材料阅读文本资料
非连续性文本阅读材料2篇
非连续性文本阅读材料2017年福建的冬天材料一：两股冷空气接踵而至福建发布霜冻蓝色预警新华网福州12月6日电（刘丰）明天就是大雪节气，这意味着天气将越来越冷。
预计本周后半段，有两股冷空气接连影响福建。
福建省气象台6日16时21分发布霜冻蓝色预警信号。
受冷空气影响，7日早晨全省气温较低，南平市北部、三明和宁德西北部最低气温可达2-4℃；中南部沿海10-13℃；其余大部5-9℃；西北部地区部分县市有霜或霜冻。
8-9日气温将继续下降。
8日夜里，福州市区的最低气温将只有6℃，低温将创下半年新低，8-9日高温只有15℃左右。
10日，新一轮冷空气南下。
福建西部、北部地区部分县市有霜或霜冻。
11-12日，全省气温继续下降。
13-14日，低层受偏东气流影响，中北部地区的部分有小雨，各地气温逐渐回升。
材料二：图1 2017年福建12月份气温走势材料三：预警！暴跌15℃！厦门今晚起断崖式降温！厦门人请准备好，今晚开始，一夜入冬！从26℃暴跌至11℃，厦门仅剩1天！仅剩1天！厦门气象台最新发布：目前一波新的强冷空气，已南下抵达长江流域，今天下午开始抵达厦门，届时东北大风再次增强，气温也将逐日下降。
今天午后开始，鹭岛气温将加速下滑，跌跌跌！白天市区最高气温将跌至22℃，入夜后最低气温跌至14℃~~到了明后天，冷空气大兵压境，东北风劲吹，气温也会继续下挫，市区最高气温跌破20℃更刺激将在这周三，最低温预计将出现在这一天的凌晨，只有11℃！11℃！白天最高气温也降至19度附近！图2 厦门一周天气预报材料四：图3 南平一周天气预报20.根据福建省气象台消息，7日早晨全省大部分地区是几度（）A 2-4℃B 10-13℃C 5-9℃D 10-15℃21. 结合材料一和材料二中的图，两股冷空气分别是在什么时间段明显影响福建（）A 7-8日，10-11日B 8-9日，11-13日C 8-9日，13-14日D 7-8日，13-14日22. “厦门今晚起断崖式降温”中的“今晚”指哪一天（）A 7日周四B 8日周五C 5日周一D 4日周一23. 说“厦门今晚起断崖式降温”的理由是（）A白天最高气温也降至19℃B从26℃暴跌至11℃C市区最高气温跌破20℃ D凌晨最低温只有11℃24.南平市的最低气温将出现在哪一天（）A 5日B 8日C 10日D 9日25.福建发布霜冻蓝色预警的原因是（）A 福建省气温严重下降，创下今年新低B 福建省各地都有霜冻，西北部更厉害C 福建省气温下降明显，西北部有霜冻D 福建省冷空气大兵压境，一夜入冬26. 结合材料二的图，说明“新华网福州12月6日电（刘丰）明天就是大雪节气，这意味着天气将越来越冷”这样报道的理由。
部编版五年级语文下册期末专项非连续性文本阅读附答案
部编版五年级语文下册非连续性文本阅读时间：40分钟满分：100分题号一二三四五六七八九十十一总分得分一、【立德树人】阅读材料，完成练习。
(24分)【材料一】《说文解字·老部》云：“孝，善事父母者。
从老省，从子。
子承老也。
”【材料二】当代青少年对传统孝道的认知与传承状况调查统计表你认为有必要遵守传统的孝道吗？你觉得自己现在对待父母怎样？有必要76. 07% 已经很好13. 97%遵守部分22. 69% 一般29. 82%没必要 1. 24% 做得不够56. 21%【材料三】吴有礼同学考完试回到家，书包一甩，二郎腿一跷，边吃零食边看电视。
此时，吴爷爷正和来串门的张大爷在聊天。
妈妈走过来说：“有礼，见到客人要问好，坐要有坐相。
”吴有礼大声说：“没必要讲那么多规矩，成绩好就行啦！”……晚上，吴爷爷找吴有礼谈心：“……”1.结合材料一的图片及文字，简要概括“孝”的含义。
(5分)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.从材料二的统计数据中，可得出哪两个结论？(6分)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.根据材料三的情境，爷爷最有可能说()(4分)A. 有礼，没有规矩咋成方圆？不讲规矩，分数再高有啥用！真不像话！B. 有礼，孝亲敬老，文明知礼是我们中华民族的优良传统。
传统不能丢，学习也不能误，这都是为了今后更好地为人处世啊！C. 有礼，现在你要以学习为主，考高分最重要，规矩的事长大了自然就知晓了！4.联系自身实际，谈谈你今后该如何孝亲敬老。
(至少谈两点，9分)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、阅读材料，完成练习。
专题05实用类文本阅读
专题05 实用类文本阅读学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、实用类文本阅读（2022·吉林四平·七年级期末）请阅读下面材料，完成下面小题。
【材料一】下面两个表格选自基于中国居民运动健身的实测数据编制而成的《全民健身指南》。
表一：体育活动方式与健身效果表二：一次体育健身活动的内容及安排【材料二】互联网+运动已是一种潮流，运动 App（应用程序）已成为备受追捧的“运动伴侣”。
截至2018年6月，中国健身运动App规模过亿，每个用户的日均使用时长达到20.17分钟，同比增长 30.8%。
运动APP的火爆，给人们带来了全新的体验，过去需要腾出时间去健身房或运动场地锻炼，现在抽空就能跟着视频做运动，所有零碎时间都利用起来了；运动APP大多有记录健康数据功能，只要随身携带，就可以自动记录24小时的运动量，针对每个用户的情况，推荐每天的健身运动目标和完成方式。
另外，许多运动APP还有添加好友的功能，运动者可以图文并茂地随心分享，引来大批点赞，更激发了运动热情。
运动APP因为其便捷性、社交性等特点吸引了大量用户。
【材料三】体育明星的“殊死搏斗”、心理上的失败迷茫、成功的狂喜都能在赛场上一览无余，竞赛把人生的很多矛盾和解决方式，高度聚焦地展现在观众面前。
而且如果长时间关注一个体育明星，并将其作为偶像，往往会激发人参加运动的激情，甚至爱上这项运动。
这样，不但可以学到运动技术，还会受到坚持不懈、奋力拼搏等精神的感染。
1．下列说法与原文意思不符的一项是（）A．每小时快跑8千米的大强度有氧运动能增加心肌收缩力量和改善心脏功能，进一步改善免疫功能。
B．一次完整的体育健身活动由准备活动、基本活动、放松活动构成，完成时间至少要30分钟。
C．小林从小体弱多病，有氧运动和中国传统运动都可以满足她增强体质的活动需求。
D．眼下互联网+运动已经是一种潮流，中国传统运动太极拳、五禽戏等难以被年轻人接受。
读文文本资料
读文文本在日常生活中，阅读文本已经成为一种必不可少的能力。
无论是在学校里学习课本、工作中处理文件，还是在网络上阅读资讯，都需要我们具备一定的阅读能力。
读文文本不仅仅是简单地看文字，而是需要我们理解其中的含义、把握其中的逻辑关系，甚至是从中获取信息、知识，对于个人发展和学习都具有重要的意义。
阅读的重要性阅读文本对于人们的认知发展起着至关重要的作用。
通过阅读，我们可以了解世界各地的文化、历史、思想等，拓宽视野、增长见识。
同时，阅读还可以帮助我们提升思维能力，培养逻辑思维和分析问题的能力。
不仅如此，阅读还可以激发我们的想象力，提高我们的表达能力。
此外，阅读文本还可以帮助我们获取知识，学习新的技能。
在信息爆炸的社会里，通过阅读，我们可以获取各种领域的知识，不断充实自己。
同时，通过仔细阅读，我们也可以培养批判性思维，筛选信息，辨别真伪，避免受到虚假信息的误导。
提高阅读能力的方法提高阅读能力，需要我们多方面的努力。
首先，要培养良好的阅读习惯，保持持续性的阅读，不断提升自己的阅读量和速度。
其次，要注重理解阅读，不要只是停留在表面理解，要深入思考、分析阅读材料，从中获取更多的信息和思想。
此外，及时总结归纳所读内容，对于加深对知识的理解和记忆也有着重要的作用。
对于提高阅读能力，还可以通过拓展阅读范围、选择适合自己的阅读方式等途径。
比如可以从不同领域的文本中获取信息，扩大自己的知识面；也可以尝试使用电子书、听书等方式进行阅读，增强阅读的趣味性和便捷性。
结语在信息时代，阅读文本已经成为一种基本能力。
只有通过持续的阅读，不断提升自己的阅读能力，才能更好地适应社会的发展和变化，丰富自己的知识储备，提升自己的素养。
希望每个人都能意识到阅读的重要性，努力提高自己的阅读能力，从而更好地适应社会的发展和变化。
非连续性文本阅读解题技巧硬核资料
论证结构：也指议论文的基本结构，结构由“引论、本论、结论”三部 分组成。一般的说，引论就是开头，本论就是主体，结论就是结尾。即 开头必须提论题或论点，主体部分应选用材料并分次论证观点，结尾归 纳总结。其中本论部分常见的论证结构有以下几种：总分总、层进式、 并列式、对比式。 层进式：A、由此及彼，环环相扣 B、由浅入深，层层深入 对比式：①正反对比 既可以是正反观点的对比，也可以是正反例证的 对比.②相关比较 既可以是轻重主次比较,也可以是利弊，得失比较） 常考形式：
设题误区八：指代不明。就是指代词的指代内容模糊、不明确， 甚至是指代错误。 解题指导：解答此类试题，要留心文中的“这些”“那 些”“这个”“那个”“其”等词语，必须联系上下文，弄清 指代性词语所指代的具体内容，再进行判断。
设题误区九：逻辑错误。指命题者在设置根据原文内容进行合 理的推断和想象题的选项时，从逻辑推理角度设置陷阱。 解题技巧提示：进行推断应该根据原文而又不拘限于原文，应 以原文提供的信息为基础进行合理的引申或推断，根据各选项 所涉及的内容，先回到原文中找到相关信息，然后进行合乎逻 辑的推理，看能否得到选项中的某个结论。
“下定义”是一种用简洁明确的语言对事物的本
质特征作概括说明的方法。
注意三点：用“是”字单句，不能同语重复（主 语和宾语由同一词语充当构成）；不能用否定形 式；不能用比喻等修辞手法。
例：请简要分析材料一的论证思路。(4分)
①首先指出年轻人对戏曲疏离的原因，引出中心论点“越是传 统的，就越是时尚的”,并用年轻人乘飞机去欣赏《董生与李 氏》加以佐证； ②接着论证戏曲应该怎样吸引年轻观众，指出古典美与现代美 都是他们需要的； ③最后得出结论：真善美结合才能赢得年轻观众的青睐和戏曲 美好的未来。
专项复习(十) 非连续性文本阅读
专项复习（十） 非连续性文本阅读
（一）阅读下面的材料，完成下面小题。
材料一 随着经济社会发展和生活水平提高，我国国民膳食结构变化显著，肉蛋奶消费大增。中国疾控中心营养与健康所所长说，1982年至今的监测显示，我国国民从最初的蛋白质、微量元素等普遍缺乏，到现在儿童生长迟缓率明显下降，人均预期寿命持续提高。 《中国居民膳食指南》提出，规律进餐是实现合理膳食的前提，应合理安排一日三餐、定时定量、饮食有度。两餐间隔时间以4-6小时为宜，早餐用餐时间为15-20分钟，午餐、晚餐用餐时间为 20-30分钟。
[解析] A项，根据材料一“榜样教育历来是对青少年进行思想政治教育的重要手段”可知“只是对当代青少年”表述有误；B项，“父母的示范教育比学校的教育更有成效”在材料中没有体现；C项，“演员的榜样力量也在提升”无中生有。
