞机(美国摇滚乐队名)Jerome Singer 杰罗姆•辛格(人名)jet n.喷射；喷嘴；喷气式飞机，喷气发动机Jimmy Carter 吉米•卡特Joan Freyberg 琼•弗雷伯格(人名)Johannes Brahms 勃拉姆斯(33-97年，德国作曲家)John Anderson 约翰•安德森John Foster Dulles 杜勒斯(美国国务卿)John Major 约翰•梅杰(前英国首相)John Rae 约翰•雷(人名)Johnson 约翰逊(美国第36任总统)jounalism n.新闻业；［总称］报刊；新闻学junction n.连接，结合；结合点，交叉点juvenile a.青少年的n.青少年Kathleen Weinstein 凯思琳•温斯坦(人名)kid vt./vi./n.戏弄，开玩笑；欺骗，哄骗kindergarten n.幼儿园kingdom n.王国；领域Kumari 库马里(人名)kwashiorkor n.［医］恶性营养不良症La Traviata 茶花女(威尔第的歌剧名)laborer n.劳动者；工人lag vi.走得慢，落后n.落后，滞后largely ad.大量地；主要地launch vt.发射；使(船)下水n.发射，(船)下水2021自考工商管理leadership n.领导；［总称］领导人员leading a.领导的，指引的；最重要的，主要的leaflet n.小叶，嫩叶；传单，活页leap v./n.(leapt或leaped)跳跃；飞跃legal a.法律上的；合法的legislate vi.立法vt.通过立法legislation n.立法；法律，法规lengthen vt.使延长vi.变长，延伸lesser a.较小的；更少的；次要的lethal a.致死的liability n.责任，义务；债务，负债；不利条件liberty n.自由，自由权；冒昧，失礼；特许权，特权lighting n.照明，照明设备light-sensitive a.光敏的limitless a.无限制的，无限的link n.环节，联系vt.用环连接；联系Lionel Ngakane 莱昂内尔•恩卡纳(南非演员)literal a.精确的，如实的；逐字的，字面的litter n.干草；杂乱无章；一窝(仔畜) vt.铺草Little Rock 小石城(美国阿肯色州首府)location n.定位，测位；位置，场所logic n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性，条理性；理由，道理longshoreman n.码头装卸工人loom vi.隐隐呈现；逼近loose a.松的，宽的；宽松；放荡的lovable a.可爱的，讨人喜欢的loyalty n.忠诚；忠心lvy League 常春藤联合会；名牌大学的Lydia Garcia 莉迪亚•加西亚(人名)maid n.少女；侍女，女仆majority n.多数，大半；多数党，多数派maker n.制造者；制造商maladjustment n.失调；不适应环境manageable a.易管理的managerial a.经理的，管理人的；管理上的，经营上的Manitou Park 曼尼托公园mankind n.［用作单或复］人类manual a.手的，用手(操作)的；体力的n.手册marble n.弹子；大理石a.大理石的，大理石般的marvel(l)ous a.奇异的，惊人的；［口］了不起的，妙极的materialism n.［哲］唯物主义，唯物论；物质至上measurement n.衡量，测量mechanism n.［机］机构，机2021自考工商管理制；作用过程merchant n.商人merit n.优点，长处；功绩，功劳merry a.欢乐的，愉快的Michael LaSane 麦克尔•拉森(人名)microcassette n.微型卡式录音带microscopic a.显微镜的；微观的；微小的，细微的mid-afternoon a.下午三点左右的Middletown 米道镇(镇名) midst n.中间，当中prep.(=amidst)在…当中Milky Way 银河；银河系(=Milky Way galaxy)Milton Kramer 弥尔顿•克莱默(人名)miniature n.缩样，小型物a.微型的，小型的minimum n.最小量；最低限度a.最小的；最低的miniskirt n.超短裙Miriam Makeba 末丽亚姆•马齐巴(南非演员)miserable a.悲惨的；可怜的mislead vt.把…带错路，使…错或做错misleading a.引入歧途的；使人误解的moderate a.中等的，适度的；温和的，有节制的moderation n.温和，适度；缓和，减轻modest a.谦虚的，谦恭的；适中的，不过分的mold n.(=mould)模子；模型vt.用模子做，浇铸monopolize v.垄断；专卖monopoly n.垄断；专卖motivate vt.作为…的动机，激发motivation n.动机；动力Moussorgsky 穆索尔斯基(俄国作曲家)moving a.活动的，移动的；动人的，令人感动的multimedia a.多种手段的；多媒体的n.多媒体multiple a.多样的，复合的n.倍数muse vt./vi./n.沉思，冥想musically ad.在音乐方面；好听地；悦耳地musician n.音乐家；作曲家namely ad.即，也就是Nat Nakasa 纳特•纳卡萨(南非作家)nationwide a.全国性的ad.在全国范围内neat a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的need for 对…的需要negative a.否定的；负的，阴性的n.底片；负数neglect vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽n.忽略；疏忽negotiation n.谈判，协商Negro n.黑人a.黑人的2021自考工商管理network n.［纺］网眼织物；网状物，网络neutral a.中立的；中性的neutron n.［物］中子New Jersey 新泽西州(美国州名)no other...than 除…外没有，只有；正是，就是nominate vt.提名；任命；命名nomination n.提名；任命nominee n.被提名者；被任命者Northern 北爱尔兰northwestern a.在西北的，向西北的；来自西北的not (never) for a moment 通常；多半not that... 并不是说notebook n.笔记本notion n.概念；想法，看法nourishment n.滋补品，营养品now that (连词)既然，由于objective n.目标，目的a.客观的；无偏见的obscure a.昏暗的；模糊的vt.使暗，遮掩；使难理解observatory n.天文台；了望台observer n.遵守者，奉行者；观察者，监视者occupation n.占领；占有；职业Ocean County 县名of...importance 有…重要性of...interest 有…兴趣of...value 有…价值Ohio 俄亥俄州(美国州名)old-boy n.老同学；(招呼用)老朋友，老弟，老兄on and off 不时；断断续续地，间歇地on average 平均on occasion 有时，间或on one's head 归罪于某人，(责任)落到某人身上on the alert 警戒，处于戒备状态on the contrary 相反地on the part of 就…而言ongoing a.进行中的，前进的operate v.运转，起作用；动手术；操作；经营oppose vt.反对，反抗；使相对，使对抗(to)opposition n.反对，反抗；对立，意见相反opt vi.抉择，选择(for)，在…之间选择optimal a.最适宜的；最理想的organizational a.组织(上)的originate vi./vt.发源；发生，发起out of power 丧失权力out of step 步伐不一致；不协调outcome n.结果，结局；出路，出口outer a.外部的output n.产量；输出outrage n.暴行；愤慨vt.对…施暴；激怒overcome vt.战胜；克服overestimate vt.过高估计；过2021自考工商管理高评价oversupply vt./n.过多供应overturn vt./n.打翻；推翻，颠覆，毁灭vi.翻身overwhelming a.压倒之势的ownership n.拥有；所有权，所有制Oxbridge 牛津大学和剑桥大学；该校之学生Oxford 牛津；牛津大学p.a. system (=public address) system有线广播系统painful a.痛苦的；费力的painstaking a.苦干的；费力的painter n.漆工；画家Palestrina 帕莱斯特里纳(意大利作曲家)palm n.手掌panel n.专门小组paradox n.似非而可能是的论点；自相矛盾的话paralyse vt.使麻痹，使瘫痪；使无力，使气馁parenting n.父母对孩子的养育parliament n.议会，国会；［P-］议会parliamentary a.议会的，国会的partial a.偏袒的，偏心的，对…偏袒；部分的participant n.参加者a.参与的participation n.参加，参与partly ad.部分地；在一定程度上passive a.被动的；消极的passport n.护照paternalistic a.家长式统治的；家长作风的peaceful a.平静的，安宁的；和平的，和平方式的penetrating a.穿透的，贯穿的；深刻的，透彻的perchance ad.［古］偶然，意外地；可能，或许performance n.执行；表现，工作性能；演出，演奏periodicity n.周期性，间发性permissive a.容许的，许可的；随意的，开放的persist vi.坚持，固执(in)；持续，存留persistently ad.坚持地；固执地personality n.个性；人格；品格personnel n.全体人员，全体职员；人事(部门)perspective n.透视，透视画法；远景，展望；观点，看法persuasion n.说服，劝服pervasive a.弥漫的，渗透的；遍布的pet n.宠物，爱畜a.宠爱的，表示亲昵的pharmacological a.药物学的，药理学的photocopy vt./n.复印，影印；照相复制本phrase n.短语，词语；习惯用语physiological a.生理的，生理学的physiology n.生理学2021自考工商管理planet n.行星plantation n.种植园，大农场；植树造林plateau n.(［复］plateaus或plateaux)高原plea n.请求，恳求；托词pledge v.发誓；保证n.誓言，誓约；抵押品plenty of 大量的；丰富的plus prep.加，加上a.正的；附加的poet n.诗人point of view 观点polio n.［医］脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症poll n.选举；民意测验vt.得到选票vi.投票portray vt.描绘；描写；描述positive a.确实的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的possess vt.具有，拥有possession n.有，拥有；［常pl.］占有物；财产postgraduate a.大学毕业后的，大学研究院的n.研究生precede vt.先于…，比…优先vi.在前面，领先precedent n.先例，前例Precious Mackenzie 普莱舍斯•麦肯齐(南非举重运动员)predict vt./vi.预言；预示preliminary a.预备的；初步的n.初试；预赛prescribe vt.指示，规定；开处方，开药presidency n.总统(或校长)职务(职权，任期)；管辖presidential a.总统(校长)的；总统(校长)职务的prevail vi.胜过；流行，盛行prevalent a.流行的，普通的primarily ad.首先，起初；首要地，主要地prime a.最初的，基本的；主要的；最好的Princeton (美国)普林斯顿大学private a.私人的；私营的；秘密的，私下的privilege n.特权vt.给予…特权proceeding n.程序，进程；项目，活动，会议文集productivity n.生产率；丰饶，多产profession n.职业(尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的)profitability n.赚钱，获得profound a.深刻的，浑奥的profusion n.丰富，大量；过分progressive a.进步的，先进的；渐次的，累进的prohibition n.禁止；禁令project n.设计，规划；项目vt.方案，计划；投射prolong vt.延长；拉长promote vt.促进，发扬；提升，升级；发起，创办promotion n.促进；提升proof n.证据，证明；校样proportion n.比率，比例vt.使2021自考工商管理成比例，使相称prosecute vt.对…起诉，告发prosecutor n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人prospect n.展望，景象；［常pl.］前景，前程prospective a.预期的；未来的provision n.供应，供应品；条款，规定；给养psychology n.心理学；心理publish vt.出版，刊印；公布，发表punishment n.处罚，罚，刑罚；折磨，损害punk n.(俚)阿飞；朋克a.颓废派的pursue vt.追赶；追求，寻求；进行，从事queue n.辫子；列队vi.排队(for)quicksand n.流沙rabbit n.兔racial a.种族的racist n.种族主义者a.种族主义的；种族歧视的radiation n.放射，发光；放射物，辐射线，辐射能radioactive a.［原］放射性的；放射引起的radium n.镭radon n.氡rating n.等级，规格；(电视)收视率raw a.未煮过的，生的；未加工的readily ad.乐意地；很快地，容易地readjustment n.再整理，再调整realistic a.现实的，实际的；现实主义的recognition n.认出；承认，公认recorder n.记录者；录音机recruit vt./vi.征募(新兵)，吸收；补充n.新成员reduction n.减少，减小；降级，降职；归纳，归并refine vt./vi.提纯，精制；使改进，变优雅refinement n.精炼，精制reflection n.反射，反映，映像；深思，考虑regeneration n.新生，再生，复兴regrow vt.再生长，重新生长regulate vt./n.管理；调节regulatory a.规章的；调节的reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强，增加reinforcement n.增强，加固；强化re-introduction n.重新采用，重新引入rejection n.拒绝，抵制；驳回relaxation n.松弛，放松；缓和，减轻；休养relevant a.贴切的，中肯的；与…有关的(to)reliability n.可靠性。

工商管理专业英语

工商管理专业英语第一篇：工商管理专业英语工商管理专业英语重点一．名词解释：1.whatisamanager?答：Amanager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals.2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers?答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers.3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work?答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent)planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense.4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing?答：Modular corporations come into being.二．选词填空1.Adrian was in charge of theallocation of available funds.2.Our firm is orientedtowards the export side of the business.3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.4.Thegraphic displays will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output.panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovativepersonnels.6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management.8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of anorganization.9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production.10.general managers areresponsiblefor the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division.11.He carried out a number offraudson trusting people who lent him money..12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates.14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place.15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision.16.Half of the medical supplies have already beenallocated to the victims of the earthquake.17.Can youdifferentiatethis kind of rose from the others?18.The factory haslaid offworkers because of the drop in sales.19.They were blame for their failure to hold downexpenditure.20.The companyhas slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive.21.The company is trying todiversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares.22.Mr.Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went beyond him to deal with the whole situation.23.Tom, my next door neighbor, isexemptform military service because of his poor health.24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis.25.Mr.White declared that he was notli able for his partner’s debts.26.The employees sued their manager for breach of contract.27.If we cannot keep on holding the edge in the services, we’ll lose our share in market.28.Nowadays, the manufacturing industry cannotmake do without services.29.T o merge or not to merge—that’s the question.The board of the company hasdeferred the decision to do it.30.A country’sinfrastructureservices must develop with its economic growth because no advanced society can be without these services.31.三．翻译英译汉：1.Sometimes, though, a first-line manager is a recent college graduate who is responsible for the work of both hourly employees and professionals.Such a first-line manager is likely to have little hands-on ck of experience isn’t a problem if the new manager is willing to learn and has the competence to communicate with diverse types of people , to coach and counsel subordinates, and to provide constructive constructive feedback.答;然而有时一个第一线经理是新来的大学毕业生，负责管理计时雇员和专业人员的工作。

