《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视

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试析《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象

试析《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象

约翰・弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。

他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。

革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》和《为英国人民申辩》等文章,轰动整个欧洲。

王权复辟后,弥尔顿的著作被焚毁,个人遭监禁,但他仍然坚持革命立场,在双目失明,经济拮据的困境中坚持完成了三大诗作《失乐园》(1667)、《复乐园》(1671)和《力士参孙》(1671)。

1674年诗人与世长辞。

《失乐园》是弥尔顿最伟大的作品。

它借用圣经故事,用史诗的形式表现了人类最初的演变和人类历史上反复出现的变革斗争。

全书共十二卷,描述了撒旦反抗上帝,战败后设计复仇,偷入上帝创造的伊甸园,引诱夏娃偷食禁果,以致人类始祖被逐出伊甸乐园,开始沉沦的故事。

诗篇大量运用圣经人物意象,将撒旦和亚当、夏娃刻画得栩栩如生,从而也将主题表现得淋漓尽致。

但是对于撒旦这个形象的理解历来众说纷纭,中国读者传统上大都把他看作一个反抗强权的革命英雄。

这一方面是受我国文学政治化倾向的影响,结合弥尔顿的生平和创作这部作品时的处境,很自然地得出这样的结论。

另一方面也是西方浪漫派诗人的影响所至。

浪漫主义诗人布莱克、拜伦、雪莱等对这个形象所体现的崇高的英雄气概推崇备至。

他们相信撒旦在史诗中被作者塑造成了真正的英雄。

虽然撒旦的形象错综复杂,充满矛盾,但在层层迷雾之下,我们依然可以看清弥尔顿笔下的撒旦始终是魔鬼的化身,教唆人类堕落的元凶。

作为一位虔诚的清教徒,弥尔顿始终认为上帝是公平、正义、仁爱的,他决不容许自己对上帝有不敬的言行。

同时,17世纪的英国人长期受基督教文化的耳濡目染,民族悠久的传统文化、传统道德给人们的行为规范、思维方式造成的深层的心理定势,使他们对亵渎上帝的行为难以接受的。

这自然也会无形中对诗人的创作产生影响。

浅析_失乐园_中反抗者撒旦的英雄气概

浅析_失乐园_中反抗者撒旦的英雄气概
弥尔顿在作品中故意不突出其中的英雄,这一模棱两可 性过于通透而不可能是无心之举。而看起来这更像是弥尔顿 希望通过带领读者在每一个人物的意识中作一番旅行,将这 样一首史诗构建于其英语和基督教文化之上,开发出自由和
责任感的每一个层面。作为叙述者,弥尔顿这样对圣子说: “我如今又大胆地鼓翼重来寻访你,我虽然久被拘留在幽暗 里面,歌咏‘混沌’和‘永恒的夜’,翱翔着,先向下方幽 冥界降落,再向上方返航升起,冒险飞进。”(3:3-20)弥尔 顿将他这种寓言式的在天国和地球上的跋涉描述为跟阿涅俄 斯,奥德赛或阿溪里的旅行十分相识的“模糊的逗留”。虽 然他双目失明,他以叙述者的身份像其他盲人预言家那样解 释说他被赐予了别的天赋可以弥补他的身体缺陷。
理,那么,任何幻想或虚构都必须切近真实。
注释:
贺拉斯文艺创作的三原则,是对亚里士多德思想的定型 ①多米尼克·塞克里坦.艾小明译.古典主义[M].北京:昆
化和系统化,不但传播了亚里士多德的古典现实主义理论, 仑出版社,1989.
而且他所表达的古典艺术理想和制定的一套古典艺术原则, ②王焕生.古罗马文学批评史纲[ M ] .南京:译林出版社,
不着形迹到井然有序的演变过程。 尽管这一描述刻画了世界 隽语更好的总结了这一点:“我们最终的希望就是彻底的绝
的构造,但其终点似乎在于魔鬼的现身,因为弥尔顿将他视 望” (II:142-143)。
60 为一个自由,有理性的、完全的意识主体。从这一点上说,
人和撒旦的不同随着情节的铺开而逐渐显露出来。亚当
是一套12卷本的素体无韵诗,大概写于1658—1663,1657年 方的迷失是永恒的。随着对于他的堕落了解的深入,亚当对
出版,它以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落并评 夏娃的安慰深表哀叹并予以摒弃。 夏娃没有放弃并最终让他

简述失乐园中撒旦的形象外国文学

简述失乐园中撒旦的形象外国文学

简述失乐园中撒旦的形象外国文学有人认为,撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根,最终受到上帝的惩罚。

但作为一个魔鬼,撒旦不是一个击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜,否则耶稣所受的考验就称不上奇迹了。

对付人类,撒旦一计不成又升一计,所以人类上了他的当。

在天堂,他也同样不甘寂寞,首次谋反被打入地狱仍不甘心,甚至更加疯狂地鼓动再次造反,向“独揽大权,肆虐天庭”的上帝“进行一场永不调和的战争”。

的确,撒旦的演说慷慨激昂,非常精彩,制造出一派不战不休的气势。

如果我们把它与其创作时的历史背景联系起来,上帝才是一个专制、施暴者的化身。

因此作者从撒旦的形象上隐藏着作者对革命势力的悲哀,以及对暴君者们的嘲笑和讽刺。

在诗歌中,塑造了撒旦这一叛逆者的革命形象,作者以撒旦为资产阶级革命的代言人,颂扬了反叛专制暴政的资产阶级革命思想,而最终撒旦在对上帝的对抗中失败,从而失去天堂的乐园,寓意着资产阶级革命的失败和封建势力的复辟。

作者在感情上对撒旦的失败和受到的惩罚表达了同情之心,因为撒旦的失败和受到的惩罚,很像资本主义受封建权威的压迫。

但是由于诗人是一个虔诚的教徒,在理智上并不允许他对撒旦持肯定态度,这就造就了撒旦矛盾形象的另一面,也就是撒旦本性里恶的一面的表现。

撒旦的英雄形象主要表现在前两部,那是叛逆者的英雄气概。

诗人的宗教信仰决定了撒旦最后的命运,凡是违抗上帝旨意者,最终都会受到惩罚的。

人类也是如此,亚当和夏娃受到撒旦的诱惑,违背了上帝的旨意,最终被赶出了伊甸园,但是人类的被驱逐和撒旦的被驱逐也是有区别的。

亚当和夏娃在走出伊甸园时,他们对于自己的行为怀着深深的忏悔之心,圣子给予了他们启示,天使为他们指点未来,只要他们诚心忏悔,最终是会得到上帝的原谅的,他们是满怀着希望地走向了另一个世界。

而撒旦的结局却是迥然不同的,那是他罪有应得的,这是因为撒旦选择了孤注一掷的卑劣的报复,并且没有为他的报复行为产生悔恨之意。

在成功地诱惑了人类,使无辜的人类受到上帝的惩罚时,撒旦欢呼自己的胜利,但是此时他却发现,他以及他的徒众都变成了令人厌恶的蛇,也使我们最终认清了撒旦的真实面目,他依旧是一个邪恶的魔鬼,这也是撒旦在《失乐园》中最后的形象。

失乐园中撒旦形象

失乐园中撒旦形象

试析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象车家玲(安阳师范学院人文管理学院,河南安阳 455000)摘要:撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具有争议性的人物,他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不饶抗争的反叛英雄,又是一个权欲熏心、骄矜狂妄的堕落者同时他还是祢尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体,即人为了自由和理想而奋斗,但同时人的行为得受到真理的约束。

关键字:撒旦;双重人格;自由与理性一、引言约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。

他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。

革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》等文章而轰动整个欧洲。

王朝复辟后他虽然遭监禁,著作被焚烧,但仍然坚持革命立场,在双目失明,经济拮据的情况下完成了三大史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。

