2018年西北大学学硕621真题
2018西北大学自然地理学真题
自然地理学2018真题
一、名词解释
1、地层整合
2、节理
3、克拉克值
4、温室效应
5、逆温层
6、焚风效应
7、风化作用
8、风化壳
9、土壤质地
10、土壤形态
11、生态系统
12、生态平衡
13、地理耗散结构
14、地域分异
二、简述题
1、地球公转和自转的地理意义？
2、河流径流的表征参数有哪些？
3、地下水按照埋藏条件的分类，并说明对其开发利用的影响？
4、成土因素对土壤形成的作用?
5、土壤形成的基本规律?
6、简述生态因子作用的特征?
7、城市生态系统具有哪些特点?
8、自然区划的原则?
三、论述题
1、黄土高原水土流失的原因，针对黄土高原水土流失的措施和战略。
2、季风环流对我国气候特征形成的影响。
西北大学2018年考古与文博专业考研试题
西北大学2018年考古与文博专业考研试题考古
一、名词解释
1.洞穴遗址
2.梁思永
3.非衣
4.石鼓山
5.聚落
6.石窟寺
7.扣器
8.耀州窑
9.利簋
10.偏洞墓
二、简答题
1.古代人类体质发展阶段及其特征
2.考古学年代分析
3.文明起源新进展
4.田野考古前期准备规划
5.铁器普遍使用影响
三、论述题
1.曹魏邺城对长安城的影响
2.考古资源在历史研究中的作用
四、画图题
1.东汉洛阳城
2.系络图
文博
一、名词解释
1.二重证据法
2.考古图
3.款识
4.史密森学会
5.石峁遗址
6.历史文化名城
7.光释光分析法
8. 逨盘
二、简答题
1.简述中国近代博物馆发展历程
2.简述文物学与考古学的关系
3.简述“官”字瓷器发现的意义
4.简述我国近代文物学史上“四堂”的主要研究成果
三、论述题
1.我国生态博物馆发展现状
2.论述我国文物保护方针中保护和抢救的主要内容
3.以考古发现论述古代陶瓷器的窑形及发展情况
4.比较西周和东周青铜器特点。
2018年西北大学学硕814真题
2018年西北大学学硕814真题一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、深度报道2、可穿戴终端3、新媒体新闻专题4、媒体组合二，简答题（在下列5道题中任选4道题，每题10分，共40分）1、批评性新闻的采写应该注意哪些问题？2、简述新媒体时代新传播的复合性。
3、网站与客户端新闻标题制作应该注意哪些特殊规律？4、创意发想过程采用水平思考法，应遵循哪些基本原则？5、长尾营销的出现受哪些因素的影响，其中社会化媒体的作用是什么？三、论述与评析题（在下列3道题中任选2道题，每题20分，共40分）1、新媒体融合报道背景下，新闻产品生产的各个环节，如信源获取，传播渠道，新闻加工，个性化服务的都发生着变化和创新，请结合实例谈谈其变化。
2、试论述人工智能技术对新闻生产和推送产生的影响。
3、2017年爱奇艺暑假档推出全新网络综艺节目《中国有嘻哈》，小众性的嘻哈音乐与嘻哈文化逐渐引起了更多的关注。
请评析《中国有嘻哈》节目受欢迎的原因。
四、写作题材料：据人力资源和社会保障部网站消息，日前，人社部、中组部、教育部、财政部、共青团中央联合印发《高校毕业生基层成长计划》。
人社部市场司负责人表示，《计划》提出，将基层高校毕业生纳入当地人才政策扶持范围，符合条件的提供住房、医疗、子女就读、落户、职称申报等方面配套支持。
各级各类人才表彰奖励项目进一步向基层一线倾斜，将基层高校毕业生纳入表彰奖励对象范围。
该负责人介绍称，《高校毕业生基层成长计划》主要面向以各种形式在基层服务工作的高校毕业生，力争用10年左右的时间，通过强化教育培训、实践锻炼、职业发展、管理服务等全链条的扶持措施，建设一支结构合理、素质优良、作风过硬的基层青年人才队伍。
通过建立分层次、多渠道的基层优秀青年后备人才选拔体系，有计划、有重点地遴选一批具有坚定政治信念、现代管理理念和管理能力的基层管理人才，一批具有钻研精神、专业知识水准和实践经验的基层专业技术人才，一批具有创新精神、市场意识和经营管理能力的基层创新创业人才。
2018西北大学考古学考研真题
2018西北大学考古学考研真题
一、名词解释
1.许昌人
2.杨官寨
3.雍畤
4.规矩镜
5.苏巴什佛寺
6.台家寺遗址
7.多友鼎
8.唐蕃古道
9.开相
10.墓葬解剖发掘
二、简述题
1.简述田野考古发掘的一般原则
2.简述现代智人起源理论并举例
3.简述农业起源理论并举例
4.简述早期秦文化发现的意义
5.简述唐代金银器分期及其特征
6.简述明中都布局及其影响
三、论述题
1.试述黄河中下游龙山时代晚期城址与早期国家起源的关系
2.试述汉唐时期中西文化交流的主要道路
四、画图
1.探方平面图
2.殷墟王陵带墓道大墓
3.汉阳陵平面布局
4. 唐长安城平面图。
2018硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题和答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题英语二Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B , C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ wi llingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C. regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11. A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12. A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13. A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14. A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15. A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16. A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17. A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18. A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19. A. how