2.在日常生活中，“榜样”与“偶像”常常被混用或替用，它们有哪些不同点呢？请结合材料二分点概括。（3分）____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【示例】小明，你这样做是不对的。早餐对健康很重要，它提供的能量应占全天的近三分之一，所以不能不吃，而且要少吃油炸食品，多吃粥、鸡蛋等有营养的食物，多喝牛奶。吃饭也不宜太快，以15-20分钟为宜。
（二）阅读下面的材料，完成下面的小题。
材料一 榜样教育历来是对青少年进行思想政治教育的重要手段。青少年处在“拔节孕穗期”，加强榜样教育，引导他们领悟榜样的力量，帮他们扣好人生的第一颗扣子，尤为重要。近年来，榜样模范辈出，先进典型不断。从全国道德模范到时代楷模，从“共和国勋章”获得者到“七一勋章”获得者，从全国教书育人楷模到“最美大学生”……他们的崇高精神令人感动，他们的责任担当令人敬佩。这些先进典型和榜样，是进行思想政治教育的生动教材。因此，我们要注意选择好这些先进典型和榜样，并把他们融入立德树人的全过程和各个方面。
高中语文 文学类文本阅读(小说阅读)素材
文学类文本阅读（小说阅读）文学作品的阅读包括诗歌.散文.小说.戏剧等文学样式的阅读，散文在过去多年的考查中一直占据了绝对份量，而小说由于受考试时间.试卷长度等的限制，很少在高考中考到。
但是，今年的山东考试说明中关于文学类文本阅读部分有一个明显的改动，即将原来的“了解诗歌.散文.小说.戏剧等文学体裁的基本特征及主要手法”改为“了解小说.散文.诗歌.戏剧等文学体裁的基本特征及主要手法”。
排列顺序的改变，极可能引发命题材料的文体变化，换句话说，今后很可能会考小说阅读。
小说是一种通过完整的故事情节和典型的环境描写，塑造具有典型性格的人物形象，多角度.多层次反映社会生活的文学体裁。
小说作为阅读命题材料，在07高考中已占有一定的比例，如海南.宁夏卷的《林冲见差拨》，湖北卷的《日月行色》等。
08《江苏考试说明》将文学类文本阅读列入了必考内容，且明确说明“命题材料以散文.小说为主”，而江苏高考多年来一直以散文为阅读文本，因此，在新课程标准背景下的新高考中，小说阅读应引起我们足够的重视小说阅读的取材多以微型小说为主，考查侧重点主要在于概括故事情节.鉴赏人物形象.把握小说的表达技巧和语言风格等，考生应对其相关内容和作用了如指掌。
纵观09年高考试卷，考查到小说的试卷有安徽卷.四川卷.福建卷.浙江卷.宁夏卷.辽宁卷共6套。
小说考查着重从人物形象.语言.表达技巧以及情节.高潮.结尾等方面设题考查。
同时，注重考查考生对作品表现出来的价值判断和审美取向作出评价，鼓励考生从不同角度和层面发掘作品的丰富意蕴，探讨作品中蕴含的民族心理和人文精神，对作品进行个性化阅读和有创意的解读。
小说是文学样式中的一种重要体式，它包含长篇.中篇.短篇.小小说等。
小说鉴赏考查的选材是宽泛的，长篇小说的节选.短篇小说的节选或者整篇小小说都可被选用作阅读材料，其考查能力要求.考查特点与散文阅读的考查大致相同，但也有其考查重点。
具体来说，我觉得要做到以下“三分析三把握”：一、分析作品结构，把握情节小说是否成功，关键在于构思的精巧别致。
《诫子书》对比阅读文本材料-
文言阅读练习：《周公诫子》和诸葛亮《诫子书》（甲）周公诫子成王封伯禽于鲁。
周公诫之曰：“往矣，子无以鲁国骄士。
吾，文王之子，武王之弟，成王之叔也，又相天子，吾于天下亦不轻矣。
然一沐三握发，一饭三吐哺，犹恐失天下之士。
吾闻，德行宽裕，守之以恭者，荣；土地广大，守以俭者，安；禄位尊盛，守以卑者，贵；人众兵强，守以畏者，胜；聪明睿智，守之以愚者，哲；博闻强记，守之以浅者，智。
夫此六者，皆谦德也。
夫贵为天子，富有四海，由此德也。
不谦而失天下，亡其身者，桀、纣是也。
可不慎欤？”（乙）诸葛亮《诫子书》夫君子之行①，静以修身②，俭以养德，非淡泊③无以明志，非宁静无以致远④。
夫学须静也，才须学也，非学无以广才，非志无以成学。
淫漫⑤则不能励精⑥，险躁则不能冶性。
年与时驰，意⑦与日去，遂成枯落，多不接世⑧，悲守穷庐，将复何及！【注】①行：操行。
②修身：个人的品德修养。
③淡泊：清静寡欲，没有奢望。
④致远：达到远大的目标。
⑤淫漫：荒淫，怠惰。
⑥励精：振奋精神。
⑦意：意志。
⑧接世：合于世用，为社会所用。
【试题】1．解释下边加粗字在文中的意思。
博闻强记，守之以浅者（）非学无以广才（）悲守穷庐（）又相天子（）2．解释下边加粗字在文中的意思。
吾于天下亦不轻矣（）往矣，子勿以鲁国骄士（）夫君子之行（）险躁则不能冶性（）3．这两篇短文都是告诫子孙的文章，但中心内容不同。
其中甲文周公告诫儿子伯禽的中心内容是：；乙文诸葛亮告诫儿子的中心内容是：。
4．将下列句子译为现代汉语。
①夫此六者，皆谦德也。
②年与时驰，意与日去，遂成枯落，多不接世，悲守穷庐，将复何及！5．乙文中有两句话常被人们用做“志当存高远”的座右铭，这两句话是：【参考答案】（甲）周公诫子1. 见闻广博，记忆力强扩展屋子辅佐2. 在因为放在句首作发语词，无实意就3.不要因为受封于鲁国就怠慢轻视人才要立德、修身4.（1）这六点都是谦虚谨慎的美德。
（2）（如果）年华随着时间流失，意志随着时日消磨，最终就会像枯枝落叶般一天天衰老下去。
中考非连续性文本材料阅读及答案(2021年宁夏中考题)
中考非连续性文本材料阅读及答案（2021年宁夏中考题）6,阅读下面三则材料，按要求回答问题。
（6分）材料一:革命文物保护利用“成绩单”名称数量全国不可移动革命文物 3.6万多处国有藏馆可移动革命文物超过100万件/套全国文物保护单位革命旧址开放率接近94%革命博物馆、纪念馆总数超过1600家4000余个“十三五”时期平均每年推出革命文物展览20个相继公布第一批革命文物名录的省（区、市）数据来源：国家文物局材料二：近两年，红色旅游的规模和热度不断攀升。
2019年，全国红色旅游人数就已超过14亿人次，红色旅游收入超过4000亿元，不少红色旅游目的地成为民众出游的重要选项和网红打卡地，年轻人成为红色旅游热的主力军。
2021年，文化和旅游部计划遴选推出建党百年百条精品红色旅游线路，让广大游客深刻感受红色文化魅力和革命捋神力量。
（摘自《人民日报》，有改动）材料三：为了让革命文物焕发光彩,让红色基因永续传承，各地展开了积极探索。
在推进文物建设方面，实施保护传承、研究发掘、数字再现等工程,建设红色文化名村镇，打造红色文旅融合品牌，开发情景剧、体验式红色经典课程、革命文物现场教学点等，不断深化革命文物的价值挖掘和利用创新。
（摘自《人民日报》，有改动）（1）根据材料一图表中的主要信息，得出一个结论。
（2分）（2）同桌计划暑假去旅游，你给他推荐了红色旅游线路，请根据这三则材料谈谈推荐的理由（写出四条）。
（4分）答案：6、（1）示例：中国革命文物数量众多，分布范围广，利用率高。
（2）①深刻感受红色文化魅力和革命精神力量；②可以学习革命历史和革命精神；③让革命文物焕发光彩，让红色基因永续传承；④推进文物建设方面，深化革命文物的价值挖掘和利用创新。
文学类文本阅读20篇
一、阅读下面的文章，完成1~4题。
（22分）白发斯沐①我一直以为50多岁的母亲，还有一头乌黑的头发。
②这个暑假，侄儿满月办酒，虽然在遥远的北京，但我这个当姑姑的没有考虑就买了去北京的机票。
一来去看看可爱的小侄儿，二来因为母亲也在北京。
③因为飞机延误，到达首都机场已经是晚上九点多。
原本说好就弟弟一人开车来接我。
没想到母亲也来了，我感到很意外。
母亲一向晕车，她这一生最受折磨的就是头晕头痛。
在儿时记忆里，我最早认识的药就是去痛片，用白色小瓶子装着，药片也是白色的，那是每次母亲头痛必吃的药。
这么晚了，还坐上一个多小时的车来接我，母亲的头一定又痛了。
④母亲见了我，就大步走来牵着我的手。
用那双粗糙的手紧紧握住我的手，把我的手都握疼了，就好像我随时会逃走一样。
我心疼地说：“妈，这么晚了，你干吗还来接我啊。
我这么大一人，弟弟来接就可以了。
再说，等下还要坐一个多小时的车，你不是会晕车吗？你的头肯定又痛了。
”母亲笑着回答：“我也想来看看机场，首都机场可真大！头不痛，不痛。
”我知道母亲说来看机场，说头不痛，只是敷衍我，我便不吭声了。
⑤从机场出来到停车场，要搭自动扶梯。
我跟在母亲后面，在明亮的灯光照耀下，我才发现，母亲一头原本乌黑的头发不知什么时候已经白了一大半，是那么刺眼，一根根直刺我的心。
“妈，你头发怎么白了这么多？年初回来时，怎么没看见你有白发。
”我吃惊地问道。
母亲倒是很自然，像是问了一个跟她无关的话题，轻描淡写．．．．地答道：“是啊，头发白了很多。
夏天，要经常剪头发，我就没去染发了。
”⑥染发！我这才恍然大悟。
是啊，近三年，我看到母亲都只是过年的时候，她都是特意染了头发回来。
我一直以为，她还有一头乌黑的头发。
我一直以为，我的母亲，还是没老的，我还是可以在她面前耍点小脾气的。
⑦可时间却是一把利剑，残酷地划开一道道赤裸裸的现实。
让我清楚地看到，只是三年的时间没有待在母亲身边，她的头发已经白了一大半。
是一根根慢慢变白，还是一下子就白了那么多呢？作为她的女儿，一点都不知道。
非连续性文本阅读(考点一：概括材料内容)
1. 什么是垃圾食品？请用一句话概括。(2分)
总结：概括材料主要内容的“2个方法”“一个原则”
①摘句归纳法。从材料中摘录能反映整个材料主要内容的句子作为段意。这 些句子一般可以从总分结构的段落、有明显中心句的段落或有过渡句的段落 中选择。 ②合并归纳法。有时，一个材料中的几层意思是并列的，很难分辨主次，概 括材料中心意思时，就必须把几个并列的意思合并起来进行概括。甚至有时 候需要关注前后材料进行归纳整合。 一个原则：完整、简要。“完整”是指概括的要点不能有遗漏。“简要”是 指语句简洁，做到言简意赅。
现代文阅读
考点 1 概括材料内容
一、(2019北京)阅读下面材料，完成1～3题。(7分) 【材料一】
中国是一个发展中国家，基础差，底子薄，人口多，贫困人口尤其 是农村的贫困人口众多。为了促进发展，消除贫困，实现共同富裕， 新中国成立以来，在党的领导下，政府始终将扶贫减贫作为国家发 展的重要任务。建国之初，国家实行土地改革，建立了社会主义制 度，为消除贫困奠定了制度基础。1978年国家全面实施改革开放， 经济高速发展，农村贫困人口大幅减少。为进一步提升减贫成效， 自1986年起，党进一步加强对扶贫工作的领导，政府成立了专门扶 贫机构，开始进行有组织、有计划、大规模的开发式扶贫，并先后 制定实施了《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划(1994－2000年)》《中国农村 扶贫开发纲要(2001－2010年)》《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011－ 2020年)》。2013年，为全面建成小康社会，实现第一个百年奋斗 目标，党和政府又提出了精准扶贫战略。
实用类文本阅读
• 第二名：“纸箱馅包子”事件。 7月8日晚7时， 北京电视台生活频道（BTV- 7）《透明度》播 出“纸做的包子”，节目一开始援引“业内人士 马先生”爆料称，用废纸制作肉馅“已经成了行 内公开的秘密”，并安排记者在朝阳区十字口村 暗访这种现象，随后联系朝阳区左家庄工商所做 突击检查，相关商贩因为没有营业执照和卫生许 可证被取缔。节目最后还通过海淀区的卫生执法 人员，提醒观众识别纸箱馅包子的方法。 7月18 日晚间，北京电视台在《北京新闻》中称，“纸 馅包子”被认定为虚假报道，摄制者已被刑事拘 留，北京电视台向社会深刻道歉。
