原创]英美概况简答论述小总结

[原创]英美概况简答论述小总结1. What was the Significance of the Bourgeois Revolution?The English Bourgeois Revolution is an epoch-making event and the first successful bourgeois revolution in the world history. It swept away the obstacles of feudalism and paved the way for the development of capitalism in England in the next two centuries. It exerted great influence on the French and American revolutions in the 18th century. It marked the beginning of a new era, the era of capitalism. Since then constitutional monarchy has become the system ofgovernment in England.2. What was the Significance of the American War of Independence?The American War of Independence was an event of great historic importance. By smashing the fetters of British rule, it gave the colonies their right to national independence and assured U.S. capitalism of a free development. It was the first large-scale revolutionary movement of a colonial people against national oppression---- for political and economic emancipation. The revolution shook the foundation of feudalism all over Europe. It directly led to the French Revolution in 1789 and some fifty years later, to the revolutions in the Spanishcolonies in America.3. What are the rights the President of American has? 权利①He has a veto power over bills passed by Congress. If a bill is vetoed by the President and returned to Congress, it can be passed again by a two-third vote of the full membership of both houses of Congress. With this power he can easilyreject a bill he dislikes.②Under the Constitution, the President can make treaties with foreign countries, but the treaty must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senatorsbefore it goes into effect.③President can start and fight a war if he wants to.4. How do American choose their Presidential?For nearly two hundred years, the presidential elections, which take place every four years, have been controlled and managed by two political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Generally speaking, there are fivesteps:①The Primary ②The National Conventions ③The Election Campaign④The Election Day ⑤Giving the Electoral Vote5. Give a brief description of the British Educational System? 教育体制Education in Britain is carried out in three main stages: primary education, secondary education, and higher education. All children must, by law, receive full-time education between the ages of five and sixteen. Primary and secondary education takes place in schools, which may be divided into two categories: the independent schools and the state schools.6. The Industry of Britain?Industry in British is widely dispersed, bur it is still possible to distinguish the following as the main geographical concentration:The Midland area produces vehicles, metal goods, electrical and engineering goods and pottery. This is a coal mining region.Yorkshire is an industrial region of the woolen and worsted industry. Southeast Lancashire is a region of cotton goods, with Manchester as its center.South Wales is a coal-mining area, where factories producing plastics,chemicals and textiles have also been built.Northeast England features coal mining, iron and steel, chemicals andshipbuilding.Central Scotland is a coal mining area.Northern Ireland is famed for its linen, but mow it also produces man-madefibres.Finally, the London area is characterized by mixed light industry, by the concentration of business control and by its port.7. The Industry of American?The main industries of the United States are coal mining, iron and steel, aircraft, automobile, machine tool, electronic and electric equipment, textile, chemicaland munitions.There are three industrial regions where important industries are located: the industrial Northeast, the South and the West. .The Industrial Northeast with 95% of the nation’s iron and steel, and machine-making industries. The other important industries include ship building, coal mining, textile and chemical industries.The South ,much of the cotton which is grown in South, other industries such as oil extracting and refining, ship-building, munitions and chemical industries. The West is an important mining area. The main industries in this region are electronic equipment, aerospace, aircraft manufacture and oil refinery.8. Describe the territorial expansion of the United States in the first halfof the 19th century?In consequence of the Mexican war, the United States added to itself approximately 2,446,000 square kilometers, embracing the present states of Texas, California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, and part ofWyoming.In 1846,the United States forced England to cede the Oregon Region, which includes the present states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and part of Montanaand Wyoming.In 1867, it purchased from Czarist Russia the territory of Alaska.By the middle of the 19th century, the national territory of the United States had reached over 9 million square Kilometers, about ten times the size of the totalarea of the original thirteen states.9. Describe the territorial expansion of the British in the 17th and 18thcentury? 领土扩张During the 17th and 18th centuries other colonies were set up in North America, and trading posts were established in India by the East India Company, and inAfrica and the West Indies.In the 250 years from the first British colonists setting foot on the soil of America and India to the collapse of the British Empire at the end of World War II, the British colonists subjected other peoples to their cruel rule. In the hundred years after the Industrial Revolution, the Empire kept expanding. In 1876 the total area of the British colonies was 22,500,000 square kilometers. By 1914 it had increased to 33,500,000 square kilometers, that is, 130 times that of Britain, with a colonial population nine times that of Britain. The empire embraced about one-fourth of the world population, and its combined territory covered nearly one fifth of the world land area. It was an Empire “on which thesun never sets.”论述1．