The problems with America美国社会问题

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Social-Problems-社会问题

• Drug abuse has wide range of social cost, or dysfunctions—some obvious and measurable, some hidden and difficult to quantify.
• Drug abuse is certainly associated with the crime. • The drug is responsible for half of the annual total distribution of wealth and income is very unequal.
The pattern of the distribution of wealth in the US
• The richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three quarters of the wealth in the United States, whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2percent of the wealth.
• Why was poverty not regarded as a significant social problem after
World War Ⅱ？
New issues like the cold war ， communism，and America’s new global involvement aroused public concern.
• What does poverty mean in the United states?
1 Over 24 million people are living at or below the official poverty.

_美国社会问题

美国的主要社会问题
• • • • • • 富裕中的贫困毒品泛滥、赌博强奸、凶杀、青少年犯罪同性恋、艾滋病种族歧视或肤色歧视各种形式的犯罪、枪支泛滥
一、美国被列为世界最富有国家之一，
其贫困问题却名列工业国家榜首。
• 80年代，贫困率是英、法、西德、瑞士、荷兰等国的2倍 • 1983年，生活在贫困线以下的美国人为3530万 • 90年代，靠施舍过活动人已达4300万（占美国人口17.2%），此外，还有300—400万露宿街头的无家可归者 • 据一次全国统计，有1000万人由于没有足够的食品患营养不良症，这些人的境遇各有不同，长期失业是一个主要原因。
吸毒原因
• • • • 精神压抑，寻求解脱尝试禁果，填补空虚大众传媒的不良影响毒品泛滥，推销有术
反毒品斗争及其失败原因
• 滋生吸毒的社会土壤肥沃 • 毒品集团势力强大，手段狡猾 • 步调不一，打击不力
三、美国枪支问题 • 美国是西方世界中法律允许私人拥有枪支的唯一国家
美国宪法第二条修正案
弗吉尼亚理工大学学生举行悼念集会
四、种族歧视或肤色歧视也是美国社会的大问题，主要表现在对待黑人的人格和尊严上。
• 由于技能低下和受教育不够，造成黑人就业率不足。据统计，美国有11.8%的人口处于贫困线，大约为2500万人，其中绝大多数是黑人。住房也反映着种族歧视。白人不愿与黑人做邻居。如有黑人移居白人居住的地区，一些富庶的白人将会搬家，另觅他处。居住在“城里”的多是一些收入低下的黑人农业工人、黑人林业工人和黑人矿工。这样就形成了贫民区和种族隔离区。 • 黑人面临的另一个可怕问题是“三K党”的迫害。“三K 党”1915年成立，由南方顽固坚持白人优越的恐怖分子所组成。由于黑人的长期斗争和正义白人的支持，“三K党” 的恶行后来有所收敛，但直至今日恐怖活动仍不时发生

实用英语翻译4 Basic Translation Skill_Conversion

他抽烟抽得很凶。 He is a heavy smoker.
他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。 He is no smoker, but his father is a chainsmoker.
More es…
另外，有些英语中名词尽管本身并不具有很强的动作意味，但为了汉语表达的通顺自然，也可以将其转译为汉语中的动词： Give me liberty or give me death. 不自由，毋宁死。 He is an enemy to reform. 他反对改革。
3 形容词转译成动词（adj.---v.）
Students should be respectful to their teachers. 学生应该尊重老师。 I am doubtful of his sincerity. 我怀疑他的诚意。
（英文中表情感、知觉等心理状态的形容词，如 sure, thankful, aware等，在系动词be、look、 become、seem…等之后，往往可以转译为中文动词。）
一、汉语动词转换成英语名词
动词变名词或名词短语，可以减少主谓结构的数量和提升文体档次，多用于政论，描述，科技文章中。中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.
Some of my students are good writers. 我有些学生文章写得很好。
英语中一些带有词缀“er”或“or”的名词有时不一定表示职业或者身份，却可以表示某种动作的执行者，带有较强的动作意味，因此可以转译成动词。