B. why C. where D. whether20. A. limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skillmanufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorization22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bac helor’s degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belong s to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated inthe US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of t he state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quic k put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“ plummeting ”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa.A. wind is a widely used energy sourceB. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the What’s App messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our in boxes. It doesn’t fe el likea human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A. a win-win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deeps cheduling” to combat const ant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be dueto the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circui ts in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A. keep to your focus timeB. list your immediate tasksC. make specific daily plansD. seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A. distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A. can result in psychological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: th at is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and “what’s going on?” you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask f or their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped r eading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up ne w avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1) Apologize and explain the situation, and2) Suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should1) Interpret the chart and2) Give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他4.7%价格8.4%特色36.3%环境23.8%服务26.8%2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素一、完形填空：1. A. resolveresolve 解决 protect 保护 discuss 讨论 ignore忽视联系上下文“the need to know”，显然是人类有解决未知(resolve uncertainty)的内在需要。
西北大学 语言及应用语言学 2018年考研真题610
西北大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生试题语言学概论（617）一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）1、语言符号音和义之间的结合是社会成员____的。
2、根据语法形式的共同特点将其归并为几个基本类型，这种语法形式的类叫做____。
3、口语和书面语是同一种语言的不同的____变异。
4、语言接触有不同的类型，其中最常见的是____。
5、以现实现象为基础，不涉及人们的主观态度的词义是词的____，它是词义的核心。
6、地域方言的差别主要表现在____上。
7、____是运用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成的新词，把外语中的某个意义移植过来。
8、在workers中，worker这一部分可以称为____。
9、是否能够____，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
10、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是____。