工商英语重点词汇及句子

一、专业词汇sub-process 子系统子过程company life cycle企业生命周期customer satisfaction顾客满意度cash flow现金流commercial paper商业汇票national income theory国民收入理论prince index价格指数aggregate supply总供给trade barriers贸易壁垒deflation通货膨胀compensatory damage补偿性赔偿limited partnership有限合伙制the internal revenue code国内税务法规internet economy互联网经济tangible and intangible assets有形和无形资产psychological assessment心理测评contingency theory权变理论information symmetry信息对称sustained competitive advantage持续竞争优势administrative assistant行政助理information flow信息流daily management日常管理strategic plan战略规划trade credit商业信贷aggregate economic analysis总量经济分析nation’s aggregate income and output国家总收入和总产出market economy市场经济customer prince index消费者价格指数aggregate demand总需求sanction of a society社会控制机制punitive damage惩罚性损失赔偿intangible entity无形实体publicly held corporation公开招募性公司article of corporation公司章程by-low议事程序stock certificate股权证明resource-based theory基于资源的理论rare resource稀有资源functional-level strategy职能层战略二、重点句子1. We hedge on this issue because an individual could possess the raw materials, production capabilities, and provide the end product for personal use and therefore exist as a business of one.我们之所以避开这个话题，是因为个人也可以拥有原材料、生产能力并提供最终产品供个人使用，因此也可以作为一个企业存在2. Economists are interested in being able to measure both the level of output of an economy and changes in that output level over time。

工商管理专业英语

envision v. 想象、设想、展望 They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.
affordable adj. 支付得起的、不太昂贵的 v. afford 担负得起、提供、给予 affordable housing 经济适用房
3. 3. Focus: specific regional market or customer groups
Managerial Structure
First-line managers middle managers
top managers
Strategic goals
tactical objectives operational objectives
adj. 客观的、真实的、目标的
Management pyramid 管理金字塔、管理组织结构 Top managers 高层管理者（通常包括CEO, COO, CFO, CIO等） Strategic goals 战略目标（全局的、总体的目标） Middle managers 中层管理者（通常包括部门经理、分公司经理等） Tactical objectives 战术目标（部门的目标、服从于strategic
New Manager
1.Thinks of self as sponsor（发起者主办者） , team leader, or internal consultant（顾问）. 2.Deals with anyone necessary to get the job done. 3.Changes organizational structures in response to market change. 4.Invites others to join in decision making. 5.Shares information.

工商管理英语词汇

Unit 1Fortune Magazine 财富杂志500---topenterprises 500强企业Organizational settings/structure 组织设置/设计Organizational goal 组织目标Common goal 共同目标for-profit companies 盈利性公司non-profit companies 非盈利性组织Market share 市场份额Manager 经理General Manager 总经理Deputy General Manager 副总经理Department manager 部门经理Product manager 产品经理Account manager 财务经理Plant manager 工厂经理Division manager 分部经理District manager 区域经理Task force manager 业务经理CEO: Chief executives officer 首席执行官Chief knowledge officer 首席培训官Chief information officer 首席信息官President 总裁Managing director 常务董事Supervisor 督导员Coach 培训员insurance agent 保险业务员stockbroker 股票经济人accountant 会计师lawyer 律师famous brand 名牌managerial competencies 管理能力revenue 营业收益scope of management 管理幅度quality control 质量控制communication competency 沟通能力empower 授权goods and services 商品和服务Unit 2level of management 管理层次first-line manager 一线经理/基层管理者steel production plant 钢铁生产厂sales manager 销售经理dealership 经销（商）telemarketing center 电话营销中心parts 零件settle disputes 解决争端overtime 加班inspect products 检验产品technical expertise 专业技术day-to-day task 日常工作middle management 中层管理者nonmanagerial personnel 非管理人员director of finance 财务主任receptionist 接待员stuff assistant 助理人员evaluation criteria 评估标准performance 业绩delegate 授权mission 宗旨government negotiation 政府谈判community affairs 社区事务business competition 商业竞争managerial thoughts 管理思想restructuring of organization 企业重组merger 合并downsize 缩小规模lay off 使…下岗；解雇decentralization 分散决策bureaucracy 官僚作风layers of hierarchy 机构层次improve customer relations 改善客户关系human resource 人力资源authoritarian management 独裁主义管理self-management 自我管理autonomous companies 独立公司outsourcing 外包modular corporation 组件公司apparel company 服装公司strategic decisions 战略决策unit cost of production 单位生产成本overhead 一般管理费用competitive advantage 竞争优势strategic alliance 战略联盟reap benefits 获得收益biotechnology 生化技术pharmaceuticals 制药业economics 经济学economic behavior 经济行为scarcity 稀缺性individual decisionmaking 个人决策tradeoff 交换关系efficiency 效率equity 公平opportunity cost 机会成本rational people 理性人margin 边际MR marginal revenue 边际收益MC marginal cost 边际成本MU marginal utility 边际效用incentives 激励competitors and partners 竞争对手和贸易伙伴supply 供给demand 需求economic equilibrium 经济均衡change in demand 需求的变动change in supply 供给的变动Change in quantity demanded 需求量的变动change in quantity supplied 供给量的变动preference 偏好factors of production 生产要素surplus 剩余shortage 短缺theory of the firm 公司理论perfect competition 完全竞争price-taker 价格的接受者price-setter 价格的制定者monopoly 垄断oligopolistic 寡头垄断competitive monopoly 垄断竞争TC total cost 总成本TFC total fixed cost 总固定成本TVC total variable cost 总可变成本ATC average total cost 平均总成本AFC average fixed cost 平均固定成本A VC average variable cost 平均可变成本market economy 市场经济factor market 要素市场invisible hand 看不见的手value of a good 商品价值welfare of the society 社会福利market failure 市场失灵government intervention 政府干预externality 外部性external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本market power 市场权利public goods 公共物品standard of living 生活水平inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩CPI: consumer price index 消费价格指数budget deficit 预算赤字minimum-wage laws 最低工资法trade union 工会financial market 金融市场economic policymaker 经济政策制定者Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线equitable distribution 平均分配personal income tax 个人所得税welfare system 福利制度health care 医疗national income account 国民收入帐户expenditure approach 支出法GDP 国内生产总值capital goods 资本品capital stock 资本存货transfer payment 转移支付government bonds 政府债券tax evasion 偷税、漏税frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业structural unemployment 结构性失业cyclical unemployment 周期性失业seasonal unemployment 季节性失业primary responsibility 主要责任planning framework 计划框架read future 解读未来management by objectives 目标管理set goals 设定目标develop action plan 指定行动计划review progress 检查进展情况quality goals 质量目标periodic review/check up 定期检查appraise overall performance 评价总体绩效safety problem 安全问题quarterly safety reports 每季度安全报告single-use plan 一次性计划standing plans 常备计划quality planning 质量计划shewhart cycle shewhart循环service quality 服务质量contingency plan 应变计划scenario 方案corporate goals 公司目标planning time horizon 计划时间范围performance appraisal system 业绩评估体系emergency budget 紧急预算flexibility 灵活性adaptability 适应性system of safety recognition 安全认定系统line supervisor 基层管理者commendation letter 表彰信corporate values 公司价值观念market standing 市场定位mission statement 企业宗旨说明learning organization 学习型组织top-down approach 自上而下制定计划法bottom-up approach 自下而上制定计划法long-range planning 长期计划Organizing 组织restructure 结构重组deployment of resources 资源配置mechanism for coordinating 协作机制decision responsibility 决策职责hierarchical level 组织层极span of managers’ control 经理管理职权vertical control 纵向控制work specialization 工作专业化division of labor 劳动分工chain of command 指令链unity of command 指令唯一性delegation 授权tyrants 独裁者accountability 承担责任line authority 业务权力staff authority 职能权力line department 业务部门staff department 职能部门centralization 集中决策decentralization 分散决策formalization 规范化rule books 规章手册job description 工作观念vertical functional approach 纵向管理divisional approach 分层管理horizontal matrix 横向矩阵结构team-based approach 任务组管理network approach 组件管理divisional structure 分层管理结构product structure 产品机构program structure 项目结构self-contained unit structure 自己自足的单位结构geographic structure 地区性管理结构autonomous business 独立自治企业medium-sized corporation 中型企业dual/two lines of authority 双重领导product line 产品业务key matrix roles 矩阵管理中的关键作用cross-functional team 跨功能工作组virtual network 虚拟组件final assembly 成品组装leading 领导motivation 激励Need theories 需求理论Hierarchy of needs theory 需求层次理论Two-factor theory 双因素理论Process theories 过程型理论Expectancy theory 期望理论Goal-setting theory 目标设置理论Reinforcement theory 强化理论Motivation process 激励过程Content theories 内容型理论Physiological needs 生理需求Safety needs 安全需求Belongingness needs 归属需求Esteem needs 尊重需求Self-actualization needs 自我实现需求Need for achievement (nAch) 成就需求Need for affiliation (nAff) 归属需求Need for power (nPow) 权力需求position power 职位权力legitimate power 法理权力reward power 奖赏权力coercive power 惩罚权力personal power 个性化权力expert power 专业技能权力referent power 禀性相关权力Equity theory 公平理论charismatic leadership 个人魅力型领导autocratic leader 独断/专断型领导democratic leader 民主型领导authoritarian management 极权型领导centralize authority 集权supportive leadership 支持型领导directive leadership 指导型领导participative leadership 参与型领导achievement-oriented leadership 业绩导向型领导transformational leadership 变革型领导transactional leadership 运作型领导servant leadership 公仆型领导organizational settings 组织结构/设置shared vision 共识design structure 设计企业结构Unit 9control process 控制过程control system 控制系统strategic control 战略控制tactical control 战术控制operational control 作业控制organizational control 企业控制feedforward control 事前控制concurrent control 事中控制feedback control 事后控制budget and financial controls 预算和财务控制liguidity ratios 流动比率activity ratios 业绩比率profitability ratios 利润率leverage tatios 杠杆比率expense budget 支出预算capital budget 资本预算revenue budget 收入预算cash budget 现金预算market control 市场控制overcontrol 过度控制undercontrol 控制不足bureaucratic control 层级管理方法decentralization control 权力下放/分权管理self-discipline 自律individual performance 个人表现corporate culture 公司/企业文化employee s’ commitment involvement 雇员的承诺与参与monitor and influence employees’ behavior 监督、影响雇员行为define minimal standards 规定最低限度标准control the flow and pace of work 控制工作流量与速度Too much control can backfire 过多的控制会产生事与愿违的结果。

工商管理专业英语unit-6

tenant: n. One that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property owned by another.佃户 medieval: adj. Relating or belonging to the Middle Ages.中世纪的 CEO: Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁
navigational: adj. The act or practice of sailing, or of piloting an aircraft.导航的 artificial intelligence: The ability of a machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence. 人工智能
Glossary
prototype: n. An original type, form, or instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged. 原型 chassis: n. The rectangular steel frame, supported on springs and attached to the axles, that holds the body and motor of an automotive vehicle. 底盘 carousel: n. A circular conveyor on which objects are displayed or rotated旋转式传送带 profitable: adj. Yielding profit; advantageous or lucrative.有利可图的 outmaneuver: v. To overcome (an opponent) by artful, clever maneuvering.智胜在机智、谋略上胜过（对手）

工商管理专业英语词汇

工商管理专业英语词汇推荐文章工商管理专业英语精品课程中英文目录热度：工商管理专业英语词汇记忆热度：函授工商管理论文热度：工商管理毕业论文范例热度：工商管理专业简历范文热度：工商管理专业英语词汇，想知道更多详细的内容，请看下文，店铺将为您作详细的解答。