美国文化的英语作文

[Summary]：每个政府都在竭尽全力地促使自己治理的社会迅速发展，美国也不例外。

然而，我们不能只注意美国光鲜亮丽的一面，还应该知道，在其经济发展政治和平的同时，也有许多社会问题存在着。

其中最为不能忽视的就是，美国部分居民的贫困问题,它毕竟还是美国经济发展的绊脚石之一。

[Key words]: America; poverty; poor; social problem; blackIn our mind, America is always considered as the symbol of wealth. Nevertheless, we should not just pay attention to one side of the society. And we need to focus on the other side of it. Every country has its social problems, so does America. Although America is the richest country in the world and has the best conditions to provide free medical service to the entire people, the government of USA doesn’t offer it to all citizens. And many managers of companies use their power to snatch the greed of the top executives. Further more, drug is a major offense in poor communities and some ethnic minority people have been involve in street drug dealing instead of border smuggling. But the most serious social problem as I am concerned is the poverty.Gregg Easterbrook has published his book, The Progress Parabox(2003), whose secondary title is ,”How life gets better while people fell worse.”The author thinks that many Americans confound what they need and what they want. They will never care about whether they need the new products or not and buy them as soon as they are put into the market. For the credit card is very convenient, it is easy to make Americans owe a lot of debts: everyone owes about 3500 dollars in average. A part of their spiritual and financial stress derives form this. This blindness causes the waste of citizens’ wealth, and makes the poor poorer.There are a great number of Americans lead a poor life. And the majority of them are ordinary people who are always working hard to earn more money to support a family. In the United States, a family of four with an annual income of about 13,000 dollars or less is identified as living in poverty and in need of help, for the reason that the lowest salary made by the government is too low: 5.15 dollars. If the average lowest salary of the whole America increases to 10 dollars, this problem will besolved. But in case that the government does so, the entire society will pay for the development of the poor people’s life.The phenomena of poverty exist all the time. Viewed from a historical perspective, local governments made efforts to provide the poorest with certain amount of money for them to deal with difficult situations. Feeling that the aid would undermine the principle of self-reliance, some people, even in a desperate condition, might refuse to accept such a kind of aids. However, this small amount of aids did help a lot of people, including many immigrants,get out of the difficulties they were facing.In the USA, about 90% of the population is well-off enough to expect a brighter future. The USA still has one of the highest standards of living in the world, although, at the present time , 10% are below what the Government considers to be the “poverty line.”While these underprivileged people receive help from the Government, they have no high hopes for their future. It is from this “underclass,” and those who take advantage of it, that most of the violence spring s——the violence which is one of the least pleasant aspects of American society.There is no social hierarchy to prevent people from competing with each other in theory, but in reality, many black people and ethnic minorities could not hold equal opportunities as European immigrants did. As a result, many blacks and ethnic minorities became the poor and unemployed. What’s worse, the government can not offer some available policies to give all the citizens the equal treatment to receive education. Because of the lack of practical skills and enough education, the employ rates of the black is low. The racial discriminate also does some bad effects on the black’s life. The white refuse to live together with them. So they have to move to a place after another. As a consequence, the slum and the area of racial separation are born. The black are always struggling for their poor life , but receiving little.As for me, the government of USA should take more measures to improve the problem of poverty. First, the social welfare system should be perfect all the while. Since the New Deal period when President Roosevelt took office, the United States has maintained an effective public welfare system by giving various financial aids tothe needed so as to help stabilize the society and the nation. Secondly, the equal rights should be provided to everyone, no matter what color their skin is. As Barack Obama becomes the US President-elect, I believe that the social status of the black will change to a higher standard. So they will also get more chances to be educated and to be employed. At last, Americans should keep working hard and be hopeful of their future. They are citizens of the richest country in the world. They should be confident of their government. Obama will give them a new time to get rid of the financial crisis, to develop the economy and to say goodbye to poverty.【参考文献】：《美国社会与文化》，江宁康，南京：东南大学出版社。

