英美概况美国部分复习.docx
英美概况之美国Unit1
The national flag
50 stars: 50 states 13 stripes: the f i r s t 13 states that used to be
colonies red: valor and hardiness white: innocence and purity blue: vigilance, perseverance and justice
The Central valley of Californ highly productive area basic field crops as sugar beets, beans, rice and cotton
Climate
The United States is mainly situated i the northern temperate zone.
Administrative States
· 50 states The largest in area: Alaska The second: Texas The youngest: Alaska and Hawaii
· Afederal district The District of Columbia Capital City: Washington
Yellowstone National Park
It covers an area of about 9000 sq.km.There are about 3,000 geysers and hot springs in the park.There are also other natural wonders.
Deep South
South Carolina Georgia Texas Alabama Mississippi Louisiana
英美概况总复习
英美概况总复习名词解释：(1)The Anglo-Saxon（盎格鲁）They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.(2)The Good Friday Agreement（北爱和平协议）As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.(3)The Bill of Rights of 1689（权利法案）In 1688, king James II’ s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politician and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The bill of rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the king would never be able toignore Parliament.(4)The constitution of Britain（英国的宪法）Britain has no written constitution. The foundation of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.(5)The function of Parliament（议会的功能）To pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.(6)The house of commons(众议院)The house of commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650elected representatives (members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.(7)Class system in Britain society（英国社会的等级制度）The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class division are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind ofeducation they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.(8)Privatisation in UK economy（英国经济私有化）The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.(9)Elizabethan drama（伊丽莎白一世时的戏剧）The general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries is known as the renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603). The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576, and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.(10)Romanticism（浪漫主义）Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are moreconcerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called lyrical ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the romantic movement to its height, the spirit of romanticism also occurred in the novel.(11)Modernism（现代主义）Modernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWⅡ. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English modernist is Virginia Woolf.(12)Declaration of independence（独立宣言）The declaration of independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have someunalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of government came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from john locks.(13)Transcendentalists（先验论者）In his book nature, Emerson claimed that by studying and responding to nature, individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion. A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They a re known as Transcendentalists(14)The “lost generation”（迷失的一代）In the aftermath of world war I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe. They were known as the “lost generation.” Two of the most representative writers of the “lost generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.简答题：（1）The Magna Carta and its significance（大宪章及其意义）（2）Glories of Revolution and its significance（光荣革命及其意义）（3）Modernism in Britain literature writer, masterpieces, itssignificance（英国现代主义文学作家的杰作,它的意义）（4）Puritanism and its significance（清教主义及其意义）PuritanismThey follow the idea of the French reformer and theologian John Calvin1. doctrines:(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2) Original sin and total depravity: human beings were born to evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Limited atonement 赎罪:only the “elect” can be saved.Influence of Puritanism on American Literature(1) a group of good qualities----hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature(2) it led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth---Garden of Eden.(3) Symbolism: lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works.To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world is nothing but a symbol of God (typical ways of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connected deep meanings). Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means somethingrepresents or stands for abstract deep meaning.(4) Simplicity characterizes the Puritan style of writing. With regard to their writing, thestyle of fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(5) Fired with a sense of mission. The Puritans looked the worst of life in the face oftremendous optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American Literature. Early American Literature were mainly optimistic because they believed that God sent them to the new continent, to fulfill the sacred task. so they would overcome all the difficulties. They met at last. Gradually Americans found that their dreams would not be successful, so lots of pessimistic literary works were produced.(5) Transcendentalism and its significance（超越论及其意义）TranscendentalismTranscendentalism is an American literary, political and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered on Ralph Waldo Emerson.Keys:--------the new spirit was neither social nor political, nor industrial, nor economic, nor literary, nor scientific, nor religious. It was all of them atonce. It transcended every phase of life. It is a whole new way of thinking.Transcendentalism in its literal meaning is the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, of knowing truth intuitively or reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. It was essence romantic idealism on Puritan soil.In application, American transcendentalism urged a reform in society and that such a reform may be reached if individuals resist customs and social codes, and relu rather on reason to learn what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalism believed that one should transcend society’s code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or absolute truth.Influence:1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on ” obscured the moral necessity for rising to s piritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance-----one of the most prolific periods in American literature.(6) Norman conquer and its significance （诺曼征服及其意义）。
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《最新英美概况》练习参考答案（本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题）====================================== ============== PART TWO The United StatesChapter Eight The LandP. 209—210I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 1812.2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner.3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon.4. June, 14th, June 14th.5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government.6. 36, 36 states.7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence.8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. C2. D3. C4. A B C D5. C DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. (1) At first the Continent was name d as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci.(2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies firstused “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence.(3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when theSecond Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation.2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteencolonies.White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God.3. The stars and strips have different meanings.Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteencolonies before the independence of America.4. (1) The lyrics of the national anthem come from “Defense of Fort McHenry”, a poemwritten during the War of 1812.The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song, “The AnacreonticSong” (or “To Anacreon in Heaven”).(2) The Star-Spangled Banner was used officially by the Navy in 1889, and was madethe national anthem by congress on March 3, 1931, which was signed by PresidentHerbert Hoover.5. The White House was built in1792 and its original color was grey.During the War of 1812, it was badly damaged by the British troops, and in 1814 it wasrepainted white.President Roosevelt named it “White House” in the 1940s.P. 213I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the central part of, Mexico and Gulf of Mexico, east, west.2. 48, Hawaii, Alaska.3. the Rio Grande, Pacific.4. 9,629,091, the third, Canada.5. Alaska, Texas.6. Arctic, glaciers.II Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. T2. T3. T4. F5. FIII Answer the following questions.1. (1) The Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast and Hawaii provideconvenient sea routes forforeign trade.(2) The long coastline with many harbors and inlets provides favorable conditions forforeign trade and the fishing industry.(3) Mainland America, mainly within the northern temperate zone, is favorable foragriculture.2. The U.S. and Canada share the “world's longest undefended border.” The border wasdemilitarized after the War of 1812 and has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO. Both countries are NATO members and have high military interdependency, in particular, during the Cold War against Soviet threat.Today Canadians and Americans are in close cultural proximity, sharing the samelanguage, similar religion and political systems as well as many values.Their economic relations are so close (they have been each other’s No. 1 trading pa rtnerfor years) that the two countries have established the North American Free TradeAgreement, the world’s largest free-trade zone. Both enjoy the most developed andrichest economies in the world as well as a comparable standard of living (Canada’swelfare system is even more comprehensive and covers more widely).To guard the over 8000-kilometer long land border is not only expensive but alsounnecessary (in a sense, impossible, because it is too long), because neither peopleworry that their neighbors would cross the border on a large scale or stay in theircountry for a long time.3. The border between the U.S. and Mexico is heavily guarded (mostly on the American side)against illegal immigrants entering the U.S. while people can enter Mexico freely. The cause is mostly economic rather than political. There is a huge disparity in the standard of living between the U.S. and Mexico whose per capita GDP is only about 20% that of the U.S. (2012 World Bank statistics). It is estimated six out of the eleven million illegal immigrants living in the U.S. are Mexicans, and millions more plan to enter the U.S. They try to benefit from the American business or job opportunities or from the American welfare system or even to engage in drug-trafficking and smuggling. Another purpose is to combat crime and terrorism, particularly after the 9.11 terrorist attacks. The U.S.-Mexican border areas witness the most serious drug-trafficking and gang violence in the world.Some Mexicans, in particular those haunted by the serious drug-related violence in recent years, try to escape from the violence in Mexico by moving to the U.S. In a word, if the US-Mexico border is open and unguarded as the U.S.-Canada border, there would be millions of Mexicans trying to migrate to America so that the consequent problems would be very difficult for the U.S. deal with.4. Alaska, facing Russia across Bering Strait, is locatedbetween the Arctic and Pacific oceans,so it’s important for strategic position and transportation.5. Hawaii, like a chain of beads, is located in the central Pacific Ocean, the best place toenjoy the oceanic scenery.It is famous for natural scenery: white beach, blue sky, and palm trees, etc.The famous Pacific Fleet is located at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Island.P. 221—222I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. Lake Superior, Erie, Ontario.2. Columbia Plateau, the Great Canyon.3. the Rockies, the father of waters.4. dairy farming, Harvard, Yale, MIT.5. Death Valley, Great Salt Lake.6. 38, Yellowstone National Park, Old Faithful.7. 4,800, British Columbia, the backbone of the continent, Mt. Elbert.8. Hoover Dam, The Rio Grande, Ruhr.9. half, “Barn of America”, Great Lakes.10. dividing line, Lake Erie, New York.