工商管理专业英语词汇evolution发展generalize概括autobiography自传memoir回忆录extremely极度地anthropologist人类学家perspective合理观察，视角turnover人员更替数approach方法contingency可能事件，可能出现的情况dynamic不断变化的confrontation观点或思想的不断冲撞incur获得compromise折中interdependent互相依存的characteristic特性popularity普及sole单独的reliance依赖，依靠sufficient充足的alliance结盟demographic人口统计complement补足entail伴随conform使和谐一致envision想象affordable买得起的strive努力mission任务informercial商业信息片franchise特许经营权tactical战术的departmental部门的peer同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人interpersonal人与人之间的foster促进pervasive渗透性的stakeholder股东flourish活跃automotive自动的nonroutine非常规程序analogue类似情况beast事物organization团体，组织，机构，社团invention发明物contrivance发明物;器械patronage为了赞助而产生的impact影响力perspective判断事物的方法association联合;结合;结交very (用于强调)正是;完全;实在whim突起的(怪)念头;一时的兴致fancy无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法achieve完成;实现soul人;灵魂guidelines指导方针;行动纲领bridge架桥gap差异;差距;歧异by virtue of依靠;由于survival生存behavior行为;举动subset子集maintenance维持;维护;保养;赡养turnover人员更新efficiency功效;效率;效能intellectual智力的limitation限制事实或状态chart图表predict预言;预测innovative革新的，创新的optimize使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效medieval中世纪的tenant佃户usher宣告，展示介绍;开始，开创exotic异乎寻常的;奇异的strenuous艰巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的hazardous带有危险性的;危险的artificial intelligence人工智能navigational原型chassis底盘carousel旋转式传送带outmaneuver智胜，在机智、谋略上胜过CEO执行总裁long-term长期的aggregation集合体carbonated充了碳酸气的root beer以黄樟油、冬青油为香料的无醇饮料ale麦酒caffeine咖啡因alignment结盟meaningless无意义的，无价值的withdrawal撤退vertical integration垂直统一管理interactive互相作用的deli熟食店buffet自助餐nutrition营养slacken缓和pharmaceutical制药的neuroscience神经科学。

工商管理英语中译英英译中整理

Unit 1社团（社会，共同体，社区）community；首席执行官chief executive officer；（政府或国际机构的）部，处agency；常务董事（相当于总经理）managing director；流行价格prevailing price；监督员（基层经理）supervisor；市场份额market share；计算机程序员computer programmer；管理能力managerial competency；保险业务员insurance agent；资源配置allocation of resources；新闻广播员newscaster；任务小组task force；销售合作人sales associate；收入，税收revenue；a global giant 巨大的全球公司；talented people 人才；profit-oriented/for-profit business 以利润为导向；accountmanager 财务经理；plant manager 工厂经理；task force manager 业务经理；chief knowledge officer 首席培训官；chief executive officer 首席执行官；managing director 常务董事；a board of directors 董事会；stockholder 股东；stakeholder 利益相关人；accounts 客户；Unit 2管理；管理人员management；工作框架work setting；电话营销中心telemarketing center；顾客投诉customer complaint；业绩评价标准evaluation criteria for performance；具体运作计划specific operational plans；分派权利与责任delegate authority and responsibility；协调进度与资源coordinate schedule and resources；商务合作人business associate；财务崩溃financial debacle；刺激业务增长spur the growth of the business；监督现场工作supervise on-site work；dealership 经销店；high turnover 高人员流动；executive vice-president 执行副总裁；community affairs 社交事务；government negotiations 政府谈判；on-site work 现场工作；Unit 4个人决策individual decisionmaking；换取关系tradeoff；效率与公平efficiency and equity；稀缺资源scarce resources；成本与效益costs and benefits；增量调整incremental adjustments；边际成本marginal costs；边际收益marginal benefits；机会成本opportunity cost；竞争对手与贸易伙伴competitors and partners；天下没有免费的午餐there is no such thing as a free lunch；生活中的换取关系life’s tradeoff；考虑边际量think at the marginal；对激励作出的反应中in response to the incentives；使每个国家状况更好make each country better off；相互作用interact with one another；material/spiritual standard of living 生活物质水平；board 伙食；Unit5市场经济market economies；市场失灵market failure；市场势力market power；经济繁荣economic prosperity；预算赤字budget deficit；金融市场financial market；人力物力资本human capital and physical capital；通货膨胀inflation；公平分配equitable distribution；个人所得税personal income tax；福利制度welfare system；医疗保健health care；develop market economy 发展市场经济；direct economic activity 指导经济活动；allocate resources efficiently 有效地配置资源；influence market price 影响市场价格；enhance economic efficiency 提高经济效率；boost living standard 提高生活水平；charge the price 要价/收费；regulate the price 规范价格；result in chaos 造成/导致混乱；work one’s magic 施展魔力；planned economies 计划经济；self-interest 个人利益/利己；the wealth of nations 《国富论》；externality 外部性；monopoly 垄断；economic well-being 经济福利；labor union 工会；minimum wage laws 最低工资法；price rise 物价上涨；deflation 通货紧缩；the quantity of money 货币量；Unit 6develop an action plan 制定行动计划；develop safety training session 开安全生产培训课；develop a line of thought 展开思路；develop the front-line employees 培养一线雇员；develop an interest in management 对管理产生兴趣；develop the national economy 发展国民经济；develop the company’s business 扩展公司业务；develop one’s idea 阐述观点；develop a new device 研制一个新装置；develop the region in the west of China 开发建设中国西部地区；目标管理management by objective；一次性计划a single-use plan；常备计划a stand plan；应变计划a contingency plan；企业目标corporate goals；计划时间范围planning time horizon；业绩评估系统performance appraisal system；应急预算emergency budget；灵活性与适应性flexibility and adaptability；安全认定系统system of safety recognition；基层部门监督者line supervisor；表彰信a letter of commendation；Unit 7deploy resources 有效地利用资源；hierarchical levels 层级；span of managers’ control 经理的管理职权范围；effective coordination 有效地协调；vertical control of the organization 组织机构的纵向管理；an automobile assembly line 汽车组装线；chain of command 指令链；delegate authority 分权；meet customers’ needs 满足消费者的需求；line department 业务部门；staff department 职能部门；issue orders 发布命令；rule books 规章手册；organization chart 企业章程；Unit 8position power 职位权力；legitimate power 法理权；reward power 奖赏权力；coercive power 惩罚权力；personal power 个性化权力；expert power 专业技能权力；referent power 秉性相关权力；charismatic leadership 个人勉力型领导；autocratic leader 独断/专断型领导；democratic leader 民主型领导；authoritarian management 授权型领导；centralize authority 集权；Unit 11课后练习无；forms of business enterprise 企业组织形式；sole proprietorships 独资商；partnership 合伙商；corporation 公司；risks and rewards 风险和收益；retail establishment 零售机构；personal income 个人收入；tax rate 税率；interest rate 利率；financial resources 财政资源；lend institutions 借贷机构；management-level employees 管理基层员工；professional consultants 专业顾问；unlimited liability 无限责任；profits and loses 盈利和亏损；general partners 任职合伙人；master limited partnership（MLP）全能的有限合伙商；stock exchange 股票交易所；partnership agreement 合伙商协议；obtain financing 融资；departure and addition 离去和增添；malpractice insurance 渎职保险；business risk insurance 企业风险保险；managing partner 常务合伙人；political maneuver 政治操控；shareholder 股东；public corporation 公营公司；quasi-public corporation 准公营公司；parent company 母公司；holding company 控股公司；subsidiary corporation 子公司；public utility 公用事业；basic public services 基础公共服务；open corporation 公开公司；closed corporation 封闭公司；incorporated business 组建公司；industry sector 产业部门；service business 服务业；goods-producing business 制造业；with access to inexpensive labor 拥有廉价劳动力；real estate broker 房地产经纪人；capital-intensive business 资金密集型产业；labor-intensive business 劳动力密集型产业；prune layers of bureaucracy 精简官僚机构层次；business cycle 商业周期，经济周期；cyclical business 周期性产业Unit 12世界经济a global economy；经济模式the economic model；工业化经济an industrialized economy；自给自足self-sufficient；银行业a banking industry；提高生活质量enhance the quality of life；经济活动的核心the hub/heart of economic activity；商务服务业business services；销售服务业trade services；基础设施服务业infrastructure services；社会服务业social/personal services；公共管理服务public services；public administration 公共管理服务；social/personal service 社会/个人服务；extractive sector 资源耗取部门；service sector 服务行业；economic growth 经济增长；health care 保健；economic evolution 经济演进；primary 第一产业；secondary 第二产业；tertiary 第三产业；quaternary 第四产业；real estate 房地产；maintenance and repair 保养和维修；service economy 服务经济；retail trade 零售；negative growth rates 负增长；recession-resistant 抗衰退的；manufactured goods 制成品；lay off 下岗；capital expenditures 资金支出；the driving force 驱动力；labor-saving 节省劳动力；an aging population 老年人口geriatric health care 老年健康护理Unit 14市场营销组合marketing mix；市场细分研究segmentation research；市场导向marketing orientation；目标市场target market；描述功能descriptive function；诊断功能diagnostic function；预测功能predictive function；生产导向活动production-oriented exercises；前控管理proactive management；后控管理reactive management；市场信息反馈过程marketing intelligence feedback process；市场营销系统marketing system；decision maker 决策者；improve the bottom line 改善企业营利；production schedule 生产期限；mechanistic exercise 机械活动；sales promotion 促销；Unit 15人力资源管理human resource management；竞争优势competitive advantage；员工投诉系统employee grievance systems；达到企业目标meet the organization’s objectives；全权负责have sole responsibility for；业绩评估体系performance appraisal system；招聘与筛选recruitment and selection；灵活工作时间制flexible scheduling；成本有效性cost effectiveness；成本领先战略cost leadership strategy；产品差别化product differentiation；岗位培训on-the-job training；纪律执行程序disciplinary procedure；激励计划incentive plan；career advancement 职业发展；productivity levels 生产率水平；。

工商管理专业英语

一、英译中1．Vertical integration –垂直统一管理2．Markup –涨价3．Lead time –订货和交货之间的时间4．Status Quo—现状现存情况或事态5．Market positioning–-市场定位6．Market segment—市场细分7．Executive –主管、高级执行人员8．Supervisor –监督9．Elasticity –弹性10．Differentiation –差异化11．Wholesale–批发商12．Retailer –零售商13．Discount –折扣14．Margin –最低利润15．Media advertising –媒体广告16．Point of Purchase Advertising –售卖场所广告17．Sales representative –销售代表18．Compensation –薪酬19．Gross profit –毛利20．Bidder –投标人二、中译英1. 如今的消费者要面对大量的产品、品牌、价格和生产厂商。

Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, prices, and suppliers.2. 零售商们需要考虑目标市场和产品定位。

Retailer must consider target markets and product positioning.3. 人员招聘是人力资源管理中的一个重要部分。

Recruitment is a significant part of Human Resource Management (HRM).4. 顾客的满意度和产品质量有关。

Customer satisfaction is relative to product’s quality.5. 每个企业都应该找到自身的竞争优势。

工商管理专业英语词汇

Retailer 零售商 Wholesaler 批发商 Mail order 邮购 Target audience 目标观众 Build awareness 树立品牌意识 Rebate 价格折扣 Premium 赠品
14
A
marketing
Sponsorship 赞助 Revenue 收益 negative profit 负收益 A profit margin 边际利润 a successor product 替代产品 Population density 人口密度 Health conscious 健康意识
16
A
Human resource management
promotion – from – within 内部提拔 boost the morale of the employees 鼓舞士气 career development 职业规划 subunit 二级单位 field ship 实地考察 would-be managers 要提拔管理者 rotate 轮换
Sustainable development 可持续发展 Hard selling 强行推销 Discretionary income 可支配收入 Sales-oriented 销售为导向 Warranty 质保 Sell off 清仓 Market share 市场份额
13
A
marketing
3
A
Forms of business ownership
Sole proprietorships Partnerships Joint ventures Corporations Limited liability company Mergers & acquisitions Franchises

