撒旦意象赏析――读弥尔顿《失乐园》-最新文档资料

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试析《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象

试析《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象

约翰・弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。

他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。

革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》和《为英国人民申辩》等文章,轰动整个欧洲。

王权复辟后,弥尔顿的著作被焚毁,个人遭监禁,但他仍然坚持革命立场,在双目失明,经济拮据的困境中坚持完成了三大诗作《失乐园》(1667)、《复乐园》(1671)和《力士参孙》(1671)。

1674年诗人与世长辞。

《失乐园》是弥尔顿最伟大的作品。

它借用圣经故事,用史诗的形式表现了人类最初的演变和人类历史上反复出现的变革斗争。

全书共十二卷,描述了撒旦反抗上帝,战败后设计复仇,偷入上帝创造的伊甸园,引诱夏娃偷食禁果,以致人类始祖被逐出伊甸乐园,开始沉沦的故事。

诗篇大量运用圣经人物意象,将撒旦和亚当、夏娃刻画得栩栩如生,从而也将主题表现得淋漓尽致。

但是对于撒旦这个形象的理解历来众说纷纭,中国读者传统上大都把他看作一个反抗强权的革命英雄。

这一方面是受我国文学政治化倾向的影响,结合弥尔顿的生平和创作这部作品时的处境,很自然地得出这样的结论。

另一方面也是西方浪漫派诗人的影响所至。

浪漫主义诗人布莱克、拜伦、雪莱等对这个形象所体现的崇高的英雄气概推崇备至。

他们相信撒旦在史诗中被作者塑造成了真正的英雄。

虽然撒旦的形象错综复杂,充满矛盾,但在层层迷雾之下,我们依然可以看清弥尔顿笔下的撒旦始终是魔鬼的化身,教唆人类堕落的元凶。

作为一位虔诚的清教徒,弥尔顿始终认为上帝是公平、正义、仁爱的,他决不容许自己对上帝有不敬的言行。

同时,17世纪的英国人长期受基督教文化的耳濡目染,民族悠久的传统文化、传统道德给人们的行为规范、思维方式造成的深层的心理定势,使他们对亵渎上帝的行为难以接受的。

这自然也会无形中对诗人的创作产生影响。

浅析_失乐园_中反抗者撒旦的英雄气概

浅析_失乐园_中反抗者撒旦的英雄气概
弥尔顿在作品中故意不突出其中的英雄,这一模棱两可 性过于通透而不可能是无心之举。而看起来这更像是弥尔顿 希望通过带领读者在每一个人物的意识中作一番旅行,将这 样一首史诗构建于其英语和基督教文化之上,开发出自由和
责任感的每一个层面。作为叙述者,弥尔顿这样对圣子说: “我如今又大胆地鼓翼重来寻访你,我虽然久被拘留在幽暗 里面,歌咏‘混沌’和‘永恒的夜’,翱翔着,先向下方幽 冥界降落,再向上方返航升起,冒险飞进。”(3:3-20)弥尔 顿将他这种寓言式的在天国和地球上的跋涉描述为跟阿涅俄 斯,奥德赛或阿溪里的旅行十分相识的“模糊的逗留”。虽 然他双目失明,他以叙述者的身份像其他盲人预言家那样解 释说他被赐予了别的天赋可以弥补他的身体缺陷。
理,那么,任何幻想或虚构都必须切近真实。
注释:
贺拉斯文艺创作的三原则,是对亚里士多德思想的定型 ①多米尼克·塞克里坦.艾小明译.古典主义[M].北京:昆
化和系统化,不但传播了亚里士多德的古典现实主义理论, 仑出版社,1989.
而且他所表达的古典艺术理想和制定的一套古典艺术原则, ②王焕生.古罗马文学批评史纲[ M ] .南京:译林出版社,
不着形迹到井然有序的演变过程。 尽管这一描述刻画了世界 隽语更好的总结了这一点:“我们最终的希望就是彻底的绝
的构造,但其终点似乎在于魔鬼的现身,因为弥尔顿将他视 望” (II:142-143)。
60 为一个自由,有理性的、完全的意识主体。从这一点上说,
人和撒旦的不同随着情节的铺开而逐渐显露出来。亚当
是一套12卷本的素体无韵诗,大概写于1658—1663,1657年 方的迷失是永恒的。随着对于他的堕落了解的深入,亚当对
出版,它以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落并评 夏娃的安慰深表哀叹并予以摒弃。 夏娃没有放弃并最终让他

浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象

浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象

龙源期刊网 浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象作者:何其琪来源:《资治文摘》2017年第04期Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse written by British poet John Milton in the17thcentury。

John Milton first shapes a negative character Satan as a hero in the field of literature。

It subverts the conventional concept and integrates social ideals firmly。

Satan is not only an unyielding and rebellious hero but also a degenerate and cunning conspirator。

In this story,the formation of the double images of Satan makes the ideological content of the story sublimated。

Satan and his followers intend to fight against God。

They hold a meeting to discuss whether to have an adventure at the risk of life or not in order to rebuild their paradise。

Satan bravely volunteers to explore the new world race。

He insists on being against God on condition that his followers are begging for forgiveness。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析作者:董亚楠来源:《青年文学家》2019年第23期摘; 要:弥尔顿的作品《失乐园》完成在十七世纪的英国,那时的英国宗教信仰色彩非常浓厚,人们都信奉上帝是完美的、不容置疑的。

《失乐园》中撒旦的形象却是要与上帝斗争到底的一个神灵,在失败之后不反省自己,还继续与上帝抗争,最后把灾难带去人间。

但是对于撒旦形象的认识很多人的观点都不一致,有称赞其抗争精神的,也有反对其对抗上帝行为的,因此撒旦的形象是很复杂的,很难有统一的定论。

本文就《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性进行论析。

关键词:《失乐园》;撒旦;形象;复杂[中图分类号]:I106; [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2019)-23-0-02弥尔顿,英国的政治家和学者,著有史诗《失乐园》,和荷马的《荷马史诗》、但丁的《神曲》并列称为西方的三大诗歌。

弥尔顿生长在一个生活富足的家庭里,父母也都是清教徒。

这样的成长环境为弥尔顿的文学作品提供了很多灵感,让他对文学充满热爱,对宗教文学更是迷恋,他的文学作品里都包含着宗教的成分。

在他的史诗作品《失乐园》里面主要描述了撒旦先是聚集一部分天使来对抗上帝,失败后被逐出天堂。

随后又通过各种手段潜入伊甸园,通过诱骗,成功使得亚当与夏娃偷吃了伊甸园里知识树上面的禁果,导致亚当和夏娃被上帝责罚赶出伊甸园的故事。

还有撒旦与上帝强烈的对抗行为也是《失乐园》中的精彩部分,最后撒旦的结局就是和其同伙一起被变成了蛇,受到了应有的惩罚。

在作品里,撒旦的形象塑造是非常复杂与多面性的,我们要全面分析才能更好地来解读这一人物形象。

一、弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象撒旦在《失乐园》里的形象不能从一个角度进行单一的定论,不同的人就有不同的理解角度,有人持肯定态度,有人持否定态度,也有人保持中立。

从肯定的角度来看,撒旦身上散发着一种贵族气概,有一定的领袖精神,带领着众人开启革命的道路,也许不一定会有收获,但是也能够笼络人心,有着很强的斗争反抗的精神,可以描述为一个英雄的形象。