1674年诗人与世长辞。

弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》( Paradise Lost, 1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》和《浮士德》相媲美。

弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》,以《圣经·旧约·创世记》第二、三章关于人类始祖亚当、夏娃在撒旦引诱下偷食禁果犯下原罪,被上帝逐出伊甸园的故事为蓝本,成功地将诗人—作为一个清教徒,所相信的人类重返上帝的乐园的回归之路极为完整、生动地展现在读者面前。

这条路发端于人类始祖的原罪,转折于耶稣基督道成肉身的救赎,作结于自由意志选择下的灵魂的忏悔和回归。

诗人满怀豪情的诗意书写,所展现的是诗人的人生理想、人生信念。

就全诗而论,从太初谈起,开天辟地,创造世界,创造人类;借《圣经》故事,虽涉及全人类原罪赎罪的悲剧,但实质上说的是人类求知求生,追求自由人权,反对盲目迷信,反对封建专制,建立人类社会理想的大同世界。

浅谈撒旦在失乐园中的形象 毕业论文

浅谈撒旦在失乐园中的形象  毕业论文

摘要约翰·弥尔顿,是英语文化历史上最有名的作者之一。

他的杰作——《失乐园》,无疑是整个英语文化历史上的一座里程碑。

他创造了一个特别的形象,并且使人们能够以另一种不同的角度来看待传说中的恶魔——撒旦。

他的作品使撒旦更加形象生动,更加人性化,并且使其在某些角度上看起来是一名英雄,或是枭雄。

弥尔顿选用了一长段的篇幅来描写撒旦对他的追随者所说的一场雄辩,这段独白中也蕴含了米尔顿自己的意志和精神。

他的字句反映出了他毕生所挚爱的自由,同时还暗示了通过暴力方式进行的革命终究会失败。

这就是为什么本作中的撒旦会具有这样一种矛盾性。

他热爱自由,却不能通过暴力手段得到他想到的。

同时,撒旦在整本书中还扮演了一个失败者。

尽管弥尔顿用了一些积极的语句和情节来形容撒旦,但是该角色的邪恶本质从未有所改变。

关键词:英雄、自由、撒旦、失败目录1 简介 (1)2失乐园中的撒旦 (1)2.1撒旦作为一个自主的形象 (3)2.2英雄撒旦 (3)2.3撒旦的矛盾 (4)3圣经和本书中撒旦形象的不同 (4)3.1撒旦是圣经中一切邪恶的集合 (4)3.2撒旦是《失乐园》中的英雄 (4)3.3两个不同形象间的区别 (5)3.3.1人们认为失乐园中撒旦是英雄的原因分析 (5)3.3.2撒旦在失乐园中的形象更具人性化 (5)4该书与当时社会背景的联系 (5)4.1不同形象暗示不同阶级 (5)4.2蕴含了弥尔顿的意志 (6)4.2.1自由是整本书的主旨 (6)4.2.2撒旦的结局注定是失败的 (6)5总结 (7)参考 (8)浅谈撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象1 简介当莎士比亚还在写着他的著作的时候,英国的另一个伟大的诗人在伦敦诞生了。

他是约翰·弥尔顿。

弥尔顿的父亲是一个清教徒,他酷爱音乐,因此,在他的影响下,小弥尔顿也热爱音乐,当然,还有书。

伟大的史诗——《失乐园》,这本描述撒旦怎样背叛上帝以及亚当和夏娃如何被赶出伊甸园的故事的巨作,花费了弥尔顿7年的时间。

新历史主义失乐园撒旦形象设计

新历史主义失乐园撒旦形象设计

新历史主义失乐园撒旦形象设计新历史主义的出现,一度被认为是历史学研究中的一次重大革命,它对于历史的研究方法及其意义全新的理解和审视备受关注。

而在新历史主义理论视野中,撒旦形象设计是一个富有追求批判和破坏的符号,被视为一种反叛精神和颠覆力量的象征,也是新历史主义的重要研究对象之一。

本文将探讨新历史主义视角下撒旦形象设计的意义和价值。

撒旦形象源于《圣经》故事中的堕天使,以此作为文艺创作中的元素设计,具有相当的争议性和敏感性。

作为一种文化符号,撒旦形象在欧美文化圈中历史悠久,被广泛地使用于文学、电影、音乐等多个领域。

这种设计在新历史主义出现后逐渐被重新注入了新的理论内涵。

新历史主义认为,撒旦形象所代表的反抗和批判精神与新历史主义理论中对强权、压迫、控制的批判是高度吻合的。

在新历史主义的视角中,撒旦形象是一种具有极强的反叛和批判气质的形象符号。

撒旦形象所强调的反叛和破坏精神,与新历史主义理论中追求探索历史深层次本质和批判既有的文化观念的目标是一致的。

这种精神力量在新历史主义的研究中,被视为一种强大的推动和激励力量,从而推动了新历史主义领域的持续发展。

同时,撒旦形象还代表着一种反叛与权力的关系。

新历史主义理论中反复强调的“权力”、“污点”、“边缘”等概念,正好被撒旦形象所代表。

撒旦形象的边缘性和异化性使得它能够批判和破坏原有文化秩序和权力结构。

通过这种批判精神,人们对原有的权力结构进行重新审视,以便更好地了解那些长期以来压制或排除在文化边缘的历史事件,且推动边缘性文化重回主流。

另外,在新历史主义研究中,撒旦形象还能展现出历史文化中各种矛盾与冲突的特征。

事实上,撒旦形象的特殊性质使得它容易成为历史文化领域中不同群体间冲突和对抗的符号,也为新历史主义的“文化政治学”提供了极具价值的研究资源。

此外,新历史主义视角下撒旦形象还有一种显著的重要价值,这种价值取决于撒旦在欧洲文化传统中的特殊角色和地位。

欧洲文化传统中,撒旦一直被视为反基督和邪恶的化身,并作为道德中心的一部分被拒绝。

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。

作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。

撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程,也正是在这个过程中,我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力,但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的,他一次次挑起了战争。

撒旦可以被看作是英雄,但他又不简单的算英雄,他是一个结合体,一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。

【关键词】撒旦,魔鬼,英雄,立体化一、引言一直有人认为:撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根,因为撒旦的的诱惑,人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。

作为一个魔鬼,撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜,他身上有一种英雄的气魄,撒旦本来就是一位大天使。

撒旦是聪明的,也可以算是狡猾的,对付人类,撒旦一计不成又生一计,所以人类上了他的当,从天使到魔鬼,撒旦最终堕落了。

撒旦是失乐园故事的核心,他推动着整个故事的发展,也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。

二、英雄撒旦弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄,代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想,这是毋庸置疑的。

撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神:为争取自由和平等,推翻上帝的独裁统治,他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。

这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心,追求社会平等与自由,打破神权和独裁。

在诗中,撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令,面对上帝的强大的权力,撒旦毫无畏惧,率部反抗,大闹天堂。

第一次反抗失败了,他不服气,也不认输,不气馁,发挥自己的聪明才智,很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄,面对强大的对手,敢于亮剑,险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及,万分狼狈,连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。

当然,撒旦还是失败了,被打落地狱。

但是他崇尚自由,他让反对者闭口而去,地狱议会上他发扬民主风格,征求大家的意见。

历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他,利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。

论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】

论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】

An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost摘要约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。

他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。

在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中,《失乐园》是最复杂,最难理解的一部作品,并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。

他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动,更加具有人性,并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。

弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。

撒旦追求自由,但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。

这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。

尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦,但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。

他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。

这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光,引起了几个世纪的争论。

本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象,使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。