工商管理专业英语

1、英汉专业术语互译基层管理者：lower-level management 以战略为向导：strategy oriented 优先股：preferred stock 普通股：common stock产品生命周期：product life cycle 权变的：contingency期货：future 目标：objective成果：outcome 个人：individual集体：group 子目标：subgoal 支行：subbranch分行：branch系统：system下属：subordinate 上级：superior 战略管理：strategy management 贯彻实施：implementation）评估（2个）：evaluation assess动态的：dynamic 开发：exploit 竞争优势：competitive advantage 分析：analyze 内部：internal 外部：external 市场：market 市场细分：market segment 最小化：minimize最大化：maximize 灵活性：flexlbility 稳定性：stability构建：build 评价标准：criteria 权重：weight 理性决策者：rational decision market 偏好顺序：preference ordering 预算：budget 分母（标准）：denominator 浏览：scanning探知：detect新型市场：emerging market 方案：scenario 本金：principal 利息：interest产出：generate 每年：annual 员工：staff 经济复苏：economic boom 信贷危机：credit crisis 同事：colleague 大规模订制：mass customization房地产：real estate 可持续的：sustainable 竞争者：competitor 消费者口味：consumers` taste 堡垒：barrier模仿：imitation 药厂：pharmaceutical创新：innovation规模经济：economies of scale 锁定供应商：lock in supplier 专供合同：exclusive contract游说：lobby 进口关税：import tariff 海关：custom 组织结构：organization structure 框架：framework 复杂性：complexity 劳动分工：division of labor 纵向层级：vertical level 横向层级：horizontal level 层次：hierarchy 协调：coordinate 交易：transaction 规章制度：rule and regulation 消费者行为分析：consumer behavior analysis 正规化：formalization集权：centralization 分权：decentralization 授权：empower 搭配组合：mixed and matched 组织设计：organization design 优先处理：priorities 职权：authority职务：position权力：power 产能：capacity 广义：the large concept裁员：downsizing重组：restructuring 管理跨度：span of control 主管：supervisor 古典学者：classical writer 古典学派：classical school 有机式结构：organic organization 机械式结构：mechanistic organization 总体战略：overall strategy专业化：specialization 纵向分工：vertical differentiation 横向分工：horizontal differentiation 简单化结构：simple structure责任：accountability 低正规化：low formalization 高集权化：high centralization超载：overload 首先发动：initiate 变革：change 信息失真：misinformation 沟通不善：poor communication 消除误会：misunderstanding clarify 计算机化：computerization企业文化：corporate culture根深蒂固：entrenched 创造力：creativity 激发创造力：stimulate creativity 方式：approach 创新型组织：innovative organization 品牌：brand 破产（2个）：bankrupt liquidate服装：apparel 收购：acquired 执行官：executive市场潜力：market potential 盘活：turn around 自制的：autonomous 班组：crew 装：load卸：unload 运输：delivery 产品线：production line监管：supervise 自主权：discretion储：stock position 运：delivery 库存：stock存货：inventory 授权：empowerment 一线员工：frontline employee 脑力：brainpower 无责备文化：no-blame culture 调查：survey 资深的：senior 协会：society 需求层次理论：need theories市场潜力：market potential 创造力：creativity 创新力：innovation 概率：probability 绩效评估：performance evaluation 持续经营：going concern 公平理论：equity theory情境理论：situational theories 权变理论：contingency theories 言语沟通：verbal communication 非言语沟通：nonverbal communication 书面沟通：written communication 口头沟通：oral communication 单向沟通：one-way communication 双向沟通：two-way communication积极倾听：active listening 沟通网络：communication network 垂直沟通：vertical communication 下行沟通：downward communication 上行沟通：upward communication 水平沟通：horizontal communication 正式沟通：formal communication 非正式沟通 informal communication 纠正行为 corrective action 机制：mechanisms 资源resource 来源：source 外包：outsourcing 流动资产：current asset 固定资产：fixed asset 流动负债：current liabilities 长期负债：long-term liabilities 股票：stockholder 利益相关者：stakeholder 利息：interest 利率：interest rate 所得税：income tax 增值税：valueadded tax KA （主要客户）：key account 财务报表：financial statement 资产负债表：balance sheet 预算：budgeting 原材料：raw materials 在制品：work-in-process 成品：finished-goods 半成品：semi-finished goods二、缩写词1、R&D ：Research and Development2、ISO ：International Standardization Organization3、MBO ：Management By Objective4、SWOT ：s trengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.5、TQM ：Total Quality Management6、MIS ：M anagement Information System7、M&A ：Merge And Acquisition 8、SCM ：Supply Chain Management9、CEO ：chief executive officer 10、CFO ：C hief Financial Officer 11、JIT ：just in time12、HRM ：Human Resource Management 13、ERP ：Enterprise Resource Plan14、SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication15、EOQ ：economical ordering quantity 16、ROI ：return on investment三、简答1、SWOT 分析The term SWOT analysis refers to analyzing the organization`s internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats in order to identify a niche that the organization can exploit2、BCG 矩阵The BCG matrix identifies four business group ：stars cash cows question marks and dogs3、五力分析模型4、公司的竞争战略1）公司层战略 corporate-levelstrategy （1）stability strategy （2）growth strategy （3）retrenchment strategy （4）combination strategy2）事业层战略 business-level strategy（1）adaptive strategy （2）competitive strategyCompetitive strategy 竞争性战略：1）over-all cost strategy 2）differentiation strategy3）focus strategy3）职能层战略 functional-level strategy5、职权的结构Authority structure1）coercive power 2）reward power6、部门化的方式departmentalization1) Customer departmentalization 2) Functional departmentalization 3) Geographic departmentalization 4) Process departmentalization 5) Product departmentalization7、组织结构类型Organization structure1) Mechanistic organization (1) Linear structure (2) Functional structure (3) Matrix structure (4) Network structure (5) Simple structure2) Organic structure8、马斯洛需求层次理论Hierarchy of needs theory1)Physiological needs 2）Safety needs 3）Belongingness needs 4）Esteem needs5）Self-actualization needs9、双因素理论two-factor theory 1) motivator 2）hygiene factor激励因素：1）process theories 2）content theories10、强化理论reinforcement theory 1）positive reinforcement 2)negative reinforcement11、期望理论的内容Expectancy theory1）effort-performance expectancy 2) performance-outcome expectancy12、管理的三种方式1）autocratic 2）democratic 3）lasissez-faire13、管理方格图the management grid1) employee-centered 2）job-centered 3）production-centered14、五种常见沟通网络five kind of communication network1）wheel network 2）chain network 3）Y network 4）circle network 5）star network15、沟通网络图1）sender 2）encoding process 3）medium 4）decoding 5)noise 6)feedback16、责任中心的五种类型：five type of responsibility center1）standard cost center 2）revenue center 3）profit center 4）investment center17、管理者的权力结构18、控制control 1）feedforward control 2)concurrent control 3)feedback control19市场控制market control 1）overcontrol 2）undercontrol20、会计的六要素：six accounting elementsassets liabilities woners` equity revenues expenses profits21、管理者的权利结构manager`s power structure1）referent power 2）expert power 3）authority四、论述What Managers DoThe successful manager capably performs four basic managerial funcations :planning，organizing，leading，and controlling. However as you will see，the amount of time a manager spends on each function depends on the level of the particular job.Planning. In general ,planning involves defining organizational goals and proposing ways to reach them. Managers plan for three reason to establish an overall direction for the organization`s future , to identify and commit the organization`s resources to achieving its goals and to decide which tasks must be done to each those goalsOrganizing. Organizing is the process of creating a structure of relationships that will enable employees to carry out management`s plans and meet organizational goalsLeading. Leading involves communicating with and motivating others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve the organization`s goalsControlling. The process by which a person ,group ,or organization consciously monitors performance and takes corrective action is controllingWe use these function to help explain exactly how managers do their jobs。

工商管理专业英语术语汇总

工商管理专业英语术语汇总专业简介: 工商管理主要研究管理学、经济学和现代企业管理等方面的基本知识和技能，包括企业的经营战略制定和内部行为管理等，运用现代管理的方法和手段进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，制定企业的战略性目标，以保证企业的生存和发展。

开设课程: 管理学原理、微观经济学、宏观经济学、技术经济学、管理信息系统、统计学、会计学、中级会计实务、财务管理、运筹学、市场营销、经济法、现代公司制概论、经营管理、公司金融、人力资源管理、企业战略管理等。