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. A B C2. D3. A D4. A B5. DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. T3. F4. T5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of thesix states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where the earliest English settlements in North America was made.In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The confrontation led to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, which resulted in the War of American Independence that brought about the birth of the United States of America.2. The Appalachians holds one sixth of the continental territory. The mountains are relativelylow, and the average altitude is only 800 meters high.These old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, and have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.3. It is the most important and longest river in the US. It flows about 6,400 km. from theRockies to the Gulf of Mexico, and the fourth longest river in the world.With hundreds of tributaries, the river is known as “the father of wa ters”.The chief tributaries are the Missouri River, the Ohio River, and the Arkansas, etc.4. They are the largest lake group in the world and contain about half of the world’s fresh water.All the five lakes are inter-connected, reaching the Atlantic by way of the St. Lawrence River.They are the important economic lifeline of the Midwest.The world-famous Niagara Falls also attracts numerous visitors.5. The Great Plain stretches from the west of the Mississippi to the Rockies, and covers adistance of about 6,400 kilometers. The land is flat and open, and is originally covered with rich prairie grass, but no trees. Today the area is still a cattle country. Much of the nation’s wheat is grown here, therefore the area is known as the “breadbasket” of Americ a.The Grand Canyon is located in Colorado Plateau, and is cut by Colorado River. It is one of the great natural wonders of the world, and is set up as national park. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide between the tops of its steep walls, and more than a mile deep.P. 224--225I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. little, 63%.2. the Central Plains, the Rockies, electricity.3. Bingham.4. 1/3, Washington, Oregon.5. Gulf of Mexico, Okalahoma.6. gold, gold, Gold Rush.II. Respond to the following items.1. America is rich in water resources. As a whole the country has little trouble with watershortage. Except for the desert regions around the southern Rockies, there are large supplies of fresh water and numerousfertile valleys.2. About 1/3 of America is covered with forests. The greatest virgin forests are in the states ofWashington and Oregon. America has about 500 million acres of commercial forests and about 75% of commercial timber is produced in the eastern part of the country.3. In 1848, gold was discovered in California. The news soon spread out, and thousands ofimmigrants from around the world invaded the Gold Country of California. The peak of the rush was in 1849, thus the many immigrants became known as the '49ers.4. Coal deposits are widely distributed in America, and most coal reserves are to be found inthe Appalachians, the Central Plain, and the Rockies.Most of iron ore is mainly found in the Appalachians and the areas near Lake Superior, and the most important mining area is in Minnesota.P. 226--227I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. northern temperate (P225 书中该词拼写错误), landforms and surrounding waters.2. temperate, tropical.3. temperate, north, hurricanes.4. maritime, distinct, similar.5. Mediterranean, arid, semiarid.6. temperate, temperature.II Answer the following questions.1. The United States is mainly situated in the northern temperature zone. But, owing to itslarge size, varied landforms and surrounding waters, theclimate is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains, and arid in the Great Basin.2. New England belongs to maritime climate. It has distinct seasons with a long cold winter,and short and warm summer. Spring and Fall are warm, and the region receives plenty of rainfall.The Middle Atlantic States have a similar climate to that of New England, but the average temperature is a little higher.3. The Great Plains have a variety of weather throughout the year, which is very cold in winterand very hot in summer, with often strong winds.4. The climate around the Great Lakes is temperate. Winters are sometimes extremely cold;summers are very hot; the region receives sufficient rainfall. The wind blows freely, and often causes sudden and extreme changes in temperature and creates many tornadoes.P. 232I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. TP. 237I Write down the names of the places according to the photos.1. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco2. Niagara Falls3. Las Vegas4. Red Rock Country5. The Grand Canyon6. DisneylandP. 240I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. FChapter Nine The People and Their CultureP. 243I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. third, China, 313.7 million. (书中in 2010错误, 应改为in 2012.)2. 1%, high, below.3. urban, 250.4. northeastern part, 1/4, half.5. New York city, 27 million, Chicago, 9 million.6. California, Texas.II Answer the following questions.1. American population is characterized by variety in composition. The White is the mainstream, and takes up about 72.4% of the total population. Hispanics 16.3%, Blacks 12.6%, Asians 4.8 %, American Indians and Alaska Natives 0.9%, and Native Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders 0.2%.2. The most densely populated region is the northeastern area, including parts of New England, the Mid Atlantic and Mid West. The size of the region takes up about 1/4 of the total, butalmost 1/2 of the total population lives there.3. Comparing with the large size, the population density of the Great Pains is low. The northern part is rather empty. In the combined area of North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas,an area as great as France and Italy put together, there are only 6.2 million inhabitants in 2010.4. The northeastern part is the most densely populated region in America, because this place is the birthplace of America, also the highly developed area.Since the unfavorable living conditions in the west part of the Great Plains and Rockies, the population is thin.The south and west used to thinly populated, but with the rapid development in recent years, the population increases fast, and the population along the Pacific Coast grows dense.P. 247--248I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 55 million, Mexico.2. variety, 100, 31.3. African Americans, slaves.4. Civil Rights, equal civil rights.5. Texas, New Mexico.6. American Indians, Indian Reservations.II Answer the following questions.1. Melting pot is metaphorically used to refer to the US because it is a country of many ethnicgroups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures towards some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the US and gradual ly forming a new nation.2. Indian Reservation is the living place of Indians. Indians were driven westward to live inthese barren desert places when Europeans settled in American continent. In these isolated places, they were allowed to keep a part of their own culture and customs.But the Reservations lacked basic public facilities and life-sustaining opportunities. The situation is somewhat better today, but there continues to be problems3. The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America. Over half of HispanicAmericans are of Mexican descents. The second largest group is of Puerto Rican origin.Other origins include Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Dominican Americans, etc.P. 250--251I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 337, 176.2. Spanish, French.3. English, American.4. Spanish, Spanish.5. Cantonese, third, Chinese American.6. their native, English.II Answer the following questions.1. About 337 languages are spoken by Americans, of which 176 are indigenous, and 52languages formerly spoken in the country are now extinct.2. American English was inherited from British colonization, but there are some changes inspelling, grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, etc.3. Spanish is the second m ost common language in America. The United States holds the world’sfifth largest Spanish-speaking population. Spanish is also an official language of Puerto Rico.Spanish is also the most widely taught second language in America.4. The largest French-speaking communities are in Northeast Maine; Hollywood and Miami,Florida; New York City; and certain areas of rural Louisiana.P. 253--254I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. high adherence, diversity.2. Christians, Protestants, Roman Catholics.3. 30, Baptists, Methodists.4. Judaism, Chinese Americans.5. African Americans, African slaves.6. India, Asian countries.II Answer the following questions.1. The principle of the separation of church and state comes from American Constitution. TheFirst Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and fords the establishment of any religious government.2. Religion plays an important role in many aspects of American life (politics, education, charityand culture) as well as in its international relations. American foreign aid (governmental and private) is very closely related to religion, and based on Christian values that all men and women are the children of God, therefore brothers and sisters; the US State Department issues an annual report on human rights andcriticizes the human rights records in many countries (of which religious freedom is stressed), which is regarded as interfering the internal affairs of other countries; American churches sent many missions abroad, establishing churches, schools and hospitals around the world, such as what the missionaries did in China in 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., John Leighton Stuart <司徒雷登>and the Yanching University <燕京大学>) . They worked with the American government for the diffusion of their religion and values.Value-oriented diplomacy is one of the characteristics of American international relations.A very important mission of American diplomacy is to diffuse its values around the world,and many such values derive from religion, such as equality, liberty and fraternity; religion even plays a role in the American decisions of war and peace, such as the American war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.。
英美国家概况复习提纲
一、翻译题分constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制the Monarch 君主Parliament 议会House of Commons 平民院平民院/下议院The Government Party执政党Royal Assent御准（女王批准）Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁jury system 陪审团制the Conservative Party 保守党保守党the Labour Party 工党工党common law 习惯法Crown Courts 王室法院The Celts 凯尔特人Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁萨克逊人Norman Conquest 诺曼征服The Great Charter 大宪章大宪章The Hundred Years’ War 百年大战The Black Death黑死病Renaissance 文艺复兴Humanists 人文主义者the Great Lakes大湖区Secretary of State国务卿The US Congress 国会众议院国会the House of Representatives众议院The Judicial Branch司法部门the Supreme Court最高法院最高法院the Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件、The Bill of Rights人权法案人权法案The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗The Monroe Doctrine门罗主义Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言/废奴宣言Frontiersman拓荒者The Civil War内战The Westward Movement西进运动英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英美概况考试重点整理 美国史