《失乐园》中撒旦的形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦的形象分析

的双亲 , 然而他们却始 终处在蒙 昧之 中而 不 自知 。为了破坏 上帝的统治 , 也 出于对 二人 的 同情 , 撒旦 最终 选择 通 过使 他 们离开伊甸园从而逃脱上帝 的掌控 。
( 二) 堕落形象。英 国作家 和评 论家 刘易斯 曾言 : “ 从英 雄 到将领 , 从 将 领到 政 客 , 从 政 客到 密 探 , 从 密探 到 一 个无 赖, 从卧室或浴室 的窗 口向内窥视 , 又 到蟾蜍 , 最后 到蛇——
故事 。这部 史诗体现 了弥尔顿作 为虔诚 的清教徒 和激进的革命者之 间的 冲突, 表 达 了他对独裁统 治的厌 恶和 对 自 由平等的渴望 。这部作品 带给读者启迪 与思考 , 也具有很 高的研 究价值 , 值得深 究。
【 关键词 】 失 乐园; 撒旦 ; 英雄 ; 堕落; 矛盾
【 作者简介】 田雨佳( 1 9 9 5 . 5~ ) , 河北张家口 人; 河北大学外国语学院学生
这就是撒 旦的发展过程 。 ” _ 2
经中 , 他是反抗上 帝的堕天使。他在上 帝面前 控诉信 徒的过
错, 他将 百姓 们陷入贫穷困苦之 中。他 变成古 蛇引诱 亚 当和
夏娃偷食禁果 , 使 他们 被逐出伊甸 园。他也 曾和米迦 勒争夺
神最忠诚 的Βιβλιοθήκη 人——摩西 的尸 体 。总而 言之 , 他是反 抗世界


引 言
名的一段诗反映 了撒旦 的心声 : “ 打败 了又有什 么? 并不是一切都完 了! 不屈 的意志 , 复仇 的决心 , 永恒 的仇恨 , 绝不低头认输 的勇气 , 都没有被压倒 , 此外还有什 么? 他发火也 好 , 用武也罢 , 都难 以从我身上夺得 胜利 的光 荣。 ” 【 1 尽管看起来撒 旦屡 屡 挑起 战争 , 不 好 和平 , 可是 他 却是

撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象:反叛的英雄和堕落的魔鬼

撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象:反叛的英雄和堕落的魔鬼

2021-05文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象:反叛的英雄和堕落的魔鬼曹宸源(对外经济贸易大学,北京100029)摘要:本文将从弥尔顿本人的角度来研究《失乐园》中撒旦的形象。

传统研究将撒旦归类为叛逆的英雄或邪恶的魔鬼。

本文从弥尔顿的视角和他所要表达的内容出发,阐述了撒旦同时作为叛逆的英雄和堕落的魔鬼的形象,而不是把撒旦划分为单一的好的或坏的形象。

关键词:弥尔顿;《失乐园》;撒旦形象中图分类号:I561.072文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-5312(2021)15-0058-02DOI:10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.15.027一、介绍约翰·弥尔顿是英国诗人和知识分子,曾在英联邦国务委员会,在奥利弗·克伦威尔领导下担任公务员。

他以《失乐园》而闻名,这部作品被广泛认为是英国最伟大的史诗。

弥尔顿的《失乐园》中的撒旦是文学史上最具活力、最复杂的人物之一。

要分析撒旦,关注弥尔顿是至关重要的。

《失乐园》讲述大天使长撒旦因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱,他并没有屈服,而是在地狱建起万魔殿,商议推翻上帝的统治。

为了复仇,他决定进入伊甸园,变成一条蛇引诱亚当和夏娃,他们受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱,偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的知识树上的果子。

最终,亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园,离开了乐园,这也是名称失乐园的由来。

撒旦形象的复杂性使其成为其中主要人物。

与扁平人物不同,撒旦的立体性使其很难被定义为一个正面人物或是负面人物。

他身上的反叛精神构成了他正面形象最有力的支点,像反抗君主制的弥尔顿一样,其笔下的撒旦也反抗着上帝的强权,他坚韧,虽堕入地狱仍不改其志,在万魔殿中鼓舞人心,最终在伊甸园达到了目的。

同时,他是恶魔的本质也是不可忽视的一点。

他没有直接对抗上帝,而是以诱骗的形式侵扰无辜的人类。

研究撒旦的形象已经成为重要的学术话题之一。

二、复杂的撒旦形象弥尔顿的撒旦一直为评论家们所讨论。

失乐园中撒旦形象

失乐园中撒旦形象

试析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象车家玲(安阳师范学院人文管理学院,河南安阳 455000)摘要:撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具有争议性的人物,他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不饶抗争的反叛英雄,又是一个权欲熏心、骄矜狂妄的堕落者同时他还是祢尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体,即人为了自由和理想而奋斗,但同时人的行为得受到真理的约束。

关键字:撒旦;双重人格;自由与理性一、引言约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。

他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。

革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》等文章而轰动整个欧洲。

王朝复辟后他虽然遭监禁,著作被焚烧,但仍然坚持革命立场,在双目失明,经济拮据的情况下完成了三大史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。

1674年诗人与世长辞。

弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》( Paradise Lost, 1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》和《浮士德》相媲美。

弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》,以《圣经·旧约·创世记》第二、三章关于人类始祖亚当、夏娃在撒旦引诱下偷食禁果犯下原罪,被上帝逐出伊甸园的故事为蓝本,成功地将诗人—作为一个清教徒,所相信的人类重返上帝的乐园的回归之路极为完整、生动地展现在读者面前。

这条路发端于人类始祖的原罪,转折于耶稣基督道成肉身的救赎,作结于自由意志选择下的灵魂的忏悔和回归。

诗人满怀豪情的诗意书写,所展现的是诗人的人生理想、人生信念。

就全诗而论,从太初谈起,开天辟地,创造世界,创造人类;借《圣经》故事,虽涉及全人类原罪赎罪的悲剧,但实质上说的是人类求知求生,追求自由人权,反对盲目迷信,反对封建专制,建立人类社会理想的大同世界。

弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象及长诗主题

弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象及长诗主题

长 诗 主题 的 撒 旦 是 一 个 自 由 的 勇 者 ,透 过 对 上帝 的反叛 ,为 了追逐 自 由 , 将 这 种 反 叛 进 行 到 底 ,在 他 的 部 是 撒 旦 内 心 不 断 地 扭 曲 ,是 一 个
诗人 、政 论家 以及 民主斗 士 ,英 国文学史 上最伟大 的六大 诗人之
点。