一、管理学原理术语术语术语术语术语管理 (Management)经营管理 (BusinessManagement)管理过程 (ManagementProcess)管理功能 (ManagementFunctions)管理层次 (ManagementLevels)管理者 (Manager)领导者 (Leader)领导风格 (LeadershipStyle)领导理论 (LeadershipTheory)领导技能 (LeadershipSkills)决策 (Decision Making)决策类型 (DecisionTypes)决策模型 (DecisionModels)决策方法 (DecisionMethods)决策过程 (DecisionProcess)规划 (Planning)规划类型 (PlanningTypes)规划原则 (PlanningPrinciples)规划工具 (PlanningTools)规划控制 (PlanningControl)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(Organizational Design)组织文化(OrganizationalCulture)组织变革(OrganizationalChange)激励 (Motivation)激励理论 (MotivationTheory)激励方法 (MotivationMethods)激励因素 (MotivationFactors)激励效果 (MotivationEffects)控制 (Control)控制类型 (ControlTypes)控制原则 (ControlPrinciples)控制方法 (ControlMethods)控制过程 (ControlProcess)沟通 (Communication)沟通模型(Communication Model)沟通方式(Communication Mode)沟通技巧(Communication Skills)沟通障碍(CommunicationBarriers)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则 (CoordinationPrinciples)协调方法 (CoordinationMethods)协调效果(CoordinationEffects)管理环境(Management Environment)管理伦理(ManagementEthics)管理创新(ManagementInnovation)管理战略(ManagementStrategy)管理评价(ManagementEvaluation)二、微观经济学术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)市场(Market)需求(Demand)供给(Supply)市场均衡(MarketEquilibrium)弹性(Elasticity)消费者行为(ConsumerBehavior)效用(Utility)边际效用(MarginalUtility)预算约束(BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(ConsumerChoice)无差异曲线(IndifferenceCurve)边际替代率(Marginal Rateof Substitution)消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)需求曲线(DemandCurve)生产者行为(ProducerBehavior)生产函数(ProductionFunction)边际产品(MarginalProduct)规模报酬(Returns toScale)成本(Cost)短期成本(Short-runCost)长期成本(Long-runCost)边际成本(Marginal Cost)平均成本(AverageCost)供给曲线(Supply Curve)市场结构(Market Structure)完全竞争(PerfectCompetition)垄断(Monopoly)寡头(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(MonopolisticCompetition)价格歧视(Price Discrimination)博弈论(Game Theory)纳什均衡(NashEquilibrium)策略(Strategy)支配策略(DominantStrategy)外部性(Externality)公共品(Public Good)信息不对称(AsymmetricInformation)逆向选择(AdverseSelection)道德风险(Moral Hazard)市场失灵(MarketFailure)政府干预(GovernmentIntervention)税收(Taxation)补贴(Subsidy)福利经济学(WelfareEconomics)三、宏观经济学术语术语术语术语术语宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)国民收入(NationalIncome)国内生产总值(GrossDomestic Product)国民生产总值(GrossNational Product)消费者物价指数(Consumer PriceIndex)通货膨胀(Inflation)失业(Unemployment)菲利普斯曲线(Phillips Curve)经济增长(EconomicGrowth)经济周期(EconomicCycle)经济波动(Economic Fluctuation)经济危机(EconomicCrisis)经济衰退(EconomicRecession)经济萧条(EconomicDepression)经济恢复(EconomicRecovery)总需求(Total Demand)总供给(Total Supply)总需求总供给模型(Aggregate Demand andAggregate Supply Model)短期均衡(Short-runEquilibrium)长期均衡(Long-runEquilibrium)消费(Consumption)投资(Investment)政府支出(GovernmentSpending)净出口(Net Exports)国民收入恒等式(National IncomeIdentity)消费函数(Consumption Function)边际消费倾向(MarginalPropensity to Consume)投资函数(InvestmentFunction)边际效率投资(MarginalEfficiency ofInvestment)多重效应(MultiplierEffect)货币(Money)货币供应量(MoneySupply)货币需求量(Money Demand)货币市场平衡(MoneyMarket Equilibrium)利率(Rate ofInterest)货币政策(MonetaryPolicy)中央银行(Central Bank)开放市场操作(Open MarketOperations)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)贴现率(DiscountRate)财政政策(FiscalPolicy)政府预算(GovernmentBudget)财政赤字(Fiscal Deficit)公共债务(Public Debt)自动稳定器(AutomaticStabilizer)国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)贸易政策(Trade Policy)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)四、技术经济学术语术语术语术语术语技术经济学(Technical Economics)技术(Technology)技术创新(TechnologicalInnovation)技术进步(TechnologicalProgress)技术水平(TechnologicalLevel)技术选择(Technological Choice)技术评价(TechnologicalEvaluation)技术效益(TechnologicalBenefit)技术风险(TechnologicalRisk)技术转让(TechnologicalTransfer)技术方案(TechnicalScheme)技术参数(TechnicalParameter)技术指标(TechnicalIndicator)技术标准(TechnicalStandard)技术规范(TechnicalSpecification)工程项目(EngineeringProject)工程设计(EngineeringDesign)工程造价(EngineeringCost)工程投资(EngineeringInvestment)工程回收期(EngineeringPayback Period)工程效益分析(Engineering BenefitAnalysis)工程经济效益(Engineering EconomicBenefit)工程社会效益(Engineering SocialBenefit)工程环境效益(EngineeringEnvironmental Benefit)工程综合效益(EngineeringComprehensive Benefit)资金(Fund)资金需求(FundDemand)资金来源(FundSource)资金成本(Fund Cost)资金利润率(Fund ProfitRate)现金流量(Cash Flow)现金流量表(Cash FlowStatement)现金流量分析(CashFlow Analysis)现金流量折现(Discounted Cash Flow)现值净值(Net PresentValue)内部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析(SensitivityAnalysis)变动成本(MarginalCost)变动收益(MarginalRevenue)边际分析(MarginalAnalysis)五、管理信息系统术语术语术语术语术语管理信息系统(Management Information System)信息系统(InformationSystem)信息技术(InformationTechnology)信息资源管理(InformationResource Management)信息系统规划(Information SystemPlanning)信息需求分析(Information Requirement Analysis)信息系统设计(Information SystemDesign)信息系统开发(Information SystemDevelopment)信息系统实施(InformationSystem Implementation)信息系统维护(Information SystemMaintenance)数据(Data)数据库(Database)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagement System)数据模型(Data Model)数据字典(DataDictionary)数据仓库(Data Warehouse)数据挖掘(DataMining)数据分析(DataAnalysis)数据可视化(DataVisualization)数据安全(Data Security)网络(Network)计算机网络(Computer Network)网络拓扑(NetworkTopology)网络协议(NetworkProtocol)网络架构(NetworkArchitecture)局域网(Local AreaNetwork)广域网(Wide AreaNetwork)因特网(Internet)互联网(Internet of Things)网络安全(NetworkSecurity)系统(System)计算机系统(Computer System)操作系统(OperationSystem)系统分析(SystemAnalysis)系统设计(SystemDesign)软件(Software)软件工程(SoftwareEngineering)软件生命周期(SoftwareLife Cycle)软件开发方法(SoftwareDevelopment Method)软件质量(SoftwareQuality)硬件(Hardware)计算机硬件(ComputerHardware)输入设备(Input Device)输出设备(Output Device)存储设备(StorageDevice)处理器(Processor)内存(Memory)总线(Bus)接口(Interface)外设(Peripheral)人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)机器学习(MachineLearning)深度学习(DeepLearning)神经网络(Neural Network)自然语言处理(NaturalLanguage Processing)专家系统(Expert System)智能代理(IntelligentAgent)模糊逻辑(Fuzzy Logic)遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm)人工神经网络(ArtificialNeural Network)电子商务(E-commerce)电子商务模式(E-commerce Model)电子商务平台(E-commerce Platform)电子支付(ElectronicPayment)电子商务安全(E-commerce Security)电子政务(E-government)电子政务模式(E-government Model)电子政务平台(E-government Platform)电子政务服务(E-government Service)电子政务安全(E-government Security)知识管理(Knowledge Management)知识(Knowledge)知识类型(KnowledgeType)知识获取(KnowledgeAcquisition)知识表示(KnowledgeRepresentation)知识组织(Knowledge Organization)知识共享(KnowledgeSharing)知识创新(KnowledgeInnovation)知识库(Knowledge Base)知识系统(KnowledgeSystem)六、统计学术语术语术语术语术语统计学(Statistics)统计方法(StatisticalMethod)统计推断(StatisticalInference)统计分析(StatisticalAnalysis)统计软件(StatisticalSoftware)数据(Data)数据类型(Data Type)数据来源(Data Source)数据收集(DataCollection)数据清洗(Data Cleaning)数据描述(Data Description)数据展示(DataPresentation)数据摘要(DataSummary)数据分布(DataDistribution)数据变换(DataTransformation)变量(Variable)变量类型(Variable Type)自变量(IndependentVariable)因变量(DependentVariable)控制变量(Control Variable)单变量分析(UnivariateAnalysis)双变量分析(BivariateAnalysis)多变量分析(MultivariateAnalysis)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)随机变量(RandomVariable)概率(Probability)概率分布(ProbabilityDistribution)期望值(ExpectedValue)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)均值(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)四分位数(Quartile)极差(Range)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)偏度(Skewness)峰度(Kurtosis)正态分布(NormalDistribution)抽样(Sampling)抽样方法(SamplingMethod)抽样误差(SamplingError)抽样分布(SamplingDistribution)中心极限定理(Central LimitTheorem)点估计(Point Estimation)区间估计(IntervalEstimation)置信区间(ConfidenceInterval)置信水平(ConfidenceLevel)标准误差(Standard Error)假设检验(HypothesisTesting)原假设(Null Hypothesis)备择假设(AlternativeHypothesis)显著性水平(Significance Level)拒绝域(Rejection Region)检验统计量(Test Statistic)P值(P-value)类型一错误(Type IError)类型二错误(Type IIError)功效(Power)参数检验(ParametricTest)非参数检验(Nonparametric Test)单样本检验(One-sample Test)双样本检验(Two-sample Test)配对样本检验(Paired-sample Test)Z检验(Z-test)T检验(T-test)F检验(F-test)卡方检验(Chi-squareTest)方差分析(Analysis ofVariance)七、会计学术语术语术语术语术语会计学(Accounting)会计对象(AccountingObject)会计要素(AccountingElement)会计科目(Accounting Subject)会计方程(AccountingEquation)会计核算(Accounting Calculation)会计原则(AccountingPrinciple)会计假设(AccountingAssumption)会计政策(Accounting Policy)会计准则(AccountingStandard)会计期间(AccountingPeriod)会计年度(AccountingYear)会计报告期(AccountingReporting Period)会计循环(Accounting Cycle)会计业务(AccountingBusiness)记账(Bookkeeping)记账方法(BookkeepingMethod)记账凭证(BookkeepingVoucher)记账账簿(Bookkeeping Book)记账账户(BookkeepingAccount)记账分录(Bookkeeping Entry)借贷记账法(Double-entryBookkeeping Method)借方(Debit Side)贷方(Credit Side)借贷平衡(Balance of Debitand Credit)会计报表(Accounting Statement)资产负债表(BalanceSheet)利润表(IncomeStatement)现金流量表(CashFlow Statement)所有者权益变动表(Statementof Changes in Owner'sEquity)会计科学(AccountingScience)会计理论(AccountingTheory)会计方法(AccountingMethod)会计技术(AccountingTechnique)会计创新(AccountingInnovation)财务会计(Financial Accounting)管理会计(ManagementAccounting)成本会计(CostAccounting)审计会计(AuditingAccounting)税务会计(Tax Accounting)资产(Asset)负债(Liability)所有者权益(Owner'sEquity)收入(Income)费用(Expense)收益(Revenue)损失(Loss)利润(Profit)毛利(Gross Profit)净利(Net Profit)存货(Inventory)应收账款(AccountsReceivable)预付账款(PrepaidExpenses)固定资产(FixedAssets)无形资产(Intangible Assets)应付账款(AccountsPayable)预收账款(UnearnedRevenue)长期负债(Long-termLiabilities)资本(Capital)留存收益(Retained Earnings)折旧(Depreciation)摊销(Amortization)减值(Impairment)计提(Accrual)结转(Carryover)对冲(Hedging)杠杆(Leverage)财务比率(FinancialRatio)资本结构(CapitalStructure)资本预算(Capital Budgeting)八、中级会计实务术语术语术语术语术语会计 (Accounting)资产 (Asset)负债 (Liability)所有者权益 (Owner'sEquity)收入 (Revenue)费用 (Expense)损益 (Profit or Loss)现金流量 (Cash Flow)资产负债表 (BalanceSheet)利润表 (IncomeStatement)现金流量表 (Cash FlowStatement)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changesin Owner's Equity)附注 (Notes)记账凭证 (Voucher)记账方法 (AccountingMethod)原始凭证 (Original Document)记账分录 (Journal Entry)总分类账 (GeneralLedger)明细分类账 (SubsidiaryLedger)总账科目 (GeneralAccount)明细科目 (SubsidiaryAccount)借方 (Debit)贷方 (Credit)借贷平衡原则 (Double-entry Principle)记账方向 (AccountingDirection)试算平衡表 (Trial Balance)调整分录 (AdjustingEntry)调整后试算平衡表(Adjusted TrialBalance)结转分录 (ClosingEntry)结转后试算平衡表(Post-closing TrialBalance)存货制度 (InventorySystem)存货核算方法 (InventoryAccounting Method)先进先出法 (FIFOMethod)后进先出法 (LIFOMethod)加权平均法 (WeightedAverage Method)科学成本法（Specific Identification Method）存货跌价准备（Allowance forInventory Decline）存货盘点（InventoryCounting）存货盈亏（InventoryProfit or Loss）固定资产（FixedAsset）折旧（Depreciation）折旧方法（DepreciationMethod）直线法（Straight-lineMethod）双倍余额递减法（Double-decliningBalance Method）年数总和法（Sum-of-the-years'-digitsMethod）残值（Residual Value）折旧年限（Useful Life）净残值率（SalvageRate）固定资产清理（Disposal of FixedAsset）无形资产（IntangibleAsset）商誉（Goodwill）知识产权（IntellectualProperty）专利权（Patent）商标权（Trademark）著作权（Copyright）长期股权投资（Long-term Equity Investment）成本法（Cost Method）权益法（EquityMethod）投资收益（InvestmentIncome）投资性房地产（InvestmentProperty）资产减值（Asset Impairment）减值损失（ImpairmentLoss）可回收金额（RecoverableAmount）可变现净值（NetRealizable Value）使用价值（Value inUse）金融资产（FinancialAsset）金融负债（FinancialLiability）公允价值（FairValue）利息收入（InterestIncome）利息支出（InterestExpense）汇兑收益（ExchangeGain）汇兑损失（ExchangeLoss）应收账款（AccountsReceivable）坏账损失（Bad DebtLoss）坏账准备（Allowancefor Bad Debt）应付账款（Accounts Payable）预收账款（UnearnedRevenue）预付账款（PrepaidExpense）应计收入（AccruedRevenue）应计费用（AccruedExpense）职工薪酬（Employee Compensation）工资与奖金（Wages andBonuses）社会保险费用（SocialInsurance Expense）住房公积金费用（Housing ProvidentFund Expense）职工福利费用（Employee