Unit 1 The United States of America1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. According to the text, the large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. The Atlantic Seacoast west to the Appalachians;B. The Mississippi River Basin;C. The Rockies west to the Pacific;Unit 2 American population3. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the south, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.Chapter 5 The Confederation and the Constitution 1．Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and prefermd a more decentralized federal system of government.3. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.4. The most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase which was about 828000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.5. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.名词解释Confederation(邦联)：A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments , called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.问答1. What powers do the national government and the individual states have under the Articles of confederation?the national government: conduct war & foreign affairs; make commercial treaties;negotiate with Indians; coin money & issue bills of creditthe individual states: deal with foreign countries; engage in war; issue money & bills of credit; collect taxesChapter6 American Expansion and the Civil War1.The essence of Monroe Doctrine was which later became the __cornerstone __of the US policy.2.Oregon territory was settled between Britain and the United States in_1846__.Its boundary on the north was fixed at the _forty--ninth_parallel of north latitude.3.Under Missouri Compromise,Missouri was admitted as a _slave_state，but the balance of political power maintained by admission of _Maine_as a_free_state.In addition，slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line_36°30’_ parallel.4.In 1862，the federal government took two revolutionary measures：（1）Homestead Act and（2）Emancipation Proclamation.5.In July 1863 came the turning point of of the war at Gettysburg.Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E.Lee was defeated.The battlefield was made a national cemetery,where Lincoln gave his famous speech,the Gettysburg Address on November 19,1863.6.In 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted,which abolished slavery throughout the United States.问答1.What was the Monroe Doctrine?The Monroe Doctrine written by James Monroe, declared in December of 1823, was a superlative U.S. foreign policy statement. It was precipitated by various independence movements in South America and the U.S. government's desire to discourage European nations from colonizing the Americas, and a growing American nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Finally, it promised to stay out of foreign affairs.U.S. will not interfere with European affairs in Europe.The essence of the Doctrine is“America for Americans”.Whic h later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.As the New World developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a border interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.名词解释1.Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address is a speech delivered by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War on November 19, 1863 after the northern victory at Gettysburg.It is regarded as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis,with "a new birth of freedom,"that would bring true equality[5] to all of its citizens.Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for theprinciple of human equality.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of Us Imperialism1、The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former confederate states, exceptTennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2、During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radicalreconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.3、The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for resortingwhite supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.名词解释Open Door PolicyIn Sino-American relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed the so- called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as othe r aggressors.Chapter 8 world war I and the depression1、The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2、The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917 was the Germany’s unlimited submarine campaign.3、The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4、The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5、The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.名词解释：Roaring Twenties: The ten years between 1919 and 1929, usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”, were a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s problems, bewildering social change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure.问答题：1、Why did the US join the First World War so late?First, the United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began.Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause,F inally the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships.2、What were the major contents and basic ideas of the New Deal? How do you comment on the New Deal?The aims of the New Deal were to raise commodity prices by limiting production,devaluing the dollar, maintaining high tariffs on foreign goods, and to carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.For farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1933, which enabled the government, among other things, to pay grants to induce them to reduce the amount of products, which included such commodities as cotton, wheat, corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar and others.In industry Roosevelt, by the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power to control working conditions, and to fix minimum wages.Chapter 9 American During and After World II1.The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to_sell___ certain nonprohibitedgoods to belligerent nations as long as those goods were not transported on _American_ ships.2.Stars Wars program was proposed by President _Reagan_in __1983__. Theprogram seeks to construct a defensive “shield”against incoming _missiles_.The shield would be made of _laser__ and electronic _devices _that would destroy such missiles launched to attack _ the US__名词解释1.The Cold WarDuring the time 1945-1991, because disagreed about the configuration of the post-war world, especially about that of Europe, there was a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the U.S., and the communist world, led by the USSR. The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.2.The Truman Doctrinea policy by Truman on Mar. 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid ($400m) to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. It was the start of the Cold War and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. . It became the basis of U.S. Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.3.Marshall PlanThe economic equivalent of the containment policy was presented by secretary of state George Marshall, called Marshall plan. It was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. the purpose of the plan was to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reduce artificial trade barriers, and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance. (The U.S. gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies to combat the spread of communism.) the plan had two major aims:(1)to keep communists out of political power in Europe. (2)to stabilize the international economic order in a way favorableto capitalism. It was one of the first elements of European integration问答1.What are the major forms of American Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968?Can you give one specific examples?Boycotts; Sit-ins;Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)●On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus tomake room for a white passenger, and then Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system.90% of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 80% until a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in Nov. 1956, and the boycott ended.●Chapter 10 The Federal System and Congress1.Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state . Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence. 2.Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislativepower to Congress, executive power to President and judicia l power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branchesa sufficient role in the actions of the others.3.According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25 years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30and must have been citizens for 9 years.4.The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the presidentof the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.名词解释1 federalism: This division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government.2 separation of powers: It means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches回答问题What are the three basic principles of U.S political system?The US political system was established on the basis of the three main principles-----federalism, separation of powers, and supremacy of the constitution. Federalism is the division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government. It should be observed that federalism operates only on two levels, the national and the state .Separation of powers means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It meansmore than allocating legislative power to the Supreme Court. It also means giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others so that no one branch may dominate the others. Supremacy of the constitution means that every American citizen is required to respect the Constitution and to obey the laws of the United StatesChapter 11The President and the Judiciary1 By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and ofbeing a resident within the United States for 14 years can run for thepresident .The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the 20th of January following his election.2 The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress andpolicies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice (1801-1835) in Americahistory, called this power of interpretation judicial review.3 There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts, 2) the courts ofappeal, 3) the Supreme Cour t. All the judges of federal courts appointed byPresident with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has ahierarchy of three levels: 1) superior cour ts, 2) appellate courts 3)a statesupreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the county court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually serve eight or twelve years for one term.问答How is the president’s power limitedThe president has no power to declare war on other countries. He can call Congress into special session and can adjourn Congress, but he cannot dismiss Congress. He cannot pardon the person who is impeached. All appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare the pr esident’s policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolished it. If the president abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress.Chapter 12 Political Parties and ElectionThe candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winter-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.名词解释Election Day: the day set by law for the general elections of public officials. It occurs on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. (The earliest possible date is November 2 and the latest possible date is November 8.)Winner-take-al l：The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’selectoral votes.问答题How is the U.S. president elected?First stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice President and to determine the parties’ platforms.Second stage: the campaigning stage. From early fall of the election year to Election Day, candidates travel across the country and deliver countless speeches, campaigning for support.Third stage: voters to choose a slate of president electors in their state who make up the Electoral College. The candidate with the most votes will be the President in the next four years.Fourth stage: when the new Congress assembled on Jan. 6, the electoral votes are formally counted in a joint session of the two houses and the President of the Senate announces the “state of the vote”. If there’s no electoral college winner, the house of representatives choose the president.。
【优质】英美概况考试重点整理 美国史
1．Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only alegislature; it had no separateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce andto taxtheir citizens.
2. The Antifederalistsopposedthe constitution and prefermd a moredecentralizedfederal system of government.
3. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in1788. The first Vice-President wasJohn Adams, the first Secretary of Treasury wasAlexander Hamiltonand the first Secretary of State wasThomas Jefferson.
The Monroe Doctrine written byJames Monroe, declared in December of 1823, was a superlative U.S. foreign policy statement. It was precipitated by various independence movements in South America and the U.S. government's desire to discourage European nations from colonizing the Americas, and a growing American nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Finally, it promised to stay out of foreign affairs.U.S. will not interfere with European affairs in Europe.The essence of the Doctrine is“America for Americans”.Which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.As the New World developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a border interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.