他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由,同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败,这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。

关键词:撒旦;自由;英雄;失败AbstractJohn Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes.By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit.Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure安阳师范学院人文管理学院本科毕业论文Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost (1)2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different Classes (1)2.2 The Theme of the Whole Book (2)2.3 The Doomed Ending of Satan (2)3. The Changes of Satan (3)3.1 Satan in the Bible (3)3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in Bible (3)3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (3)3.2 Satan in Paradise Lost (4)3.2.1 Satan as an Independent Image (6)3.2.2 Satan’s Contradiction (7)3.2.3 The Eloquent Satan (7)4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic Image (8)4.1 The Heroic Image of Satan (8)4.2 The More Humanized Satan (9)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. IntroductionWhile Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another excellent English poet was born in London. He was John Milton. John Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, was a political commentator of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance was acknowledged around the world. Although Milton’s father was a puritan, he was a music and book lover. Puritans refer to the people who assert themselves the most rigid believers of God. What’s more he taught little Milton to enjoy music and books. Milton has received humanistic thoughts from 16th century and accepted the great science achievements of the 17th century, at the same time he had a critical attitude towards his life. He thought that science was not everything. Without justice and science, people couldn’t get peace and real happiness. Milton’s literary ambition was to write an epic and he wanted his epic to be read by people in different countries. It took Milton seven years to finish the great epic Paradise Lost. Among all of John Milton’s great works, paradise Lost was the most complex and most impressive one, which won him everlasting honor. This book told the story of how Satan fought against God and how Adam and Eve were banished from the Eden. Satan was the major character in Paradise Lost. His images were impressive and powerful. The main character of this book was intricate and contradictory. After finishing his famous poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson.2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different ClassesIn this epic, Milton gave detailed description of every image, and as we know, the epic reflected the society Milton lived, so each image had its own presentation.Milton was a puritan, who was very loyal to his beliefs. From this book, we can sense the strong will of freedom from Milton. Obviously, God was on behalf of the authority, and he was another best description of Milton’s personalities. Some peopleagreed with Satan and regarded God as a tyrant and egoist. While other people who condemned Satan, took God as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The author also told us something from Abdiel’s mouth that the compliance with God was not servility, but the only way of getting freedom. These people who defied their superiors and stirred up a new rebellion were not servile and inferior. And as to Adam and Eve, they were tempted by Satan and punished by God, like all the common people, all the civilian class, they didn’t have the power or courage to fight against the authority, so they chose to adapt themselves to it. Because of the prominent background, the story in Paradise Lost and the Bible had a lot in common. That’s a very important reason why Paradise Lost became so popular.2.2 The Theme of the Whole BookIf you have known Milton very well, you may find out that before he wrote this epic his life was not that positive. When he lived in this world, he loved freedom very much and tried his best to get freedom. Freedom as a topic is throughout the whole masterpiece.The book has something to do with Milton’s own life experience. He was a tough guy, who never gave up his own belief and would stick to his will forever. Milton didn’t agree with the old way of teaching, which reflected his disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and the conflict from heaven. “We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guide eternal war, irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.”(Milton, 1667:1608)Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton still played an active role in political affairs. Although he was not going to take part in politics directly, he continued to work with friends and colleagues closely. Satan’s rebellious and heroic images were presented in Milton’s thoughts. He always sought for freedom, like Satan always took some measures to get rid of God’s control.2.3 The Doomed Ending of SatanMilton was a loyal puritan and he knew that freedom was the only way to gethappiness. And revolution was a good way to get freedom. But at last, Milton realized that the revolution at that time couldn’t get real freedom. So, to some degree, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. What’s more, from this book we can see that Satan was the typical representative of the revolutionary class, so we can say that failure was the doomed ending of Satan. By studying English history, we knew that the puritan revolution was a failure just like Milton implied in Paradise Lost. Violence is not a good way to solve problems. Milton was a puritan. Although he was not satisfied with the Crown, he didn’t agree to use the violence way to solve the conflict, either.Maybe this point of view was not that right in reader’s eyes, but in fact, we all know that war will never bring happiness.3. The Changes of Satan3.1 Satan in the Bible3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in the BibleThere were two major reasons which made Satan a complete monster in Bible. The first reason was that he seduced good people into doing evil things. The second one was his betrayal of God. If we didn’t know something about Satan and his forces, we would not have a clear understanding of basic spiritual realities of the universe. The reason why Satan became the biggest enemy of God was that he was against the foundation of the earth. His main purpose was to get the worship that only belonged to the originator, God. To most people, Satan’s major work was to be against human beings. He would try his best to destroy the mankind. What’s more, he would do it for good and without specific reasons. Fear and pride were the major motivations in Satan’s kingdom. That’s why Bible directed people to regard Satan as a devil in this universe.3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and EmotionSatan’s wisdom as an important aspect was worthy to be mentioned. To temptAdam and Eve to eat apple from the tree of knowledge, which was forbidden by god, Satan disguised himself as a snake. He waited silently for a good time. Once Eve worked by herself and Adam wasn’t around her, Satan would come out and approach her. Satan knew what women prefer to hear, so he normally started the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty. Then he could get what he wanted and made the emotional Eve lose her last line of protection and couldn’t wait to eat the fruit. What’s more, Satan was also emotional. For example, when he found out Adam and Eve were in love, he was moved by their pure feelings. And he would burst into tears at the sight of the suffering of his followers. After reading this epic, we could also sense that Satan had the dream to share happiness and tears together with his beloved followers.3.2 Satan in Paradise LostJohn Milton was a great poet, thinker and political commentator of Englandin the 17th century. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was a long epic with 12 books, written in blank verse. These stories were taken from the Old Testament, such as the making of the earth, the love stories between Adam and Eve, the fallen angelsin hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the leasing of Adam and Eve from Eden. Although Satan and his adherents were driven out of heaven into hell, Satan and his followers were not discouraged. The miserable punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, makes them much angrier. The purpose of this poem was to tell people to justify the manner of God towards people. This outstanding work was the product of Puritanism, which has shown Milton’s own will and beliefs of freedom. Satan in his masterpiece was not the same as the one in the Bible and other books.In Paradise Lost, Satan was an independent image which can be studied and be discussed from a different perspective. I think the unique image of Satan was the reflection of the writer, who loved freedom and at the same time, expressed a kind of contradiction, and also the representation of the society at that time. This kind of idea has appeared in lots of articles written by Chen Weihong and professor XiaoMinghan’s two articles. (1999&2011) They both think that:1. The Satan in Paradise Lost was full of heroism, because of his defiant personality and the pursuit of freedom.2. These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit pessimistic.Xiao’s two articles showed that the unique image didn’t come from the Bible, but came from Milton himself. The words and actions Satan did in the hell and the main reason of his betrayal were the distinctive characteristics which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic was his strong will. No matter what kind of situation he was in, he had never changed his nature.Another writer’s composition also expressed this kind of idea, which showed that the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid and impressive. Satan’s betrayal, in other words, was the indomitable will to seek for freedom, and rejection of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also shown by him. His image was the mixture of optimism and pessimism. We all thought that the most evil person in the Bible was Satan or we can say that Satan was the aggregate of all the sins. In the Bible, Satan’s name meant obstruction and separation. He was the public enemy number one of God and he was a pervert in God’s eyes. Something like this has mentioned in Paradise Lost. According to this epic, we knew that Satan wasn’t born with sins. His sins and his resentment were coming from his free choice.Adam and Eve’s betrayal was the result of the wish for knowledge. After the punishment, they realized how to distinguish right from wrong, and started to beg the forgiveness of God. It was after the baptism of evil that the good would be more valuable. The last part was about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had created was a reflection of different classes in the society of that time. In