自由的不屈精 神 。绝不 屈服 ,就 算永在 地狱 ,也 要斗争 到底 的坚 决意 志 。这样崇 尚 自由 、高 大独
立 的英 雄 形 象 ,彻 底 颠 覆 了 经》 中撤旦 的 “ 罪 恶 ” 形 象 ,此 时 的 撒 旦 隐 约 中 凸 显 着 天 使 般 的
从 本 质 上 看 ,弥 尔 顿 塑 造 的
是 亚 当与 夏 娃 的故 事 ,二 是 撒 旦 对 抗 上 帝 的 故 事 。 其 中引 用 了 大 量 圣 经 中 的 人 物 ,通 过 丰 富 的 语 言描 述 将 各 个 人 物 刻 画 得 更 为 生
主 义的快 速 发展 。在 《 失乐 园》 中 ,撒旦 与上帝 的对 战喻 示着资
撒旦形象
( 一 ) 悲 情 英 雄 ,抗 争 的 反 叛者 ?
索 ,这便 是 《 失乐 园》 长 诗的 主
题所 在 。
在 《 失乐 园》 中 ,开篇 撒旦 以革 命失败 后 的悲 情英雄 形象开 始 ,从撒旦反 叛上 帝的故 事情节 来 看 ,不 仅 反映 出撒 旦 的野 心 ,
产 主义 对封 建 主义 的最 后反 抗 , 突 出 两 级 内 战 的 属 性 与 必 然 结 果。 同时 , 《 失 乐 园》 中 ,弥 尔 顿 通 过 刻 画 亚 当 与 夏 娃 的 角 色 来 折 射 历 史 事 件 ,人 民 群 众 作 为 历

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。

作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。

撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程,也正是在这个过程中,我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力,但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的,他一次次挑起了战争。

撒旦可以被看作是英雄,但他又不简单的算英雄,他是一个结合体,一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。

【关键词】撒旦,魔鬼,英雄,立体化一、引言一直有人认为:撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根,因为撒旦的的诱惑,人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。

作为一个魔鬼,撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜,他身上有一种英雄的气魄,撒旦本来就是一位大天使。

撒旦是聪明的,也可以算是狡猾的,对付人类,撒旦一计不成又生一计,所以人类上了他的当,从天使到魔鬼,撒旦最终堕落了。

撒旦是失乐园故事的核心,他推动着整个故事的发展,也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。

二、英雄撒旦弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄,代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想,这是毋庸置疑的。

撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神:为争取自由和平等,推翻上帝的独裁统治,他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。

这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心,追求社会平等与自由,打破神权和独裁。

在诗中,撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令,面对上帝的强大的权力,撒旦毫无畏惧,率部反抗,大闹天堂。

第一次反抗失败了,他不服气,也不认输,不气馁,发挥自己的聪明才智,很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄,面对强大的对手,敢于亮剑,险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及,万分狼狈,连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。

当然,撒旦还是失败了,被打落地狱。

但是他崇尚自由,他让反对者闭口而去,地狱议会上他发扬民主风格,征求大家的意见。

历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他,利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。

论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】

论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】

An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost摘要约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。

他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。

在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中,《失乐园》是最复杂,最难理解的一部作品,并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。

他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动,更加具有人性,并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。

弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。

撒旦追求自由,但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。

这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。

尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦,但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。

他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。

这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光,引起了几个世纪的争论。

本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象,使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。

他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由,同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败,这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。