英美法概论总结复习.doc
英美法概论总结复习第四章，第四章，美美国宪国宪法法条条例例一、一、LLegislativepoweregislativepower立法立法权权，，给给予予国会国会，，参议参议院院与众议与众议院共同院共同组组成成二、二、Ecutivepowerxecutivepower行政行政权权，，给给予予总统总统任期四年，有任期四年，有权权提名副提名副总统总统三、三、JJudicialpowerudicialpower司法司法权权，，给给予予联联邦最高法院邦最高法院四、四、statesstates’’powerpower州州权权利利五、五、amendmentsamendments修修订宪订宪法法两两院三分之二以上院三分之二以上议员议员提提议议，或州，或州议会议会三分之二以上提三分之二以上提议议，形成，形成proposalsproposals提案，州提案，州议会议会四分之三以上同意四分之三以上同意或各州制或各州制宪议会宪议会四分之三以上同意才四分之三以上同意才获获得批准得批准六、六、supremacysupremacy宪宪法至高无上的地位法至高无上的地位七、七、ratiratificationfication批准，批准，宪宪法法获获得得认认可，有效可，有效宪宪法的修法的修订订FFreedomofexpression,religionandassemble(reedomofexpression,rel igionandassemble(集集会会))DDueprocessclauseueprocessclause正正当当程序程序条条款，是款，是宪宪法的一法的一条条重要原重要原则则EEqualprotectionqualprotection平等保平等保护护，法律地位，法律地位与与适用法律的平等适用法律的平等宪宪法的基本原法的基本原则则fundamentalprinciplesfundamentalprinciples11FFederalismederalis m联联邦制邦制22NNecessaryandproperecessaryandproper国会为国会为行使上述行使上述权权利，有利，有权权立法立法州州权权利利powerofstatespowerofstates没没有授予有授予给联给联邦的邦的权权力及在州力及在州没没有禁止的有禁止的权权利中由州享有，利中由州享有，为为residualstatepowerresidualstatepower剩余剩余权权力力33SSeparationofpowerseparationofpowers分分权权checksandbalanceschecksandbalances制衡制衡LLegislatureegislature立法机立法机关关属属于于国会国会cutivecutive行政部行政部门门总统总统及行政官及行政官员员，，执执行法律行法律JJudiciaryudiciary司法部司法部门门，最高法院，解，最高法院，解释释法律法律judicialreviewjudicialreview司法司法审查审查通通过过判例法形成判例法形成规规范的一范的一项项制衡措施制衡措施第五章第五章，，刑法刑法一、一、构构成犯罪行成犯罪行为为的要素的要素1,actusreus1,actusreus犯罪行犯罪行为为，包括，包括voluntaryvoluntaryactact有意有意识识作出的行作出的行为为和和omissionomission不作不作为为，存在法律上的，存在法律上的义务义务可是不作可是不作为为而而导导致犯罪的致犯罪的发发生生,,22，，mensreamensrea犯罪意犯罪意图图，也叫犯意，四，也叫犯意，四种种犯意，由高到低分犯意，由高到低分为为，，intentionintentionorpurposelyorpurposely故意，故意，knowledgeknowledgeorknowinglyorknowingly明知，采取放任明知，采取放任态态度度，，recklessnessorrecklesslyrecklessnessorrecklessly轻轻率率鲁鲁莽（莽（极极端端轻轻率有可能入罪），率有可能入罪），negligentlynegligently过过失疏忽（一般失疏忽（一般过过失不失不会会追究刑事追究刑事责责任）任）3,coincidenceconcurrence3,coincidenceconcurrence同同时发时发生在犯罪生在犯罪与与犯意之犯意之间间具有具有同同时时性性44，，causationcausation因果因果关关系系causeinfactcauseinfact事事实实原因（若不是原因（若不是这个这个行行为为就就不不会导会导致致这个结这个结果）果）causeinlawcauseinlaw法律原因法律原因二、二、legaldefenselegaldefense合法合法辩护辩护11，，excuseexcuse可得可得宽宽恕，如未成年，精神失常等恕，如未成年，精神失常等22，，justificationjustification正正当当理由，理由，证证明适明适当当，如正，如正当当防防卫卫，，紧紧急避急避险险等等33，，intoxicationintoxication酗酒，酗酒，voluntaryintoxicationvoluntaryintoxication自愿醉自愿醉态态不可不可辩护辩护，，involuntaryintoxicationinvoluntaryintoxication非自愿醉非自愿醉态态可可辩护辩护44，，mistakemistake错误错误法律法律错误错误和事和事实错误实错误55，，duduressress 胁胁迫，迫，不适用于不适用于murdermurder谋杀谋杀和和treasontreason叛叛国国罪罪66，，consentofthevictimconsentofthevictim受害人同意受害人同意，如安，如安乐乐死死77，，entrapmententrapment警察圈套警察圈套三、三、majorcrimesmajorcrimes主要罪行主要罪行英：（罪行英：（罪行轻轻重）重）treasontreason叛叛国国罪，罪，felonyfelony 重罪，重罪，misdemeanormisdemeanor轻轻罪罪美：（美：（诉讼诉讼程序）程序）summaryoffencesummaryoffence即即决决罪，罪，indictableoffenceindictableoffence可可诉讼诉讼罪，罪，hybridoffencehybridoffence混合程序罪混合程序罪几几种种罪行：罪行：A,A,HHomicideomicide杀杀人罪人罪,,分分为为11，，murdermurder预谋杀预谋杀人，人，传统内传统内涵涵：：maliceaforethoughtmaliceaforethought预谋杀预谋杀人人现现代代类类型：型：IIntenttokillmurderntenttokillmurder预谋杀预谋杀人人IIntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurymurderntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurym urder预谋预谋重重伤伤致死致死RRecklessindifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartecklessind ifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartmurdermurder极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀FFelonymurderelonymurder重罪重罪谋杀谋杀DDegreeegree：：FFirstdegreemurderirstdegreemurder一一级谋杀级谋杀（一（一级谋杀级谋杀及部分重罪及部分重罪谋杀谋杀）可判死）可判死刑刑SSeconddegreemurdereconddegreemurder二二级谋杀级谋杀（故意重（故意重伤谋杀伤谋杀，，极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀，，部分重罪部分重罪谋杀谋杀）死刑以下，即）死刑以下，即终终身身监监禁及以下禁及以下22，，manslaughtermanslaughter非非预谋杀预谋杀人人voluntarymanslaughtervoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋预谋故意故意杀杀人人involuntarymanslaughterinvoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋过预谋过失失杀杀人人B,physicalinjuryB,physicalinjury伤伤害罪分害罪分为为BBatteryattery殴殴打打AAssaultssault企企图伤图伤害害MMayhemayhem重重伤伤C,burglaryC,burglary夜夜盗盗罪，罪，怀怀着着实实施重罪的意施重罪的意图图在在夜里打夜里打开并进开并进入他人住入他人住宅宅的行的行为为第六章，第六章，proceduralprocedurallawlaw诉讼诉讼法法英美英美诉讼诉讼制度的特点：制度的特点：AAdversarysystemdversarysystem对对抗制抗制PProcedureorientedrocedureoriented追求程序上的正追求程序上的正当当JJurysystemurysystem陪陪审团审团制度制度一、一、民事民事诉讼诉讼civilprocedurecivilprocedure11，，prepre--trialproceduretrialprocedure审审前程序前程序pleadingpleading诉诉答程序答程序plaintiffplaintiff原告原告filesacomplaintfilesacomplaint提交提交诉状诉状courtcourt法院法院向被告（向被告（defendantdefendant））发发出出传传票（票（summonsummon））defendantdefendant被告被告admissionadmission承承认认罪罪状状或或answeranswer答答辩状辩状或者或者councounterclaimterclaim反反诉诉（如果（如果对对原告有原告有诉讼诉讼））22，，discoverydiscovery证证据据开开示程序示程序33，，pretrialconferencepretrialconference审审前前会议会议44，，settlement/ADRsettlement/ADR和解和解与与替代程序替代程序55，，trialtrial审审理理A,juryA,jury（（传统传统上上1212人，人，现现在最少在最少66人）人）trialtrial陪陪审员审审员审判判挑挑选选陪陪审员审员HHearingandinstructionearingandinstruction听听审审DDeliberationandverdicteliberationandverdict议议事事审审判（判（联联邦需一直裁邦需一直裁决决，州不一定），州不一定）B,B,BBenchtrialenchtrial法院法院审审理理OOpeningstatementpeningstatement开开庭庭陈陈述，先原告后述，先原告后被告被告PPresentationresentation举证举证CClosingargumentlosingargument/statement/summation/statement/s ummation结结案呈案呈辞辞C,judgmentC,judgment判判决决MMoneydamageoneydamage金金钱损钱损害害赔偿赔偿EEquitablereliefquitablerelief衡平救衡平救济济（禁令（禁令injunctioninjunction或或实际实际履行履行specificspecificperanceperance））DDeclaratoryreliefeclaratoryrelief宣告式救宣告式救济济AAwardsofcostswardsofcosts诉讼费诉讼费用解用解决决二、二、刑事刑事诉讼诉讼criminalprocedurecriminalprocedure11，，PPretrialproceedingsretrialproceedings审审前程序前程序AArrestrrest逮捕（有逮捕（有证证无无证证逮捕逮捕warrantwarrant或或probablecauseprobablecause可能性根可能性根据）据）BBookingooking登登记记FFilingcomplaintilingcomplaint提起指控确定罪行提起指控确定罪行IInitialappearancenitialappearance初次聆初次聆讯讯，到庭，到庭PPreliminaryhearingreliminaryhearing预审预审听听证证IIndictmentndictment控告控告AArraignmentrraignment传讯传讯，提，提审审33，，pleabargain/negotiation/agreementpleabargain/negotiation/agreemen t变诉变诉交易交易pleadtoalessseriouschargepleadtoalessseriouscharge指控，罪名交易（指控，罪名交易（认认一一个个更更轻轻的罪）的罪）罪罪数数交易交易（（检检察官承察官承诺诺））刑刑罚罚交易（交易（对对所控罪所控罪认认罪，罪，检检察官向法官建察官向法官建议减轻议减轻刑刑罚罚））44，，trialandsentencingtrialandsentencingjuryselectionjuryselectionproofp roof三、三、证证据据evidenceevidence1,1,分分类类：：RRealevidenceealevidence实实物物证证据据DDocumentaryevidenceocumentaryevidence书书面面证证据据TTestimonialevidenceestimonialevidence证证人人证证言言JJudicialnoticeudicialnotice司法司法认认知知2,2,分分类类：：DDirectevidenceirectevidence直接直接证证据据CCircumstantialevidenceircumstantialevidence情形情形证证据据3,3,证证明明责责任任burdenburdenofproofofproof （（burdenofproductionburdenofproduction提出提出证证据据责责任任burdenofpersuasionburdenofpersuasion说说服服证证据据责责任）：任）：民事中，民事中，谁谁主主张谁举证张谁举证，原告，原告刑事中刑事中,,对对于于构构成要件成要件来说来说，公，公诉检诉检察官察官举证举证；被告；被告积极积极抗抗辩时辩时，，被告被告举证举证。
(完整版)英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英美概况上期末复习.docx
英美概况期末复习一、名词解释1、Prime Minister 首相The Prime Minister is the number-one minister of all the British ministers. After a general election, the leader of the party that has won the majority of the seats in the House of Commons will be appointed Prime Minister by the monarch. The Prime Minister is the head of the British Government and is rather powerful in making appointments. The Prime Minister not only controls the Cabinet but also the Parliament2、British Parliament 英国议会The British Parliament comprises 3 elements --------- the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In law, the Monarch is the official head of the Parliament; the two House are separate and equal. In reality, the Monarch is nothing but the symbolic part, the real power in passing laws is held mainly by the House of Commons. The British Parliament has the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom・3、The Speaker 议长The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, who is also known as the president of the Chambe匚The Speaker is elected by the House of Commons, but normally only after the party leaders have privately agreed beforehand on a particular person. Once elected, he can hold the position until his retirement when he will be made a pee匚Though he may belong to one of the political parties, the Speaker has to give up all party loyalties. He is next only to the Prime Minister in rank. The Speaker never votes except when the votes are equal. Then he gives the deciding vote.4、Question Time 质询时间Every day when the Commons meets, they begin their meeting with a "Question Time,M which is an hour of parliamentary time after prayers and some preliminaries. During the "Question Time"ministers, in rotation, answer questions put to them on matters for which they are responsible・ The questions are put forward by MPs and usually handed in beforehand・After the "Question Time”follows the main debate of the day.5、The "Three Readings"三独The process of passing it is similar in both of the Houses. According to a long-established practice, it must have three "readings^. In the Commons, it has the "first reading9' on introduction announcing its coming forward・ After a debate on its general principles and merits, it receives the "second reading^. At the end of the debate on the "second reading^, a vote is taken. Next the bill receives the "third reading^.6、Jury陪审团A Jury is a body of responsible, impartial citizens who are called to hear evidence in a law court andbound under oath to give an honest answer based on the evidence to question put before them. A Jury normally comprises 12 jurors, but in Scotland it consists of 15 people. In the United Kingdom all people between the ages of 18 and 65 or 70 whose names are on the electoral register can be chosen to serve on a jury except the ineligible・ Their names are chosen by lot. Those who are chosen cannot refuse jury service・ The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not in jury trials.7、By—elections 递补选举When an MP dies or resigns, or becomes a peer, his seat in the House of Commons is vacant・ Then a by一election is held to fill the vacancy・ A by一election is a local election. It is usually regarded asa test of national