WelfareExpense）借款费用 (BorrowingCost)资本化 (Capitalization)资本化利率(Capitalization Rate)资本化期间(Capitalization Period)资本化暂停(CapitalizationSuspension)现金等价物 (Cash Equivalent)现金流量表附表(Supplemental Scheduleof Cash Flow Statement)经营活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromOperating Activities)投资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromInvesting Activities)筹资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromFinancing Activities)直接法 (Direct Method)间接法 (Indirect Method)现金流量净额 (NetCash Flow)现金流量增减表(Statement of Changesin Cash Flow)现金流量比率 (CashFlow Ratio)利润表 (Income Statement)收入确认原则 (RevenueRecognition Principle)营业收入 (OperatingRevenue)营业成本 (OperatingCost)营业税金及附加(Business Tax andSurcharges)销售费用 (Selling Expense)管理费用 (AdministrativeExpense)财务费用 (FinancialExpense)营业利润 (OperatingProfit)营业外收入 (Non-operating Income)营业外支出 (Non-operating Expense)利润总额 (Total Profit)所得税费用 (IncomeTax Expense)净利润 (Net Profit)每股收益 (EarningsPer Share)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changes in Owner's Equity)股本 (Capital Stock)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)九、财务管理术语术语术语术语术语财务管理 (Financial Management)财务目标 (FinancialObjective)财务决策 (FinancialDecision)财务计划 (FinancialPlan)财务控制 (FinancialControl)资金 (Fund)资金需求 (FundDemand)资金供给 (FundSupply)资金流动 (Fund Flow)资金结构 (FundStructure)资本 (Capital)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本预算 (CapitalBudget)资本收益率 (CapitalReturn Rate)投资 (Investment)投资项目 (InvestmentProject)投资评价 (InvestmentEvaluation)投资回收期 (PaybackPeriod)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)风险分析 (RiskAnalysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)现金管理 (Cash Management)现金预测 (CashForecasting)现金流量预算表 (CashBudget)现金流量周期 (CashCycle)现金余额 (Cash Balance)应收账款管理 (AccountsReceivableManagement)应收账款周转率(Accounts ReceivableTurnover Ratio)坏账率 (Bad DebtRatio)应收账款账龄分析法(Aging Method ofAccounts Receivable)应收账款折现法（Discount Method ofAccounts Receivable）存货管理（Inventory Management）存货周转率（InventoryTurnover Ratio）经济订货量（Economic OrderQuantity）安全存量（SafetyStock）订货点（Reorder Point）短期融资（Short-term Financing）银行贷款（BankLoan）商业票据（CommercialPaper）应付账款融资（Accounts PayableFinancing）保兑仓融资（WarehouseReceipt Financing）长期融资（Long-term Financing）债券（Bond）债券价格（BondPrice）债券收益率（BondYield）债券评级（BondRating）股票（Stock）股票价格（StockPrice）股票收益率（StockReturn Rate）股息政策（DividendPolicy）股权融资（EquityFinancing）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（Operating LeverageCoefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（LeverageAdjustment Principle）十、运筹学术语术语术语术语术语运筹学 (Operations Research)决策 (Decision)决策变量 (DecisionVariable)目标函数 (ObjectiveFunction)约束条件 (Constraint)线性规划 (Linear Programming)图形法 (GraphicalMethod)单纯形法 (SimplexMethod)对偶理论 (DualityTheory)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)整数规划 (Integer Programming)分支定界法 (Branch andBound Method)割平面法 (CuttingPlane Method)隐枚举法 (ImplicitEnumeration Method)0-1规划 (0-1Programming)非线性规划 (Nonlinear Programming)拉格朗日乘子法(Lagrange MultiplierMethod)KKT条件 (KKTCondition)梯度法 (GradientMethod)牛顿法 (Newton Method)动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)阶段 (Stage)状态 (State)决策 (Decision)最优值函数 (OptimalValue Function)贝尔曼方程 (BellmanEquation)网络优化 (NetworkOptimization)关键路径法 (CriticalPath Method)最短路问题 (ShortestPath Problem)最小生成树问题(Minimum Spanning TreeProblem)最大流问题 (Maximum Flow Problem)最小费用流问题(Minimum Cost FlowProblem)匹配问题 (MatchingProblem)背包问题 (KnapsackProblem)指派问题 (AssignmentProblem)非线性整数规划（Nonlinear Integer Programming）分数规划（FractionalProgramming）凸规划（ConvexProgramming）目标规划（GoalProgramming）多目标规划（Multi-objective Programming）随机规划（Stochastic Programming）鲁棒优化（RobustOptimization）参数规划（ParametricProgramming）可行方向法（FeasibleDirection Method）序列二次规划（Sequential QuadraticProgramming）队列论（QueueingTheory）到达过程（ArrivalProcess）服务过程（ServiceProcess）排队系统（QueueingSystem）排队模型（QueueingModel）M/M/1模型（M/M/1Model）M/M/c模型（M/M/cModel）M/G/1模型（M/G/1Model）G/M/1模型（G/M/1Model）排队长度（QueueLength）平均排队时间（Average Queueing Time）平均服务时间（AverageService Time）到达率（ArrivalRate）服务率（ServiceRate）利用率（UtilizationRate）十一、市场营销术语术语术语术语术语市场营销 (Marketing)市场营销管理(MarketingManagement)市场营销环境(MarketingEnvironment)市场营销计划(Marketing Plan)市场营销组合 (MarketingMix)市场 (Market)市场需求 (MarketDemand)市场细分 (MarketSegmentation)市场定位 (MarketPositioning)市场目标 (MarketTargeting)消费者行为 (ConsumerBehavior)消费者需求 (ConsumerNeed)消费者动机 (ConsumerMotivation)消费者态度(Consumer Attitude)消费者满意度 (ConsumerSatisfaction)产品 (Product)产品生命周期 (ProductLife Cycle)产品创新 (ProductInnovation)产品差异化 (ProductDifferentiation)产品定价 (Product Pricing)价格 (Price)价格策略 (PricingStrategy)价格弹性 (PriceElasticity)价格歧视 (PriceDiscrimination)价格竞争 (PriceCompetition)促销 (Promotion)促销策略 (PromotionStrategy)促销组合 (PromotionMix)广告 (Advertising)公关 (Public Relations)销售促进（Sales Promotion）个人销售（PersonalSelling）直接营销（DirectMarketing）网络营销（InternetMarketing）社会媒体营销（SocialMedia Marketing）分销（Distribution）分销渠道（DistributionChannel）分销策略（DistributionStrategy）物流（Logistics）运输（Transportation）库存管理（Inventory Management）订货量（OrderQuantity）经济批量（EconomicBatch Quantity）订货点（ReorderPoint）安全库存（Safety Stock）市场调研（Market Research）调研目的（ResearchObjective）调研方法（ResearchMethod）调研设计（ResearchDesign）调研样本（ResearchSample）数据收集（Data Collection）数据分析（DataAnalysis）数据呈现（DataPresentation）调研报告（ResearchReport）调研误差（ResearchError）十二、经济法术语术语术语术语术语经济法 (Economic Law)经济活动 (EconomicActivity)经济主体 (EconomicSubject)经济权利 (EconomicRight)经济责任 (EconomicResponsibility)经济法律关系 (Economic Legal Relationship)经济合同 (EconomicContract)经济纠纷 (EconomicDispute)经济诉讼 (EconomicLitigation)经济仲裁 (EconomicArbitration)民商事法律体系 (Civiland Commercial LegalSystem)民法典 (Civil Code)商法典 (CommercialCode)合同法 (Contract Law)物权法 (Property Law)侵权责任法 (Tort LiabilityLaw)民事诉讼法 (CivilProcedure Law)商事诉讼法(CommercialProcedure Law)仲裁法 (Arbitration Law)消费者权益保护法（Consumer Rights andInterests Protection Law）公司法（CompanyLaw）合伙企业法（PartnershipEnterprise Law）独资企业法（SoleProprietorshipEnterprise Law）外商投资企业法（Foreign InvestmentEnterprise Law）公司治理（CorporateGovernance）股东（Shareholder）董事会（Board ofDirectors）监事会（Board ofSupervisors）高级管理人员（SeniorManagement）股东大会（Shareholders'Meeting）股份（Share）股权（StockRight）股票（Stock）股本（Capital Stock）股利（Dividend）债券（Bond）债权（Debt Right）债务（Debt）债务人（Debtor）债权人（Creditor）破产（Bankruptcy）破产程序（BankruptcyProcedure）破产申请（BankruptcyApplication）破产管理人（BankruptcyAdministrator）破产债权人会议（Bankruptcy Creditors'Meeting）十三、现代公司制概论术语术语术语术语术语现代公司制 (Modern Corporation System)公司 (Company)公司法人 (CorporateLegal Person)公司治理 (CorporateGovernance)公司社会责任 (CorporateSocial Responsibility)股份有限公司 (Joint-stock Company)有限责任公司 (LimitedLiability Company)股东 (Shareholder)股份 (Share)股权 (Stock Right)董事会 (Board of Directors)监事会 (Board ofSupervisors)高级管理人员 (SeniorManagement)股东大会(Shareholders'Meeting)公司章程 (Articles ofAssociation)注册资本 (RegisteredCapital)实收资本 (Paid-inCapital)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)股利 (Dividend)股息率 (DividendRate)现金分红 (CashDividend)股票分红 (StockDividend)分红政策 (Dividend Policy)上市公司（Listed Company）发行股票（IssueStock）募集资金（RaiseFunds）首次公开募股（InitialPublic Offering）再融资（Refinancing）股票市场（Stock Market）证券交易所（StockExchange）证券监管机构（SecuritiesRegulatory Authority）证券法（SecuritiesLaw）证券合同（SecuritiesContract）股票价格（StockPrice）股票指数（StockIndex）市盈率（Price-earningsRatio）市净率（Price-bookRatio）市场效率（MarketEfficiency）投资者保护（Investor Protection）信息披露（InformationDisclosure）内幕交易（InsiderTrading）操纵市场（MarketManipulation）证券欺诈（SecuritiesFraud）十四、经营管理术语术语术语术语术语经营管理 (Business Management)经营目标 (BusinessObjective)经营策略 (BusinessStrategy)经营模式 (BusinessModel)经营效率 (BusinessEfficiency)经营效果 (Business Effectiveness)经营创新 (BusinessInnovation)经营风险 (BusinessRisk)经营伦理 (BusinessEthics)经营文化 (BusinessCulture)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(OrganizationalDesign)组织变革 (OrganizationalChange)组织发展 (OrganizationalDevelopment)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则(Coordination协调方法 (CoordinationMethod)协调技巧 (CoordinationSkill)Principle)控制 (Control)控制系统 (ControlSystem)控制过程 (ControlProcess)控制标准 (ControlStandard)控制反馈 (ControlFeedback)激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）资源（Resource）物质资源（MaterialResource）人力资源（HumanResource）财务资源（FinancialResource）信息资源（InformationResource）活动（Activity）生产活动（ProductionActivity）销售活动（SalesActivity）采购活动（PurchasingActivity）研发活动（Research andDevelopment Activity）目标（Objective）目标管理（ObjectiveManagement）目标设定（ObjectiveSetting）目标分解（ObjectiveDecomposition）目标评价（ObjectiveEvaluation）十五、公司金融术语术语术语术语术语公司金融 (CorporateFinance)投资决策 (InvestmentDecision)融资决策 (FinancingDecision)分红决策 (DividendDecision)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本预算 (Capital Budget)现金流量 (Cash Flow)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (InternalRate of Return)敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)风险分析 (Risk Analysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)证券市场线 (SecurityMarket Line)贝塔系数（Beta Coefficient）无风险利率（Risk-freeRate）市场风险溢价（MarketRisk Premium）资本市场线（CapitalMarket Line）有效边界（EfficientFrontier）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（OperatingLeverage Coefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（Leverage AdjustmentPrinciple）股权融资（Equity Financing）债务融资（DebtFinancing）权益融资（Quasi-equity Financing）混合融资（HybridFinancing）转换债券（ConvertibleBond）可赎回债券（Redeemable Bond）可交换债券（Exchangeable Bond）优先股（PreferredStock）可转换优先股（Convertible PreferredStock）权证（Warrant）十六、人力资源管理术语术语术语术语术语人力资源管理 (Human Resource Management)人力资源规划 (HumanResource Planning)人力资源分析 (HumanResource Analysis)人力资源需求 (HumanResource Demand)人力资源供给 (HumanResource Supply)招聘 (Recruitment)招聘渠道 (RecruitmentChannel)招聘广告 (RecruitmentAdvertisement)招聘成本 (RecruitmentCost)招聘效果 (RecruitmentEffectiveness)选拔 (Selection)选拔方法 (SelectionMethod)选拔标准 (SelectionCriterion)选拔工具 (SelectionTool)选拔过程 (SelectionProcess)培训 (Training)培训需求分析 (TrainingNeeds Analysis)培训目标 (TrainingObjective)培训内容 (TrainingContent)培训方法 (TrainingMethod)培训评估（Training Evaluation）培训效果（TrainingEffectiveness）培训反馈（TrainingFeedback）培训转移（TrainingTransfer）培训成本（TrainingCost）术语术语术语术语术语评估（Performance Appraisal）评估目的（PerformanceAppraisal Purpose）评估标准（PerformanceAppraisal Criterion）评估方法（PerformanceAppraisal Method）评估结果（PerformanceAppraisal Result）激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）薪酬（Compensation）薪酬结构（CompensationStructure）薪酬水平（CompensationLevel）薪酬调整（CompensationAdjustment）薪酬管理（CompensationManagement）十七、企业战略管理术语术语术语术语术语企业战略管理(Corporate Strategy Management)战略 (Strategy)战略管理过程(Strategy ManagementProcess)战略分析 (StrategyAnalysis)战略制定 (StrategyFormulation)战略实施 (Strategy Implementation)战略评估 (StrategyEvaluation)战略控制 (StrategyControl)战略调整 (StrategyAdjustment)战略创新 (StrategyInnovation)环境分析(Environmental Analysis)宏观环境分析 (Macro-environmentalAnalysis)行业环境分析 (IndustryEnvironmentalAnalysis)微观环境分析 (Micro-environmental Analysis)PEST分析法（PESTAnalysis Method）波特五力模型（Porter's Five Forces Model）SWOT分析法（SWOT AnalysisMethod）VRIO分析法（VRIOAnalysis Method）价值链分析法（ValueChain Analysis Method）核心竞争力分析法（Core CompetenceAnalysis Method）目标管理（Objective Management）SMART原则（SMART Principle）平衡计分卡（BalancedScorecard）关键绩效指标（KeyPerformance Indicator）目标层次结构（ObjectiveHierarchy）战略选择（StrategyChoice）战略类型（StrategyType）成本领先战略（CostLeadership Strategy）差异化战略（DifferentiationStrategy）聚焦战略（FocusStrategy）集团化战略（Diversification Strategy）垂直一体化战略（Vertical IntegrationStrategy）水平一体化战略（HorizontalIntegration Strategy）国际化战略（InternationalizationStrategy）蓝海战略（Blue OceanStrategy）。