关键词:撒旦;自由;英雄;失败AbstractJohn Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes.By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit.Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure安阳师范学院人文管理学院本科毕业论文Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost (1)2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different Classes (1)2.2 The Theme of the Whole Book (2)2.3 The Doomed Ending of Satan (2)3. The Changes of Satan (3)3.1 Satan in the Bible (3)3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in Bible (3)3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (3)3.2 Satan in Paradise Lost (4)3.2.1 Satan as an Independent Image (6)3.2.2 Satan’s Contradiction (7)3.2.3 The Eloquent Satan (7)4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic Image (8)4.1 The Heroic Image of Satan (8)4.2 The More Humanized Satan (9)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. IntroductionWhile Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another excellent English poet was born in London. He was John Milton. John Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, was a political commentator of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance was acknowledged around the world. Although Milton’s father was a puritan, he was a music and book lover. Puritans refer to the people who assert themselves the most rigid believers of God. What’s more he taught little Milton to enjoy music and books. Milton has received humanistic thoughts from 16th century and accepted the great science achievements of the 17th century, at the same time he had a critical attitude towards his life. He thought that science was not everything. Without justice and science, people couldn’t get peace and real happiness. Milton’s literary ambition was to write an epic and he wanted his epic to be read by people in different countries. It took Milton seven years to finish the great epic Paradise Lost. Among all of John Milton’s great works, paradise Lost was the most complex and most impressive one, which won him everlasting honor. This book told the story of how Satan fought against God and how Adam and Eve were banished from the Eden. Satan was the major character in Paradise Lost. His images were impressive and powerful. The main character of this book was intricate and contradictory. After finishing his famous poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson.2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different ClassesIn this epic, Milton gave detailed description of every image, and as we know, the epic reflected the society Milton lived, so each image had its own presentation.Milton was a puritan, who was very loyal to his beliefs. From this book, we can sense the strong will of freedom from Milton. Obviously, God was on behalf of the authority, and he was another best description of Milton’s personalities. Some peopleagreed with Satan and regarded God as a tyrant and egoist. While other people who condemned Satan, took God as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The author also told us something from Abdiel’s mouth that the compliance with God was not servility, but the only way of getting freedom. These people who defied their superiors and stirred up a new rebellion were not servile and inferior. And as to Adam and Eve, they were tempted by Satan and punished by God, like all the common people, all the civilian class, they didn’t have the power or courage to fight against the authority, so they chose to adapt themselves to it. Because of the prominent background, the story in Paradise Lost and the Bible had a lot in common. That’s a very important reason why Paradise Lost became so popular.2.2 The Theme of the Whole BookIf you have known Milton very well, you may find out that before he wrote this epic his life was not that positive. When he lived in this world, he loved freedom very much and tried his best to get freedom. Freedom as a topic is throughout the whole masterpiece.The book has something to do with Milton’s own life experience. He was a tough guy, who never gave up his own belief and would stick to his will forever. Milton didn’t agree with the old way of teaching, which reflected his disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and the conflict from heaven. “We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guide eternal war, irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.”(Milton, 1667:1608)Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton still played an active role in political affairs. Although he was not going to take part in politics directly, he continued to work with friends and colleagues closely. Satan’s rebellious and heroic images were presented in Milton’s thoughts. He always sought for freedom, like Satan always took some measures to get rid of God’s control.2.3 The Doomed Ending of SatanMilton was a loyal puritan and he knew that freedom was the only way to gethappiness. And revolution was a good way to get freedom. But at last, Milton realized that the revolution at that time couldn’t get real freedom. So, to some degree, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. What’s more, from this book we can see that Satan was the typical representative of the revolutionary class, so we can say that failure was the doomed ending of Satan. By studying English history, we knew that the puritan revolution was a failure just like Milton implied in Paradise Lost. Violence is not a good way to solve problems. Milton was a puritan. Although he was not satisfied with the Crown, he didn’t agree to use the violence way to solve the conflict, either.Maybe this point of view was not that right in reader’s eyes, but in fact, we all know that war will never bring happiness.3. The Changes of Satan3.1 Satan in the Bible3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in the BibleThere were two major reasons which made Satan a complete monster in Bible. The first reason was that he seduced good people into doing evil things. The second one was his betrayal of God. If we didn’t know something about Satan and his forces, we would not have a clear understanding of basic spiritual realities of the universe. The reason why Satan became the biggest enemy of God was that he was against the foundation of the earth. His main purpose was to get the worship that only belonged to the originator, God. To most people, Satan’s major work was to be against human beings. He would try his best to destroy the mankind. What’s more, he would do it for good and without specific reasons. Fear and pride were the major motivations in Satan’s kingdom. That’s why Bible directed people to regard Satan as a devil in this universe.3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and EmotionSatan’s wisdom as an important aspect was worthy to be mentioned. To temptAdam and Eve to eat apple from the tree of knowledge, which was forbidden by god, Satan disguised himself as a snake. He waited silently for a good time. Once Eve worked by herself and Adam wasn’t around her, Satan would come out and approach her. Satan knew what women prefer to hear, so he normally started the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty. Then he could get what he wanted and made the emotional Eve lose her last line of protection and couldn’t wait to eat the fruit. What’s more, Satan was also emotional. For example, when he found out Adam and Eve were in love, he was moved by their pure feelings. And he would burst into tears at the sight of the suffering of his followers. After reading this epic, we could also sense that Satan had the dream to share happiness and tears together with his beloved followers.3.2 Satan in Paradise LostJohn Milton was a great poet, thinker and political commentator of Englandin the 17th century. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was a long epic with 12 books, written in blank verse. These stories were taken from the Old Testament, such as the making of the earth, the love stories between Adam and Eve, the fallen angelsin hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the leasing of Adam and Eve from Eden. Although Satan and his adherents were driven out of heaven into hell, Satan and his followers were not discouraged. The miserable punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, makes them much angrier. The purpose of this poem was to tell people to justify the manner of God towards people. This outstanding work was the product of Puritanism, which has shown Milton’s own will and beliefs of freedom. Satan in his masterpiece was not the same as the one in the Bible and other books.In Paradise Lost, Satan was an independent image which can be studied and be discussed from a different perspective. I think the unique image of Satan was the reflection of the writer, who loved freedom and at the same time, expressed a kind of contradiction, and also the representation of the society at that time. This kind of idea has appeared in lots of articles written by Chen Weihong and professor XiaoMinghan’s two articles. (1999&2011) They both think that:1. The Satan in Paradise Lost was full of heroism, because of his defiant personality and the pursuit of freedom.2. These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit pessimistic.Xiao’s two articles showed that the unique image didn’t come from the Bible, but came from Milton himself. The words and actions Satan did in the hell and the main reason of his betrayal were the distinctive characteristics which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic was his strong will. No matter what kind of situation he was in, he had never changed his nature.Another writer’s composition also expressed this kind of idea, which showed that the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid and impressive. Satan’s betrayal, in other words, was the indomitable will to seek for freedom, and rejection of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also shown by him. His image was the mixture of optimism and pessimism. We all thought that the most evil person in the Bible was Satan or we can say that Satan was the aggregate of all the sins. In the Bible, Satan’s name meant obstruction and separation. He was the public enemy number one of God and he was a pervert in God’s eyes. Something like this has mentioned in Paradise Lost. According to this epic, we knew that Satan wasn’t born with sins. His sins and his resentment were coming from his free choice.Adam and Eve’s betrayal was the result of the wish for knowledge. After the punishment, they realized how to distinguish right from wrong, and started to beg the forgiveness of God. It was after the baptism of evil that the good would be more valuable. The last part was about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had created was a reflection of different classes in the society of that time. In the paper of Huang Delin (2004), he has pointed out that Satan was Milton’s own presentation, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article (2008), he said that the epic was thereflection of the People’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his epic with thepuritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan and had realized that freedom must be the basis to get the freedom, but the revolution couldn’t get the real freedom. From Milton’s point of view, the revolution must be a failure. That’s why Satan had a kind of contradiction, he loved and sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by the means of violence. These opinions have appeared at the beginning of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.Lots of researches have been conducted on the images of Satan in Paradise Lost. It has left a profound and impressive influence on literature history. The author of this thesis will do a lot of stuff to do an analysis on this famous epic.3.2.1 Satan as an Independent ImageIn this masterpiece, the image of Satan was the most controversial image. The disputation about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost related to the inner nature of Satan was whether he was the hero in the epic or not. During all the literature history, tons of people thought Satan in Paradise Lost was a different image. In the first two volumes of Paradise Lost, some of Satan’s words showed he was a hero from time to time. John Milton’s Paradise Lost had a vivid description of a defiant Satan. He was banished from heaven and driven into the hell. Later, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost had been popular among people. The reason Satan could be an independent image in the epic, mostly due to his courage to show his indomitable will. After reading this masterpiece, we felt that Satan was like a hero in the earlier part of the epic. We could sense that through majesty in Satan’s appearance and fearless in his personality. However, with the story developed Satan’s image changed greatly. The most impressive nature of Satan was his contradiction. This element made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became an actual part which is worth being studied.3.2.2 Satan’s ContradictionThere was a very interesting point in the whole personality of Satan, which washis contradiction, combined with wickedness and the strong will of freedom. Although Satan showed the positive character of his image, he still had some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. In this epic, although Milton was in favor of some traits of Satan, he had never tried to change Satan from a monster into a real hero: a monster is a monster.To readers, after reading the first several books of Paradise Lost, they could sense that the writer tried to describe Satan into a sympathy and friendly charac ter. On the content of this epic, besides the analysis of God’s and Satan’s personalities, there were also two points from the content of this book, which may reflect the aspects of disagreement in reader’s opinion. In the first two books of Paradise Lost, although Satan has made a good impression of hero on readers, he was still a monster as the initial story had told us. Adam and Eve made a mistake under the seduction Satan, and they suffered a lot from their mistake. The reason made Satan become such a kind of evil angle was his indomitable courage of chasing freedom.3.2.3 The Eloquent SatanIn Paradise Lost, Satan was written as a hero who insisted on his own belief and he had the courage to seek for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists admired Satan’s high superior nature and regarded him as the actual hero of this masterpiece.At the beginning of Paradise Lost, Satan made a wonderful speech which attracted many readers for a very long time. “That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace with supplicant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of his arm. Doubled his empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of God. And this substance cannot fail.”(Milton, 1667:1608)These words were powerful and clear which made Satan’s ambition became so apparent, and also reflected his fighting spirit and independent personality.Puritanism and the English Revolution were the distinguishing features of the seventeenth century. Milton realized it and he cleverly put political ideas to his pieces of art and also the images he created. Milton’s own life experiences and his pursuit of freedom caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. Milton’s passion and feelings for revolution were reflected in the description of Satan and his rebellion.4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic ImageThe reason why people thought Satan in Paradise Lost as sort of a hero was due to his fearless. What’s more, he dared to fight against God. He always stuck to his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was born in a puritan family. What’s more, his childhood and the society that time gave him energy and resistance in his character, which was also easy to find from the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”Though failed, Satan never gave up his unconquerable will. Here, Satan was more than just a leader in military accepting the rebel angles from angelic state, but also a smart politician using the powerful language of resistance as his weapon to fight against God.4.1 The Heroic Image of SatanPeople normally thought Satan in Paradise Lost has given a heroic impression to them. But it was a little bit of misunderstanding because of the words that Satan said in the following epic. “In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the strait of Messina. Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.” (Paradise Lost: 1243-1245)“Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my witsto find a way out for us? We must now obey orders as I give them.”( Milton, 1667:1294-1302 ) Here Odysseus expressed the real capability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.Satan as any other leaders would do, quickly reduced his partners’fear with much more powerful speeches. During the speeches, Satan talked his doubts about God’s supremacy and daringly stated they were better off where they were. “Here at least we shall be free. Here we may reign secure. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.’’ (Milton, 1667: 258-263)These were the most powerful nature points of Satan in the whole masterpiece. What’s more he always insisted on his personalities, such as tough bosom, independent spirit, intelligence, and the power of his own. These four points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan look like a hero.4.2 The More Humanized SatanIn Bible, and from most people’s points of view, Satan was the aggregate of all the sins, but in Paradise lost, Satan became a vivid image. What he said or did touched the readers profoundly. Milton wrote Paradise Lost to show people the source of misfortune. He thought the reason why Adam and Eve made a huge mistake and lost their beautiful home was that they were not strong enough to withstand the temptation of strangers. At the end of the story, we could know that, since Adam and Eve were lured into breaking the rules of Eden by Satan and they were all published by God and were driven out of Eden, Satan began to think about what he had done to the people, and he felt so sorry about what he had done. He blamed himself for a very long time. This kind of description made Satan look not that bad, but more humanized than the Bible said.From what we have read or learned in Paradise Lost, Satan may be a devil. But he had ambitious and dreams, even sometimes he was a hero. He was a person with strong will and he delivered some powerful speeches to his followers from time to time. Undoubtedly, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was more vivid than ever before. To sum up, the image of Satan was of dual personality. By learning from thismasterpiece, Satan’s evil behaviors and heroism were crossed. On the one hand, he tried his best to fight bravely for freedom and liberty with his wisdom and passion. On the other hand, he had a wrong opinion of freedom and power even though he expressed his ambition and satisfaction.5. ConclusionThe words in Milton’s Paradise Lost reflected the Bible not only as a source of literature in western countries, but also influenced Milton greatly. we can learn something through the words of Milton. As a matter of fact, the Bible was often used to back up points of view on controversial things by poets. Since the Bible was studied by most of the people. And they used it as an authoritative source. Milton quoted a lot of things from the Bible and put them into his pamphlets.Through the history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, particularly his description of the image of Satan has been studied by lots of people and understood in many different ways. Until now, it has been developed into all kinds of new interpretations. On the one hand, some people say that Satan was the true hero of the epic and Milton was on the monster’s side secretly. On the other hand, there are those who said Satan was a monster and Milton showed deep sympathy for God and the angels. There are also some people who interweave the two interpretations.But from the analysis of the above chapters, the changes of Satan’s character were obvious to see. And these changes make us get a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s own attitudes toward Satan. Milton spent all his life putting his political purpose into action.From my point of view, although Satan was a heroic image, he was not a hero. The spirit he expressed through the everlasting fighting against God made him a real fighter. And the love for freedom was the main theme which I have learned from this book. It is more than just a passage or a kind of study, but in the end, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading. To sum up, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters.Bibliography[1] Grant, N. History of literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.[2] John, Milton. Paradise Lost. England: Penguin Classics Press, 1667.[3]陈敬玺.论失乐园对西方史诗传统的继承与发展[J].世界文学评论,2008,21(5):58-60.[4]陈薇红.失乐园中撒旦性格的探析[J].北京科技大学学报,1997,5(4):18-23.[5]黄德林.失乐园中撒旦形象的重新审视[J].上海大学外国语学院学报,2004,6(9):33-35.[6]李颖.雄辩与双重撒旦[M].云南:云南师范大学出版社,2006:31-34.[7]刘雯.失乐园中的撒旦形象对圣经原型的变异[J].文学评析,2008,3(12):22-23.[8]陶丹玉.失乐园中的撒旦形象浅析[J].高等函授学报,1997,6(2):52-55.[9]王朝杰.浅析失乐园中撒旦的英雄气概[J].外国文学研究,1999,11(9):13-15.[10] 肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落与再生[J].外国文学评论1999,5(1):13-15.[11] 朱维之.失乐园译本[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1984:57-59.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the teachers in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I would finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.以下是附加文档,不需要的朋友下载后删除,谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任,是一个复合性角色。