opinion in the period between general elections.8、Public Schools 公立大学"Public schools二the best—known of the independent schools in Great Britain, are secondary boarding schools preparing students academically for higher education, typically at Oxford or Cambridge University and ultimately for leadership in English life.9、The "Eleven Plus"Before 1965, after having finished their primary school education, pupils had to take a traditional selection test for entry to different types of secondary schools・It became known as the “Eleven Plus” for most children entered secondary schools shor什y after their 1 l lh birthday. Those who had got high marks went to grammar schools, and the rest, by far the majority, went to technical or secondary modern schools.10、The College System 学院制The administration of the university is the responsibility taken by their own governing councils・The universities decide the matters such as the prescription of syllabi, the arrangement of lectures, the conduct of examinations, and the award of degrees but the colleges are fairly independent. They are controlled by their own governing bodies, and all the colleges are parallel and equal institutions.By this college system, all students live in college during at least part of their course・11、The Tutorial System 导师制The tutorial system is a system of individual tuition which is organized by the college・ It is a way of teaching in these two universities. By this tutorial system, each student gets personal tuition oncea week in his tutor's own room・ This, with a weekly programme of private study is considered soimportant that students are not even compelled to attend general lectures. Students are free to choose the lectures they like・ Any one from any college may attend the university lectures.12、The Redbrick Universities 红砖大学The redbrick universities refer to all universities founded between 1850and 1930. They were called "redbrick" because that was the favourite building material of the time・ The University of London and Durham University included in this group・13、The Open University 开放大学The Open University was founded in 1969. It is a major innovation in the academic world providinga second chance for those who missed the opportunity for higher education at the age of 18 orthereabouts. The Open University offers tuition to degree standard to anyone who chooses to register.Unlike students in the other universities, they pay no boarding fees for the live at home・ After the end of their studies they take an examination. The successful students are granted a university degree.14、The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)英国广播公司The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a state—owned corporation. As a public service body, the present BBC was incorporated by the Royal Charter inn 1927 replacing the then British Broadcasting Corporation, a consortium of receiving equipment manufacturers established in 1992 to provide radio broadcasting service on a regular basis. The BBC's regular television broadcasting service began in 1936・ From 1927 to 1955 the BBC remained a monopoly of radio broadcasting,and later television broadcasting in Great Britain. Now, the BBC controls five national radio services,37 local radio stations and 2 national television channels.15、U nion Jack/Union Flag 英国国旗Union Jack/Union Flag is the national banner of the United Kingdom. It contains three crosses: St.George\ Cross, standing for the English people; St. Andrew's Cross, representing the Scottish people;and St. Patrick's Cross, for the Irish people. The first design was created in the 13th century, the ultimate design was settled in 1801.16、J ohn Bull约翰牛(特指英国或者英国人)John Bull is the nickname of the United Kingdom・ It is a household word in Britain・ It represents English people・ The name came from a book The History of John Bull by a Scottish. Now John Bull is regarded as a jovial, honest, solid and foursquare^ farmer.17、B ritish Isles不列颠群岛British Isles is a geographical term- It refers to an area including the two big islands, Great Britain and Ireland and many small islands between them and around them・ Two countries are located there: Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland・18、O ld English 古英语Old English is also known as An gio—Saxon. It is the term given to the language in its earliest written stage dating from 700 to 1150.Old English is a blend of German dialects spoken by the An gios, the Saxo ns and the Jutes. It is different from Modern English in phonology, morphology, spelling conventions, and syntax・19、M iddle English 中世纪英语The time: Middle English covered the time span from 1150 to 1500.The importance: The Middle English era was the era in which Britain broke the firm control of the Normans and became independent from France.The features of Middle English: It underwent greater changes than both Old English and Modern English A). The long bilingual phase in English history had exerted a profound effect on the structure of English, indirectly in its morphology and syntactic practice; and directly in its vocabulary・B) The great changes in this era made English become an analytic language instead of a synthetic one. C) Standard Pronunciation took shape by the end of the 14th century・20、T he Established ChurchesThe Established Churches are the churches which are "legally recognized as official churches of the state：There are two established churches™the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. 21、T he Church of EnglandThe Church of England is also called the Anglican Church. It is the national church of England.The Church of England has two provinces・Each province comprises some dioceses. A diocese is composed of many deaneries. A deanery is subdivided into many parishes.Though the Church of England is a national church, it is not financed by the state. The Church supports itself financially・It has its own properties, stocks and shares, and it receives endowment.The Church of England is Protestant in nature・22、T he Church of ScotlandIn Scotland, the established church is the Church of Scotland・ Il derived its status as the nationalchurch from The Treaty of Union 17O7.The government and nature of the Church. It is Presbyterian in church government and Calvinist (a branch of Protestantism) in nature.The central governing body is the General Assembly, in which the monarch is represented by the Lord High commissioner.Below the General Assembly is the Court of the Synod, then comes the Court of presbytery, and fin ally the Kirk Session.23、T he Free Churches 自由教会Generally, The Free Churches refer to the non—onformist churches in England・ The members of the Free churches are the "dissenters" as they are originally called. After the reformation in the 16th century, many Protestants separated from the Church of England (because they thought that the Church of England had not completely ridded of itself of the rules and practices of the Church of Rome.) and threw away all the Roman rules and formed the free churches of their own. Now in the Free Churches there are no archbishops and bishops and the churches are bare, and services are simple・24、B ritish Cabinet 英国公民British Cabinet is a committee of important ministers, departmental or non-departmental. It came into being in the late 17th and early 18th centuries・ And it emerged out of the Privy Council when the body grew to large for effective discussion. The Cabinet today is composed of about 20 ministers headed by the Prime Ministe匚But the number of the members is not fixed. In time of emergency or in the war time, the Cabinet is usually small in order to make decisions effectively.二、填空I、 The official name of Great Britain is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .2> The Union Flag is composed of 3 (St. Geonge's Cross. St. Andrew's Cross- St. Patrick's Cross)crosses,3s The national song in Britain is God Save the Oueen(Kin2)・4^ Of all four parts in Britain, Engkind is largest in area.5、The Republic of Ireland is the only land neighbour to Great Britain.6、The British Isles is composed of two big islands: Great Britain and Ireland •7^ In topography, traditionally, Great Britain is divided into two parts: a Highland Zone and a Lowland Zone ・8、The Pennines is called Backbone of England ・9、There live g peoples in Britain.10、T he pre-Celts were the Iberians and Beaker Folk •II、A part from English, Welsh and Gaelic are spoken in Britain.12、The English language belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo—European language family.13、English is one of the even smaller divisions of Low West Germanic and it is descended from OldEnglish14^ Modern English is mainly the marriage of Anglo—Sax on and Norma n・ French ・15、Old English is also known as An21o・Saxon ・16> It is in the stage of Middle English that English became an analytic language instead of a syntheticone.17^ Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Lan^ua^c is taken as the first English dictionary.18、T oday, English is the closest thing to a “lingua franca”, an in ternational language ・19、I n the year 597 , St. Augustine was sent by Pope Gregory I to spread Christianity inEng land ・20、T here are two established churches in Britain ■一the Church of England and the Church ofScotland .21、T he Church of England is Protestant in nature・22> The Church of Scotland is Presbyterian in church government and Calvinist in doctrine.23、T he British government is usually called Her Majesty's Government ・24、T he British Prime Minister lives and works in Number 10 Downing Street .25、T he tenure of office for the British Prime Minister is 5 years ・26 > The British Cabinet emerged out of the Priv# Council .27、T he present monarch in Britain is Oucen Elizabeth II •28、T he official birthday of the Queen Elizabeth is celebrated on Thursday of the second week inJune .29、T he British Parliament I composed of 3 elements.30、T he life of British Parliament lasts 5 years,31、T he life of the British Parliament is divided into sessions •32^ The British parliament is the “Mother of Parliaments”and it is the oldest Parliament・33、The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal.34> The House of Lords is presides over by the Lord Speaker .35、T he head of Lower House in Britain is the Speaker •36、T he head of the British central government is The Prime Minister .37^ The head of state in Britain is the monarch ・38、The two major political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.39> The Conservative Party developed from the Independent Labour Party .40、T he Labour Party is the successor of the Tories •41、T he general election in Britain is held every 5 years.42、I n each constituency a suitable person is appointed as a Returning officer , an official in charge ofa parliamentary election.43 > After general election in Britain the party in opposition forms a Shadow Cabinet .