管理学名词解释

第一单元Manager：Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished管理者：通过协调和监管其他人的工作活动以实现组织目标的人员First-line Managers：Individuals who manage the work of non-managerial employees.Middle Managers：Individuals who manage the work of first-line managers. Top Managers：Individuals who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing plans and goals that affect the entire organization.基层管理者：最底层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作。

中层管理者：对基层管理者进行管理的人员。

高层管理者：负责为整个组织制定决策、计划和目标并进而影响整个组织的管理人员。

Management：coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.管理：协调和监管他人的工作活动，从而使其有效率、有效果地完成工作。

Efficiency： Doing things right，or Getting the most output for the least inputs 效率：正确地做事，或者以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出Effectiveness： Doing the right things，or Attaining organizational goals 效果：做正确的事情，或者实现组织的目标Planning:management function that involves setting goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.Organizing: management function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals.Leading : management function that involves working with and through people toaccomplish organizational goals.Controlling: management function that involves monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance计划：设定目标，确定实现这些目标的战略，并且制定计划以整合和协调各种活动组织：安排各项工作，以实现组织目标领导：同他人合作并通过他人去实现目标控制：对员工的工作进行监控、比较和纠正Management Roles: specific actions or behaviors expected of a manager. Interpersonal roles: managerial roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature.Informational roles: managerial roles that involve collecting,receiving,and disseminating information.Decisional roles: managerial roles that revolve around making choices.管理角色：管理者按照人们的预期在实践中展示的具体行为或表现人际关系角色:人与人的关系以及其他礼仪性的和象征性的职责。

信息传递角色：收集、接受和传播信息决策制定角色：作出决策和选择Technical skills:job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiency perform work tasks.Human skills:The ability to work well with other people individually and in a group.Conceptual skills:The ability to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations技术技能:某个特定领域的知识和专业技术人际技能:与他人和睦相处、密切配合的能力概念技能:对组织面临的抽象、复杂情况进行思考和概念化的能力Organization：A deliberate arrangement of people assembled to accomplish some specific purpose组织：是对人员的一种精心安排，以实现某个特定目的。

(这个目的是个体无法单独实现的）Sustainability:a company’s ability to achieve its business goals and increase long-term shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental, and social opportunities into its business strategies.可持续性：公司通过将经济的、环境的和社会的机遇整合到公司战略以实现公司目标并为股东增加长期价值的能力。

Universality of Management:The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations,at all organizational levels ,in all organizational areas,and in all organizations, regardless of location管理的普遍性:在现实世界中，管理是不可或缺的——在所有类型和规模的组织中，在所有的组织层级中，在所有的组织领域中，在所有的组织中，无论该组织位于哪里。

第二单元Omnipotent View of Management： the view that managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.Symbolic view of Management：the view that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control.管理万能论：认为管理者对组织的成败承担直接责任管理象征论：认为组织的成败在很大程度上归因于管理者无法控制的外部力量。

Organizational Culture：The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act.Strong Cultures：Organizational cultures in which key values are intensely held and widely shared.组织文化：组织成员共有的、能够影响其行为方式的价值观、原则、传统和做事方式强文化：其核心价值观被组织成员们强烈坚持和广泛共享的组织文化Socialization：The process that helps employees adapt to the organization’s culture.社会化：帮助新员工学会本组织做事方法的一个过程Workplace Spirituality：a culture where organizational values promote a sense of purpose through meaningful work that takes place in the context of community 职场精神：它是一种文化，在这种文化中，组织的价值观提倡员工通过在集体环境中从事有意义的工作来感知人生目的。

External Environment：those factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance.外部环境：组织之外能够对该组织的绩效产生影响的因素和力量Environmental Uncertainty：the degree of change and complexity in an organization’s environment.环境的不确定性：一个组织的外部环境的变化程度和复杂程度Environmental Complexity：the number of components in an organization’s environment and the extent of the organization’s knowledge about those components.环境的复杂性：一个组织的外部环境的构成要素数量以及该组织对这些构成要素的了解程度Stakeholders：any constituencies in the organization’s environment that are affected by an organization’s decisions and actions.利益相关者：组织的外部环境中被组织的决策和行动所影响的任何相关者。