英美概况美国部分整理

America

➢The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立

First Inhabitants：American Indians

Discovery of the New World：

1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America

(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support

1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.

reached the mouth of Amazon River

America—the New World

Europe—the Old World

13 colonies：

New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:

Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland

New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina

Connecticut South Carolina

Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont

建立原因：

Virginia, 1607

Virginia Company

For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England

105 men (no women)

Jamestown in honor of the king

Massachusetts In 1620

102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America

First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston

Seek religious freedom

Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government

Hardships when arrived

the help of the Indians

Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection

The next three colonies

Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

Reasons:

1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified

2. more immigrants

Maine and Vermont

Reason: Proximity (邻近)

Non-English Colonies

New York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.

Delaware was founded by the Swedish.

Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder

Granted colonies

Maryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.

The last colony Georgia

A haven (港口，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.

➢The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)

Reasons to immigrate:

1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）

2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)

3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳工）

4. convicts

American culture:

A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.

New values:

1. new ideas and reforms

2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken

3. industrious

4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise

5. religion as a private affair

6. liberty and democracy

➢Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件

Relation between England and Colonies

Economic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.

England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →France

Protection Make use of Indians to attack each other

↓

English colonies in America ←attack →Indians