解析《失乐园》中撒旦人性特征

解析《失乐园》中撒旦人性特征

解析《失乐园》中撒旦的人性特征摘要:长时期以来,《失乐园》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点,其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。

在初步了解约翰弥尔顿的基础上,本文逐步对撒旦的人性色彩进行分析。

从而给人以一个有着人的特性,但却是一个为了自己私欲而引诱人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙形象。

关键词:撒旦《失乐园》约翰·弥尔顿人性一、简介约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国最著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家,是欧洲十七世纪进步文化的基石,是文艺复兴和启蒙思想的最初启发者。

《失乐园》是他的主要作品。

《失乐园》的争论由来己久,其焦点几乎都集中在这部史诗的一位主人公撒旦身上,他被不同的评论家们阐释成罪恶的化身或史诗英雄,典型的清教徒革命家或是对被处以绞形的英国查理一世的影射。

威廉·布莱克甚至于说弥尔顿“成为魔鬼的同党而不自觉”。

哈兹里特也说:“撒旦是诗歌作品中最具有英雄主义的题材,不仅他的性格刻画完美无缺,而且其整个构思也崇高无比。

”且不论作者意欲将撒旦刻画成反抗暴政的英雄或是背叛上帝又引诱我们人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙小人,作者将这个人物刻画的却是非常成功。

让人看到了属于撒旦的人性。

二、基督自由和人类理性弥尔顿受文艺复兴的影响,他从小接了受人文主义的教育,反对封建礼教。

捍卫民主,肯定人的价值,推崇自由。

基督教人文主义是在对柏拉图主义和中世纪的基督教新教义的综合下形成的。

以人为衡量一切事物的标准,注重人对于真和善的追求,启发人们认识自身的价值,以人性反对神权,用个性解放反对禁欲主义,用理性反对蒙昧。

弥尔顿的《失乐园》中表现出了基督教人文主义:基督自由和人类理性。

诗中的撒旦毫无疑问是一个悲剧的角色,但也不失为一个另类英雄,他宣称自己是自由的捍卫者,反抗上帝的绝对权力,他认为上帝是:“独揽大权,在天上掌握虐政呢。

”于是同自己的生存环境中做斗争,敢于反抗。

当撒旦为了其自由从高高在上的天使坠落成地狱的恶魔,在反抗上帝时,他说:“你们必也自知都是天上的子民,本来不从属于谁,即使不完全平等,却都自由,平等的自由,因为地位和等级,跟自由不相予盾,可以和谐地共存。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

文学评论·外国文学《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析董亚楠 郑州职业技学院摘 要:弥尔顿的作品《失乐园》完成在十七世纪的英国,那时的英国宗教信仰色彩非常浓厚,人们都信奉上帝是完美的、不容置疑的。

《失乐园》中撒旦的形象却是要与上帝斗争到底的一个神灵,在失败之后不反省自己,还继续与上帝抗争,最后把灾难带去人间。

但是对于撒旦形象的认识很多人的观点都不一致,有称赞其抗争精神的,也有反对其对抗上帝行为的,因此撒旦的形象是很复杂的,很难有统一的定论。

本文就《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性进行论析。

关键词:《失乐园》;撒旦;形象;复杂作者简介:董亚楠(1987-),女,汉族,河南省郑州市荥阳人,郑州职业技术学院助教,研究方向:语言文学。

[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2019)-23-088-02弥尔顿,英国的政治家和学者,著有史诗《失乐园》,和荷马的《荷马史诗》、但丁的《神曲》并列称为西方的三大诗歌。