the paper of Huang Delin (2004), he has pointed out that Satan was Milton’s own presentation, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article (2008), he said that the epic was thereflection of the People’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his epic with thepuritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan and had realized that freedom must be the basis to get the freedom, but the revolution couldn’t get the real freedom. From Milton’s point of view, the revolution must be a failure. That’s why Satan had a kind of contradiction, he loved and sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by the means of violence. These opinions have appeared at the beginning of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.Lots of researches have been conducted on the images of Satan in Paradise Lost. It has left a profound and impressive influence on literature history. The author of this thesis will do a lot of stuff to do an analysis on this famous epic.3.2.1 Satan as an Independent ImageIn this masterpiece, the image of Satan was the most controversial image. The disputation about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost related to the inner nature of Satan was whether he was the hero in the epic or not. During all the literature history, tons of people thought Satan in Paradise Lost was a different image. In the first two volumes of Paradise Lost, some of Satan’s words showed he was a hero from time to time. John Milton’s Paradise Lost had a vivid description of a defiant Satan. He was banished from heaven and driven into the hell. Later, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost had been popular among people. The reason Satan could be an independent image in the epic, mostly due to his courage to show his indomitable will. After reading this masterpiece, we felt that Satan was like a hero in the earlier part of the epic. We could sense that through majesty in Satan’s appearance and fearless in his personality. However, with the story developed Satan’s image changed greatly. The most impressive nature of Satan was his contradiction. This element made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became an actual part which is worth being studied.3.2.2 Satan’s ContradictionThere was a very interesting point in the whole personality of Satan, which washis contradiction, combined with wickedness and the strong will of freedom. Although Satan showed the positive character of his image, he still had some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. In this epic, although Milton was in favor of some traits of Satan, he had never tried to change Satan from a monster into a real hero: a monster is a monster.To readers, after reading the first several books of Paradise Lost, they could sense that the writer tried to describe Satan into a sympathy and friendly charac ter. On the content of this epic, besides the analysis of God’s and Satan’s personalities, there were also two points from the content of this book, which may reflect the aspects of disagreement in reader’s opinion. In the first two books of Paradise Lost, although Satan has made a good impression of hero on readers, he was still a monster as the initial story had told us. Adam and Eve made a mistake under the seduction Satan, and they suffered a lot from their mistake. The reason made Satan become such a kind of evil angle was his indomitable courage of chasing freedom.3.2.3 The Eloquent SatanIn Paradise Lost, Satan was written as a hero who insisted on his own belief and he had the courage to seek for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists admired Satan’s high superior nature and regarded him as the actual hero of this masterpiece.At the beginning of Paradise Lost, Satan made a wonderful speech which attracted many readers for a very long time. “That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace with supplicant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of his arm. Doubled his empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of God. And this substance cannot fail.”(Milton, 1667:1608)These words were powerful and clear which made Satan’s ambition became so apparent, and also reflected his fighting spirit and independent personality.Puritanism and the English Revolution were the distinguishing features of the seventeenth century. Milton realized it and he cleverly put political ideas to his pieces of art and also the images he created. Milton’s own life experiences and his pursuit of freedom caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. Milton’s passion and feelings for revolution were reflected in the description of Satan and his rebellion.4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic ImageThe reason why people thought Satan in Paradise Lost as sort of a hero was due to his fearless. What’s more, he dared to fight against God. He always stuck to his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was born in a puritan family. What’s more, his childhood and the society that time gave him energy and resistance in his character, which was also easy to find from the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”Though failed, Satan never gave up his unconquerable will. Here, Satan was more than just a leader in military accepting the rebel angles from angelic state, but also a smart politician using the powerful language of resistance as his weapon to fight against God.4.1 The Heroic Image of SatanPeople normally thought Satan in Paradise Lost has given a heroic impression to them. But it was a little bit of misunderstanding because of the words that Satan said in the following epic. “In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the strait of Messina. Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.” (Paradise Lost: 1243-1245)“Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my witsto find a way out for us? We must now obey orders as I give them.”( Milton, 1667:1294-1302 ) Here Odysseus expressed the real capability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.Satan as any other leaders would do, quickly reduced his partners’fear with much more powerful speeches. During the speeches, Satan talked his doubts about God’s supremacy and daringly stated they were better off where they were. “Here at least we shall be free. Here we may reign secure. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.’’ (Milton, 1667: 258-263)These were the most powerful nature points of Satan in the whole masterpiece. What’s more he always insisted on his personalities, such as tough bosom, independent spirit, intelligence, and the power of his own. These four points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan look like a hero.4.2 The More Humanized SatanIn Bible, and from most people’s points of view, Satan was the aggregate of all the sins, but in Paradise lost, Satan became a vivid image. What he said or did touched the readers profoundly. Milton wrote Paradise Lost to show people the source of misfortune. He thought the reason why Adam and Eve made a huge mistake and lost their beautiful home was that they were not strong enough to withstand the temptation of strangers. At the end of the story, we could know that, since Adam and Eve were lured into breaking the rules of Eden by Satan and they were all published by God and were driven out of Eden, Satan began to think about what he had done to the people, and he felt so sorry about what he had done. He blamed himself for a very long time. This kind of description made Satan look not that bad, but more humanized than the Bible said.From what we have read or learned in Paradise Lost, Satan may be a devil. But he had ambitious and dreams, even sometimes he was a hero. He was a person with strong will and he delivered some powerful speeches to his followers from time to time. Undoubtedly, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was more vivid than ever before. To sum up, the image of Satan was of dual personality. By learning from thismasterpiece, Satan’s evil behaviors and heroism were crossed. On the one hand, he tried his best to fight bravely for freedom and liberty with his wisdom and passion. On the other hand, he had a wrong opinion of freedom and power even though he expressed his ambition and satisfaction.5. ConclusionThe words in Milton’s Paradise Lost reflected the Bible not only as a source of literature in western countries, but also influenced Milton greatly. we can learn something through the words of Milton. As a matter of fact, the Bible was often used to back up points of view on controversial things by poets. Since the Bible was studied by most of the people. And they used it as an authoritative source. Milton quoted a lot of things from the Bible and put them into his pamphlets.Through the history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, particularly his description of the image of Satan has been studied by lots of people and understood in many different ways. Until now, it has been developed into all kinds of new interpretations. On the one hand, some people say that Satan was the true hero of the epic and Milton was on the monster’s side secretly. On the other hand, there are those who said Satan was a monster and Milton showed deep sympathy for God and the angels. There are also some people who interweave the two interpretations.But from the analysis of the above chapters, the changes of Satan’s character were obvious to see. And these changes make us get a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s own attitudes toward Satan. Milton spent all his life putting his political purpose into action.From my point of view, although Satan was a heroic image, he was not a hero. The spirit he expressed through the everlasting fighting against God made him a real fighter. And the love for freedom was the main theme which I have learned from this book. It is more than just a passage or a kind of study, but in the end, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading. To sum up, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters.Bibliography[1] Grant, N. History of literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.[2] John, Milton. Paradise Lost. England: Penguin Classics Press, 1667.[3]陈敬玺.论失乐园对西方史诗传统的继承与发展[J].世界文学评论,2008,21(5):58-60.[4]陈薇红.失乐园中撒旦性格的探析[J].北京科技大学学报,1997,5(4):18-23.[5]黄德林.失乐园中撒旦形象的重新审视[J].上海大学外国语学院学报,2004,6(9):33-35.[6]李颖.雄辩与双重撒旦[M].云南:云南师范大学出版社,2006:31-34.[7]刘雯.失乐园中的撒旦形象对圣经原型的变异[J].文学评析,2008,3(12):22-23.[8]陶丹玉.失乐园中的撒旦形象浅析[J].高等函授学报,1997,6(2):52-55.[9]王朝杰.浅析失乐园中撒旦的英雄气概[J].外国文学研究,1999,11(9):13-15.[10] 肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落与再生[J].外国文学评论1999,5(1):13-15.[11] 朱维之.失乐园译本[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1984:57-59.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the teachers in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I would finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.以下是附加文档,不需要的朋友下载后删除,谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任,是一个复合性角色。

