土木工程英文翻译

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS 院（部）：建筑工程学院

专业：土木工程

班级：土木081

姓名：孙继佳

学号：200811003192

指导教师：樊江

翻译日期：2012.5.4

3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST WA TER

Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, storm surge, or seeping through the exterior enclosure, water can cause costly damage to a building. Consequently, designers should protect buildings and their contents against water damage.

Protective measures may be divided into two classes: floodproofing and waterproofing.Floodproofing provides protection against flowing surface water, commonly caused by a river overflowing its banks. Waterproofing provides protection against penetration through the exterior enclosure of buildings of groundwater, rainwater,and melting snow. Buildings adjacent to large water bodies may also require protection from undermining due to erosion and impact from storm driven waves.

3.4.1Floodproofing

A flood occurs when a river rises above an elevation,called flood stage,and is not Prevented by enclosures from causing damage beyond its banks.Buildings con- Structed in a flood plain,an area that can be inundated by a flood,should be Protected against a flood with a mean recurrence interval of 100 years.Maps Showing flood-hazard areas in the United States can be obtained from the Federal InsuranceAdministrator,DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,who Administers the National Flood Insurance Program.Minimum criteria forflood-

proofing are given in National Flood Insurance Rules and Regulations(Federal Register, vol.41,no.207,Oct.26,1976).

Major objectives of floodproofing are to protect fully building and contents from Damage from a l00-year flood,reduce losses from more devastating floods,and Lower flood insurance premiums.Floodproofing,however,would be unnecessary if Buildings were not constructed in flood prone areas.Building in flood prone areas Should be avoided unless the risk to life is acceptable and construction there can

Be economically and socially justified.

Some sites in flood prone areas possess some ground high enough to avoid flood damage. If such sites must be used, buildings should be clustered on the high areas. Where such areas are not available, it may be feasible to build up an earth fill, with embankments protected against erosion by water, to raise structures above flood levels. Preferably, such structures should not have basements, because they would require costly protection against water pressure.

An alternative to elevating a building on fill is raising it on stilts (columns in

an unenclosed space). In that case, utilities and other services should be protected against damage from flood flows. The space at ground level between the stilts may

be used for parking automobiles, if the risk of water damage to them is acceptable

or if they will be removed before flood waters reach the site.

Buildings that cannot be elevated above flood stage should be furnished with an impervious exterior. Windows should be above flood stage, and doors should seal tightly against their frames. Doors and other openings may also be protected with

a flood shield, such as a wall. Openings in the wall for access to the building may be protected with a movable flood shield, which for normal conditions can be stored