弥尔顿生长在一个生活富足的家庭里,父母也都是清教徒。

这样的成长环境为弥尔顿的文学作品提供了很多灵感,让他对文学充满热爱,对宗教文学更是迷恋,他的文学作品里都包含着宗教的成分。

在他的史诗作品《失乐园》里面主要描述了撒旦先是聚集一部分天使来对抗上帝,失败后被逐出天堂。

随后又通过各种手段潜入伊甸园,通过诱骗,成功使得亚当与夏娃偷吃了伊甸园里知识树上面的禁果,导致亚当和夏娃被上帝责罚赶出伊甸园的故事。

还有撒旦与上帝强烈的对抗行为也是《失乐园》中的精彩部分,最后撒旦的结局就是和其同伙一起被变成了蛇,受到了应有的惩罚。

在作品里,撒旦的形象塑造是非常复杂与多面性的,我们要全面分析才能更好地来解读这一人物形象。

一、弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象撒旦在《失乐园》里的形象不能从一个角度进行单一的定论,不同的人就有不同的理解角度,有人持肯定态度,有人持否定态度,也有人保持中立。

从肯定的角度来看,撒旦身上散发着一种贵族气概,有一定的领袖精神,带领着众人开启革命的道路,也许不一定会有收获,但是也能够笼络人心,有着很强的斗争反抗的精神,可以描述为一个英雄的形象。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析

2021-06文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE世界文艺《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析王宁(河南师范大学,河南新乡453007)摘要:作为一部宏伟史诗,弥尔顿的《失乐园》主要是对恶魔撒旦堕落史的讲述,其所描写的就是堕天使带领反叛天使来对抗上帝,希望能够获取自由。

这一部史诗所表现的是激进革命者与清教徒之间的一种冲突,其本身也是表达了对于独裁统治的厌恶,对于自由平等的一种渴望,以此来产生无限启迪与思考,其本身的研究价值非常可观。

本文主要就《失乐园》中的撒旦形象进行分析,希望能进一步加深对《失乐园》的理解和认识。

关键词:《失乐园》;撒旦;形象中图分类号:I561.072文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-5312(2021)18-0052-02DOI:10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.18.026一、前言阅读弥尔顿《失乐园》时发现撒旦这一人物形象仿佛与之前人们对于撒旦形象的认知有一定差异,主要是因为对于撒旦的感情存在一定的变化。

所以,本文重点分析撒旦的形象,从英雄与恶魔两个层面阐述,对弥尔顿笔下的撒旦形成更清晰的认识。

二、《失乐园》和撒旦不管是在学术界还是在读者心目中,弥尔顿的《失乐园》的地位是其他作品无法超越的,无论是刻画人物方面,还是对于情节的具体安排,都是让后人难以企及的。

整部作品之中对于上帝、撒旦、亚当夏娃等人物的塑造,让人们对此产生了浓郁的兴趣。

在这几个人物之中,对撒旦的争议是最大的。

撒旦的文学形象主要包含了两个方面:一个是评价的悲剧英雄,另一个是评价的恶魔形象①。

《失乐园》最后的结局是亚当夏娃失去了伊甸园,很多人都认为这属于一个喜剧结局,主要是因为虽然他们失去了伊甸园,但是心中却已经发到了自己希望的伊甸园。

如果基于撒旦的角度来进行分析,那么可以将其看成悲剧,原本一个单纯的、善良的天使,因为各种因素的影响,最终变成了恶魔,导致最后被上帝直接贬为一条蛇。

作为一个悲剧人物,撒旦的经历与结局是让读者同情的,这也使得撒旦形象具有悲剧英雄的色彩。

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象【摘要】约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是英国伟大的诗人和思想家,是继莎士比亚后最杰出的诗人,活跃于被暴力与激情所充斥的动荡的17世纪。

他本出生于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭,由于目睹当时国教日趋反动,放弃了当教会牧师的念头,一心攻读文学,想写出能传世的伟大诗篇。

【关键词】失乐园撒旦形象弥尔顿在这部伟大的史诗中对魔鬼撒旦一改前人所描述的那种恶魔的化身的形象,而赋予撒旦有史以来最崇高和辉煌的地位,使撒旦的形象具有了积极的意义。

弥尔顿对撒旦形象的刻画与当时的社会背景、宗教政治等是密切相关的,我们把撒旦称为弥尔顿本人的代言人,是弥尔顿在英国资产阶级革命中反抗暴政、不公平以及权威的具体表现,弥尔顿对于革命的热情,造就了撒旦的英雄形象。

这一形象根植于英格兰社会和文化,以其独到的方式反映了英国历史和文化的变迁,挑战了当时统治地位的社会、道德、宗教秩序和权威信仰体系。

但是由于弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒,使得他在根本上对于反抗上帝、诱骗亚当和夏娃的撒旦持否定态度,撒旦本质上恶的一面在史诗后面部分得以体现,于是在整部诗作中形成了撒旦矛盾冲突的、鲜明复杂的人物形象。

说起基督,我们可以发现这样一句话:“别人打你的左脸,你把右脸也伸给他”。

以此断定,宗教意味着忍受无条件的屈辱。

但他们却不曾留意《马太福音》第二十一章及《路加福音》第十九章都记载过这样一个“沾净圣殿”的故事:耶稣进了神殿,看见人们在那里做生意,兑换银币,非常愤怒。

于是推倒他们的桌子、凳子,驱赶他们出殿。

并对他们说:“我的殿比称为祈祷的殿,你们倒使它成为贼窝啦。

”看来,耶稣并不是对任何事情都能无限容忍和顺从的。

更何况,《旧约》中的上帝更是一个威力无比、嫉恶如仇的形象,其程度常常到了极其残酷的程度。

自基督教被确立为西方权威宗教后,它就统治着西方的意识形态和道德体系。

撒旦式的人物正是挑战基督这样的“权利意志”的支配,超越所谓的“奴隶道德”,旨在保护基督统治下弱者的道德违反和权力意志,打击让欧洲人堕落的根源。

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析【摘要】《失乐园》中塑造的复杂的撒旦的形象,一直被人们从不同的视角来解读,一般的观点认为撒旦是反抗专制统治和暴政的英雄形象,本文通过对弥尔顿的《失乐园》进行深层的探讨与分析,对撒旦的堕落过程进行思考与分析,揭露了其“恶”的本质。

【关键词】失乐园;撒旦;英雄;原因前言弥尔顿是英国十七世纪著名的作家、政治家和思想家。

其诗作《失乐园》因其对主角撒旦的复杂形象的成功塑造一直被人们津津乐道,可以与《伊利亚特》、《神曲》相提并论,其深刻的思想内容和复杂的人物形象的塑造使其长期以来成为了评论界评论的焦点。

一、《失乐园》内容概述《失乐园》全书共有十二卷,主要是来自于圣经故事,运用史诗的形式来表现人类最初始的演变过程以及人类的历史上不断地进行的革命斗争。

全书的内容可以用两条线索来概括:一条是亚当和夏娃的故事,他们抵挡不住被撒旦操控的蛇的诱惑,悄悄地偷吃了分辨善恶树上的禁果,结果将地上乐园即伊甸园白白的失去的故事;另外一条线索是以撒旦为首,聚众来反抗上帝,被逐出天上乐园,打入地狱的故事,但是他们并没有放弃而是经受住了炼狱般的磨练,他们不忘初衷,反抗的欲望更加的强烈。