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析【摘要】《失乐园》中塑造的复杂的撒旦的形象,一直被人们从不同的视角来解读,一般的观点认为撒旦是反抗专制统治和暴政的英雄形象,本文通过对弥尔顿的《失乐园》进行深层的探讨与分析,对撒旦的堕落过程进行思考与分析,揭露了其“恶”的本质。

【关键词】失乐园;撒旦;英雄;原因前言弥尔顿是英国十七世纪著名的作家、政治家和思想家。

其诗作《失乐园》因其对主角撒旦的复杂形象的成功塑造一直被人们津津乐道,可以与《伊利亚特》、《神曲》相提并论,其深刻的思想内容和复杂的人物形象的塑造使其长期以来成为了评论界评论的焦点。

一、《失乐园》内容概述《失乐园》全书共有十二卷,主要是来自于圣经故事,运用史诗的形式来表现人类最初始的演变过程以及人类的历史上不断地进行的革命斗争。

全书的内容可以用两条线索来概括:一条是亚当和夏娃的故事,他们抵挡不住被撒旦操控的蛇的诱惑,悄悄地偷吃了分辨善恶树上的禁果,结果将地上乐园即伊甸园白白的失去的故事;另外一条线索是以撒旦为首,聚众来反抗上帝,被逐出天上乐园,打入地狱的故事,但是他们并没有放弃而是经受住了炼狱般的磨练,他们不忘初衷,反抗的欲望更加的强烈。

《失乐园》中引用了许多圣经中的人物,并且将其刻画的更加的生动鲜明,将诗歌的主题表达的淋漓尽致。

在众多的人物中,撒旦的形象刻画的最为成功,这就使的撒旦在文学的殿堂上被久久的铭记,这也是《失乐园》受欢迎的主要原因。

二、撒旦的艺术形象及其成因1、具有叛逆精神的英雄形象前两卷撒旦是受人敬仰的大天使,他仪表伟岸,声音高亢,意志顽强,富有冒险精神和谋略,有帝王般的尊严,他在地狱发表演讲时,整个地狱都能响起回声。

因此在史诗的前两卷撒旦是具有反叛精神的英雄。

他在反叛上帝失败之后,深陷地狱之中,他的王者风范仍然令人生畏。

撒旦不服输的意志和不屈的精神正常长期以来支持诗人度过了风风雨雨的革命生涯以及能够经受住晚年凄惨命运的精神力量,同时也是出于革命低迷时期时的革命者应具备的基本素质,因而可以使诗人充分发挥抒情的诗才,把撒旦刻画的活灵活现。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视作者:杜艳红来源:《青年文学家》2009年第02期摘要:长期以来,《失乐园》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点,其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。

有人把弥尔顿比作撒旦,即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者,撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。

本文从英国资产阶级时代背景出发,来说明作为革命的清教徒弥尔顿决非撒旦。

而诗中那个坚持正义、大义凛然的人物形象——亚必迭才是作者内心情感的真正“客观对应物”。

关键词:《失乐园》弥尔顿撒旦弥尔顿作为文艺复兴的殿军,启蒙运动的启蒙者,生于伦敦一个信奉新教的家庭。

他幼受人文主义的庭训,成年后积极投身革命,用笔为武器,同反动势力进行英勇的斗争。

因为辛劳过度,终至双目失明。

又值王政复辟,受到迫害。

在许多文人墨客纷纷变节的情况下,在双目失明,疾病缠身,生活拮据的恶劣环境中,他以沉痛的心情将一腔孤愤,泻之于诗,以巨人的魄力和悲剧精神写下了辉映百代的不朽之作《失乐园》。

这部打动了我们灵魂的艺术瑰宝,由两条线索交叉而成:一条是亚当、夏娃触犯禁忌,偷食禁果,而失去地上乐园的故事。

另一条是撒旦携众天使反抗上帝,溃败而失去天上乐园的故事。

在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中,那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。

本文基于文本,结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教因素,来说明撒旦并非弥尔顿。

这个充满矛盾的恶魔形象不过是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映,同时也是弥尔顿自己身上复杂矛盾的折射。

一、撒旦在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家笔下,就形成了一种唯撒旦论的观点:即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者,撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。

正如布莱克所说的:“弥尔顿写起天使和上帝来,仿佛手戴镣铐,但是写起魔鬼和地狱来,却是挥洒自如。

这是因为他是一个真正的诗人,他和魔鬼是一帮的,只是他自己没意识到罢了。

”[1] 当然,在浪漫主义批评家眼中,这种强烈的主观印象与当时的时代有着很大的关系。

解析《失乐园》中撒旦人性特征

解析《失乐园》中撒旦人性特征

解析《失乐园》中撒旦的人性特征摘要:长时期以来,《失乐园》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点,其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。

在初步了解约翰弥尔顿的基础上,本文逐步对撒旦的人性色彩进行分析。

从而给人以一个有着人的特性,但却是一个为了自己私欲而引诱人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙形象。

关键词:撒旦《失乐园》约翰·弥尔顿人性一、简介约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国最著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家,是欧洲十七世纪进步文化的基石,是文艺复兴和启蒙思想的最初启发者。

《失乐园》是他的主要作品。

《失乐园》的争论由来己久,其焦点几乎都集中在这部史诗的一位主人公撒旦身上,他被不同的评论家们阐释成罪恶的化身或史诗英雄,典型的清教徒革命家或是对被处以绞形的英国查理一世的影射。

威廉·布莱克甚至于说弥尔顿“成为魔鬼的同党而不自觉”。

哈兹里特也说:“撒旦是诗歌作品中最具有英雄主义的题材,不仅他的性格刻画完美无缺,而且其整个构思也崇高无比。

”且不论作者意欲将撒旦刻画成反抗暴政的英雄或是背叛上帝又引诱我们人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙小人,作者将这个人物刻画的却是非常成功。

让人看到了属于撒旦的人性。

二、基督自由和人类理性弥尔顿受文艺复兴的影响,他从小接了受人文主义的教育,反对封建礼教。

捍卫民主,肯定人的价值,推崇自由。

基督教人文主义是在对柏拉图主义和中世纪的基督教新教义的综合下形成的。

以人为衡量一切事物的标准,注重人对于真和善的追求,启发人们认识自身的价值,以人性反对神权,用个性解放反对禁欲主义,用理性反对蒙昧。

弥尔顿的《失乐园》中表现出了基督教人文主义:基督自由和人类理性。

诗中的撒旦毫无疑问是一个悲剧的角色,但也不失为一个另类英雄,他宣称自己是自由的捍卫者,反抗上帝的绝对权力,他认为上帝是:“独揽大权,在天上掌握虐政呢。

”于是同自己的生存环境中做斗争,敢于反抗。

当撒旦为了其自由从高高在上的天使坠落成地狱的恶魔,在反抗上帝时,他说:“你们必也自知都是天上的子民,本来不从属于谁,即使不完全平等,却都自由,平等的自由,因为地位和等级,跟自由不相予盾,可以和谐地共存。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析

文学评论·外国文学《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析董亚楠 郑州职业技学院摘 要:弥尔顿的作品《失乐园》完成在十七世纪的英国,那时的英国宗教信仰色彩非常浓厚,人们都信奉上帝是完美的、不容置疑的。