美国的社会问题

有的学校82%的学生已经是黑人了。

原因是白人学生惟恐避黑人学生而不远。

在华盛顿，有很多白人移居郊区，不愿与黑人为伍，从而使黑人学生从57%增至96%。

至今，人们还在争论实行“强迫公共汽车”制度是否有必要，以致热衷于此项规定的人士也逐渐动摇起来。

由于技能低下和受教育不够，造成黑人就业率不足。

据统计，美国有11.8%的人口处于贫困线，大约为2500万人，其中绝大多数是黑人。

住房也反映着种族歧视。

白人不愿与黑人做邻居。

如有黑人移居白人居住的地区，一些富庶的白人将会搬家，另觅他处。

居住在“城里”的多是一些收入低下的黑人农业工人、黑人林业工人和黑人矿工。

这样就形成了贫民区和种族隔离区。

黑人面临的另一个可怕问题是“三K党”的迫害。

“三K党”1915年成立，由南方顽固坚持白人优越的恐怖分子所组成。

由于黑人的长期斗争和正义白人的支持，“三K党”的恶行后来有所收敛，但直至今日恐怖活动仍不时发生。

4、美国人口在2000年已有3亿，2020年将达4亿。

美国商业部估计，1969年每人平均收入为3400美元，2000年为8300美元。

美国现有民用汽车1.1亿辆，商用汽车1.5亿辆。

人口增加意味着汽车增加。

人口增长带来的收入增长，必然造成消费的增长。

这些增长被用在汽车、房屋和其它物质消耗上，势将造成灾难性资源消耗和污染。

污染问题如今已经成为全社会所关注的大问题。

人口的不断增加，伴之生活水平的不断提高，不仅将消耗美国的资源，也必消耗全世界的资源，由此造成的又将污染人口密集的环境，给地球居民的健康造成损害。

烟雾曾给人们造成烦恼，但那时人们对于烟雾的认识还是极其肤浅的，如今才认识到它对人类健康的危害是多麽巨大。

人们也曾津津乐道汽车带给自己的快捷和享受，今天才知道它原来是造成污染破坏环境的要犯。

曾几何时，人们曾为重工业对人类社会的贡献引吭高歌过，但它对河流、土地和空气的污染是显而易见的，它造成的声音污染和视觉污染也是有目共睹的。

如今，大家都清楚DDT和其它化学药物给人们带来的生态危害远远超出它带给人类的好处。

美国社会的社会问题

美国社会的社会问题美国作为世界上最大的发达国家之一，虽然在经济、科技等领域取得了很大的成绩，但也面临着一系列的社会问题。

本文将从教育、贫富差距、少数族裔问题和枪支暴力等几个方面探讨美国社会的社会问题。

一、教育问题美国的教育系统虽然发展较完善，但仍存在一些问题。

首先，教育资源的不平等分配问题使得富人能够更好地获得教育资源，而穷人则面临教育资源匮乏的困境。

这导致了不公平的竞争环境和机会不均等。

其次，教育质量的落后是一个严重的问题，尤其是在贫困地区的公立学校中。

很多学生没有接受到高质量的教育，这对他们未来的发展产生了负面影响。

二、贫富差距问题美国是一个富人越来越富，穷人越来越穷的国家。

贫富差距的扩大引发了社会不平等和社会不满情绪的增加。

富人阶层享有更好的教育、医疗和社会资源，而穷人则陷入贫困和社会边缘化。

这种社会分化不仅削弱了社会的凝聚力，也限制了整个国家的发展潜力。

三、少数族裔问题少数族裔在美国社会中长期面临着歧视和不平等的待遇。

他们在就业、教育和居住等方面面临着更大的困难。

此外，部分警察对待少数族裔的暴力行为也时有发生，引发了社会对种族不公正的广泛谴责。

这些问题严重影响了少数族裔群体的平等权益，损害了社会的整体公平与正义。

四、枪支暴力问题美国面临着严重的枪支暴力问题。

根据统计数据，美国每年都有大量的枪支暴力事件发生，导致了大量的人员伤亡。

这种枪支暴力问题不仅威胁到人民的生命安全，也造成了社会的不安定和恐慌。

然而，由于枪支在美国具有特殊的历史和文化背景，以及相关法律的限制，这个问题一直未能得到有效解决。

总结美国社会面临着多方面的社会问题，其中教育、贫富差距、少数族裔问题和枪支暴力问题是其中的重要方面。

为了改善这些社会问题，美国政府和社会各界需要加大力度进行改革和创新，通过改进教育体制、减少贫富差距、消除种族歧视和加强枪支管控等措施，使美国社会更加公正、稳定和繁荣。

只有这样，美国才能更好地实现全体人民的共同繁荣和幸福。

美国的社会问题

Though，America is the most powerful and the richest country the world，there are still many problems in the United States，especially the social security problem.There are a number of reasons, I would argue, behind the trend. To begin with，because of America's asset class concept is too serious, leading to the gap between rich and poor in the world. It has been recorded, the United States has only ten percent of the total assets of the United States of America's total assets of fifty percent. What is more，the gap is just the problem ，such as robbery and shoplifting and pickpocket and so on，of the social problem in the United State.In order to solve or reduce the social security problem of the United States,first we should solve the problem of the gap between the rich and the poor. In the first step, we will give some preferential policies to the poor people. Second，we will be able to merge capitalism and socialism with China as part of the integration of capitalism and socialism. Finally, appropriate social propaganda is also necessary.。