《失乐园》中引用了许多圣经中的人物,并且将其刻画的更加的生动鲜明,将诗歌的主题表达的淋漓尽致。

在众多的人物中,撒旦的形象刻画的最为成功,这就使的撒旦在文学的殿堂上被久久的铭记,这也是《失乐园》受欢迎的主要原因。

二、撒旦的艺术形象及其成因1、具有叛逆精神的英雄形象前两卷撒旦是受人敬仰的大天使,他仪表伟岸,声音高亢,意志顽强,富有冒险精神和谋略,有帝王般的尊严,他在地狱发表演讲时,整个地狱都能响起回声。

因此在史诗的前两卷撒旦是具有反叛精神的英雄。

他在反叛上帝失败之后,深陷地狱之中,他的王者风范仍然令人生畏。

撒旦不服输的意志和不屈的精神正常长期以来支持诗人度过了风风雨雨的革命生涯以及能够经受住晚年凄惨命运的精神力量,同时也是出于革命低迷时期时的革命者应具备的基本素质,因而可以使诗人充分发挥抒情的诗才,把撒旦刻画的活灵活现。

弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性研究

弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性研究

弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性研究撒旦是弥尔顿《失乐园》中最具争议的人物,几百年来唯撒旦派和反撒旦派就为撒旦的形象争论不休,至今也没得到共识。

两派各执撒口.形象的一方面而争论,唯撒旦派认为撒旦是个敢于反抗上帝暴政的反叛英雄,而反撒口.派把撒口.认作是一个诱惑人类堕落、彻头彻尾的恶魔。

这两派各执一词有走了极端之嫌,此后应运而生的两重撒旦派虽说顾及了撒旦形象的矛盾性,但是总不能令人信服,因为他们通常是把弥尔顿在创作时有意识和无意识两种互逆流向引入到评论,认为弥尔顿有意识的把撒旦写成恶魔,但是无意识的加入自己感情把撒口旦写成了英雄。

作者已作占,这种说法再无法得证。

亦或是把整部史诗分成英雄史诗和人类堕落两部分来评论,认为在前一部反抗上帝时撒旦是英雄,而在后一部引诱人类堕落时撒口.是恶魔,这种人为的把整部史诗断裂成两部的行为也让人难以接受。

诸多对撒口.形象的争论,都没有把撒旦作为一个统一的整体来解读,这就成了本文所要弥补的欠缺和尝试解决的问题。

本文从系统论的整体性原则分析研究撒旦的形象,力图把撒旦这个形象的复杂性作个深入的分析,体现出多面的撒旦这个形象的艺术价值。

撒旦是个很丰满、复杂、多面的圆形人物,其多面性和复杂性体现在诡辩的撒旦、多变的撒旦、反复无常的撒旦、矛盾的撒旦等方面。

导论部分简述了唯撒旦、反撒旦、两重撒旦派对《失乐园》中这个极具争议的撒旦形象的不同理解,分析了这些评论家对撒旦形象进行的文献综述。

并简要介绍了系统论的整体性原则,并在其基础上提出了本文的研究视角。

正文的第一章分析有着非凡口才的诡辩的撒旦形象,基于撒旦在史诗中所做的儿次讲话。

撒旦是个语言大师,既能讲豪言壮语鼓舞士气的语言,也擅长甜言蜜语诱惑人类堕落的谎言。

在追随他的天使们面前,撒旦的豪言壮语能够鼓舞他们振作精神重新起来战斗,不乏英雄气;而在诱惑夏娃吃禁果时,撒旦所讲的甜言蜜语充满了欺骗,全显的是奸诈狡猾骗子的嘴脸。

这截然不同的诡辩的语言使得撒旦这个形象极显复杂性。

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撒旦意象赏析——读弥尔顿《失乐园》
言:弥尔顿《失乐园》
约翰?弥尔顿(John Milt on , 1608—1674),作为十六世纪文艺复兴和十八世纪启蒙运动的过渡性人物,是十七世纪英国最著名的诗人,思想家,政论家,更是一位勇敢的革命实践者。

《失乐园》借用《圣经》中《旧约?创世纪》第二、三章的内容,描述上帝创造了人类,把他们安置在伊甸园中,同时告诫人类,园中一棵能够分辨善恶的智慧树果实不可以摘食。

魔王撒旦得知这一消息时,出于对上帝的报复,化作蛇形成功诱骗人类,人类最终被逐出乐园。

三百多年来,撒旦形象一直是人们争论的焦点。

传统观念中的撒旦通常是《圣经》里那个不折不扣的魔鬼形象。

直到17世纪,伟大诗人弥尔顿《失乐园》的诞生,撒旦的历史彻底改变了,他被描绘成了一位有血有肉、理性与感性混杂的多元艺术形象。

有高度赞扬撒旦的,如雪莱在《诗辩》中说道:“《失乐园》中
所表达的撒旦这一角色是旺盛精力和性格魅力无与伦比。

”[1];
也有坚持撒旦就是魔鬼的,如牛津学者刘易斯( C.S Lewis )《A
Preface to Paradise Lost 》:“从英雄到将领,从将领到政客,从政客到特务,接着潜入卧室或浴室的窗户,再变成一只蟾蜍,最后成为一条蛇,这就是撒旦的全过程”。

所以正确分析撒旦,对于理解和欣赏《失乐园》这部伟大的史诗有着重大作用。

1.迷惑形象:崇高形象的英雄
A.崇高形象一一坚毅刚强
史诗开篇就将我们置于一个振奋人心的崇高背景之下:
我们损失了什么?
并非什么都丢光
不饶的意志、热切的复仇心、不灭的憎恨
以及永不屈服、永不退让的勇气
还有什么比这些更难战胜的呢?”(I105 -109 )
这是魔王撒旦为了争取自由,挑战上帝权威而与伙伴们在天界大战,战败后跌落广漠的烈火深渊,清醒过来说的一番话。

这是一场可怕的战争,同样,这也是一个可怕的深渊,给人以无尽的绝望和凄凉。

但这一切并没有让撒旦失去信念,反而激起了他更大的斗志,撒旦做出了下面这个决定:
与其在天堂里做奴隶,
倒不如在地狱里称王”(I264 -265 )
B.英雄领袖一一充满人性
这么一个刚毅、充满勇气和希望的魔王无疑是崇高的,但也是这么一个英雄形象又有着我们凡人有血有肉的一面:他在看到同伴们即他的追随者们由于他而被剥夺了幸福和光荣后,在准备
发言时,竟“三次要开口,三次泣不成声”(I621)之后,他们在“万魔殿”里召开了严肃的会议,讨论是否为了恢复天国,冒险再发动一场战争。