《失乐园》中撒旦的形象却是要与上帝斗争到底的一个神灵,在失败之后不反省自己,还继续与上帝抗争,最后把灾难带去人间。

但是对于撒旦形象的认识很多人的观点都不一致,有称赞其抗争精神的,也有反对其对抗上帝行为的,因此撒旦的形象是很复杂的,很难有统一的定论。

本文就《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性进行论析。

关键词:《失乐园》;撒旦;形象;复杂作者简介:董亚楠(1987-),女,汉族,河南省郑州市荥阳人,郑州职业技术学院助教,研究方向:语言文学。

[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2019)-23-088-02弥尔顿,英国的政治家和学者,著有史诗《失乐园》,和荷马的《荷马史诗》、但丁的《神曲》并列称为西方的三大诗歌。

弥尔顿生长在一个生活富足的家庭里,父母也都是清教徒。

这样的成长环境为弥尔顿的文学作品提供了很多灵感,让他对文学充满热爱,对宗教文学更是迷恋,他的文学作品里都包含着宗教的成分。

在他的史诗作品《失乐园》里面主要描述了撒旦先是聚集一部分天使来对抗上帝,失败后被逐出天堂。

随后又通过各种手段潜入伊甸园,通过诱骗,成功使得亚当与夏娃偷吃了伊甸园里知识树上面的禁果,导致亚当和夏娃被上帝责罚赶出伊甸园的故事。

还有撒旦与上帝强烈的对抗行为也是《失乐园》中的精彩部分,最后撒旦的结局就是和其同伙一起被变成了蛇,受到了应有的惩罚。

在作品里,撒旦的形象塑造是非常复杂与多面性的,我们要全面分析才能更好地来解读这一人物形象。

一、弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象撒旦在《失乐园》里的形象不能从一个角度进行单一的定论,不同的人就有不同的理解角度,有人持肯定态度,有人持否定态度,也有人保持中立。

从肯定的角度来看,撒旦身上散发着一种贵族气概,有一定的领袖精神,带领着众人开启革命的道路,也许不一定会有收获,但是也能够笼络人心,有着很强的斗争反抗的精神,可以描述为一个英雄的形象。

《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析

《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析

2021-06文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE世界文艺《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析王宁(河南师范大学,河南新乡453007)摘要:作为一部宏伟史诗,弥尔顿的《失乐园》主要是对恶魔撒旦堕落史的讲述,其所描写的就是堕天使带领反叛天使来对抗上帝,希望能够获取自由。

这一部史诗所表现的是激进革命者与清教徒之间的一种冲突,其本身也是表达了对于独裁统治的厌恶,对于自由平等的一种渴望,以此来产生无限启迪与思考,其本身的研究价值非常可观。

本文主要就《失乐园》中的撒旦形象进行分析,希望能进一步加深对《失乐园》的理解和认识。

关键词:《失乐园》;撒旦;形象中图分类号:I561.072文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-5312(2021)18-0052-02DOI:10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.18.026一、前言阅读弥尔顿《失乐园》时发现撒旦这一人物形象仿佛与之前人们对于撒旦形象的认知有一定差异,主要是因为对于撒旦的感情存在一定的变化。

所以,本文重点分析撒旦的形象,从英雄与恶魔两个层面阐述,对弥尔顿笔下的撒旦形成更清晰的认识。

二、《失乐园》和撒旦不管是在学术界还是在读者心目中,弥尔顿的《失乐园》的地位是其他作品无法超越的,无论是刻画人物方面,还是对于情节的具体安排,都是让后人难以企及的。

整部作品之中对于上帝、撒旦、亚当夏娃等人物的塑造,让人们对此产生了浓郁的兴趣。

在这几个人物之中,对撒旦的争议是最大的。

撒旦的文学形象主要包含了两个方面:一个是评价的悲剧英雄,另一个是评价的恶魔形象①。

《失乐园》最后的结局是亚当夏娃失去了伊甸园,很多人都认为这属于一个喜剧结局,主要是因为虽然他们失去了伊甸园,但是心中却已经发到了自己希望的伊甸园。

如果基于撒旦的角度来进行分析,那么可以将其看成悲剧,原本一个单纯的、善良的天使,因为各种因素的影响,最终变成了恶魔,导致最后被上帝直接贬为一条蛇。

作为一个悲剧人物,撒旦的经历与结局是让读者同情的,这也使得撒旦形象具有悲剧英雄的色彩。

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象

浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象【摘要】约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是英国伟大的诗人和思想家,是继莎士比亚后最杰出的诗人,活跃于被暴力与激情所充斥的动荡的17世纪。

他本出生于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭,由于目睹当时国教日趋反动,放弃了当教会牧师的念头,一心攻读文学,想写出能传世的伟大诗篇。

【关键词】失乐园撒旦形象弥尔顿在这部伟大的史诗中对魔鬼撒旦一改前人所描述的那种恶魔的化身的形象,而赋予撒旦有史以来最崇高和辉煌的地位,使撒旦的形象具有了积极的意义。

弥尔顿对撒旦形象的刻画与当时的社会背景、宗教政治等是密切相关的,我们把撒旦称为弥尔顿本人的代言人,是弥尔顿在英国资产阶级革命中反抗暴政、不公平以及权威的具体表现,弥尔顿对于革命的热情,造就了撒旦的英雄形象。

这一形象根植于英格兰社会和文化,以其独到的方式反映了英国历史和文化的变迁,挑战了当时统治地位的社会、道德、宗教秩序和权威信仰体系。

但是由于弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒,使得他在根本上对于反抗上帝、诱骗亚当和夏娃的撒旦持否定态度,撒旦本质上恶的一面在史诗后面部分得以体现,于是在整部诗作中形成了撒旦矛盾冲突的、鲜明复杂的人物形象。

说起基督,我们可以发现这样一句话:“别人打你的左脸,你把右脸也伸给他”。

以此断定,宗教意味着忍受无条件的屈辱。

但他们却不曾留意《马太福音》第二十一章及《路加福音》第十九章都记载过这样一个“沾净圣殿”的故事:耶稣进了神殿,看见人们在那里做生意,兑换银币,非常愤怒。

于是推倒他们的桌子、凳子,驱赶他们出殿。

并对他们说:“我的殿比称为祈祷的殿,你们倒使它成为贼窝啦。

”看来,耶稣并不是对任何事情都能无限容忍和顺从的。

更何况,《旧约》中的上帝更是一个威力无比、嫉恶如仇的形象,其程度常常到了极其残酷的程度。

自基督教被确立为西方权威宗教后,它就统治着西方的意识形态和道德体系。

撒旦式的人物正是挑战基督这样的“权利意志”的支配,超越所谓的“奴隶道德”,旨在保护基督统治下弱者的道德违反和权力意志,打击让欧洲人堕落的根源。

《失乐园》中的撒旦形象

《失乐园》中的撒旦形象

2014.11英国诗人弥尔顿(John Mil-ton,1608-1674)的长篇史诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost,1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》、《浮士德》相媲美。

对于其作品中的撒旦形象,国内学界一直以来也较为关注,且一般认同《失乐园》中的撒旦是作为一个悲情英雄形象出现;也有学者认为《失乐园》中的撒旦拥有双重性性格,一方面是一位悲情英雄,另一方面是丑恶恶魔;除此之外,也有学者认为,弥尔顿笔下不同面的撒旦的描写,是为了用前文的崇高来衬托出后文中撒旦的猥琐,即揭露撒旦在其坚强高大的外衣下,隐藏的那一个虚伪、狡诈的恶魔形象,从而达到更深层次的批判,借此来彰显上帝的权威。