工商管理专业英语词汇

工商管理专业英语词汇手册商学院2009年1月目录管理学 (3)组织行为学 (5)市场营销学 (11)经济学 (28)商务谈判 (34)财务管理 (40)质量管理 (47)管理学absenteeism缺勤率achievement-oriented leadership成就取向型领导acquisition购买adaptability适应性administrative ability行政管理能力administrator 行政人员advanced technology先进技术affection情感affiliation needs 归属的需要affiliation归属aggressiveness进取性antagonism 敌对appraisal tool评价工具appraisal鉴定approval procedure 批准程序approval批准aspiration抱负assessment 评估attitude态度authority职权autocratic leader专制式领导balance sheet资产负债表behavior science行为科学behavior表现board of director董事会bonus奖金budget预算business ethics competitive price有竞争力的价格business 商业capacity to produce生产能力capital outlay 资本支出capital shortage资金短缺cash flow现金流量cash position 现金状况company image公司形象company公司compensation报酬controlling 控制confidence信心conflict of interests利益冲突conflict 冲突conglomerate resource大型联合企业资源consistency strategy应变策略consistency一致性control device控制手段coordinate协调counselor顾问customer service strategy顾客服务策略delegation of authority授权democratic leader民主式领导demographic factor人口因素derivative policy派生政策desire欲望deviation偏差devotion 奉献discretion 灵活性diversification多种经营dividend股息division general manager分公司总经理dynamic 动态的eclectic折中economic system经济体系effectiveness 效果efficiency效率end result 最终结果enterprise企业enthusiasm热情entrepreneur企业家equipment 设备esteem needs尊敬的需要esteem尊敬expense account开支帐户external environment外部环境feasibility可行性feedback反馈flexible灵活的followership追随franchise 特许经营free-rein leader自由放任式领导general manager总经理geographic factor地理因素group objective 集体目标growth goal增长目标human input人力投入human relation人际关系hygiene motivator保健激励因素individuality个性industry产业ingredient要素innovation 创新inspection record检验记录inspire鼓舞instrumental leadership 指导型领导intelligence智力internal environment内部环境interpersonal skills人际交往能力inventory 存货joint venture 合资企业labor dispute劳资纠纷labor-hour工时latitude自主权law法律layoff解雇leader behavior领导行为leading 领导liquidation strategy 破产政策loyalty忠诚machine-hour机时machinery机器maintenance 维持major decision主要决定management by objectives目标管理managerial decision管理决策商业道德managerial function管理职能manager经理market share市场占有率merit system考绩制度mission/ objective 目标modern operational management现代经营管理morale士气motivate 激励motivational techniques激励方法motivation激励needs for self-actualization自我实现的需要obedience 服从opportunity机会optimistic乐观的organizational culture组织文化organizing 组织overall budget总预算participative leadership参与型领导payroll工资表performance业绩performance业绩personal interest个人利益persistence毅力personal responsibility个人责任personal worth个人价值personality性格pervasiveness fear普遍性忧虑pessimistic悲观的physiological needs生理的需要planning计划power权利policy 政策portfolio matrix资产组合距阵practitioner实际工作者prejudice偏见pressure 压力primacy 领先性principle原理priority 优先probability概率procedure程序process步骤procurement采购productivity生产率productivity生产率product产品product line产品系列profitability利润率public responsibility社会责任profit利润promotion晋升program规划proprietary product专利产品psychology心理学public relation公共关系quality of products产品质量quantitative objective 定量目标定性目标record of labor-hours lost误工记录recruit招聘regulation 法规reinforcement theory强化理论resentment 忿恨resistance 抵制responsibility职责retail零售retrenchment strategy紧缩政策return on investment投资回报review审查reward奖励rival竞争对手rule规则safety安全sales volume销售量satisfaction满意satisfaction满足scientific management 科学管理staffing人事supervisor主管人员security needs 安全的需要select 选拔self-actualization自我实现service服务sick leave病假size of the organization组织规模static 静止的status地位stock option 股票期权strength优势structure结构style 作风subconscious潜意识subordinate下级supplier供货商supportive leadership支持型领导surplus盈余synergy共同作用tactics战术tax rate 税收率technique方法the commitment principle投入原则the contingency approach随机制宜法the cooperative social systems approach协作社会系统法the decision theory approach 决策理论法the empirical approach经验法the group behavior approach集体行为法the interpersonal behavior approach人际行为法the mathematical approach数学法the managerial grid管理方格图the managerial roles approach管理任务法the operational approach经营法the social-technical systems approach社会技术系统法the systems approach系统法threat威胁train 培训trait 品质turnover人员流动vacation休假value 价值vendor 小贩wage rate工资率weakness 弱点welfare 福利wholesale批发work efficiency工作效率zeal热诚组织行为学absences 缺勤achievement motivation 成就动机acquired immune deficiency syndrome( aids )爱滋病action research 行动研究active listening 主动的倾听adult ego state) 成人自我心态affiliation motivation 亲和动机affirmative action 认可性行动alienation疏离appraisal interview考评面谈area of job freedom工作自由领域assertiveness果断at-risk pay风险工资attitudes态度attribution归因autocratic leaders独裁型领导者autocratic model独裁模型autonomy自主baseline information基准信息bases of power权力基础behavioral bias行为偏见behavioral intentions行为意向biofeedback生理反馈body language身体语言boundary roles边缘角色boundary spanners边界人员brainstorming头脑风暴法change agents变革顾问changing变革charisma领导魅力child ego state儿童自我心态clarified thinking澄清思维closed-end questions封闭式问题closed questions集中式问题cluster chain簇式沟通链coach教练codetermination协同决定coercive power强制性权力cognitive dissonance认知失调cohesiveness凝聚力collectivism集体主义collegial model合作模型committee委员会communication沟通communication overload 沟通过度communication process沟通过程comparable worth可比较的价值competence motivation能力动机complementary transaction互补式交互作用complete pay program完全工资方案conceptual skills概念技能conditional strokes有条件的肯定conflict冲突conformity服从confronting正视consensus一致意见consideration关怀consultative management协商式管理contingency approach to ob ob的权变方法contingency model of leadership领导的权变模型core dimension工作的核心维度corrective discipline纠正性纪律cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析cost-reward comparison成本回报比较counseling咨询服务counseling functions咨询功能credibility gap信用差距cross-cultural communication跨文化沟通crossed transaction交叉式交互作用cultural contingency文化权变cultural distance文化距离cultural diversity文化多样性cultural empathy文化认同cultural shock文化冲击custodial model监护模型decision-making model of leadership领导的决策模型defensive reasoning防御型推理deferred judgment延迟判断delegation授权development level发展程度devil's advocate魔鬼代言人dialectic decision method( ddm) 辩证决策法directive counseling指导式咨询discharge解雇discipline纪律discrimination歧视division of work工作划分double-loop learning双回路学习downward communication下行沟通drives驱力dysfunctional effect消极影响ecological control生态控制economic incentive system经济刺激系统ego states自我心态elaborating夸大electronic brainstorming电子化头脑风暴法electronic grapevine电子化的小道消息electronic mail ( e-mail) 电子邮件electronic monitoring电子监控emotional catharsis感情宣泄employee assistance program支持员工方案employee ownership员工所有制employee territories员工领地employment enrichment就业丰富化empowerment授权enhancers for leadership领导的放大器enriched sociotechnical work system丰富的社会技术工作体系equal employment opportunity ( eeo) 均等就业机会equal pay act of 1963 1963年公平报酬法案equity sensitivity公平敏感度equity theory公平理论e-r-g model e-r-g模型escalating commitment投入的升级ethical imperative道德约束ethical leadership有道德的领导ethical treatment有道德的对待ethnocentrism民族优越感existence needs生存需要expatriates外派人员expectancy期望expectancy model期望模型experiential learning体验式学习expert power专家性权力extinction消退extrinsic motivators外部激励因素face saving维持脸面facilitators协调员fact premises事实前提feedback反馈feedback-seeking behavior寻求反馈的行为feminine societies女性化社会filtering过滤flexible work schedule弹性工作时间表followership skills追随性技能formal groups正式群体free-rein leaders无控制的领导者frustration挫折感functional effect有益效果fundamental attribution bias基本归因偏差gain sharing收益分享gain-sharing plan收益分享计划genetic monitoring基因监控genetic testing基因测试geocentric organizations地球中心组织goal setting目标设置goals目标goals of organizational behavior组织行为的研究目标gossip chain流言链grapevine小道消息group decision support system群体决策支持系统group dynamics群体动态性groupthink群体思维growth need成长需要hawthorne effect霍桑效应hidden agendas隐蔽的情绪hierarchy of needs需要层级high context culture高度情境文化higher-order needs高级需要holistic ob 整体obhomeostasis内平衡honesty tests诚实测试human relations人际关系human resources approach to ob ｏｂ的人力资源方法human skill人际技能humanistic values人文价值观hygiene factors保健因素iceberg model of counseling冰山咨询模型impairment testing机能损伤测试imposter phenomenon骗子现象impression management印象管理incentives诱因individual differences个体差异individualism个体主义individualization个性化industrial democracy企业民主inference推断informal groups非正式群体informal leader非正式的领导者informal organization非正式组织information technology信息技术initiation of action行为的触发inputs投入instrumentality工具性interventions干预intrinsic motivators内源性动机因素job breadth工作广度job content工作内容job context工作环境job depth工作深度job diagnostic survey工作诊断调查job enlargement工作扩大化job enrichment工作丰富化job involvement工作投入job rotation工作轮换job satisfaction工作满意度job satisfaction survey工作满意度调查job scope工作范围just-in-time training即时培训kaizen改善lateral communication同级沟通law of diminishing returns回报递减法则law of effect效果法则law of individual differences个体差异性法则layoff survivor's sickness裁员幸存者忧虑症leader-member exchange model领导者－成员交换模型leader-member relations领导者－成员关系leader-position power领导者的职位权力leadership领导leadership style领导风格learned helplessness习得性无助legitimacy of organizational influence组织影响的合法性legitimate power法定性权力liaison individuals传播小道消息的人life position人生立场linking pin联结点locus of control控制点long-term orientation长期取向loose rates宽松的标准low context culture低度背景文化lower-order needs低级需要macro motivation宏观激励management by objectives ( mbo) 目标管理management by walking around ( mbwa) 走动式管理managerial grid管理方格论manipulation of people操纵别人masculine societies男性化社会matrix organization矩阵组织mechanistic organization机械化的组织mentor辅导员micro motivation微观激励middle-management committees中层管理委员会mission使命models of ob组织行为模型morale士气motivating potential score ( mps) 激励潜在指数动机motivationmotivational factors激励因素multi-skilling多面手multiculturalism多元文化主义multinational organizations跨国组织mutuality of interest互惠利益natural work module自然工作模块natural work team自然工作团队negative reinforcement阴性强化negative strokes负面肯定neighborhoods of offices相邻办公室network关系网network charts网络图networking组网行为neutralizers缓冲器noise噪音nominal group名义组织nondirective counseling非指导式咨询nonverbal communication非语言沟通norm of reciprocity互助规范norms规范ombudsperson咨询员open-book management开放式管理open-door policy开门政策open-end questions开放式问题open questions开放问题open system开放系统operant conditioning操作条件作用organic organizations有机的组织organization development ( od) 组织开发organizational behavior ( ob) 组织行为学organizational behavior modification ( ob mod) 组织行为校正organizational behavior system组织行为系统organizational citizens组织公民organizational citizenship behavior组织公民的行为organizational commitment组织忠诚度organizational culture组织文化organizational learning curve for change组织变革学习曲线organizational politics组织政治organizational socialization组织社会化outcomes结果/产出output restriction产出限制over participation参与过度paper-and-pencil test纸-笔测验paradigms范式parent ego state家长式自我心态parochialism乡土观念participation参与participative counseling参与式咨询participative leaders参与型领导者participative management参与型管理path-goal leadership路径－目标领导perceived control知觉到的控制perception知觉perceptual set知觉定式performance appraisal绩效评估performance feedback绩效反馈performance gaps绩效偏差performance monitoring绩效监视performance-satisfaction-effort loop绩效－满意－努力环路personal barriers个人障碍personal power个性权力personal wellness个人幸福philosophy of ob组织行为哲学physical barriers物理障碍physical withdrawal行为退化piece rate计件工资polarization极端化political power政治权力politics政治polygraph多导仪positive reinforcement阳性强化positive strokes正面的肯定post-traumatic stress disorder创伤后遗症power权力power distance权力距离power motivation权力动机practice实践prejudice偏见preventive discipline预防性纪律primary needs基本需要primary outcomes首要产出proactive主动procedure工作程序process consultation进展咨询productivity劳动生产率profit sharing利润分享progressive discipline累进式纪律psychic costs精神代价psychological contract心理契约psychological distance心理距离psychological stress evaluator心理压力测评器psychological support心理支持psychological withdrawal心理退化punishment惩罚quality circles质量小组quality of work life ( qwl) 工作生活质量quick fixes快速到位rate setting标准设定reactive反应性的readability可读性realistic job previews实际工作预览reference group参照群体refreezing巩固reinforcement强化reinforcement, continuous连续性强化reinforcement, fixed-interval固定间隔的强化reinforcement, fixed-ratio固定比率的强化reinforcement, variable-interval可变间隔的强化reinforcement, variable-ratio可变比率的强化程序reinforcement schedules强化程序relatedness need关系需要relaxation response放松反应reliability信度reorientation再定位repatriation归国人员research研究resilience弹性resistance to change对变革的抵制result-oriented approach to obｏｂ的结果导向方法retraining再培训reverse cultural shock逆向文化冲击reward power奖赏权力rights of privacy隐私权risky shift风险偏移role角色role ambiguity角色模糊role conflict角色冲突role models角色模型role perceptions角色知觉rumor谣言sabbatical leaves安息日假期sanctions奖惩制度secondary needs次级需要secondary outcomes次级产出selective perception选择性知觉self-actualization自我实现self-appraisal自我评价self-concept自我概念self-efficacy自我效能感self-fulfilling prophecy自我实现预期self-leadership自我领导self-managing teams自我管理团队self-perceived task ability自己知觉的工作能力self-serving bias自我服务偏差semantic barriers语义障碍semantics语义学sexual harassment性骚扰shaping塑造short-circuiting超近路short-term orientation短期取向single-loop learning单路学习situational leadership model情境领导模型skill-based pay技能工资skill variety技能多样化social cues社会线索social culture社会文化social desirability bias社会赞许性偏差social equilibrium社会均衡social facilitation群体敦促social information processing社会信息处理socialization社会化social leader社交领导social learning theory社会学习理论social loafing群体惰性social desirable responses社会赞许性反应social responsibility社会责任social support社会支持social system社会系统socioeconomic model of decision making决策的经济社会模型sociotechnical system ( sts) approach社会技术系统模型spillover effect溢出效应stages of team development组织发展的演变status地位status anxiety地位焦虑status deprivation地位丧失status symbols地位象征status system地位系统stress压力stressors压力源stress-performance model压力—绩效模型stress threshold压力阀stroking肯定structure结构substitutes for leadership领导的替代品suggestion programs建议计划super leadership超级领导superordinate goal超凡的目标supportive model支持模型surface agenda表面议题surveillance devices监视设施systems approach to obob的系统方法tardiness迟到task identity任务完整性task leader任务领导task significance任务的重要性task structure任务结构task support任务支持task team任务团队team building团队建设teamwork团队合作technical skill技术技能telecommuting电子通勤theft偷窃行为theories理论theory xｘ理论theory yｙ理论theory zｚ理论360-degree feedback３６０度反馈total quality management tqm全面质量管理training multiplier effect培训放大效应traits特质transactional analysis(ta)交互作用分析tran cultural employees跨文化员工transfer of training培训转换transformational leaders转换型领导者trauma创伤triple-reward system三方受益的系统trust信任tunnel vision管窥turnover离职率two-factor model of motivation双因素激励模型two-way communication process双向沟通过程type a people a型人type b people b型人uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避unconditional strokes无条件肯定under participation参与不足unfreezing解冻upward communication上行沟通valence效价validity效度value premises价值观假设valuing diversity重视多样化violence暴力行为virtual offices虚拟办公室vision远景wage incentives奖金刺激whistle-blowing内部员工揭发willingness to accept the influence of others接受他人影响的意愿win-win outcome of conflict冲突的双赢结果work change工作变革work ethic工作伦理workplace trauma工作场所创伤workplace violence工作场所的暴力行为xenophobia排外市场营销学absorption of costs 成本分配accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略acquisition new-product development strategy 新产品开发收购战略activity-based costing 以活动为基础的成本系统adaptability 适应性adaptation to market variations 适应市场变化adaptive positioning 适应性定位additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加adequate size 准确的大小/足够的规模administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统administrative relationships 管理关系adopter categories 采购者的类型adoption process 采购过程advertising and market segmentation 广告与市场细分advertising and sales promotion 广告和销售促进advertising effects 广告效果advertising ethics 广告伦理道德advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising message 广告信息advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising source 广告信息来源advertising 广告aerobic enthusiasts 增氧健身运动爱好者aesthetics 美感affinity club 同族俱乐部after tests 事后测试agent middleman 代理商agent/merchant middleman 代理中间商allowance 折让alteration 退换AMA Code of Ethics 美国营销协会职业道德标准亚马逊公司American Airlines 美国航空公司American Express 美国运通American Marketing Association 美国营销协会analysis of data 数据分析analyzer strategy 分析者战略Anderson 安达信annual marketing plan 年度营销计划annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求计划anticipatory positioning 预见性定位anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法anti-trust legislation 反托拉斯立法Apple Computers 苹果电脑area structure 地区结构aspiration/expectation level 渴望/期望水平aspirations of consumers 消费者渴望assurance 保证AT&T 美国电话电报公司ATM (automatic teller machine) 银行自动柜员机attitudes of consumers 消费者态度attributes 属性audiences 受众auto repair 汽车维修automation services 自动服务automobile industry 汽车产业autonomy 自主权availability 可获得性/供货能力Avon 雅芳awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要Bausch & Lomb 博士伦BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioral analysis 行为分析behavioral hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单biological revolution 生物革命birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试Blockbusterblue collars 蓝领BMW 宝马Boeing 波音bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局Burger King 汉堡王business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略Business Week 《商业周刊》buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power index (BPI) 购买力指数buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务cable TV 有线电视Cadillac 凯迪拉克capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺Cherokee 切诺基Chevrolet 雪佛莱choice criteria 选择标准Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥（世界著名时装品牌）Chrysler 克莱斯勒Citi Corp 花旗银行closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商CNN 美国有线新闻网co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案Comdex 计算机展销会commercialization 商业化commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营）范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制data collection 数据收集data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing a adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication （媒体）重复DuPont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性early vs. late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率Electrolux 伊莱克斯emergency goods 急需品Emerson Electric 爱默生电气emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围。