What were the key features that marked the formation of British imperialism at the end of the 19th century?By 1900 Britain had been transformed from capitalism into imperialism.1. Foreign territorial expansionBy 1914 it had increased to 33,500,000 square kilometers, that is, 130 times that of Britain, with a colonial population nine times that of Britain. The empire embraced about one-fourth of the world population, and its combined territory covered nearly one fifth of the world land area. It wa s an Empire “on which thesun never sets.”2. Export of capitalit was linked with territorial expansion both as cause and effect. By 1900 the total amount of Britain investments abroad was about 2,000million pounds, from which a yearly income of 100 million pounds was drawn, which, in turn, brought about great changes in the nature of the exploiting class at home .The typical capitalist was now no longer a factory owner running his own businessand making efforts to develop industry, but a share holder drawing dividendfrom the investment of a vast capital.3. MonopolyIn Britain monopoly developed strongly from the closing years of the 19th century. This was especially the case in the iron and steel and some new industries like the manufacture of chemicals, soap and margarine, in shipping and shipbuilding, and in railways and bank.2. Why has the United States long been known as a “Melting Pot”? The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”, because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world. Many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land, which was sparsely populated by native Indian tribes. Most Americans are of European origin, but many came from Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Maxico and Canada. Therefore, there are many different Americans, who have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot” of the United States and gradually forming a new nation. Originally, North American was sprinkled with more than 300 tribes of American Indians who totaled about 8 million in the 18th century. Between 1820 and 1980 the United States admitted almost 50millon immigrants. Today Americans of European origin make up over 80% of the total population, but WASPs still constitute the dominant ethnic group in American. Black people are descended from Negro slaves imported from Africa. They were declared free initially by Abraham Linco ln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.a large number of Chinese were tricked and shipped to America in the 19th century by slave traders as “coolies”. In Hawaii, more than a third of the residents are Japanese descent, a third are Caucasians, about 15% are of Ploy and Chinese descent. In America individuals encounter not only class oppression but discriminationbased on ethnicity and race.3. What were the social, economic and political changes that markedthe formation of US imperialism?1. Highly developed industryThe Civil War sped up the growing industrial revolution in the United States, which, in turn, brought many changes in the nation. Towards the end of the 19th century the United States had already become a highly developed capitalist country and reached the stage of imperialism. By 1894, America had become the world leading industrial country. Its total industrial production of manufactures was almost sevenfold more than that of 1860, accounting forone-third of the world total.2. The Rapid Concentration of Capital:The rapid concentration of capital was also accelerated after the Civil War, with many small and medium-sized enterprises being swallowed up by bigger ones in the process. Big monopolies first appeared in the heavy industries. Industrial barons, such as Rockefellers, Morgans and Fords, controlled 80 to 95 percent of the nation's railways and the production of oil, steel and automobiles. The light industries and agriculture went through a similar process of concentration. Some powerful financial groups came into being. They began to dominate the country's economy, controlling numerous banks, insurance companies, manufacturing and railroad companies. Wealth was highly concentrated; a small number of men controlled a large part of the national economy. In 1913, the Morgan Group and the Rockefeller Group owned one-third of the wealth of the United States. The emergence of such trusts suggested the shift of the United States from competitive capitalism to monopoly capitalism.3.The Rise of the Working-class MovementDuring the 1880s and 1890s, workers began for the first time to form unions on a large scale. The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor were organized in the 1880s. during the 1930s,a group of unions joined to form the Congress of Industrial Organization. In 1955, A.F. of L. and the CIO merged toform a single national union. In their battle for unionism they developed their own methods for gaining success, such as collective bargaining, strikes, boycotts and the closed shop, an agreement that requires the employer to hire only union members. The Pennsylvania railway workers' strike of 1877 was the first large-scale struggle of its kind in American history.4. The Overseas Expansion:The Spanish-American War broke out in April, lasted for only 70 days and ended with the United States as victor. A peace treaty was signed in December 1898 in Paris. As a result of the war, Spain was forced to cede her former colonies Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States; The United States seized Hawaii from Spain after the Spanish-American War of 1898. The United States seized Hawaii from Spain after the Spanish-American War of 1898.4 Why was the British Empire called “an Empire on which the sun never sets”? The British Empire began with the founding of the first British colony overseas, Newfoundland (1583). At the beginning of the 17th century, some large companies, such as the East India Company, London and Plymouth companies were chartered. These companies were the earliest colonists. During the 17th and 18th centuries other colonies were set up in North America, and trading posts were established in India by the East India Company, and in Africa and theWest Indies.In the 250 years from the first British colonists setting foot on the soil of America and India to the collapse of the British Empire at the end of World War II, the British colonists subjected other peoples to their cruel rule. In the hundred years after the Industrial Revolution, the Empire kept expanding. In 1876 the total area of the British colonies was 22,500,000 square kilometers. By 1914 it had increased to 33,500,000 square kilometers, that is, 130 times that of Britain, with a colonial population nine times that of Britain. The empire embraced about one-fourth of the world population, and its combined territory covered nearly one fifth of the world land area. It was an Empire “on which thesun never sets.”。