三、问答题1、Whaf the official name of Britain?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2> How many popular names do you know about the country?3・ England> Great Britain > BritainHow much do you know about the British Isles?It is a geographical term. It refers to an area including the two big islands, Great Britain and Ireland and many small islands between them and around them. Two countries are located there: GreatBritain and the Republic of Ireland.4. What is the national song of Britain? God Save the Queen/God Save the King5x How many parts does Britain contain? 4. Engla nd、Scotia nd、Wales Northern Ireland6> What is the only land neighbour of Britain? The Republic of Ireland7> Name the surrounding waters of Britain?the east: the North Sea; the south: the English Channel;the north: the Atlantic Ocean; the west: the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean8、What kind of climate does Britain have?the prevailing south-westerly wind, the numerous inlets in the western coasts9> What are the features of English weather? changeable> rainy > foggy > windy10> Where is the population in Britain concentrated? England11> Why do we say Britain is a highly urbanized nation?96 percent of the total population in Britain live in cities and towns. Only 4 percent live in ruralareas. That makes Britain an urbanized nation.12> How many peoples are there in Britain? What are they? Who are the majorities and who arethe minorities?4 peoples. The English> The Scots、The WelshThe IrishThe English is the majority； The Scots, The Welsh and The Irish are the minorities.13N Who are the ancestors of the Welsh? Who are the ancestors of the Scots? Who are the ancestors of the Irish? And who are the ancestors of the English?the Brythons> the Gaels> the Gaels、Anglo一Saxons, the Normans and other races.14.What's the official language spoken in Britain? English15> What other languages are spoken in Britain besides English? Welsh and Gaelic 16N What is the origin of English language?The English language belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.English is one of the even smaller division of Low West Germanic and is descended from Old English.17> Who and when for the first time came to Britain and spread Christianity?In 597, St. Augustine・18. Where did he choose to spread Christianity? Canterbury19> What are established churches?The Established Churches are the churches which are "legally recognized as official churches of the state”.20N H OW many established churches are there in Britain? And what are they?2 The Church of England and the Church of Scotland21> Who are the spiritual leaders of the Church of England?the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York22> What is the relation between the Monarch and the Church of England?By law, the Monarch (Sovereign) is the supreme head of the Church of England・ He is the temporal leader of the Church.23、W hat is the nature of the Church of England?The Church of Engla nd is Protesta nt in nature. Its doctrine, services and prayers are set in the Thirty—Nine Articles and The Books of Common Praye匚In addition, there are differencesbetween the High Church and the Low Church・24、W hat is the nature of the Church of Scotland?It is Calvinist (a branch of Protestantism) in nature・25> What are major Free Churches in Britain?the Methodist Church> the United Reformed Church >the Baptist Church > the Quakers and the Salvation Army.26> By whom is the Roman Catholic Church headed in Britain? The Roman Pope27.Who is the head of state in Britain? The monarch28.Who is the head of the British central government? The Prime Minister29.Where does the British Prime Minister live and work? Number 10 Downing Street30.How long is the tenure of office for the British Prime Minister? 5 years3K Who is the present monarch in Britain? Queen Elizabeth II32* When is the national day in Britain? Thursday of the second week in June・33.What elements is the British Parliament composed of ?The Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons・34.What is the major function of a jury in Britain?The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not in jury trials.35> What are the two major political parties now in Britain ?The Conservative Party and the Labour Party・36、What is the electoral method in Britain ?The electoral method is the first-past-post method or simply the majority method・37> How many British national dailies do you know?The Times> The Guardian、Financial Times、The Daily TelegraphThe IndependentDaily Express> Daily Mail. Daily Star> Morning Star> Daily Mirror> The Sun* Today38.How many British national Sundays do you know?The observer> Sunday Telegraphs The Sunday Times> The Independent on Sunday>The Mail on Sunday > News of the World> Sunday Express> Sunday Mirror> The People> Sun day Sport39.How many famous British magazines do you know?Classification> The Economists The Spectator40^ Of all news agencies in Britain, which one is the most influential? Reuters。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况美国篇,期末整理
TheUnitedStatesofAmericaPart1TheCountryandTheAmericanIdentityCommon-senseKnowledge1、全称：TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(美利坚合众国)2、简称：theUnitedStates;.;America.3、NationalAnthem：《星条旗永不落》"TheStar-SpangledBanner（同时可以叫做国旗）"1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。
4、NationalFlower：Rose5、Jetlag:About16hours(westofAmerica),and13hours(eastofAmerica).（了解）6、TheCapital:.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（UncleSam）Location1、Canadaonthenorth；MexicoandtheGulfofMexicoonthesouth；AtlanticOceanontheeast；PacificOceanonthewest.2、Thelargestcountryintheworld：Russia，Canada，China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50statesintotalAlaska—thelargest；RhodeIsland(罗德岛州)—thesmallest；Texas（德克萨斯州）—thelargestonthemainland4、着名城市Boston是Massachusetts马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。
Theeasternpart—thehighlandsformedbytheAppalachianRange(阿巴拉挈亚山脉).Thewesternpart—RockyMountains（落基山）—thegreatbackboneofNorthAmerica6、TheGreatLakes（1）LakeMichigan密歇根湖—whollywithintheUnitedStates唯一全在美国境内（2）LakeErie伊利湖和LakeOntario安大略湖间有NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布（3）LakeSuperior苏必利尔湖—世界上最大的淡水湖（4）无特色的LakeHuron休伦湖Climate1、MainlytemperatewithsomemildsubtropicalzoneswithonlythesouthernFloridaandHawaiibeingtropic al.大部分是温带大陆性气候。
英美国家概况复习提纲
一、翻译题分constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制the Monarch 君主Parliament 议会House of Commons 平民院/下议院The Government Party执政党Royal Assent御准（女王批准)Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁jury system 陪审团制the Conservative Party 保守党the Labour Party 工党common law 习惯法Crown Courts 王室法院The Celts 凯尔特人Anglo—Saxons 盎格鲁萨克逊人Norman Conquest 诺曼征服The Great Charter 大宪章The Hundred Years’ War 百年大战The Black Death黑死病Renaissance 文艺复兴Humanists 人文主义者the Great Lakes大湖区Secretary of State国务卿The US Congress 国会the House of Representatives众议院The Judicial Branch司法部门the Supreme Court最高法院the Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件、The Bill of Rights人权法案The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗The Monroe Doctrine门罗主义Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言/废奴宣言Frontiersman拓荒者The Civil War内战The Westward Movement西进运动英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1。
英美概况括考前知识点总结(K12教育文档)
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英国概况1，英国名称:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2，地理位置：Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and theeighth—largest island in the world. It lies to thenorthwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to thewest, and makes up the largest part of the territoryof the state known as the United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded by over1,000［citation needed] smaller islands and islets。