工商专业术语

Unit 1sole proprietorship个体经营，个体户board directors董事law firm 法律事务所accounting firm 会计事务所real estate firm 房地产公司unlimited liability无限责任personal property个人资产human resources management 人力资源管理general partners普通合伙人limited partners(special partners)责任有限合伙人extend credit提供信贷legal framework 法律框架internal conflict 内部纷争buy out 买断raise capital筹资withdraw capital撤资well-being (of the firm) 企业良性运行；企业的健康状况day-to-day management of the company企业的日常管理sales revenue 销售收入separated ownership and management 所有权与经营分离income taxes所得税double taxation 双重征税corporate charter 公司章程industrial relations劳资关系annual report 年度报告sole proprietor个体业主go broke破产BOD董事会legal person法人bonds债权collateral抵押物loan against collateral 抵押贷款dividends股息，分红royalty特许权，加盟费listed company上市公司unit 24 Ps': product, price, promotion and place. 四个P，即产品、价格、促销和分销。

marketing mix 营销组合market segmentation 市场细分product-oriented 产品导向personal selling 当面推销bulk buying 大宗购买discount price 打折销售channels of distribution 分销渠道，销售渠道product-use variable 产品用途因素marketing plan 营销计划书marketing implementation 营销实施marketing budget 营销预算marketing control 营销控制selling concept 销售观念customer value 顾客价值marketing concept 营销观念unit3after-sale service 售后服务consumer products 消费商品industrial products 工业产品convenience goods 方便产品shopping goods （货比三家后选购的）商品special goods 特色商品、特种商品production costs 生产成本a pilot model 样品、样机pricing policy 价格政策target market segment 预定市场advertising strategy 广告策略；宣传策略distribution channel 分配／派送渠道low price strategy 低价战略marketing strategy 营销战略profit-oriented objectives 利润导向型目标sale-oriented objectives 销售额导向性目标follow-the-leader objective 跟进型目标equilibrium price 均衡点价格breaking-even analysis 盈亏平衡点分析unit 4channels of distribution 分配渠道wholesaler 批发商intermediary 中间商rack jobber 货架批发商cash-and-carry 付款提货retailer 零售商discount store 平价商店、打折商店hypermarket 巨型超级市场general store 杂货商店specialty store 特种商店；特色商店prospective buyer 可能的买主；可能的客户insurance policy 保险保单；保险政策mail-order house 邮购公司catalogue store 邮购商店vending machines 自动售货机virtual store 虚拟商店；网络商店time utility 时间上的方便place utility 地点上的方便ownership utility 获得拥有权上的方便information utility 信息上的方便form utility 产品成型上的方便high-tech product 高科技产品retail outlet 零售店physical distribution 物质分配low-cost rate 低价格运费truck cargo 卡车运送的货物restricted coverage 受限制的运送X围unit5appreciation 升值promotion mix 促销组合product advertising 产品广告institutional advertising 厂商整体形象广告positive image 正面形象outdoor billboard 户外广告牌mass media或mass mediums 大众媒体specialist magazine 专业杂志advertising agency 广告代理公司commission 佣金personal selling 个人推销术point-of-sale display 销售点上的演示objections advertising media 目标广告媒介sales promotion 促销push strategy 推销战略pull strategy 吸引顾客战略consumer buying motives 顾客购买动机industrial buying motives 企业购买动机point-of-purchase displays 销售点展示unit6appreciation 升值bank balance 银行存款余额banker’s acceptance 银行承兑cash dispenser (GB) or ATM (automated teller machine)(US) 自动出纳机credit cards 信用卡debit card 借记卡currency exchange 货币兑换current account （GB）or checking account （US）活期账户demand deposit 活期存款，活期储蓄denomination 面值deposit account (GB) or time or notice account (US) 定期账户depreciation 贬值discount rates贴现率electronic funds transfer (EFT) 电子资金转账exchange rates 汇率financial counseling 理财咨询home mortgage 住房抵押dopositor 存款人fluctuation 波动legal tender 法定货币letter of credit 信用证medium of exchange 交换媒体money market 货币市场，短期资金市场mutual fund 共同基金pension fund 养老基金primium 保险费overdraft 透支prime rates 基础利率savings accounts 存款账户standard unit of value 标准价值单位Federal Reserve Syetem美国联邦储备局Fed 美联储reserve requirements 储备金要求discont rate 贴现率open-market operation 公开市场运作vault 金库Unit7account payable 应付账款account receivable 应收账款compensation balance 补偿余额corporate bond 公司债券creditor 债权人debt capital 债务资本draft 汇票equity capital 权益资本face/par value 面值factor 贴现商fixed rate of interest 固定利息率interest 利息inventory 库存liquidation 清算marketable securities 易售的证券maturity date 到期日preferred stock 优先股common stock 普通股blue chip 蓝筹股，绩优股principal 本金promissory note 本票redemption premium 赎金revolving credit 循环信用terms of the interest payment利息支付条件Unit9securities market 证券市场issuing company (证券)发行公司underwriter (证券)承销商broker 经纪人dealers 交易商stock exchange 股票交易所stock brokerage 股票经销商(公司) shareholder / stockholder 股东primary markets 初级市场secondary markets 二级市场liquidation 清算initial public offering (IPO) speculators 投机者investors 投资者corporate bonds 企业债券Treasury bonds(美国政府发行的债券) speculative issue收益与风险俱大的股票Unit10risk management 风险管理works-in-process 半成品hedging 套期保值risk-sharing mechanism风险分担机制premium 保险费insurable interest 可保利益indemnity 应得补偿compensation 补偿；赔偿insurable risk 可保风险property insurance 财产险marine insurance 海险aviation insurance 航空险liability insurance 责任险workers’ compensation 工伤赔偿split-liability 责任分担collision insurance 碰撞险no-fault auto insurance无过错汽车险life insurance 寿险term life insurance 简单寿险limited payment life insurance定期寿险endowment life insurance 增值寿险straight life insurance 完全寿险group life insurance 集体寿险key person insurance 关键人寿险credit life insurance 信贷寿险fidelity bond 忠诚险surety bond 履行义务险首发上市股Unit11Tpyes of law: 法律的分类1) common law普通法2) statutory law 成文法3) regulatory law 行政法Tpyes of business law: 商法的分类1) contract law 合同法2) property law 财产法3) agency law 代理法4) tort law 侵权法5) bankruptcy law 破产法6) laws relating to negotiable instruments 涉与可兑现票据法Types of property: 财产的分类1) tangible real property 有形不动产2)tangible personal property有形动产3)intangible personal property无形动产Categories of intellectual properties rights: 知识产权的分类1) trademark 商标2) patent 专利3) copyrightvoluntary agreement 自愿缔约meeting of the minds 合意fraudulent manipulation 欺诈操纵breach of contract 违约title to property 财产所有权cash on delivery (COD)货到付款，交货付现free on board (FOB) 离岸价格negotiable instrument 票据certificate of deposit存款单blank endorsement 普通背书restrictive endorsement(指定用途的)限制性背书special endorsement(指定收票人的)特种背书qualified endorsement 限定性背书without recourse 不可追索power of attorney 委任书terms of reference 授权X围petition for bankruptcy 破产申请extension agreement 延展协议liquidation plan 清算方案Unit12expertise: n. 专门知识或技能（尤指在某一领域）incentive: n. 刺激；奖励subsidy: n. 津贴，补贴；补助金absolute advantage 绝对优势comparative advantage 相对优势specialization 专业化sanction 制裁license arrangement 特许协议branch office 分部、分行joint venture 合资企业direct investment 直接投资exclusive agent 独家代理licensee n. 购买特许者foreign-owned enterprise 外资企业outsourcing 外包research and development centre研发中心multinational corporation 跨国公司foreign exchange 外汇exchange rate 汇率quotation 外汇牌价forward exchange rate 远期汇率spot rate 现期汇率trade barrier 贸易壁垒strategic military materials战略军事物资tariffs 关税revenue tariff 财政关税protective tariff 保护关税import surtax 进口附加税countervailing duty 反补贴税anti-dumping duty 反倾销税variable levy 差价税specific duty 从量税ad valorem duty 从价税compound duty 混合税alternative duty 选择税non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒quota 配额voluntary export quota 自愿出口配额import license 进口许可证foreign exchange control 外汇控制state monopoly 国家垄断government procurement 政府采购trade protectionism 贸易保护主义Unit13line and staff management 直线和职能管理，业务与幕僚管理matrix structure 矩阵型组织informal organization 非正式结构chain command 指挥链，指令链hierarchical structure统属结构，等级结构corrective measure 矫正措施chief executive officer首席执行官human skills 人际关系技能conceptual skills 概括技能technical skills 操作技能bottom-line manager一线经理，基层经理proven track record被实践证明的业绩记录headhunter 猎头公司job specialization 工作专业化departmentalization 部门化unity command 统一指挥line authority 直线职权staff authority 职能（部门的）职权line-and-staff organization直线—职能混合型组织responsibility 责任delegation 分权，授权span of management管理跨度，管理幅度hierarchical levels管理层次，组织结构层次functional organization按功能划分部门的组织divisional organization按事业部划分的组织division manager部门经理，事业部经理generalist 经验全面的人才，通才matrix organization 矩阵型组织standing committee 常设委员会ad hoc committee 特别委员会SWOT analysis 对（一个组织的）优势、弱点、机遇和威胁的分析Unit14human resources management 人力资源观管理job specification工作要求personal references个人简历management development programs 管理培训项目gain-sharing 收益分成Unit15Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management. 弗雷德里克·泰罗的著作《科学管理原理》Hawthorne effect 霍桑效应：指工人学生等因受到研究人员的关注而需要增加产量或提高成绩；受人关注带来的提高或进步。

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