二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1、语言符号的任意性特点说明了（）A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具B.语言是人类的思维工具C.语言具有组合关系和聚合关系D. 语言是一种特殊的社会现象2、朗读“土改”一词时，通常要把“土”念成阳平，这种变化叫做（）A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落3、下列各组词中属于复合词的一组是（）A.大学、人民、readerB.劳动、阿姨、railwayC.瓶子、教室、unhappyD.道路、材料、classroom4、[b][c][g]三个音素的区别是（）A.清浊B.发音方法C.发音部位D.送气与否5、在文字体系的发展过程中，不包括（）阶段A.记事图画B.表意文字体系C.表音文字体系D.纯表音文字体系6、下列文字中属于音位字母的是（）A.日文字母B.英文字母C.汉字D.阿拉伯字母7、[p']的发音特征是（）A.双唇送气清塞音B.双唇不送气清塞音C.舌尖前送气清塞音D.舌尖前不送气清塞音8、英语的“sheep”和“ship”两个单词起区别作用的是（）A.调位B.时位C.重位D.音位9、“He seems sad”中的动词seems中的s表示的语法意义是（）A.性、数、格B.时、体、态C.时、体、格D.数、时、人称10、元音和辅音最本质的区别是（）A.是否均衡紧张B.声带是否振动C.气流是否受阻D.时间延续久暂11、确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要依据词的（）A.意义B.形态C.句法功能D.范畴12、现代汉语普通话的“花儿”是（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.语素13、下列各组词都属于基本词汇的是（）A.丈夫、妻子、兄弟、令堂B.若干、屹立、篇章、父母C.make、look、do、getD.电视、开发、能力、学派14、语音的演变主要是指（）A.词的读音变化B.音素的增加C.浊音清化D.词义变化15、汉语普通话语音系统中没有的发音部位是（）A.双唇B.舌尖C.齿尖D.舌面16、“社稷”“太监”等词在现代汉语中已不再使用，它属于（）A.词义的演变B.旧词的消亡C.新词的产生D.词语的替换17、下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮、朴素大方B.我们大家、首都北京C.铁路民航、工人农民D.贯彻执行、讨论研究18、俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是（）A.黏着语、屈折语、孤立语B.屈折语、黏着语、孤立语C.孤立语、屈折语、黏着语D.屈折语、孤立语、黏着语19、根据谱系分类看，台湾的高山语属于（）A.乌拉尔语系B.南岛语系C.南亚语系D.高加索语系20、语言间亲属关系的重要标志是（）A.语音的对应B.语法规则的对应C.产生年代相近D.词汇基本相同三、多项选择题（每小题2分，共30分）1、下列短语中的“语言”一词，（）属于语言学术语中的“言语”A.语言无味，面目可憎B.亚洲语言研究C.语言必须接近大众D.向人民学习语言2、属于半低元音的是（）A.[e]B.[ε]C.[ɔ]D.[œ]3、下列选项中的辅音，清浊一致的是（）A.[t']和[n]B.[ts']和[s]C.[tç]和[ç]D.[g]和[ɤ]4、常见的语流音变现象有（）A.脱落B.同化C.换位D.类推5、划线部分属于“格”语法范畴的是（）A.two booksB.his bikeC.my footD.the student's book6、下列各组词的词性变化不属于内部屈折的是（）A.I---meB.foot---feetC.work---worksD.child---children7、下列划线部分语义角色为受事的是（）A.死了一头牛B.摘苹果C.喝西北风D.买教材8、汉字是（）A.表音文字B.意音文字C.他源文字D.自源文字9、从“我打破了花瓶”变换为“我把花瓶打破了”，使用了（）A.删除B.添加C.替代D.移位10、至今语音系属不明的是（）A.京语B.缅甸语C.日语D.朝鲜语11、不属于等义词的是（）A.成果—后果B.many---muchC.替代---代替D.头颅---脑壳12、属于斯拉夫语族的语言有（）A.俄语B.塞尔维亚语C.德语D.捷克语13、（）属于词组A.写字B.扑克C.小碗D.编辑14、混合语是（）A.几种语言成分均匀的混杂B.洋泾浜的进一步演变C.语言远征的结果D.被人们作为母语来使用15、（）是由于社会的地域分化而造成的A.地域方言B.社会方言C.阶层方言D.亲属语言四、判断句（正确的打√，错误的打ⅹ。
西北大学计算机专硕研究生入学考试历年真题
科目名称：数据结构适用专业：计算机技术、软件工程答案请答在答题纸上，答在本试题上的答案一律无效。
一、 简答［每小题6分，共30分］1、 简述四类基本的数据逻辑关系，并用图表示。
2、 简述数组、广义表属于线性表原因。
3、 算法的定义及特性。
4、 什么是平衡二叉排序树？平衡因子的取值范围是什么？5、 简述稳定排序含义，给出两种稳定排序方法以及两种不稳定排序方法名称并 证明。
二、 分析与方法选择［每小题10分，共30分］1、 折半查找法对待查找的列表哪两个要求？答：必须采用顺序存储结构；必须按关键字大小有序排列。
2、 分析快速排序的性能（最好情况、最坏情况）。
3、 关于二叉树结点度数的计算。
（牢记二叉树的5条性质，会计算二叉树及 K 叉树相关的计算。
）三、 构造结果［每小题8分，共40分］1、 已知一棵二叉树的前序序列及后序序列，给出其对应的二叉树。
备注：西大历年试卷都是给出前序序列、中序序列或者中序序列、后序序列， 写出对应的二叉树，这种题型很好做，且结果给出的二叉树唯一。
但是 2015年 试题给出的是已知前序序列、后序序列，求对应的二叉树，这题我们平时几乎都 没做过，但是其实也不难，往往给出前序序列、后序序列，构造的二叉树不是唯 一的，但是这次考题设置的巧妙，最后给出的结果二叉树应该是唯一的。
这道题 具体我也不记得了，反正有点难，我也花了很长时间最后才做出来的。
2、 图的两种存储结构及表示、深度优先搜索遍历、广度优先搜索遍历、最小生 成树的生成。
3、 依次输入（26, 30，15, 10, 28，19, 18，22），构造二叉排序树，并计算等 概率情况下的查找成功的平均查找长度。
4、画出10个元素的折半判定树，并计算等概率情况下查找成功的平均查找长度。