或者回答 British mainland western Europe from Great Britain and Ireland，north—east and manynearby islands，She east by the North Sea, the AtlanticOcean to the west，up to the North Atlantic offIceland， Yugoslavia and the European continent，separated only by a strip of water, the English Channel 3, 英国首都：London4,组成部分：England， Scotland， Wales and Northern Ireland5,民族：England Welsh、Scotch、Irish6，英国国旗：the Union Flag英国国歌:God Save The Queen 天佑女7,三次外族入侵：ⅠRoman Conquest; 43AD, the roman empireⅡAnglo-Saxon Conquest ;the late 8th century，Scandinavia, created a certain cultural dividebetween northerners and southerners in EnglandⅢ Norman Conquest ;1066, Normans, William tookthe English throne， and became William theFirst4，英国主要河流:River Thames泰晤士河 River Severn塞文河8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament,Cabinet君主制时间：5th century AD君主的职能：Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners，receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations.君主现处地位:皇宫：Buckingham Palace现代君主：Elizabeth II9，议会历史：Magna Carta组成部分：Queen\King ，house of lords , house of commons如何成为两院的议员：To be house of lords： appointed by the Queen\KingTo be house of commons: general election主要职能：pass the law10，内阁首脑:Minister成员：the members of parliament职能:to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making11，英国普选对象：voters and candidates选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party现任英国的执政党:the labour party如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons12，英国经济工业革命之父：瓦特（James Watt)发明：蒸汽机（steam engine)13，英国的教育3个阶段：primary education，secondary education，higher education 2大分支：public education，private education大学教育中的学位:bachelors degree，doctor degree，master degree 14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段:① Old English(6th—11th）：the anglo-saxon language② Middle English（11th--15th）：the combination of English and French③Modern English（15th-now）2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf3。
英美概况美国部分汇总整编
英美概况美国部分汇总整编AmericaThe Founding of Colonies殖民地的建⽴First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmerica—the New WorldEurope—the Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South CarolinaGeorgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建⽴原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact <五⽉花号公约>：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons:1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder Granted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港⼝，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民⽣活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate:1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳⼯）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波⼠顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other↓English colonies in America ←attack →Indians波⼠顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies.Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Continental Congresses 两次⼤陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 《权利和不满宣⾔》Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声——导⽕索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American CrisisDeclaration of Independence独⽴宣⾔During the 2nd Continental Congress——A committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776(Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history.It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government...”--- Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Lockeequality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实⼒对⽐England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy noneHigh morale-- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independencenew problems1) how to make use of the new territory--allow the founding of new states [equality and democracy]2) not very closely united--13 separate states rather than a united country3) economic difficulties-- trade problem with Britain--debts because of the Independance War-- increasing tax and Shays’Rebellion in MassachusettsThe need for a new Government was felt——May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution--completed on September 17, 1787--Constitutional Day of the USThe Father of the Constitution: James MadisonBill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion,freedom of speech and the press,the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms,the right against unreasonable searches and seizures,the right against self-incrimination（⾃证其罪）---the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.---a defense line against violations of human rights政治体制见另⼀张Territorial Expansion 领⼟扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union2) Economy witnessed development"the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领⼟扩张⽅式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间---third US President in 1801---emphasized development of agriculture and commerce---favored the westward expansionLouisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas CitiesThe Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程-- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana. -- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico-- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century)reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:--the war 1812 drove the native Indians--the Federal government built roads and canals-- The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.-- government policy: land for sale--the Homestead Act 宅地法（1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of IndiansThe beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴⾪制起源Reason: labor shortage in the coloniesTime: first in 1619 to plant tobaccoMethod: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change:-- declined after Independence War-- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern populationAmerican Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from SlaveryReasons：-- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law--Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states?--Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutalDevelopment of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery---secret organization to help slaves escape---mobilize public support2)the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war⼀个⼩妇⼈的⼀部⼩书引起了⼀场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincolna Republican; anti -slaveryOn March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincoln's goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North Southadvantages: advantages:---larger population ---strong military tradition---loyal Navy ---experienced military officers---factories for munition production ---high morale---enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:---poorly prepared ---smaller population---inexperienced soldiers ---not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone systemAmerica in and after WWI⼀战中和⼀战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it.In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers：Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加⼊Allied Entente）RussiaAmerica (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American shipsfear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals.Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s("the jazz age")特点：Peaceful and prosperous"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it."eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die"The Great Depression 经济⼤萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929[The bear market; “the black Thursday”]Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover.EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich familyEducation background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; can't walk normallyPresident Roosevelt's “New Deal”罗斯福新政---presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal”[新政]---1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act---to enlarge employment and increase consumption---public projects: infrastructure---to raise the price of farm productsetc.Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat" 炉边谈话first "chat" on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响---Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.---His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States.America in and after WWⅡ⼆战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitler’s fascist expansion. Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germany’s invasion of Poland各国不同⽴场：---Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939---England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy [by Munich Agreement], by selling other lands for peace [e.g. Sudetenland in Czech]; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：--- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts--- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry”basis.--- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the deteriorated situation: the Roman-Berlin Axis [fascist military bloc]---Contribution to the war from 1941: Lend-Lease Bill [clever invention of Roosevelt]: any qualified countries could borrow or rent American weapons ---America is“the great arsenal of democracy”--- Entry into the war on Dec. 8, 1941: Japan’s air raid on Pearl HarborAmerica in the War：War-time economyConcentrated on the battlefields in EuropeSeveral million American soldiers诺曼底登陆（D-Day)：June 6, 1944, known as D-day, the first contingents of American and British invasion army landed on the beaches of Normandy, opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.Surrender of Japan ⽇本投降On August 6 and 9, 1945, American aircraft dropped two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, killing nearly 200,000 people. On August 14, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the WWII ended.America after the War-- Became a creditor nation-- Unemployment disappeared-- Dominant industrial production in the world and robust GDP-- Export monopoly in the world market-- Personal wealth accumulation and growing domestic marketA rising superpower and world leaderCold War and America in the 21st CenturyCold War (1945-1989)Cold war: the international tension, conflicts and containment without bloody hot war between Soviet Union and the U.S. Duration: end of WWII to the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989Hot-spots热点地带：---Southern and Western Europe and Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan;---Berlin Wall---Korean War---Vietnam War---Cuban Missile CrisisThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划Stage 1：In Feb. 1947, Britain would end the economical support of Greece and Turkey, which would fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. America decided to help the two countries.Stage 2：The Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s speech to the Congress in Feb. 1949: the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Socialism.