必须重在引导:编者按语重在导 读,因而要文笔灵活,语词新颖,深入 浅出,富有创造性； 必须明确“编者按”与“编后” 在写法上略有不同:编后位置处于 文后,可加标题可署名,可视为读后 感,表达方式灵活多样,笔调不拘一 格,适应面广泛。编者按一般用在 文前或文中,不署名,不用标题。
《非洲童工的悲惨世界》
4．示例：这篇报道所报道的非
洲童工的悲惨世界，绝不是 非洲所独有的现象。儿童的 命运关乎世界的未来，他们 的生存境地理应受到全世界 的关注。（5分）
• 曹会龙，八岁，贵州省峨嘎村小学学生 • 他最宝贵的：“一个布书包” • 原因：他没有回答，只是微笑。会龙没有布书包----为了拍照他 向同学借来一个。 • 他自己的书包是一个四百克洗衣粉塑料包装袋。 • 曹会龙的一天：六时起床，吃早饭，八月至二月吃粟米或三月至 七月吃 • 薯仔 ( 小孩一般一顿吃十个薯仔，成年女性十五至二十个，成年 男性二、三十个)， • 做家务，回到只有一个课室的学校，午饭吃粟米或薯仔，照料家 里的两条牛、三头猪 • 和十八只鸡 (他对家里有甚么了如指掌)，跟小朋友追逐或玩其它 游戏，八点晚饭吃粟 • 米或薯仔，偶尔还有红豆，然后上床睡觉。 • 你觉得会龙留长头发像女孩子吗？当地的一个传统是小孩不会剪 头发，直至家里 • 经济条件稳定，小孩的幸福有了保证。在峨嘎村有好多貌似女孩 的孩子……
中考非连续性文本阅读及答案
非连续性文本阅读练习及答案第一类社会关注一、阅读下面的材料，完成1～3题。
(10分)材料一：食品安全风险类型我国食品安全风险中新旧风险交替，主要表现为：一方面微生物污染、农兽药残留、添加剂等传统的食品安全风险仍然是主要的风险类型；另一方面随着现代农牧业和食品工业的发展，新材料、新技术、新工艺的应用以及新的消费方式带来了新型食品安全风险。
2017年我国食品抽检总体不合格率为2.4%。
其中食品添加剂超范围、超限量使用，占不合格样品的23.9%。
特别是粉条粉丝、面制品中铝超标问题尤其突出。
造成这些问题的主要原因是部分中小食品企业整体素质不高，为了延长食品保存期，强化感官特性，不顾法律法规要求，超限量、超范围地滥用食品添加剂。
此外，以转基因技术为代表的新技术、新产品类风险备受关注。
2016年农业部调研发现我国部分省份存在转基因作物非法种植现象。
转基因产品的规范化管理与民众的知情权的保护成为亟待解决的问题。
(摘编自《2019年中国社会形势分析与预测》)材料二：甲醛在食物中的危害在工业和医学领域，甲醛是一种应用广泛的有机物，但在食品行业，它是非法添加物。
因此，不允许将甲醛添加到食物中，只要添加就是违法。
尽管有人认为甲醛在食物中的防腐效果并不好，在面条中添加甲醛没有意义，但是面条等食品中检测出甲醛的案例并不少。
比如，2016年陕西榆林一家面店的老板为了延长面条的保质期，从网上购买甲醛，生产面条时添加其中。
警方及时将面店老板抓获，他供认不讳，最后被判刑一年并作罚款处理。
除了直接添加甲醛，食物中的外来甲醛还可能来自甲醛次硫酸氢钠。
甲醛次硫酸氢钠是一种化工原料，俗称“吊白块”，国家已明令禁止将其作为添加剂加入食品，但是由于它可以改善食物的口感和外观，一些不法商贩在食物生产过程中将其掺入，严重损害了消费者的身体健康。
(摘编自《科学画报》2019年第3期)材料三：食品安全问题调查食品安全已经越来越成为不同类型消费者共同关注的热门话题。
托福TPO46阅读文本题附答案
托福TPO46阅读文本+题目+答案1. The Origins of WritingIt was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia.The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives.The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be inc ised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes.The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E., and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. ■ The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so di d peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. ■ The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. ■ For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language. ■The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinousthings and acts that are involved in daily life, from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations.Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches. The batches, some of which contain thousands of tablets, consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts, inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorce settlements, court judgments, and so on. These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference-they were, in effect, files, or, to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East, archives. Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order, writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity. They range from simple textbook material to literature-and they make an appearance very early, even from the third millennium B C E.1. The word “key” in the passage is closest in meaning toO frequentO essentialO originalO familiar2. Th e word “virtue” in the passage is closest in meaning toO priceO designO desirable qualityO physical characteristic3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information In the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O In part because of its low cost and ease of use, clay became the preferred writing material throughout Mesopotamia and well beyond itO Clay was cheap throughout Mesopotamia, so clay tablets from Mesopotamia became the preferred writing material as far as the Mediterranean.O For a while, the day tablet was the preferred writing material in Crete and Greece.O Moreover, because day was used as the writing material of choice in Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and the Mediterranean, it was cheap and popular.4. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about clay as a writing material?O It had to be baked before it could be written onO Its good points outweighed its bad points.O Its durability was its most important feature for its users.O It was not available in Egypt.5. In paragraph 2, why does the author discuss the Egyptian use of papyrus as a writing material^O To describe the superiofity of papyrus over leattier and wood as a writing materialO To explain why writing in Egypt did not develop as quickly as it did MesopotamiaO To explain why archaeologists' knowledge of the early history of writing relies mainly on Sumerian cuneiform O To explain why the Sumerians preferred clay tablets for writing over papyrus6. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of cuneiform writing EXCEPT:O It was composed of very simple shapesO It was perfected by the ancient Sumerians.O It influenced the choice of material on which it was written.O It was understood by very few Sumerians.7. According to paragraph 4, how did the Akkadians use the Sumerian language?O They used Sumerian for speaking but used their own national language for writing.O They used the complex cuneiform signs developed by the Babylonians and Assyrians rather than the Sumerian signs.O They developed their own cuneiform shapes on clay tablets to replace those used by the Sumerians.O They assigned new sound and word values to the signs of Sumerian cuneiform.8. Paragraph 4 answers all the following questions about Sumerian writing in the period after the Sumerians were conquered EXCEPT:O Did Sumerian literature continue to be read?O Did Sumerian continue to be spoken?O Did scribes compose new texts in Sumerian?O Did Sumerian have the same fate as Latin had after the fall of Rome?9. The word "document" in the passage is closest in meaning toO includeO influenceO organizeO record10. According to paragraph 5, writing was first used forO simple bookkeepingO descriptions of daily eventsO counting the contents of clay tabletsO government reports11. The phrase “Now and then” in the passage is closest in meaning toO alwaysO occasionallyO sooner or laterO first and last12. According to paragraph 6, large batches of clay writing tablets were stored because the tabletsO were being produced quickly and in large quantitiesO did not serve any practical purpose for most MesopotamiansO contained information that needed to be available for future referenceO could not be used again once they had been written on13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, the Sumerian language did not entirely disappear.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTThe earliest examples of writing have been found in Mesopotamia and date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.Answer ChoicesWriting was invented in the same areas in which civilization began by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.The development of cuneiform is known because it was written on a long-lasting material and because it was long and widely used throughout the ancient Near East.Cuneiform tablets generally dealt with business and factual matters, but other topics, including literature, were also recorded and valued.Writing was developed first by the Sumerians using wedge shaped marks (cuneiform) on clay tablets and then by the Egyptians using papyrus paper.Scribes using cuneiform in Assyria, Babylon, Syria and Asia Minor had to learn allthe languages that used the cuneiform script.Batches of clay tablets, sometimes with as many as a thousand tablets each, are often found by archaeologists.2.The Commercial Revolution in Medieval EuropeBeginning in the 1160s, the opening of new silver mines in northern Europe led to the minting and circulation of vast quantities of silver coins. The widespread use of cash greatly increased the volume of international trade. Business procedures changed radically. The individual traveling merchant who alone handled virtually all aspects of exchangeevolved into an operation invoh/ing three separate types of merchants: the sedentary merchant who ran the "home office," financing and organizing the firm’s entire export-import trade; the carriers who transported goods by land and sea; and the company agents resident in cities abroad who, on the advice of the home office, looked after sales and procurements.Commercial correspondence, unnecessary when one businessperson oversaw everything and made direct bargains with buyers and sellers, multiplied. Regular courier service among commercial cities began. Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution, involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers. The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.The ventures of the German Hanseatic League illustrate these advancements. The Hanseatic League was a mercantile association of European towns dating from 1159. The league grew by the end of the fourteenth century to include about 200 cities from Holland to Poland. Across regular, well- defined trade routes along the Baltic and North seas, the ships of league cities carried furs, wax, copper, fish, grain, timber, and wine. These goods were exchanged for finished products, mainly cloth and salt, from western cities. At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured special trading concessions, exempting them from all tolls and allowing them to trade at local fairs. Hanseatic merchants established foreign trading centers, the most famous of which was the London Steelyard, a walled community with warehouses, offices, a church, and residential quarters for company representatives. By the late thirteenth century, Hanseatic merchants