英美概况美国部分(修正版)
英美概况之美国Unit1
The national flag
50 stars: 50 states 13 stripes: the f i r s t 13 states that used to be
colonies red: valor and hardiness white: innocence and purity blue: vigilance, perseverance and justice
The Central valley of Californ highly productive area basic field crops as sugar beets, beans, rice and cotton
Climate
The United States is mainly situated i the northern temperate zone.
Administrative States
· 50 states The largest in area: Alaska The second: Texas The youngest: Alaska and Hawaii
· Afederal district The District of Columbia Capital City: Washington
Yellowstone National Park
It covers an area of about 9000 sq.km.There are about 3,000 geysers and hot springs in the park.There are also other natural wonders.
Deep South
South Carolina Georgia Texas Alabama Mississippi Louisiana
英美概况美国篇
英美概况美国篇一、概况1.50 StatesIts forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.2.Races and Population在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。
3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度）3.The Composition of American Population1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, suchas France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potatofamine2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: thenumber of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;TheHispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America,such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous amongthem);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;Morethan a millionChinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and insome big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there duringthe Second World War and achieved great success in America.3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over theworld have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: cameto America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The ImmigrationQuota Law was passed by the American government in 1924.二、Early History1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thusdiscovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”)2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English coloniescame to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia.3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouthon a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule”4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance ofeducation5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of thePlymouth Colony.三、American Revolutionary1.The 13 English colonies in America1)The New England Colonies: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut.2)The Middle Colonies: New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland3)The Southern Colonies: Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia 2.“Common Sense”Thomas Paine: “Common Sense” .The pamphlet demanded complete independence from Great Britain and the establishment of a strong federal union.Within a few months reached a total of 120,000 copies.3.The founding fathers of US1)George Washington“Father of the Country”.First, he was the commander of the ContinentalArmy that won American independence in the Revolutionary War.Second, heserved as president of the convention that wrote the United StatesConstitution.Third, he was elected the first President of the United States.Inthe European war, he declared that the United States would remain neutral.2)John Adams(A federalist)The Alien and Sedition Acts:made it a crime for anyone to publish “false,scandalous, and malicious writing” about the government and its officials,and gave the president to deport any foreigners considered dangerous to thenation’s peace and safety.The real purpose: to silence the Democratic-Republican and check their growing power.The Acts made theFederalists very unpopular, who were defeated in the election of 1800 anddisappeared from political scene some 15 years later.3)Benjamin FranklinThe most famous American of the 18th century and one of the most famousand influential Americans who have ever lived.A greatest statesman, scientist, philosopher, diplomat.His services as a diplomat in France helped greatly inwinning the Revolutionary War.Franklin was the only person who signed allthe four of the most important documents in American history:TheDeclaration of Independence;The Treaty of Alliance with France;The Treatyof Peace with Great Britain;The Constitution of the United States.4)HamiltonHamilton’s contribution:Established a governmental-supported nationalbank;Created a new series of gold, silver, and coppercoins;Raised money bya tax on the manufacture of whiskey.5)JeffersonJeffersonian Presidency:The first Democratic-Republican President,“a bornpopular leader”.His inauguration marked the beginning of the peacefulpolitical transition from one political party to another in America.Jeffersonian Democracy:Jefferson advocated a nation of small farmers.Thenational government should be weak and be an advocate of individualrights.A truly democratic statesmanHe favored: “absolute acquiescence inthe decisions of the majority” ;He opposed:“every f orm of tyranny over themind of man.6)John Quincy Adamsthe Monroe Doctrine's chief author;the sixth President of the