[real purpose]Stage 3：The worsening economic situation in Western Europe, coupled with a severe cold and snowstorm: might turn CommunistStage 4:The Marshall Plan (1947-1952): offer economic aid to Western economy; announced by Secretary of State (美国国务卿) George Marshall on June 5, 1947; $ 13 billionBerlin WallSoviet Union: block the West Berlin in June, 1948The U.S. : Airlift for food suppliesSoviet Union: Lifted the blockade in May, 1949.The foundation of NATO laterVietnam War (1955-1975)After 1970sIn 1980s, Reagan Revolution; Economic policy to counter against the inflation in 1970s:George Bush: Gulf War海湾战争Bill Clinton: Whitewater affair; Lewinsky ScandalAmerica in the 21st Century: terrorism and anti-terrorismGeorge W. Bush: Sept. 11th, Afghanistan War; Iraqi WarBarack Obama: new terrorismAmerican Political System美国政治体制：（Overview）The American Constitution---significancefounded federalism and introduced checks and balances（三权分⽴）into government for the first time in history—Based on division of power↓1.The First division of power-- federal governmentproblems of general concern e.g.to coin money, regulate commerce, raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, levy taxes (征税)-- state governmentAll the powers not listed in the Constitution to pass state laws2.The Second division of power: check and balance system---three separate yet interdependent branches:The Executive (administration): presidentThe Legislative : the CongressThe Judicial: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals and 91 district courts1)The Legislative : the Congress(535⼈)---the House of Representatives(435⼈,任期两年): in proportion to population---the Senate(100⼈,任期六年,三分之⼀的参议院席位每两年选举⼀次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任⼀届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举⼈团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举⼈票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选⼈。
英美概况考试要点(美国部分)
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters "or "old man river"密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。
Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexico ,and the Great Lakes.影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。
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Melting Pot: Immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture・WASPs: WASPS are the mainstream Americans, referring to the white Anglo-Saxon ProtestantsThe Hispanics: The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America, which was once dominated by the Spanish Empire・American Indians: The Indian peoples are known as the first Americans. When Columbus landed in the New World in 1492, he thought he had reached India and called the natives Indians・Separation of powers: Under the federalist system, the federal and the state governments have separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitutio n.^Winner-take-air5principle: The party that wins most votes (simple majority) in a state wins all the electoral votes for the state and the defeated party gets none・Federalism: Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States・ Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and towards the national government.Thanksgiving Day: It's on the fourth Thursday of Novembe匚It is a typicalAmerican holiday that originated in the colonial time・ It is an annual day for people to thank God for the blessing they have enjoyed during the yea 匚The theme of thanksgiving has always been peace and plenty, health and happiness・Independence Day: It9s on July 4. It is American^ most important patriotic holiday and the birthday of the nation.Easter Sunday: It's on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or after March 21, and it is for celebrating the rising of Jesus Christ from his tomb three days after his death・Halloween: In the US, Halloween falls on Oct 31. It's a nighttime children's day and a time for frightening costumes, masks, parties, games and tricks― all for fun..Mayflower Compact: It was signed by all adult male passengers on the ship. They agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, to have a right to choose their own leader. It was the beginning of the US democracy.1The Sugar Act: In 1764, the English Parliament passed the Sugar Act, which imposed import duties on non-English cloth, indigo, coffee, wine, sugar, and molasses.2The Stamp Act: In 1765, the Stamp Act was carried by the English Parliament. The act, aimed to collect more taxes, provided that stamp paper must be used for all legal documents, pamphlets, newspapers, college diplomas, bonds, contracts, bills of sales, license, leases and many otherarticles.3Boston Massacre: In March 1770, several boys threw snowballs at the English soldiers guarding the office building for collecting import duties in Boston. As more people gathered and pushed forward, the jumpy soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five protesters・4The Boston Tea Party: On the night of December 16, 1773, a band of 50 men disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams, boarded three British tea-bearing ships lying at anchor in Boston Harbor and dumped their 340 chests of tea cargo into the sea・5The Second Continental Congress: While the alarms of Lexington were still resounding, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, in Independence Hall. The Second Continental Congress agreed to take steps to organize and equip an American army and appointed George Washington commander in chief of the American forces. Congress also provided for asking help from other countries, especially France which was a rival of Britain. All these steps were aimed at preparing for armed struggles to protect their liberties.6The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule・The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitledto have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of governments: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke・7 Significance of Independence War: The American War of Independence was an event of great historic importance・By smashing the fetters of British rule, it gave the colonies their right to national independence and assured U.S. capitalism of a free development. It was the first large-scale revolutionary movement of a colonial people against national oppression一for political and economic emancipation. The revolution shook the foundation of feudalism all over Europe. It directly led to the French Revolution in 1789 and some fifty years later, to the revolutions in the Spanish colonies in America・The Constitutional Convention: In 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate・ All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This con fere nee is called the Constitutional Convention.The Bill of Rights: In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House ofRepresentatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.The Great Depression: It took place from 1929 to 1933. In 1929, there swept a "Great crash^^・ The New York Stock Market failed money banks closed down, many shops shut down too. In 1933, 13 million people best their job. Agriculture got worse for the products found no market. Plenty of “extra" goods and products were destroyed.The “New Deal”：When Franklin • D • Roosevelt was elected American President in 1932, American was in the Great Depression. In order to save the situation, he made a program to deal with the economic emergency. This program is known as the "New Deal”. According to the "New Deal", Roosevelt took efforts to consolid the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones・ At home, many public projects, were launched to create employment through a huge increase in government responsibility. Crops were destroyed and agriculture production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices. The big industries were compelled to make reforms Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security" playi ng pension to the old unemployed and the injured. The "New Deal" relaxed the economic crisis made some concessions to the working people・ The more importantthing is that the Roosevelt Government carried out a progressive foreign policy against fascist aggression and wars.The civil War:It was during 1861 to 1865.The cause: The issue of slavery became the focus in American politics, economics and cultural life. The important point is the contradiction between the two different economic forms. The direct reason is Abraham Lincoln selected the president, the southern states almost immediately began to secede from the Federal Union, and 11 southern states proclaimed themselves an independent nation.The beginning: In 1861, the South opened the 行Te.The process of the Civil War:The first stage (186862 summer): Failure after failure came to the North. The second stage: (1862, 9一1865, 4) In 1862, the Homestead Act was passed・ Lincoln announced the famous Emancipation Proclamation. It provided that all the slaves in the rebel states be freed on January 1, 1863 and they were welcome to join the Union troops・ In July 1863, the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg, the Union army defeated the Confederate army led by General Lee.The third stage: the victory. In 1865, the north defeated the south, and Richmond was abandoned.Influence of the war: Realize the unification of the American nation. Endthe slavery system. Sweep away the last obstacle to the development of U.S. capitalism.。