会议上,大家自由的讨论,气氛相当和谐与民主。

期间,有人赞成战争,有人反对战争,最后大家一致认为撒旦最具资格完成这项艰险的任务,而撒旦也再次表现出作为一个领袖者追求自由而视死如归的坚毅品质。

2、本质形象:悲剧意味的魔鬼
虽然撒旦被描绘成了一个积极行动的角色,但它在叙述手
法上渐渐由主语转换成了宾语。

” [2] 前面的分析,撒旦犹如一位身披圣衣铠甲的勇士,是个既会流血也会流泪的男儿,但决不会认输和屈服,为了理想而奋战不止。

这一切是相当具有迷惑性的。

但很快,他的虚弱本质就暴露了出来,由于致命性的缺点,使得他成为了一个彻彻底底的悲剧人物,且本质就是魔鬼的。

即一位富有悲剧意味的魔鬼。

毋庸置疑的是,撒旦仍是一位非凡的人物,他拥有着至高无上的力量和无与伦比的意志。

但这一切是可怕的,具有破坏力的,因此我们为其不禁感到深深的惋惜。

下面我们看看究竟是哪些致命性的缺点导致其悲剧的命运。

A骄矜和伪善一一.神的对立者
其实早在第一章,弥尔顿就揭示出了撒旦的本质;
行善绝不是我们的任务,
作恶才是我们唯一的乐事”(I159-160 )
恶就是撒旦的本质。

他曾经是天上最亮的一颗北斗星,也是天上的天使长。

但由于美貌和崇高而变得自大,他开始借助“自由”、“平等”的标签,以达到他所谓为众天使谋求“自由平等”这个伪善的说辞。

然而他真实、唯一目的就是“治人,而不
是治于人。

” (V 802).在撒旦这,所谓的“平等”、“自由” 等同于“治人”,所以天使亚必迭一语中的,他对撒旦说道,“你
自己并不自由,做了自身的奴隶。

” (W 181)
B.荒淫和邪恶罪”、“死”的制造者
罪孽”是从撒旦的脑袋里蹦出来的,撒旦在“罪孽”身上
看到了自己完美的形象,而与之结合,生下了“死亡”。

“这三个人物角色够成了邪恶三位一体。

” [3] “罪孽”取出万祸的钥匙,打开了地狱的大门,整条道路畅通无阻,撒旦从此也踏上了一条不归路。

C.嫉妒和憎恨——人类的诱惑者
失乐园》第九卷的诱惑是整个故事的核心和高潮。

当撒旦
来到伊甸园时,
他看到了全世界是如此美丽,
便顿时妒心横生。

” (ffi 554 )
撒旦出于对上帝的憎恨和对人类的嫉妒,选择人类这个最为无辜的对象作为报复上帝的手段,这种行径本身就是可鄙的。

他为了诱骗夏娃吃下禁果,首先赞美夏娃的美丽,说了许多谄谀之词,接着歪曲上帝的禁令。

其实,在撒旦刚毅的外表下,他的力量是虚弱的、内心是怯弱的。

我们可以清楚的看到,在空中高悬的可以测量一切事件的天秤上,
恶魔仰头一望,
见空中自己的秤盘偏高,便不再言语,口中喃喃而逃,” (W 1014-1016)
如果说,这还有些许悬念和幻想的话,那么在成功诱骗人类吃下禁果后的撒旦,便是彻底的毁灭。

回到万魔殿,等待他的不是掌声和赞美,而是全体化为怪物的群魔,更可怕的是,他自己也沦为群蛇中的一员,永世不得超生。

不过,撒旦形象的转变并不影响我们对它的审美判断,席勒在说明“审美判断和道德判断的矛盾”时,说到“由卑鄙行动使自己变得低劣的
人,在一定程度上可以由罪恶提高自己的地位,从而在我们的审美评价中恢复地位。

” [4]
3、撒旦形象多变的深层原因
从文学是人学的美学本质看,文学人物,就是以逼真的个
性心理展示典型的社会性格和普遍的社会心态的假定性审美幻想。

” [5] 十七世纪的英国是动荡不安的,弥尔顿对撒旦形象的刻画不可避免的受到当时社会历史背景和自身的影响,这是导致撒旦形象多变复杂的深层原因。

A.革命性一一选择撒旦
十七世纪的英国政局发生着剧烈变化, 1 642年内战爆发,弥尔顿立即投身其中,“在同胞们奋力争取自由的时候,我在国外悠然自得,这是很可耻的。

” [6] 他写了很多政论的文章,如
论出版自由》( Areopagitica ) 1649 年,弥尔顿再次发表政论《为英国人民辩护》,阐述他的共和理念。

史诗中的撒旦就是诗人对待革命热情的象征。

B.清教徒一一向人类阐明永恒的真理,昭示天道的公正
德国政治、经济学家韦伯认为《失乐园》是清教徒精神最佳的代表。

[7] 弥尔顿出生于清教徒家庭,他自己也是一名虔诚的清教徒。

在史诗第三卷里,弥尔顿高度赞扬了圣父和圣子的品质,整章几乎都是对其的赞歌以及描绘天堂美好的景象。

弥尔顿描述撒旦挑战上帝只是表达对皇权的不满,他认为撒旦的悲剧在于违反了上帝的意志,只有遵从上帝意志的自由才是许可的。

C.人文主义——通过理性和美德,寻求人类的精神乐园
只有那些片面的记载才纯洁,虽然不只按圣灵的精神来解
读”( XII 513 )
弥尔顿“用人文主义观念重写了基督教新教的教义” [8] 首先,亚当和夏娃之爱就是充满人性的。

“二人同心合意,只有神所嘉惠的诚心敬虔” (W 1254 )接着他充分肯定了人的理性。

因为有了理性,所以当伟大的人类在回望曾经居住的乐园时:
他们滴下自然的眼泪,但很快就拭掉了
二人手携手,慢移流浪的脚步
告别伊甸园,踏上他们孤寂的路途。

”( XII 1227-1231 )
这路途虽然是“孤寂”的,但却不再迷茫。

人类从此踏上新
的旅程。

根据亚里士多德诗学原则,行动中的人才是适当的主题。


真正伟大的史诗正是建立在理性、美德这一永久性的主题之上
的。

《失乐园》便是这么一部永恒的伟大史诗。

结语:《失乐园》站在全人类的角度,既记录了外在的战争,也描述了内心的善恶。

回首撒旦形象:他可以是高高在上的万魔殿的领袖,也可以是匍匐于地面的大蛇;他可以是英勇坚毅挑战上帝权威的勇士,也可以是伪善的为了私欲而不堪一击的败将;他可以是巧舌如簧的满嘴自由平等的说教者;也可以是暗含妒忌、怨恨的凶残的魔鬼。

最终全诗以黑格尔“和解”式的结尾结束,即世界重新恢复平静,人类踏上新的旅程。

注释:
[1]沈弘著:《弥尔顿的撒旦与英国文学传统》,北京大学出版社2010 版,第2 页
[2]A preface to Milton Lois Potter PEKING UNIVERSITY
PRESS 2010 P128
[3]沈弘著:《弥尔顿的撒旦与英国文学传统》,北京大学出版社2010 版,第191 页
[4]朱光潜著:《朱光潜全集》第二卷,安徽教育出版社1987 版,第307 页
[5]陈文忠著:《文学美学与接受史研究》,安徽人民出版社2008 版,第170 页
[6]著者马克帕蒂森译者金发颜俊华:《弥尔顿略传》,三联书店1992 版,第2 页
[7]张隆溪著:《灵魂的史诗》,文化艺术出版社2010 版,
第3页
[8]张隆溪著:《灵魂的史诗》,文化艺术出版社2010 版,第58 页。

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