社会工作专业词汇中英文对照

社会工作专业词汇中英对照A for marriage and family therapy 美国婚姻与家庭治疗协会A for the study of group work 美国小组工作研究会A hospital association 美国议员联合会A of Group worker 美国小组工作者协会A of marriage counselors 美国婚姻辅导委员会A of medical social worker 美国医务社会工作者协会A of psychiatric social work 美国精神病社会工作者协会A of schools of social work 美国社会工作院校联合会A of social workers美国社会工作者协会A psychiatric association 美国精神病学联合会A red cross 美国，自己翻译吧Administration andAdministration in social work (journal ) 《社会工作行政》（杂志）Administration 行政Adolescents and 青少年与吸毒Adolescents 青少年AdoptionAdoption 领养Advocacy and 倡导与未来的社会工作Advocacy 倡导AFDC 抚养儿童家庭补助计划Aftercare facilities and 出院后的照顾设施与精神健康服务Aftercare facilities 出院后的照顾设施Agency settings 机构场所Aging 老年AIDS epidemic 艾滋病流行Alcohol 醺酒Alcoholism 醺酒Almshouses 济贫院And social workApplicants for 申请领养人Applications of 小组工作的应用Assessment 评估Associated charities 联合慈善机构assumptions of 咨询的前提假设Bachelor of social work (BSW) degress 社会工作学士学位Balanced budget act (1997) 《平衡预算法案》1997Basic assumptions and principles of ~ 行政的基本假定与原则Battered women 受虐妇女Biopsychosocial 生理心理社会因素与个案工作Brief Introduction to Sociology社会学简论Caregivers 老年照顾者Caregivers 照顾者Case management andCase management 个案管理Case management 个案管理Case study method 个案研究方法Case work 个案工作Certification of social workers 社会工作者认证Changing nature of work 工作性质的改变Charity organization societies (COS) 慈善组织协会Cheating 欺诈child abuse and neglectChild abuse and neglect 虐待与忽视儿童Child guidance movement 儿童指导运动Child welfareChronically mentality ill and 慢性精神病与精神健康服务Chronically 慢性精神病ChurchCivil rights movement 民权运动Client案主Clinical Social Work临床社会工作Closed systems 封闭系统CocaineCode of ethics 伦理守则Collaboration in 行政工作的合并Collaboration 协办Commitment and 服务承诺与靖康精神服务Commitment 服务承诺Committee operation 委员会运作Commonwealth fund 英联邦基金Community chest 公益金Community mental health centers (CMHCS)and 社区精神健康中心与精神健康服务Community organization andCommunity organization and 社区组织与老年community organization 社区组织community resources 社区资源Community Services社区服务confidentiality 保密consolation 咨询Consultant role inConsultation in 行政咨询Continuing educationcontinuing education (CE) 继续教育contract with America 签约美国control groups 控制组coordination 协调corporate health care 矫治Corporate 公司型卫生保健Corrections andCorrections andcorrections and 矫正和社区组织Council on social work education (CSWE) 社会工作教育委员会Councils of Asocial Agencies 社会机构委员会Counseling 辅导Courts 法庭Crack 快克CrimeCultural Anthropology文化人类学Cultural dissonance 文化失调Cultural Sociology文化社会学Current Issues in Theories of Sociology社会学理论专题Curriculum Policy Statements and Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) curriculum statements 课程声明Day care centers 老年日间护理中心Day care centers 日间照料中心Day treatment 日间治疗De finedDefinedDefineddefineddefineddefinedDefinedDefinedDefined 行政的定义Deinstitutionalization 去机构照顾Diagnosis and 诊断与Diplomat exam 社会工作师资格考试disadvantaged groups弱势群体Disappoint in love失恋Discussion on Political & Economic Systems in Socialism社会主义各国政，经体制讨论division of child and family services 儿童与家庭服务科Doctoral programs in social work 社会工作博士培养方案Domestic violence家庭暴力Dropout rates 辍学率Drug abuseDrug abuse andDrug abuse andDrug abuse and 吸毒与青少年Drug abuse 吸毒Drug courts 吸毒法庭Drug therapy 吸毒治疗Eclecticism 折中主义Education for social work 社会工作教育Elizabethan Poor Laws 《伊丽莎白济贫法》Emergency care for 虚度紧急救护Employee assistance programs (EPAs) 雇员援助计划Encyclopedia of Social Work 《社会工作百科全书》English for Sociology专业英语Enrichment andEnrichment inEnrichment in living 充实生活Erotological Social Work老年社会工作Evaluation 评估Evaluation：估价, 评价, 赋值examples ofExamples ofExamples of 个案工作的案例Experimental group 试验组Extent and cost of 吸毒的范围与代价Faith-based social service 信心为本的社会服务FamilyFamilyFamily andFamily counseling 家庭辅导Family Preservation Services (FPS) 家庭维护服务Family Service Association of America (FSAA) 美国家庭服务协会Family Social Work家庭社会工作Family Support Act (1988) 《家庭支持法案》1988Family Welfare Association of America 美国家庭福利会Fieldwork 传说中的“实习”Fieldwork/n./野战工事, 野外工作, 实地调查, 现场工作。

unit4翻译技巧1

(Herman Melville: Bartleby, the Scrivener)
【译文】由于职业和私人交往，我认识了不少这样的人。要是我兴致所至，就可讲出他们各自的故事经历，好心温厚者闻之，准会莞尔而笑；多愁善感的人儿听了，就会潸然泪下。
练习2: To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them.
正确译文：炸鸡，我们真不赖！
4
1. 解包袱法
有一次，一位颇懂汉语的外国朋友问了一个非常有意思的问题。他说：“食品商店”是卖各类食品的商店，“服装商店” 是卖各类衣服的商店，“百货商店”出售各类日用商品；那么 “儿童商店”卖什么，是不是卖儿童的？“妇女商店”是卖什么的？初听他的问题，简直有些可笑，但细细一想，有其内在的原因。于是我对他耐心地解释：“儿童商店”当然不是卖儿童的，出售各种儿童的用品，包括鞋帽，玩具等等；“妇女商店”也不会是出售妇女，而是卖各种妇女用品。这要拐个弯子，才能搞清楚。他觉得汉语复杂，不可思议。我进一步给他解释“三· 八商店”的意思，还要拐一个弯：“三· 八”是三月八日，三月八日是妇女节，常常用来指代妇女，“三· 八商店”却不是出售妇女用品的商店，而是由妇女经营管理的商店，在这个商店里，从经理到售货员都的女士，没有一位男士。我们生活汉语的文化背景中，又有语境的帮助，当然我们在理解上不会有困难，但对一个外国人在学习汉语时，可能就会遇到这样的困难。

美国存在的社会问题social problems in the U.S.