had developed an important business technique, the business register. Merchants publicly recorded their debts and contracts and received a league guarantee for them. This device proved a decisive factor in the later development of credit and commerce in northern Europe.These developments added up to what one modern scholar has called "a commercial revolution." In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (A D 1000-1300) brought about radical change in European society. One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers. The commercial revolution created a great deal of new wealth, which meant a higher standard of living. The existence of wealth did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers. Wealth could be taxed, and through taxation, kings could create strong and centralized states. In the years to come, alliances with themiddle classes were to enable kings to weaken aristocratic interests and build the states that came to be called modern.The commercial revolution also provided the opportunity for thousands of agricultural workers to improve their social position. The slow but steady transformation of European society from almost completely rural and isolated to relatively more urban constituted the greatest effect of the commercial revolution that began in the eleventh century.Even so, merchants and business people did not run medieval communities, except in central and northern Italy and in the county of Flanders. Most towns remained small. The nobility and churchmen determined the predominant social attitudes, values, and patterns of thought and behavior. The commercial changes of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries did however, lay the economic foundation for the development of urban life and culture.1. According to paragraph 1, one effect of the increased use of cash was thatO an individual merchant no longer performed all aspects of trading operationsO a company's home office declined in importanceO merchants no longer had to transport their goods to distant placesO the volume of trade declined in areas lacking silver mines2. The word “radically”，in the passage is closest in meaning toO fundamentallyO quicklyO unexpectedlyO gradually3. The word oversaw" in the passage is closest In meaning toO understoodO includedO deliveredO supervised4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT an effect of the change in business procedures?O An increase in credit salesO The use of courier services between citiesO The adoption of simpler accounting proceduresO The improvement of roads5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Credit sales and bills of exchange were devices that merchants developed in order to increase their mutual trust.O Merchants developed ways to finance their sales without having to rely on slow and dangerous shipments of coins.O Greater trust among merchants led to an increase in credit sales and to the use of bills of exchange that made the shipping of coins unnecessary.O Merchants began to trust one another when it became too slow and dangerous for a single merchant to ship coins.6. According to paragraph 3, Hanseatic merchants benefited by all of the following EXCEPTO the use of trading centers in distant citiesO a new system of recording commercial transactionsO the opening of overland trade routes across northern EuropeO access to markets in about 200 cities7. The word "decisive" in the passage is closest in meaning toO probableO determiningO helpfulO limiting8. Why does the author provide the information in paragraph 4 that the commercial classes never exceeded 10 percent of the population?O To argue that the wealth created by the commercial revolution benefited only a small number of people O To challenge the view that the commercial classes made up a majority of the population of EuropeO To suggest a reason that the commercial revolution ended around A. D. 1300O To emphasize the point that the commercial revolution was brought about by a small part of the population9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was associated with the rise of modem states?O Increased wealth for the ruling classesO The weakening of the aristocracyO The decline of the middle classO A reduction in taxes10. The word "alliances" in the passage is closest in meaning toO transactionsO communicationsO partnershipsO conflicts11. According to paragraph 5, the most important result of the commercial revolutionwas toO simplify the organization of European societyO provide employment to agricultural workersO encourage merchants to become community leadersO change Europe from a rural to a more urban society12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following inferences about the commercial revolution between ad 1000 and 1300?O It had very little impact on social attitudes and values.O It brought about major political changes throughout Europe.O It lessened the influence of the church.O It increased the population of small towns.