本文将用发展的眼光来看待《失乐园》中的撒旦形象,审视撒旦的形象是如何从悲情英雄堕落为猥琐恶魔,将撒旦形象融入到不同的时空环境当中去考虑、分析。

撒旦在西方传统文化中是地狱的君王和主宰,但他最初却是上帝座前的六翼天使,负责在人间放置诱惑,以检验地上的人对于上帝的信仰是否忠诚且坚定。

直到后来他在野心的驱使下,率领天堂中三分之一的天使反叛上帝,失败后被放逐地狱,堕落成为魔鬼,被看作与光明力量相对的邪恶、黑暗之源,并且逐渐演变成了“魔鬼”的代名词。

在《圣经·旧约》当中,撒旦曾与上帝约赌,检验信徒约伯对神的信仰是否真的那么坚定且忠诚。

质疑上帝,这是撒旦最终敢于起兵反叛上帝的原因之一。

同时,撒旦在《圣经》还有着“古蛇”的形象,“古蛇”的形象出现于“蛇引诱夏娃吃智慧树的果子”一段中,普遍的研究都认为,《旧约》这里出现的蛇的形象,也即寓意着堕落为魔鬼后的撒旦。

撒旦从天使堕落为恶魔,具有不同的表现形象,《圣经·旧约》中的撒旦形象也由此化身在弥尔顿的《失乐园》中。

如果说《圣经》中的撒旦形象还是典型化的,那么在《失乐园》中,撒旦形象经历了一个发展变化的过程。

【撒旦形象下的艺术:谈《失乐园》】 失乐园撒旦形象分析

【撒旦形象下的艺术:谈《失乐园》】 失乐园撒旦形象分析

17世纪英国伟大的诗人约翰·弥尔顿的代表作《失乐园》经常被人们拿来与鸿篇巨制《荷马史诗》相提并论。

在《失乐园》这部作品中,有一个饱受人们关注与争议的人物形象——撒旦。

很多人都觉得撒旦形象是反抗专制强权与追求自由独立的化身,但不少人也认为作者结合了圣经中的一些形象——堕落和高贵这两种贯穿了整部作品的情感,塑造出了撒旦复杂的性格。

本文探讨的主要话题是撒旦形象艺术之下的艺术——《失乐园》。

一、撒旦形象的复杂性产生的历史背景《失乐园》是作者弥尔顿借用了圣经里面的故事,利用史诗一般的形式将人类最初的演变以及历史上出现的各种变革斗争刻画得淋漓尽致,相当精彩。

作者弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒,基督教所信仰的就是上帝的绝对权威,因此在弥尔顿的意识里是不会允许有任何亵渎上帝的语言和行为的,他们始终认为上帝是公平而且正义的。

可是,与此同时弥尔顿又是一个主张民主自由的革命者,他倡导民主共和,最终等来的却是王政复辟,这对他内心是很大的打击。

他需要用文字的形式去寄托自己对现实的愤怒,去宣泄内心的愤慨。

可在17世纪的英国,由于长期受到基督教文化的熏陶与渲染,人们是不能很好地接受将撒旦纯粹地刻画成一个反对上帝的英雄这样一个社会现实。

因而,在一定程度上这也为撒旦这样一个形象的悲剧结尾埋下了伏笔。

与此同时,对于中国的不少读者而言,由于受到传统文化的影响,我们一般都会把撒旦这样一个形象比喻成反对专制独裁的英雄。

虽然撒旦这样一个形象有太多的不确定性与争议性,但是拨开层层迷雾,弥尔顿刻画的这样一个形象始终是魔鬼的化身。

二、结合《失乐园》浅谈撒旦形象之下的艺术(一)撒旦艺术形象的本质上文已经有所涉及,尽管世界各国对撒旦这样一个形象存在着不同的理解,而这各种各样的观点也间接导致了其形象的复杂性。

但是,从本质上讲,撒旦这样一个形象依旧是魔鬼。

《失乐园》作品开篇不久,作者就描述了撒旦向所有的魔鬼宣布不管是做事还是受苦,但有一条我们是相当明确的,那就是行善绝对不是我们的任务,作恶才是我们唯一的乐事。

论《失乐园》中satan的形象

论《失乐园》中satan的形象

论《失乐园》中satan的形象商业故事BUSINESSSTORY130企业文化?Companyculture摘要:本文以《失乐园》作品中的satan 为研究对象,首先介绍了《失乐园》这部作品的主要内容;接着综合分析了satan 的人物形象;接着又展现出satan 的转变过程;最后揭露出satan 具有的隐喻意义,包括诗人自身的隐喻意义,社会背景下的隐喻意义。

希望可以为satan 的人物形象研究提供有价值的参考意见,为《失乐园》这部作品的阅读进行一定的点拨。

关键词:《失乐园》 satan 人物形象转变过程隐喻意义引言:文通过详实的论述,揭示了失乐园中不一样的撒旦形象。

作品《失乐园》中的撒旦形象具有太多争议,有人说他是自由主义的代表,有人说他终究改变不了是恶魔的本质,他的反抗与抗争,只是他权利与野心的外加战袍,他狂妄的言辞,虚假光辉的外表,哗众取宠的主张无一不说明他虚弱而又邪恶的本质,其的堕落与原罪,则体现的是内心深处的野心和欲望,是劣根性的外在表现。

作为读者,只有抓住人物形象的本质,才能更好地理解作品。

一、《失乐园》中主要内容《失乐园》是十七世纪著名诗人弥尔顿所著具有史诗级意义的长诗,与其其他两篇《复乐园》《力士参孙》并称为其代表作,而其中《失乐园》是世所公认的具有代表性的充满反抗意识追求自由主义的新时期作品。

其以《圣经》作为原型,借用其中的上帝、撒旦、亚当和夏娃作为原型,讲述了原为大天使的撒旦不满于上帝的统治,与上帝进行了长达三天三夜的斗争,在斗争失败被投入地狱之后决心复仇,引诱人类始祖亚当和夏娃偷食禁果从而被投入地狱的故事。

在《失乐园》中,弥尔顿在前六卷中具体详尽的描述了上帝与撒旦的矛盾与斗争,并在第六卷中描述了上帝与撒旦长达三天三夜的大战过程;而在后半部分中则讲述了上帝创造人类万物的过程以及撒旦决心报复的心理过程的产生,最后亚当和夏娃没有经受得住诱惑,无视上帝的警告偷食禁果被逐出乐园的全过程。

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《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视
发表时间:2009-03-25T08:20:13.140Z 来源:《青年文学家》2009年第2期供稿作者:杜艳红
[导读] 在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中,那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。

弥尔顿作为文艺复兴的殿军,启蒙运动的启蒙者,生于伦敦一个信奉新教的家庭。

他幼受人文主义的庭训,成年后积极投身革命,用笔为武器,同反动势力进行英勇的斗争。

因为辛劳过度,终至双目失明。

又值王政复辟,受到迫害。

在许多文人墨客纷纷变节的情况下,在双目失明,疾病缠身,生活拮据的恶劣环境中,他以沉痛的心情将一腔孤愤,泻之于诗,以巨人的魄力和悲剧精神写下了辉映百代的不朽之作《失乐园》。

这部打动了我们灵魂的艺术瑰宝,由两条线索交叉而成:一条是亚当、夏娃触犯禁忌,偷食禁果,而失去地上乐园的故事。

另一条是撒旦携众天使反抗上帝,溃败而失去天上乐园的故事。

在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中,那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。

本文基于文本,结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教因素,来说明撒旦并非弥尔顿。

这个充满矛盾的恶魔形象不过是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映,同时也是弥尔顿自己身上复杂矛盾的折射。

一、撒旦
在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家笔下,就形成了一种唯撒旦论的观点:即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者,撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。