Poverty
❖ The problem of poverty in the United States is aggravated because it occurs in a society in which the overall distribution of wealth and income is very unequal.
❖ (1863年林肯颁布的《解放黑奴宣言》) and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865
（1865年美国通过的第13条宪法修正案）
❖ ---But after the abolition of slavery, many states passed segregation(隔离) laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants and public facilities, and institutionalized discrimination kept blacks in the lowest-paid jobs.
在美国社会长期存在的种族冲突）
Racial Problems
❖ The United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal.
Poverty
❖ By many standards the United States is the most favorably wealthy society in history. Yet, 35.9 million people, about 12.5% of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter.

美国社会问题

美国社会问题富裕中的贫困Poverty n.贫穷；缺乏，不足；贫瘠，不毛；低劣。

据一次全国统计，有1000万人由于没有足够的食品患营养不良症，这些人的境遇各有不同，长期失业是一个主要原因。

具有讽刺意义的是，失业经常源于工业和农业的自动化。

毒品泛滥、赌博II. Poverty as a social problemThe U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the U.S becomes a social problem.III. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品)Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. For example, drug is closely related with crime, automobile accidents. It has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, and the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great.There is no doubt that racism was, is and will be the biggest social problem in America. I am a Chinese, and I've never been to American before. I can not imagine how differently people live in the USA.It is said that one community is a world in American. People who live in different communities have big differences in life. There's a wide gap between the rich and the poor.Most of the rich are white people, in addition, most black people are poor. It is a typical reflection of racism. We can imagine that black people are poor in the society, they will be regarded inequally no matter in the politic or economic life. Then they will lose the chance of electing and being elected, of getting jobs, of studying, even of having a normal life.In order to resist the inequality, in order to live on. They will rob, muder, drug trafficking. However, because of their criminality, the racism will be grevous. The gap of wealth will be bigger, the society will be more unstable. As a result, it will get American into a much embarrassing situation and a dead circulation.In American, white children and black children will not play together, study together, few of the white will get married with the black. Parents will not send their children to schools which have black children. Most black people live in a serious area, people will shoot in daytime. Students will not go to college in more than ten schools in Chicago, they are all schools for the black.Hundreds of years ago, there is a dream for the Americans. In these years, the dream still has not come true. In the modern America,there are still a lot of people who led a distress life. I’m lucky to be in China, with no racism in a stable environment.。

北美的危机The American Crisis

American Crisis by Thomas Paine THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods: and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Britain, with an army to enforce her tyranny, has declared that she has a right (not only to TAX) but "to BIND us in ALL CASES WHATSOEVER," and if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then is there not such a thing as slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God.Whether the independence of the continent was declared too soon, or delayed too long, I will not now enter into as an argument; my own simple opinion is, that had it been eight months earlier, it would have been much better. We did not make a proper use of last winter, neither could we, while we were in a dependent state. However, the fault, if it were one, was all our own; we have none to blame but ourselves. But no great deal is lost yet. All that Howe has been doing for this month past, is rather a ravage than a conquest, which the spirit of the Jerseys, a year ago, would have quickly repulsed, and which time and a little resolution will soon recover.I have as little superstition In me as any man living, but my secret opinion has ever been, and still is, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could invent. Neither have I so much of the infidel in me, as to suppose that He has relinquished the government of the world, and given us up to the care of devils; and as [ do not, I cannot see on what grounds the king of Britain can look up to heaven for help against us: a common murderer, a highwayman, or a housebreaker, has as good a pretence as he. ......The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I thinkit murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to "bind me in all cases whatsoever" to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other. Let them call me rebel and welcome, I feel no concern from it; but I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by swearing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man. I conceive likewise a horrid idea in receiving mercy from a being, who at the last day shall be shrieking to the rocks and mountains to cover him, and fleeing with terror from the orphan, the widow, and the slain of America.托马斯·培恩（1737-1809），美国著名散文家，《常识》和《美国危机》是其散文名作。

翻译练习

15级英汉翻译练习1As far as fashion is concerned, the casual “American” style of wearing Jeans, T-shirts and sports shoes is now common and acceptable in many places. For in the office it is not rare to see someone wearing tight jeans with a long sleeved shirt plus a tie.就时尚而言，穿牛仔裤、t恤和运动鞋的休闲“美国”风格在很多地方都很常见，而且可以接受。

因为在办公室，看见有人穿着紧身牛仔裤，配上一件长袖衬衫和领带也不稀奇。

His defense is of cause that is the American style. Cowboy hats, boots and large silver belt buckles are also a common imitation of the dress style of Americans especially those from Taxas and Arizona. Look at the music played in the Nyamirambo bound taxis and you will be amazed at how it matches with the dress style of the passengers. 他的辩护理由是美国的风格。