UnitedStates;the son of John Adams and Abigail Adams.As a diplomat, Adams wasinvolved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate theMonroe Doctrine as Secretary of State. Historians agree he was one of thegreatest diplomats in American history. Encouraged industry.7)“Virginia Dynasty”(Virginians, Democratic-Republicans)Thomas JeffersonJames Madison: “the Father of Constitution”.James Monroe (1817- 1825)“The Era of Good Feeling”: its relative peace, unity, and optimism about thefuture; nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine:“America for Americans”;“the manifestation of anunfriendly disposition toward the United States”.James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of theUnion Address to Congress. It stated that further efforts by Europeancountries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would beviewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring USintervention.The Influences of Monroe Doctrine:It became a defining moment in theforeign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets,invoked by U.S. presidents, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, John F.Kennedy, and others.4.Independence War1)The Causes of the War:The sharpening contradictions between Britain andthe colonies;The Unity of the colonies.2)Before the Independence War:1630 Boston was founded by a group of Puritans.1636 Harvard was founded.1682 Philadelphia was founded.1701 Detroit was founded by French.Y ale was founded.1733 Georgia, the last of thirteen English colonies, was founded.Spanish,French, Dutch and English colonists,only the English established permanentagricultural colonies(Religious reason;Economic reason).1765 The Stamp Act was passed.1766 The Stamp Act was repealed.1770 The Boston Massacre took place.1773 There appeared the event of the Boston Tea Party.1774 The first Continental Congress was held.3)Progress of the War(Time: 1775-1783):1775 Minute Men of Lexington and Concord counterattacked the invadingEnglish troops, marking the preclude of Independence War on April.Thesecond continental congress was called in May.The Battle of Bunker Hilltook place on June 17th(The bloodiest battle of the entire war;During thesecond Continental Congress;More than 1000 British soldiers and about 400Americans were killed or wounded).The delegates decided to resist, by forceif necessary; they asked King George III to prevent further hostile action byGreat Britain, to restore the peaceful relation.1776 The Declaration of Independence was signed andissued.The Battle ofTrenton took place.1777 The Battle of Saratoga took place, which marked the turning point ofthe war.It stopped the British invasion from Canada, and saved the NewEngland colonies.It helped convince France that it could safely enter the waron the American sideAfter the Americans’ victory at Saratoga, France agreedto enter into an open alliance with the United States.Americans benefitedfrom the direct assistance of a number of foreign volunteers like the Marquisde Lafayette.1778 The Battle of Monmouth took place on June 28th, which was the lastlarge battle in the North.1781 General Cornwallis and his 7000 men surrendered at Y orktown on Oct.19th, which was the real end of the war.1783 Paris Peace Treaty was signed between America and England on Sep.3rd.The last of the British left America.The War in the South：Victory at Y orktown in 1781: ended fighting in theRevolution and virtually assured success to the American cause.4)The Articles of Confederation《邦联条例》Adopted by Congress in 1777, and taken into effect in1781.The Articlesserved as the new nation’s const itution until the first government under theConstitution of the United States was formed in 1789.The Articles attemptedto balance the need for an effective national government with the traditionalindependence of each state.5)The Treaty of Paris1782 Parliament voted to end hostilities and begin peace talks.1783 TheAmericans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris, officially ending theRevolutionary War.Britain recognized the independence of its formercolonies and accepted the new nation’s borders.6)Postwar ProblemsNot a truly unified country.According to the Article of the Confederation, thefirst thirteen states were determined to have a weak national government.The federal governmentUnable to pay the high national debtLacked the means for raising money to provide for national defenseHad no power to regulate the nation’s tradeRevising the Article of the Confederation became an urgent issue.5.Constitutional Convention 17871787 The Constitutional Convention was called.12 States,except for Rhode Island,55 delegates, Philadelphia’s Independence Hall.Washington, was chosen aschairman.Benjamin Franklin helped ease some of the difficulties among the other delegates.1)Debates in Constitutional ConventionNorthern states:Strengthen the power of the federal government;Favoredprotective tariffs and free labor.Southern states:Protect the rights of states and demand a weak centralgovernment;Preferred low tariffs and slavery2)Controversy Over RepresentativesSmall states:demanded equal representation with large statesLarge states:argued for proportional representation reflecting the populationof each state3)CompromiseHouse of