科目代码：851 共2页5、最小生成树生成的两种算法：普里姆算法、克鲁斯卡尔算法四、编写算法 [ 每小题 10分，共 20 分]1、以单链表作存储结构实现线性表的就地逆置算法，即在原表的存储空间将线性表( a1,a2, ,a n )逆置为( a n,a n 1, , a1 )。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试(2021年整理精品文档)
(完整版)2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整版)2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为(完整版)2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试的全部内容。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试临床医学综合能力（西医）1。
在维持机体稳态的调节中，负反馈控制的特点是A。
迅速 B.有波动 C.有预见性 D。
有可能失误【答案】B【解析】P8。
负反馈具有滞后性和波动性的缺点，而前反馈则较快速，并具有预见性,因而适应性更大，但前馈控制有可能失误。
2。
神经细胞在静息时,电压门控钠通道对Na+通透的门控状态是A.激活门和失活门都开放 B。
激活门和失活门都关闭C。
激活门开放，失活门关闭 D。
激活门关闭,失活门开放【答案】D【解析】P34。
静息电位状态下，电压门控钠通道存在三种功能状态，即静息态、激活态和失活态.上述三种状态是通道分子内部两个闸门，即激活门和失活门活动的结果。
当膜电位保持-70mV，即静息时,激活门完全关闭,失活门则接近完全开放，此时钠通道关闭,处于“静息态".当膜迅速去极化至+20mV时，激活门迅速开放，失活门则逐渐关闭。
由于两个闸门的运动速度不等，故当激活门迅速开放面失活门尚未关闭时通道出现瞬间导通，呈“激活态”。
随后，尽管激活门仍开放,但随着失活门的完全关闭，通道不再导通而进入“失活态”。
随着膜的复极化，失活门从通道口逐渐退出，回到开放状态;而激活门则回到通道中央，保持关闭状态。
于是,通道又回到原先的“静息态”,这一过程称为通道的复活。
3.在生理性止血过程中，与识别损伤部位有关的血小板生理特性是A。
2018年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及问题详解
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题英语二Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B , C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance —but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C. regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11. A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12. A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13. A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14. A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15. A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16. A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17. A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18. A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19. A. how B. why C. where D. whether20. A. limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skillmanufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorization22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated inthe US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation —and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“ plummeting ”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa.A. wind is a widely used energy sourceB. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the What’s App messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our in boxes. It doesn’t feel likea human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A. a win-win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deeps cheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“ At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused andunfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A. keep to your focus timeB. list your immediate tasksC. make