牛仔帽、靴子和大银皮带扣也是美国人的着装风格的常见模仿，尤其是那些来自美国和亚利桑那州的人。

看看Nyamirambo的出租车上播放的音乐，你会惊奇地发现它与乘客的着装风格相匹配。

Around the world the United States is perhaps best known for its numerous and successful fast food franchises. Such chains, including McDonald’s, Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken are known for selling simply, pre-prepared food such as hamburger, French fries(chips), soft drinks, fried chicken, and ice cream. Though undeniably popular, such food, with its emphasis on deep-frying, has been criticized by dietitians in recent decades for being unhealthy and a cause of obesity. It has thus become somewhat of a stereotype to associate American cuisine with obesity and junk food. The whole world now is full of similar eating joints, In Africa many are referred to as take-aways.在世界范围内，美国最出名的可能是其众多的成功的快餐连锁店。

美国作文之当下美国的社会问题英语作文

当下美国的社会问题英语作文【篇一：英语作文之-社会问题型】社会问题型第一段(1)as is vividly depicted in the picture,----（人物+动作+场景），which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.(2)the most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, ----（图画寓意点），(3)recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of （主题）which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity. (4)this phenomenon of（主题）should be condemned severely or made illegal. (5)there is no doubt thatits symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.（73）第二段：社会问题性的考题，我们在第二段进行原因分析，考生可以根据具体问题从以下四个原因中选取相关原因。

(1)author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern: the problem of---- draws more and more attention from many quarters. (2)naturally, it is not a coincidence. (3)several factors could account for it and the following are the most critical ones: （44）①经济原因 many economic motivations have contributed directly to---- ，and asis the same case with n./n短语②公共意识 the public fail to see the consequence of the problem conveyed by the picture above and let it go without taking any action.③法律法规 in spite of the seriousness of this problem, related laws and regulations haven’t been made before things get worse.④家庭教育not every parents is qualified for bringing up children successfully ,and thus their children ----(1)no other case can better illustrate this point(the severity of this problem) than the phenomenon describes in the above picture(s).第三段：我们提出改进措施(1)proper measures must be taken to-----and the great efforts should be made to _______，(2)the current state of affairs mayhave been encouraged by the lack of legal penalty. (3)it is a promising start to take legislative initiative make the behavior of----illegal . （42）关于人生社会的抽象话题第一段:(1)as is vividly depicted in the picture,----（人物+动作+场景），which seems to be humorous but thought-provoking on second thoughts. (2)----(图画描述) (3) if we give it a closer watch, it is not difficult to find the deep innovation. (4)----(图画寓意) (5)there is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.第二段：我们采取“有之如何，没有又如何”的写作思路(1)what the author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern: it is that play a vital role in ones entire life. (2) naturally, anyone who is in possession of is likely to overcome the obstacles which are inevitable if ones are proceeding forward and achieve successive successes.(3)however, there are a great number of people lacking in .(4)for them, it is tough to crack the hard nuts and deal with the challenges . (5)and any minor barrier tend to be a factor that leads to their final failure . (6)the above picture is a vivid reflection of what i have discussed.第三段：我们主张公众应该了解这些(1)accordingly, it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the sense of----in our society. (2)we should bear in mind that----is of great significance to both our society and ourselves. (3)every one should have the ability of----. (4)only in this way can we achieve success and only in this way can our society become more harmonious to live in.关于社会中具体事物利弊分析第一段(1)as is vividly depicted in the picture,----（人物+动作+场景），which seems to be humorous but thought-provoking on second thoughts. (2)----(图画描述) (3) if we give it a closer watch, it is not difficult to find the deep innovation. (4)----(图画寓意) (5)there is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.第二段（具体利弊分析）(1)what the author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern：(2)the wide presence of hascaused mixed result . (3)it is not a difficult job to realize its advantages and disadvantages. (4)however, in my opinion, its attractions outweigh its shortcomings, though no one can deny its disadvantages. (5)to begin with, ---- furthermore,---- (6)the phenomenon described in the above picture vividly reflects what we have discussed .第三段，使优势最大化，负面影响最小(1)according to the analysis above, it is urgent for us to take measures to maximize its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. (2)of the steps that we can take, to make the public realize its complex is of most importance, for, consciousness is the precondition of action. (3) only after being conscious, can we take concrete measures to make our aim come true.【篇二：社会现象英语作文】should older people live with their adult children? one of the topics in our daily life is whether or not the older people should live with their adult children. my answer to the question is that it is better for them not to.to begin with, adult children, like their parents, love independence and freedom, but their parents may still see them as children. the situation will be worse when the adult children are married. if the relationship between the children and file parents is not harmonious, the sons or daughters of the parents will be in a difficult position. secondly, people of different ages have different ways of life. if they live together, the old may feel that they are always disturbed and the young may feel that they are often restricted.in short, if the parents and their adult children do not live together, both the old and the young can enjoy completeindependence and freedom. living separately does not mean separation of relations. the parents and their children can still often visit and help each other if they stay in the saine neighborhood.comment: this article talks about a heated topic ,and what i want to say is that ,from this article ,it is clearlyillustrated reasons why parents should not live with their adult children ,but ,there are just two reasons ,the writerspend too much words talking about them ,maybe it is betterto talk more reasons with less words .【篇三：英语作文——关于一些社会现象】明星代言问题on the celebrity spokespersoncurrently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on tv, net or other media. this is an intensely popular trend that we cannot fail to notice.关于选秀节目over the past couple of years, a variety of talent shows have emerged on tv channels across the nation, from super girls to happy boys and so forth. this type of entertainment program is intensely popular, especially among young adults and has produced profound impacts on their studies and life.there are a couple of reasons behind the tide. to start with, young folks need role models to learn from. so many of them are crazy for contestants participating in these programs. this gives rise to the increasing emergence of these shows because tv networks naturally need to cater to young audiences. plus, thanks to economic and political reforms carried out by the government, this crop of young generation have more freedom and desire to express and showcase themselves. therefore, a growing number of young people desire to get involved in these shows.this is a divisive topic. on my personal level, the talent show is a superb means of relaxing and amusing and can hugely relieve our strains. as college students, however, we could not afford to indulge in them and should be aware of the utmost importance of studies. 食品安全问题on the food securityover the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. the problem of food security has become a hot button across society. the prevalence of food insecurityhas greatly impacted public health, which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the people daily. there are a couple of driving forces, i would argue, behind this undesirable tide. first, in the course of therapid economic evolution, we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem. more importantly, thelack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.as confucius instructed, it is better late than never. promptand strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend. the government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again. i am firmly convinced that through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead. 社会不文明现象on uncivilized behaviorswe cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth. all these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of. as an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, china is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every chinese citizen should feel ashamed of. uncivilized behaviors by a host of chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affectedch ina’s image, according to an editorial posted on people daily’s official website.as chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves. we should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them. there are a host of causes, i would argue, behind this trend. to nameonly one: the lack of moral education. the government should wage a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives. as college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.感恩on cultivating the sense of gratitudeon college campuses across the nation, there is a noticeable phenomenon that we cannot afford to ignore: far too many young college students lack the sense of gratitude, one of the countless traditional virtues of this ancient land with asplendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years. these youngadults were not and are not aware of the huge importance of expressing gratitude to those who once helped them, from teachers to parents and so forth.personally, i deem that the root cause of students without a gracefulheart is that they receive an education not valuing the moral sphere. i strongly believe that joint efforts from folks across society are the final remedy for this social headache. as young university students of the new era, we should make our own contributions to this cause. imagine a world without the sense of gratitude. this kind of world is doomed to failure. simply put, we should join our hands to heighten our awareness of fostering a graceful heart. only in this way can we build our society into a harmonious one. my fellow students, i beg you to act from now on.大学生使用信用卡现象on credit cardat present, a wide vareity of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving in colleges and universities across the nation, with a multitude of college students making up a growing population of card holders. indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be on the steady increse, the latest data published by yangtze evening post suggests.like anything prior to the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides. on the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments. on the other hand, however, the irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off. on my personal level, while enjoying a host of conveniences the credit card may bring, we couldn’t afford to ignore a conspicious fact: in most cases, parents are our sole financial sources.instead of spending without any restrict, we aresupposed to put studies on the top of our agenda and move ourselves beyond heavy dependence upon our parents。