Representatives:in proportion to the population of the statesSenate:two representatives each from both the large and the small states4)The new Constitution was born on September 17, 1787, after 16 weeks ofdeliberation.Basic Ideas of the Constitution:Separation of powersChecks-and-balancesFederalismThe Bill of RightsTo restrict the central government and assure individual rights, 10Amendments were added to the document and became law in 1791.These ten amendments guaranteed individual freedom of speech, religion, thepress, the right to trial by jury, the right to bear arms, the right to securityfrom unreasonable searches and seizures and the right to avoidself-determination四、American Politics1. The election of American presidentThe President is elected by an Electoral College.In 1789, the Electoral College unanimously chose George Washington to be the first American president.2. The First Political PartiesA political division: appeared between those who favored a strong federalgovernment and those who opposed it.Federalist Party: Hamilton and his followers, chiefly NorthernersDemocratic-Republican Party: Jefferson and his followers, chiefly Southerners 3. Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalist Party:favored a strong federal government and the interests of commerce and manufacturing over agriculture, and the new government on a sound financial basis.The Federalist Party generally backed Britain in The conflicts between France and Britain.Democratic-Republican Party:A weak central government;Sided with France; The present-day Democratic Party4. The principles of governmentThe government derives its power from the consent of the governed.The power of government must be limited by a fundamental law, the Constitution.The government should be granted adequate power for achieving its appropriate purpose.5. FederalismFederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.The federal government and the state governments are equal before the U.S.Constitution.Hamilton vs JeffersonIn 1790, the Federalist political party, lead by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong federal government, which is where the name came from.The Democratic-Republicans, or the Republican political party today, lead by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak federal government6. The power of federal governmentThe federal government is granted the power to deal with problems which no single state could deal with effectively.To coin moneyTo tax importsTo raise an army for national defenceTo manage foreign affairsTo take care of the general welfare of the American people To deal with the problems concerning more than two states7. Check-and-balance systemTo prevent one branch from becoming supreme, and to induce the branches to cooperate, governance systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches.8. United States: Government Structure1)Constitution:three branches of American government and the functions ofthemExecutive Branch——President:Cabinet of Advisors;Heads of Major Government AgenciesThe Executive（The federal government refers to the branches as "branches of government", while some systems use "government" to describe the executive.）The President（The President is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The President, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," and "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution."）The Vice President（Under the Constitution, the Vice President is President of the Senate.）The Secretary of State（The Secretary of State is the Chief Executive Officerof the United States Department of State, the most senior of all federal executive departments.The Secretary serves as the President's chief adviser on U.S. foreign policy.）Legislative Branch——Congress:House ofRepresentatives;SenateJudicial Branch——Supreme Court:9members2)State Governments:The United States was originally made up of 13English-American colonies.All the 50 states, which each represented by a star on the national flag, are “united”under the Constitution.The task of the state governmentTo look after the well-being of the residents and protect their natural rights.State assemblyGovernorIts own system of law courts3)Local governments:American local governments are not controlled by thefederal government, but by the state government.五、Expansion and Progress1. The Louisiana Purchase(One of Jefferson’s greatest achievements)Background:French control of Louisiana as a danger to the United States For the benefit of American agriculture and commerce by developing the Louisiana TerritoryThe action doubled the size of the United States.2. Lewis and Clark ExpeditionTime: 1804Target: the northern part of the Louisiana PurchaseAchievement:provided valuable information about the Indians, flora and fauna, the geography in the Western territory;gave the United States claim to the land to the Pacific Ocean.3. The Unsuccessful EmbargoDuring Jefferson’s second term, problems from the war between Great Britain and France arose.Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which made it illegal for American goods to be exported to foreign countries.The embargo failed to bring about any change in British or French policy and became a disaster for the American economy.On the other side, it aroused indignation among Americans.4. The War of 1812(“Second War for Independence” )The British which had a strong navy continued to interfere with U.S. ships, force American seamen into British service, and violate the nation’s n eutral rights and coastal waters.In 1812 President Madison asked congress to declare war against Britain.the Treaty of Ghent:The war continued indecisively for nearly three years.Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Ghent (《根特和平条约》) on December 24, 1814, which brought peace and established a commission to settle boundary disputes.The Effects of the War of 1812Neither side won the War of 1812, but the war did have important effects on the United States:it increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation;it practically ended Indian resistance in the Northwest and encouraged rapid settlement of the region.5. The Westward Movement1)Two frontiersThe west of early United States, the region between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. (Texas) The Great West (Far West), stretching from the MississippiRiver to the Pacific Ocean, can be subdivided into two sections: the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast.(California)2)PioneersDaniel Boone:the most famous pioneerWilderness Road: became a main route to the West for thousands of settlersPioneers included Easterners from both the North and South, and Europe.For seeking a better life, or in search of religious freedom3)Indians(“Trail of Tears”)As white people moved westward, native Americans east of the Mississippi River suffered a great deal.4)The Age of JacksonAndrew Jackson was a dominant figure of the early 19th century.He won fame as an Indian fighter and as a hero in the War of 1812.He was born into a poor family who lived in a log cabin.He gained support from Western farmers, frontiersmen, city laborers and craftmen.“Jacksonian Democracy”This term is used to describe the reforms and reform movements of the period from 1828 to 1850.He carried out the policy of equal political power for all, so by the end of the era, the United States was a more democratic nation than it had been before.The Rise of “Common man”President Jackson promised to end th e “monopoly” of government by the rich and to protect the interests of the “common man”.In order to protect the interests of the“common man”, Jackson launched a major crusade against the Second National Bank of the United States.The Rise of Middle ClassIn Jacksonian era, the majority of common men found opportunities in the relatively fluid society to achieve material success, as in those that preceded and followed it, established “middle class”respectability.The Start of Spoil SystemWhen Jackson became President, many wealthy Easterners held federalgovernment offices. Jackson dismissed many of these people from office, replacing them with his supporters.The spoil system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters asa reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working forthe party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.Two New Parties :Two new parties took form during the age of Jackson.Democratic Party: under the leadership of JacksonNational Republicans(the Whigs): those who supported John Qunicy AdamsIndian removalThe most controversial aspect of Jackson's presidency was his policy regarding American Indians, which involved the ethnic cleansing of several Indian tribes.Many tribes and portions of tribes had been removed to Arkansas Territory and further west of the Mississippi River without the suffering and tragedies ofwhat later became known as the Trail of Tears.六、The American Civil War1.The North vs the South(Two-party system :Republican Party and DemocraticParty)The political conflict between the North and the SouthRepublican Party Founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party.It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency; it presided over the American Civil War and Reconstruction.The North had more people, more raw materials for producing war supplies, anda better railway system.The South had more experienced military leaders and better knowledge of the battlefields because most of the war was fought in the South.2.Major Events About the Civil War1852 The novel entitled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”was published.1854 The Republican Party was founded.Douglas Bill was introduced.1859 John Brown led the slaves’treason.1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president.(Abraham Lincoln:As one of the greatest man in world history, and the most respected presidents in American history.Lincoln helped keep the American Union together during the Civil War and abolished slavery in the United States.A perfect example of a self-made man: how an honest and hardworking man in America can rise fromhumble origin to the nation’s highest office.)1861 The south Confederate Government was set up and the Civil War broke out.1862 The Homestead Bill was issued in May.(Homestead Bill 《宅地法》:The Homestead Act was one of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres (1/4 section, 65 hectares) ofundeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The original Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.)The Emancipation Proclamation was issued up on Sep. 22nd.