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.While It originated in the German city of Liibeck, it began to expand in 1241 when Liibeck entered into a mutual protection treaty with the city of Hamburg.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on itTo review the passage, click VIEW TEXTDuring the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1000-1300), Europe underwent a commercial revolution.Answer ChoicesMerchants adopted new accounting and trading procedures to make long-distance trading more efficient.The faster transportation made possible by improved roads expanded the variety of goods that could be brought to European towns from far away.The increasing importance of commercial trade led to a decline in the influence of traditional sources of power, such as kings and church leaders.The mining of silver improved the security of commercial transactions by allowing coins to replace credit and bills of exchange as the means of exchange.The Hanseatic League was an association of European towns that obtained shipping, trading, and financial benefits for its members.European society became increasingly urban, with better living conditions and a stronger centralized government.3. Ecosystem Diversity and StabilityConservation biologists have long been concerned that species extinction could have significant consequences for the stability of entire ecosystems—groups of interacting organisms and the physical environment that they inhabit. An ecosystem could survive the loss of some species, but if enough species were lost, the ecosystem would be severely degraded. In fact, it is possible that the loss of a single important species could start a cascade of extinctions that might dramatically change an entire ecosystem. A good illustration of this occurred after sea otters were eliminated from some Pacific kelp (seaweed) bed ecosystems: the kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae.It is usually claimed that species-rich ecosystems tend to be more stable than species-poor ecosystems. Three mechanisms by which higher diversity increases ecosystem stability have been proposed. First, if there are more species in an ecosystem, then its food web will be more complex, with greater redundancy among species in terms of their nutritional roles. In other words, in a rich system if a species is lost, there is a good chance that other species will take over its function as prey, predator, producer, decomposer, or whatever role it played. Second, diverse ecosystems may be less likely to be invaded by new species, notably exotics (foreign species living outside their native range), that would disrupt the ecosystem’s structure and function. Third, in a spe cies-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals.Scientific eviden ce to illuminate these ideas has been slow in coming, and many shadows remain. ■ One of the first studies to provide data supporting a relationship between diversity and stability examined how grassland plants responded to a drought. ■ Researchers D. Tilma n and J A. Downing used the ratio of above-ground biomass in 1988 (after two years of drought) to that in 1986 (predrought) in 207 plots in a grassland field in the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in Minnesota as an index of ecosystem response to disrupti on by drought. ■ In an experiment that began in 1982, they compared these values with the number of plant species in each plot and discovered that the plots with a greater number of plant species experienced a less dramatic reduction in biomass. ■ Plots wi th more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species.To put this result in more general terms, a species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts. Furthermore, a species-rich ecosystem is more likely to have species with similar ecological functions, so that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, another species, probably a competitor, is likely to flourish and occupy its functional role. Both of these, variability in responses and functional redundancy, could be thought of as insurance against disturbances.The Minnesota grassland research has been widely accepted as strong evidence for the diversity- stability theory; however, its findings have been questioned, and similar studies on other ecosystems have not always found a positive relationship between diversity and stability. Clearly, this is a complex issue that requires further field research with a broad spectrum of ecosystems and species: grassland plants and computer models will only take us