American social problems美国的社会问题

• Smoking is not as common in America as in many other countries. It is a practice that is becoming less and less socially acceptable. The legal smoking age in America is 18.
Guess ?
Diabetes in America
• Studies performed over the past 40 years have shown that the prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically in American and that a substantial proportion of population has diabetes.
From the racial aspect:
• A higher proportion of the black population is poor or unemployed;
• Racial prejudice.
The abuse of Power by Government and Corporation
• Smoking is not allowed in any public buildings, on any public transportation, in shops, movie theaters, schools, and office buildings. The general rule is if you are indoors, then you probably are not allowed to smoke. The exceptions are bars, nightclubs, and some restaurants. If a restaurant does allow smoking, it will only be in an area that is designated for smokers. If you are with someone, even outdoors, it is polite to ask if they mind before you start smoking.

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含考研真题)+模拟试题】详解-美国的社

第10章美国的社会问题I.Deride whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The United States was founded on the principle of human equality,and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal._____【答案】F【解析】直到现在，美国仍然歧视黑人，所以该国还没有实现人类平等这一理想。

2.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States now is the blacks,or Afro-Americans,who account for11.7%of the population._____【答案】F【解析】白人是美国最大的族群，据2000年人口普查数据显示，美国有2.11亿白人，占全国总人数的75%。

并不是黑人为美国最大的族群，所以本题错误。

3.In1863,President Abraham Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the l3th Amendment to the Constitution in1865legally abolished the slavery._____【答案】T【解析】1983年美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯公布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》（The Emancipation Proclamation），其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象未包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。