specific daily plansD. seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A. distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A. can result in psychological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what’s going on?” you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in theirwellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1) Apologize and explain the situation, and2) Suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should1) Interpret the chart and2) Give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他 4.7%价格 8.4%特色 36.3%环境 23.8%服务26.8%2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素一、完形填空：1. A. resolveresolve 解决 protect 保护 discuss 讨论 ignore忽视联系上下文“the need to know”，显然是人类有解决未知(resolve uncertainty)的内在需要。
2018考研真题及答案汇总
2018考研真题及答案汇总出国留学网考研网为大家提供2018考研真题及答案汇总，2018考研真题及答案汇总12018年考研政治真题及答案22018考研数学真题及答案汇总32018年考研英语真题及答案汇总42018年考研专业课真题及答案52018各校艺术考研真题汇总出国留学网考研频道整理2018考研真题及答案解析汇总：2018年考研真题及答案解析汇总12018年考研政治真题及答案解析汇总22018考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析汇总32018年考研英语真题及答案解析汇总42018考研数学一真题及答案解析汇总52018考研数学二真题及答案解析汇总62018考研数学三真题及答案解析汇总72018年考研数农真题及答案解析汇总82018年考研数学真题及答案解析汇总92018年考研专业课真题及答案解析汇总102018考研法硕法学真题及答案解析汇总112018考研法硕非法学真题及答案解析汇总122018考研中医综合真题及答案解析汇总132018考研西医综合真题及答案解析汇总142018考研历史学真题及答案解析汇总152018考研教育学真题及答案解析汇总162018考研心理学真题及答案解析汇总172018考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析汇总出国留学网考研频道整理2018考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析汇总：2018考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析汇总12018考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析：初数1-5题22018年考研管理类联考数学答案32018年管理类联考论说文真题解析42018考研管综写作真题52018考研管理类联考综合能力真题：初数单选题1-4题62018考研管理类联考综合能力真题：初数单选题8-10题72018考研管理类联考综合能力真题：初数单选题11-13题82018考研管理类联考综合能力真题：初数单选题15题出国留学网考研频道整理小编精心为您推荐：2018年34所自划线高校分数线汇总2018全国考研复试信息汇总2018考研分数线信息汇总2018考研成绩查询信息汇总2018考研国家线信息汇总2018全国考研调剂信息汇总考研英语真题考研数学真题政治真题专业课真题英语一真题英语二真题数学一真题数学二真题数学三真题数农真题考研英语答案考研数学答案政治答案专业课答案英语一答案英语二答案数学一答案数学二答案数学三答案数农答案。
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2018年西北大学学硕621真题
一、名词解释
1.微博
2.远生通讯
3.数据新闻
4.公关宣传
二、简答题
1.什么是“象征性互动理论”，其核心问题是什么？
2.五四时期，《每周评论》带动了许多“新报刊”创办，请问什么是新报刊？请指出当时影响较大的新报刊及其编者，并指出其中最有代表性的报刊。
3.互联网的前身是什么？如何起源，创立的初衷是什么？互联网传播的特点是什么？
4.自媒体的4A元素使受众的角色和地位发生了怎样的变化，对新闻报道方式产生了什么样的影响？
三、论述题
1.请具体说明1942年4月1日《解放日报》发表的改版社论《致读者》的具体内容。
要按照党的要求成为真正的“党中央的机关报”，党报必须遵循怎样的核心原则？对于这一原则博古在1942年9月22日,《解放日报》上发表了哪篇社论作出了怎样的系统说明？
2.舆论的定义、特点是什么？舆论的哪些本质特征规定了其社会功能，其社会功能是什么，主要表现在哪几方面？新传播革命条件下，政府引导舆论为什么要关注“新舆论领袖”？
四、材料分析题
第二次世界大战后，戴维森参加战时档案研究时，一位历史学家给他讲了这样一个故事：
太平洋战争期间，硫磺岛上驻有一支由白人军官和黑人士兵组成的美军部队，日军向该岛空投了大批传单，宣传美日之战是白人挑起的战争，日本人和有色民族并无纷争，想以此煽动黑人士兵投降或逃亡。
出乎意料的是，第二天这支美军部队全部撤离。
但后来发现，传单其实对黑人士兵并没有产生多大影响，因为在随后的战斗中黑人士兵表现英勇。
所以是白人军官和上级指挥部门担心日军的心理战术会在黑人中产生效应，于是决定这次撤退。
根据以上材料回答：
1、戴维森从这一段个人体验和经历中关注到了什么，并为此做了哪几个实验，提出了怎样的理论假说，内容为何？
2、这一理论揭示了怎样的受众媒介认知的多面性，提醒我们如何正确把握大众传播影响力问题？
3、这一理论提醒大众传媒在当下应该履行怎样的职责？。