so far. In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple, universal truth.1. The word "significant" in the passage is closest in meaning toO directO importantO long-termO surprising2. According to paragraph 1, why has the extinction of species been a concern for conservation biologists?O When ecosystems lose just one species, they undergo permanent change.O The extinction of a particular predator species could cause an overpopulation of certain prey species.O The loss of one or more species could cause the decline of a whole ecosystem.O The extinction of a single species is evidence that plant-food sources are in danger of disappearing.3. According to paragraph 1, what was the result of the removal of Pacific sea otters?O The kelp and sea urchins were destroyed by new predators.O The uncontrolled population of sea urchins ate most of the kelp plants.O Without sea otters, the kelp beds soon became overgrown.O Macroalgae remained as the primary population in the ecosystem.4. The word “redundancy” in the passage is closest in meaning toO duplicationO varietyO requirementsO flexibility5. What is the function of paragraph 2 in the passage?O To present a hypothesis about ecosystem diversity and some reasons why it might be trueO To give examples of types of ecosystems that have the greatest diversityO To contradict a previous belief about the stability of species-rich ecosystemsO To contrast species-rich and species-poor ecosystems6. According to paragraph 2, which of the following increases the stability of anecosystem?O Species in which producers outnumber predatorsO New or exotic species that increase ecosystem diversityO Heavily populated species that are free of diseaseO Species that are diverse but have similar nutritional roles7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O In any ecosystem, as the number of individuals in the same species increases, the rate of disease transmission slows down.O Ecosystems that have a small number of different species tend to be disease-free, because the species’ habitats are at a safe distance from each other.O In ecosystems with many species, diseases spread more slowly because there are fewer individuals in a species and, as a result, the individuals are more widely scattered.O The average distance between individuals in a species-rich ecosystem increases, so diseases are prevented from being communicated between species.8. The phrase ”compensating for" in the passage Is closest in meaning toO working againstO leaving outO making up forO spreading over9. What Is the main importance of the study discussed in paragraph 3?O It examines the response of certain grassland plants to a drought.O It contains an index of plants that survived well in times of drought.O It provides scientific evidence that diversity helps to make ecosystems stable.O It shows that ecosystems contain both resistant species and less tolerant ones.10. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, are conclusions that can be drawn from the study by Tilman and Downing. To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.□ A diverse ecosystem will have species that respond differently to a variety of conditions.□ Species within a species-rich ecosystem are more likely to have competitors.□ An ecosystem is more likely to develop diverse and stable species when it is exposed to extreme conditions.□ Species with similar ecological function s will perform the function of a lost species.11. The word “detect” in the passage is closest in meaning toO repeatO alterO findO emphasize12. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about Tilman and Downing’s findings?O General patterns of diversity and stability have been established as a result of the findings.O Questions about the findings have been refuted by computer models.O The findings have been tested in a broad spectrum of ecosystems with similar results.O The findings are not sufficient to prove a definite link between diversity and stability in ecosystems.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.It seems clear that there is room for a great deal more research, although some work has been done.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.。
现代文阅读之实用类文本资料
第二方面，是②③④⑦等四个提问，内容是“对音乐的认识与追求”。第
答案：被访者的基本情况；对音乐 ②问的虽然是“最喜爱的作曲家”，但其实问的就是他们的作品（乐曲），也
2、怎样选择材料：
①选择意义重大、影响深远的题材；
②选择具有很强的生活气息和个性特色的材料。
3、阅读方法：
注意通讯的选材特点。点面结合，详略处理，正面侧面等。 表达方式的运用。记叙、议论、描写等以及相关修辞的运
用。 组织材料的常用顺序与方式及行文的结构安排。
1、从描写中分析形象 描写：表现人物性格、突出文章中心思想。 2、从抒情中体味情感 直接抒发感情：用以表达自己的爱憎，给读者以强烈的感
1、指事件的历史背景、周围背景与其它方面 的联系等。（并不是所有的消息都有背景 和结尾）
2、作用：说明新闻事件的起因；显示或帮助 读者理解新闻事件的重要性；突出新闻稿 件的新闻价值；表明记者的观点；衬托深 化主题。
背景材料主要有三类：
1) 对比性材料：通过对比衬托，以突出新闻事实的意义，阐明某一主题、 表明某种观点。 如写农民富裕了，收入增加了，可用如此背景加以突出： “十年动乱时期，这里农民的平均收入只有二三十元。不少农民每天2分 只够买一张8分邮票。”