此宣言虽仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。

欧美文学重点翻译3

<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves《溅吧、溅吧、溅吧》,最好的朋友的早逝, 少年的无忧无虑、天真快乐,海浪和船只的无情移动与诗人心境的悲伤作对比<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ’Crossing the bar’ means leaving this world and entering the next world《渡过沙洲》我们可以感受到他对死亡的无畏,他对上帝以及来世的忠实信仰,“渡过沙洲”意味着离开这个世界进入到另一个世界<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue,《尤利西斯》不能忍受平凡宁静的生活,即使他老了,他还是说服他的老追随者同他一起，再次出航,追求新世界，新知识，戏剧独白Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue罗伯特·勃朗宁-最早提高并且使喜剧独白走向成熟的诗人<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece他的杰作《环与图书》<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man《我的前公爵夫人》这个戏剧性的独白，是公爵与前来提亲的代理人之间的对话，公爵是一个自负，残暴和专制的人<Meeting at Night> 夜会<Parting at Morning>晨别George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women乔治.艾略特：一个有着异常智慧和生活经验的妇女,她表达了自己对妇女命运的特别关注<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor《米德尔马契》将精力旺盛、活力四射的多萝西娅与凄冷、毫无生气、阴暗的房子形成强烈对比Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, ’novels of character and environment’托马斯·哈代-既是一个自然主义作家，也是一个批判现实主义作家，他的作品带有地方乡土色彩，艾塞克斯-小说的背景及特征<Tess of the D’Urbervilles> experience is as to i ntensity, and not as to duration 《德伯家的苔丝》的经验是与其容忍，不如反抗American Romantic Period 美国浪漫主义时期Started with Washington Irving’s <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman’s <Leaves of Grass>, also called ’the American Renaissance’Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism以华盛顿欧文的《见闻杂记》开始，以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束。

Problems and Weaknesses in the American Educationa

Problems and Weaknesses in the American Educational System Education in America is not as effective as it should be because of a number of problems inherent within the system. Because of the way issues of political and social differences have infiltrated educational policy and decision-making, students are not being offered a sound way of dealing with diversity or understanding how to manage differences. Furthermore, in the midst of more large scale debates centering upon sociopolitical questions, there are more concrete problems that are not being dealt with such as the issue of cheating in schools and even the imbalance and potential unfairness of the grading system.One of the problems with the American education system is that it has yet to form a consensus about the role of religion in the classroom. While this is not a statement meant to argue whether or not religion has a valid place in the public schools, it is fair to state that this is certainly an area of contention as opposing sides attempt to standardize how religion is treated, particularly in textbooks. Because of a lack of agreement, proponents on both sides use litigation and other actions to determin e religion’s status in schools and this has caused textbook publishers and other educational entities to have to take a dramatic stance. For instance, some argue that the efforts to stay away from this debate “has pushed textbook publishers to excise relig ion altogether, even from history class.”As a result, it seems as though these textbook publishers who are afraid to include anything of a religious nature are doing students a disservice since they are denying the legitimate reasons for many historical and social truths of history. In other words, political correctness and oversensitivity about religious issues have clouded education and caused students to have a rather skewed view of society since they are only being offered a rather whitewashed version of it. By offering young people only one narrow way of thinking because of political reasons, it limits their scope and ability to deal with such social difference later in life.Education is not becoming more ineffective simply because of political wrangling about the role of religion in schools, but also because there is a lack of understanding about moral issues, such as plagiarism. While its another argumententirely about whether or not the two are interdependent in some ways (religion and simple morals/ethics) it is noteworthy that there is a lack of ethical stringency in schools. When it has been suggested that out of the top American students many cheated and had ambivalent views about it, it becomes clear that there is an ethical lapse in the system itself. According to one of the statistics in “Their Cheating Hearts” by William Raspberry, “80 percent had engaged in academic cheating and thought cheating was commonplace. Moreover, most saw cheating as a minor infraction”.Another important issue that must be addressed in order to help save the deteriorating state of the American educational system is that of the grading system. Educational researchers, students, and teachers at all levels have confronted the issue of possible imbalance in the system. Even though there is an ages-old debate about the grading system, it is generally something that comes and goes yet is without a great deal of merit. In many ways, it seems as though there is a great deal of time being wasted within the educational system (on the part of educational researchers, critics, students, and even teachers) about this supposed problem. Instead of focusing on legitimate issues (such as cheating) again it seems there are useless debates that cannot be won that are taking up precious time and resources. Furthermore, just as in the case with the problems arising from religious debates in schools, the question of political correctness is in the background as thinkers wrestle with the p ossibility of grade inflation and what is defined by “too much concern about the students’ self-esteem”.These more ethereal questions are being posed when the real problem lies in the fact that there is no consensus about this issue among others. This is another clear case of the educational system failing because no one can agree about important factors affecting education in America. Although it would be impossible to claim that there is one standard by which students would be judged, wasting time on this debate detracts from more important issues such as how to improve testing scores, how to make sure students are maximizing their educational experience, and whether or not the system is attempting to make better citizens out of young people.It is clear that there are serious problems with the modern American educational system. As it stands, the solutions to the problems inherent to the American system of education are within reach if there could be common agreement about what some of the basic needs of students are instead of the less concrete concerns. Still, it is important to recognize that all the theories that have been put forth about what is wrong with schools are still important, but that they must not overshadow the commitment to making education more effective in the here and now. If culture and the rapidly changing state of society can be taken into account, new ideas about education can be useful. If, however, debates rest on stagnant arguments that cannot ever be won by either side without even slight consensus, then education will continue to suffer.(908words)。