正如布莱克所说的:“弥尔顿写起天使和上帝来,仿佛手戴镣铐,但是写起魔鬼和地狱来,却是挥洒自如。

这是因为他是一个真正的诗人,他和魔鬼是一帮的,只是他自己没意识到罢了。

”[1] 当然,在浪漫主义批评家眼中,这种强烈的主观印象与当时的时代有着很大的关系。

在英国历史中,当新古典主义对资产阶级理性的梦想破灭以后,浪漫主义诗人就常常以反叛者的身份自居,他们在《失乐园》中一眼瞥见反叛者撒旦的形象,就自然而然地想到了弥尔顿,并一起引为激进的同道,为之欢呼了。

的确,在《失乐园》第一章中,撒旦的形象是高大,勇武,雄壮,感人的:
打败了又有什么?
并不是一切都完了!不屈的意志,
复仇的决心,不灭的仇恨,
决不低头认输的勇气,
都没有被压倒,还有什么比这更难战胜的呢?[2] (《失乐园》I: 第104-108行)
在这里,撒旦被刻画成了一个叱咤风云的英雄。

他那宏伟的气势,坚韧不拔的毅力,宛然一位令人尊敬的革命英雄。

然而在接下来的篇章里,撒旦的形象开始逐渐矮小, 首先他做了一段悔恨的独白,认识到地獄其实是在灵魂之中:
人啊,为什么开战?由于我以怨报德,真是对他不起,他把我创造得光辉,卓越,施恩于我,丝毫没有亏待过我。

[3] (IV: 第45-48行)
从这里,我们可以涉猎到撒旦十分复杂充满矛盾的心理。

一方面,这个恶魔的心灵窝藏着仇恨、妒嫉、渴望报复、傲慢、和恐怖。

另一方面,他的心灵又充满了绝望、后悔。

这种隐藏在庄严的外貌底下的感情使他变得更加生动而不可捉摸。

但是随着他那暴疟而放荡的性子的阵阵发作,这个恶魔逐渐向四周撒布死亡。

他要袭击人类始祖居住的乐园,他希望把他们从上帝夺走,使他们屈从于自己的叛逆势力之下。

最后当他凯旋归来,向部下宣布他的冒险胜利时,等待他的却是一阵嘶嘶声,原来他们都已变成了蛇。

这种变形成了撒旦在《失乐园》中最后的象征。

通观全书,撒旦的地位绝对够不上一个英雄,而弥尔顿也绝不是撒旦。

这个充满了矛盾的恶魔形象仅仅是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映,同时也是弥尔顿自己身上矛盾的折射。

二、弥尔顿
众所周知,《失尔园》是时代的产物,也是英国资产阶级革命的产物。

当英国人民在上帝的名义下进行的斗争失败后,作为一名激进的战士, 弥尔顿感到难以接受这个惨痛的事实。

然而作为一名虔诚的清教徒,他又觉得必须接受这个沉痛的事实。

一切都是上帝安排的。

诗人创作这首诗的目的,就是要“向世人昭示天理的公道”。

永不忘记
我们的创造者,遵守他的
简单的公正的命令。

[4] (V, 第550-552行)
在长诗的构思中,占据首要地位的是“权威”的无限威力,叛逆的撒旦和违抗命令的人在这“权威”之下是无力反抗的。

于是始终站在时代斗争前列的弥尔顿,把自己的政冶倾向寄寓在撒旦身上,把撒旦对上帝的反抗描写成对专制统冶的正义斗争, 向“独揽大权,肆虐天庭”的上帝——他们的“大敌”,“进行一场永不调和的战争”。

[5] 的确,撒旦的演说慷慨激昂,非常精彩,制造出了一派不战不休的气势。

可是,最后出现在我们眼前的不过是一个恶魔和一群张牙舞爪的小丑们的演戏罢了。

如果我们把它与其创作时的政治历史背景联系起来,撒旦才真正是一个专制、施暴者的化身。

“毕竟,即使是罪大恶极的坏蛋,在他们绝望的时刻,为了捍卫自己的恶行,也会装出一付争取自由的面孔,狂叫着反对他们称之为暴君的人来。

”[6] 因此,“撒但绝非他心目中的英雄,后世诗人视为美德的叛逆精神并不为弥尔顿所看好。

”[7] 在这种看似欣赏的描述之下,隐藏着作者对革命失利的悲哀,以及对暴君们的嘲笑与讽刺。

也许正因为这一点,鲁宾斯坦(AnnetteT.Rubinstein)在《英国文学的伟大传统》一书中断言,“从感情上讲,弥尔顿不像是一位喜欢违法乱纪的人,相反,他倒很像是一位受人敬重的共和派艺术家。


[8]因此,弥尔顿对撒旦的刻画,是以英国的社会现实为立足点的。

也就是在这个层面上,《失乐园》中部分章节中的撒旦成了弥尔顿的一个“代理人”,与上帝进行激烈的争论、抗辨。

然而,在这些段落中叛逆、不满色彩的流露,弥尔顿自己并不是完全意识到的。

相反,对撒旦野心、嫉妒、阴谋的刻画,则是诗人意识到了的笔墨,体现了作者主观意识和客观效果之间的矛盾,也体现了作为革命的清教徒弥尔顿内心的矛盾。

因此,我们可以说,撒旦决非弥尔顿。

他仅仅是诗人内心深处的一种心灵寄托。

他所要表达的是对复辟王朝时期英国资产阶级革命者坚强不屈的高尚品质的赞颂,(“全体官兵扬声呐喊,喊声震裂了地狱的苍穹,并且震惊了天外的浑沌界和夜的古国” [9] I, 第541-543行)对当时腐朽喧嚣社会的嘲讽和对英国人民命运的关注。

在他看来,英国人民就象亚当和夏娃一样,上帝给了他们美好的一切,但他们却由于是理性不坚,意志薄弱,经不起外界的引诱,自由地选择了通向堕落的道路,但是只要他们坚定信仰,以理智来控制冲动,通过漫长而坚辛的历程,最终就可以回到乐园之中。

《失乐园》结尾部分兴奋乐观气氛的描写,充分体现了诗人对英国人民和整个人类抱有的基督教人文
主义思想。

三、亚必迭那么,在这首长诗中,谁才是弥尔顿的真正“客观对应物呢”? 诗中的另一个特立独行的人物——亚必迭,身为撒旦的手下大将,却不愿与他一起堕落,“啊,你这天神的背叛者,被诅咒的精灵,你自绝一切,我眼见你决心堕落沉沦……刚才你叫我飞走,那很好,我将要从你这罪恶的篷帐飞走。

”[10](V: 第887-889行)这个被诗人刻画得较少笔墨的人物形象,俨然独对千万之众,坚持正义,不肯附庸盲从。

我认为,这个威武不屈,坚贞不移的形象,才是弥尔顿的真正代理人,象征了诗人自己在复辟的大潮流中巍然独立,光照一代。

参考文献:
[1] 裘小龙. 论《失乐园》和撒旦形象 [J]. 人民大学书报资料社, 第1期, 1984. 54.
[2] [3] [4] [9] [10] Lu Peixian [M], A Student’s Edition of Milton , Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1990.
[5] 曾庆强.《英美文学选读》(上册) [M]. 湖北省教育委员会师训处组,1995. 30.
[6] 陈嘉.《英国文学史》(第一册) [M] . 商务印书馆,1980. 291.
[7] 张勤. 《反思叛逆,企盼理性》——《失乐园的主题微探》[J]. 浙江师范大学学报,第五期, 2002. 45.
[8] Rubinstein, Annette T. The Great Tradition in English Literature [M]. New York and London, First Modern Reader Paperback Edition, 1969.160.。

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