2) 说明性材料：往往是对与新闻事实相关的政治背景、地理背景、历史背 景、思想状况或物质条件等情况作介绍和交待，用以说明事物产生的各种 因素，揭示事物发生或变化的意义，使新闻更容易理解、更全面深刻、意 义更突出。如《海鸥重返黄埔江》一文，运用了背景材料，回想十多年前 由于黄埔江水质污染严重，海鸥因缺少食物而远走高飞的情况
②延伸：对访谈对象没有涉及的领域进行引导，可以拓宽 领域，避免片面性。
③对比：有时侯，访谈对象就某一问题在回答时的陈述不 尽相同，如果发现这样的疑点可以进行对比提问。也可以引 入一些其他人同一问题的观点进行对比提问。
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文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.中考专题3:材料阅读题类型一：代数1（整除类）1. 若整数a 能被整数b 整除，则一定存在整数n ，使得n ba=，即bn a =。
例如若整数a 能被整数3整除，则一定存在整数n ，使得n a=3，即n a 3=。
（1）若一个多位自然数的末三位数字所表示的数与末三位数以前的数字所表示的数之差（大数减小数）能被13整除，那么原多位自然数一定能被13整除。
例如：将数字306371分解为306和371，因为371-306=65，65是13的倍数，,所以306371能被13整除。
请你证明任意一个四位数都满足上述规律。
（2）如果一个自然数各数位上的数字从最高位到个位仅有两个数交替排列组成，那么我们把这样的自然数叫做“摆动数”，例如：自然数从最高位到个位是由1和2交替出现组成，所以是“摆动数”，再如：656,9898,37373，171717，……，都是“摆动数”，请你证明任意一个6位摆动数都能被13整除。
2. 把一个自然数所有数位上的数字先平方再求和得到一个新数，叫做第一次运算，再把所得新数所有数位上的数字先平方再求和又将得到一个新数，叫做第二次运算，……如此重复下去，若最终结果为1，我们把具有这种特征的自然数称为“快乐数”．例如：1011031132332222222=+→=+→=+→，1011003113079979449077022222222222=+→=++→=+→=+→=+→，所以32和70都是“快乐数”．（1）写出最小的两位“快乐数”；判断19是不是“快乐数”；请证明任意一个“快乐数”经过若干次运算后都不可能得到4； （2）若一个三位“快乐数”经过两次运算后结果为1，把这个三位“快乐数”与它的各位上的数字相加所得的和被8除余数是2，求出这个“快乐数” ．3. 若一个正整数，它的各位数字是左右对称的，则称这个数是对称数，如22，797，12321都是对称数．最小的对称数是11，没有最大的对称数，因为数位是无穷的．（1）有一种产生对称数的方式是：将某些自然数与它的逆序数相加，得出的和再与和的逆序数相加，连续进行下去，便可得到一个对称数．如：17的逆序数为71，17＋71=88，88是一个对称数；39的逆序数为93，39＋93=132，132的逆序数为231，132＋231=363，363是一个对称数．请你根据以上材料，求以687产生的第一个对称数；（2）若将任意一个四位对称数分解为前两位数所表示的数，和后两位数所表示的数，请你证明这两个数的差一定能被9整除； （3）若将一个三位对称数减去其各位数字之和，所得的结果能被11整除，则满足条件的三位对称数共有多少个？4. 若整数a 能被整数b 整除，则一定存在整数n ，使得a n b=，即a bn =，例如：若整数a 能被11整除，则一定存在整数n ，使得11an =，即11a n =，一个能被11整除的自然数我们称为“光棍数”，他的特征是奇数位数字之和与偶数位数字之和的差能被11整除,如：42559奇数位的数字之和为4+5+9=18，偶数位的数字之和为2+5=7，18-7=11是11的倍数，所以42559为“光棍数”. ①请你证明任意一个四位“光棍数”均满足上述规律；②若七位整数17562m n 能被11整除，请求出所有符合要求的七位整数。
5. 我们可以将任意三位数表示为abc （其中a 、b 、c 分别表示百位上的数字，十位上的数字和个位上的数字，且0a ≠）.显然，10010abc a b c =++；我们把形如xyz 和zyx 的两个三位数称为一对“姊妹数”（其中x 、y 、z 是三个连续的自然数）如：123和321是一对姊妹数，678和876是一对“姊妹数”。
（1）写出任意三对“姊妹数”， 并判断2331是否一对“姊妹数”的和 （2）如果用x 表示百位数字，求证：任意一对“姊妹数”的和能被37整除。
6. 若一个正整数，它的各位数字是左右对称的，则称这个数是对称数. 如22，797，12321都是对称数，最小的对称数是11,但没有最大的对称数，因为数位是无穷的.（1）若将任意一个四位对称数分解为前两位数表示的数和后两位数表示的数，请你证明：这两个数的差一定能被9整除；（2）设一个三位对称数为______aba （ 10a b +<），该对称数与11相乘后得到一个四位数，该四位数前两位所表示的数和后两位所表示的数相等，且该四位数各位数字之和为8，求这个三位对称数. 7. 观察下列等式：12×231=132×21， 14×451=154×41， 32×253=352×23， 34×473=374×43，45×594=495×54，...以上每个等式中的两边数字分别是对称的，且每个等式中组成两位数与三位数的数字之间具有相同的规律，我们称这类等式为“数字对称等式”。
（1）根据上述各式反映的规律填空，使式子成为“数字对称等式”： 35× = ×53； ×682=286× 。
（2）设数字对称式左边的两位数的十位数字为m ，个位数字为n ，且，用含m ，n 的代数式表示数字对称式左边的两位数与三位数的乘积P ，求出P 能被110整除时mn 的值。
8. 如果一个自然数从高位到个位是由一个数字或几个数字出现组成，那么我们把这样的自然数叫做循环数，被重复的一个或几个数字称为“循环节”，我们把“循环节”的数字个数叫做循环数的阶数．例如：252525，它由“25” 依次重复出现组成，所以252525是循环数，它是2阶6位循环数，再如：11，是1阶2位循环数；9是3阶9位循环数；4738是4阶12位循环数……（1）请你直接写出3个2阶6位循环数，猜想任意一个2阶6位循环数能否被7整除，并说明理由； （2）已知一个能被11整除的2阶4位循环数，设循环节为xy ，求y 与x 的函数关系．9. 10.11. 有一个n 位自然数abcd gh L 能被0x 整除，依次轮换个位数字得到的新数bcd gha L 能被01x +整除，文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.再依次轮换个位数字得到的新数cd ghab L 能被02x +整除，按此规律轮换后，d ghabc L 能被03x +整除，…，habc g L 能被01x n +-整除，则称这个n 位数abcd gh L 是0x 的一个“轮换数”. 例如：60能被5整除，06能被6整除，则称两位数60是5的一个“轮换数”；再如：324能被2整除，243能被3整除，432能被4整除，则称三位数324是2个一个“轮换数”. （1）若一个两位自然数的个位数字是十位数字的2倍，求证这个两位自然数一定是“轮换数”. （2）若三位自然数abc 是3的一个“轮换数”，其中2a =，求这个三位自然数abc . 类型二：代数21. 设a ，b 是整数，且0≠b ，如果存在整数c ，使得bc a =，则称b 整除a ，记作|b a . 例如：Θ818⨯=，∴1|8；Θ155⨯-=-，∴5|5--；Θ5210⨯=，∴2|10. （1）若|6n ，且n 为正整数，则n 的值为 ；（2）若7|21k +，且k 为整数，满足⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤≥-53134k k ，求k 的值.2. 我们知道，任意一个正整数n 都可以进行这样的分解：n=p ×q （p ，q 是正整数，且p ≤q ），在n 的所有这种分解中，如果p ，q 两因数之差的绝对值最小，我们称p ×q 是n 的最佳分解.并规定：qpF =)(n .例如12可以分解成1×12，2×6或3×4，因为12-1>6-2>4-3，所以3×4是12的最佳分解,所以43)(12=F . （1）如果一个正整数a 是另外一个正整数b 的平方，我们称正整数a 是完全平方数.求证：对任意一个完全平方数m ，总有1)(m =F ；（2）如果一个量为正整数t ，y x t +=10（1≤x ≤y ≤9，x ，y 为自然数），交换其个位上的数与十位上的数得到的新数减去原来的量为正整数所得的差为18，那么我们称这个数t 为“吉祥数”，求所得“吉祥数”中F(t)的最大值.3. 对x ，y 定义了一种新运算T ，规定T （x ，y ）=（其中a ，b 均为非零常数），这里等式右边是通常的四则运算，运算，例如：T (0，1)=bb a =+⨯⨯+⨯10210．（1）已知T (1，-1)= -2，T (4，2)=1． ①求a ，b 的值；②若关于m 的不等式组(2,54)4(,32)T m m T m m p -≤⎧⎨->⎩恰好有3个整数解，求实数p 的取值范围；（2）若T (x ，y )= T (y ，x )对于任意实数x ，y 都成立，（这里T (x ，y )和T (y ，x )均有意义），则a ，b 应满足怎样的关系式？4. 进位数是一种记数方式，可以用有限的数字符号代表所有的数值，使用数字符号的数目称为基数，基数为n ，即可称n 进制。
现在最常用的是十进制，通常使用10个阿拉伯数字0~9进行记数，特点是逢十进一，对于任意一个用n (10n ≤)进制表示的数，通常使用n 个阿拉伯数字0~(1)n -进行记数，特点是逢n 进一，我们可以通过以下方式把它转化为十进制： 例如：五进制数25(234)2535469=⨯+⨯+=，记作5(234)69=，七进制数27(136)1737676=⨯+⨯+=，记作7(136)76=。
（1）请将以下两个数转化为十进制：5(331)=______，7(46)=______（2）若一个正数可以用七进制表示为()abc ，也可以用五进制表示为5()cba ，请求出这个数并用十进制表示5. 进位计数制是利用固定的数字符号和统一的规则来计数的方法，简称进制，对于任何一种进制X 进制，就表示某一位置上的书运算时逢X 进一位，如十进制数01)10(101102103321⨯+⨯+⨯=2，记作：,321)10(七进制数)7(01)7(321,717273321记作⨯+⨯+⨯=2各进制之间可以进行转化，如：七进制转化成进制，只要将七进制的每个数字，依次乘以7的正整数次幂，然后求和，就可得到与它相等的十进制数，例如：将十进制数化为其相等的七进位制数，可用7去除，把每一位数字的余数从低位到高位排序即可，如：（1）根据以上信息进行进制转化：①将七进制数转化成十进制数：=)7(25 ②将十进制数转化成2进制数：=)10(17（2）已知x +y =6（x ，y 为正整数）是否存在由一个十进制两位数xy ，使得该数转化成四进制数后是一个各数位上的数字全都为a 的三位数，若存在，请求出这个十进制两位数，若不存在，请说明理由。