(The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply.) 1863 The Battle of Gettysburg took place and it was the turning point of the Civil War.(Gettysburg Address:The speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.)1865 The South surrendered and the Civil War ended.President Lincoln was assassinated.(On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln attended a performance at Ford’s Theater in Washington. A Southern actor named John Wilkes Booth shot the President in the head from the rear of thepresidential box.)3.Negative Effects of the Civil War1)The four years of bloody fighting between the North and South hadstaggering effects on the nation.2)About 360,000 Union troops and perhaps 260,000 Confederate troops died;no other war in American history has taken so many American lives.3)It caused enormous property damage, especially in the South where manySouthern cities, towns, plantations, factories and railroads lay in ruin.4.人物1)John Brown:an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armedinsurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacrein 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid atHarpers Ferry in 1859.Brown has been called "the most controversial of all19th-century Americans." Brown's actions are often referred to as "patriotictreason", depicting both sides of the argument2)General Robert Edward Lee:among the most celebrated generals inAmerican history He is best known for commanding the Confederate Armyof Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.3)General Ulysses Grant:the 18th President of the United States (1869–77) aswell as military commander during the Civil War and post-warReconstruction periods. Under the command of Grant, the Union Army4)Andrew Johnson:President Lincoln had announced his plan that was mild andgenerous to the South.When Johnson succeeded Lincoln and becamePresident, he tried to carry out Lincoln’s policy, but the radicals in Congressrejected his Reconstruction programs.The House of Representativesimpeached Johnson, but the Senate was one vote short of the two-thirdsmajority required to remove him from office.5.Reconstruction(1865-1877)The period in the United States history that followed the Civil WarThe process through which the South returned to the Union after their defeat.A time of bitter political quarrels and disappointed hopes1)Economic and Political ReconstructionReconstruction failed to solve the economic problem of either the blacks orthe South as a whole.Politically, Reconstruction made most Southerner whites firm supporters ofthe Democratic Party.No Racial Harmony:Reconstruction failed to bring racialharmony to theSouth.White Southerners remained loyal to their old social order andbelieved whites were superior to blacks, refused to share important politicalpower with blacks.2)Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Three distinct past and present right-wing US organizations. The currentmanifestation is splintered into several chapters and is widely considered ahate group. The first KKK flourished in the South in the 1860s, then died outby the early 1870s. The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early andmid 1920s, and adopted the costumes and paraphernalia of the first Klan. Thethird Klan emerged after World War II. Their iconic white costumesconsisted of robes, masks, and conical hats.3)“the Negro question”As the North gradually lost interest in Reconstruction and “the Negroquestion”, Southern whites regained control of their state governments andtook away many of the rights that blacks had won during Reconstruction.Bythe early 20th century, every Southern state had passed laws limiting votingrights. Such laws effectively prevented most blacks fromvoting.4)Confederate States into UnionCongress insisted that the Confederate States agree to follow all federal lawsbefore being readmitted to the Union.Between 1860 and 1870, all theConfederate States eventually met various requirements and all returned tothe Union by 1870.5)Constitutional AmendmentsThe 13th Amendment (1865) to the Constitution outlawed slavery throughoutthe United States.The 14th Amendment (1868) confirmed the citizenship of blacks.The 15th Amendment (1870) made it illegal to deny the right to vote on thebasis of race.6)Public schoolsSignificant achievement of the Reconstruction government was theestablishment of the first public school systems in the most states of theSouth.African Americans and white Republicans joined to build education atthe state level.But most schools attracted white students by educating blacksand whites seperately.七、America In the Twentieth Century1.World War Ⅰ。
英美概况(美国)第一课
The Contour of the US
Land and Water Resources
America has much excellent farm land and rich pasture land. America has many rivers and lakes, especially in the eastern half of the country. The five Great Lakes cover some 240,000 square kilometers. The Mississippi River is the most important, with nearly two-thirds of the US (between the alachians and Rockies) draining into the river.
Comparisons
Place Size (km2) Pop (millions) Henan 167,000 94.0 Alaska 1,700,000 0.7 Texas 696,000 25 California 424,000 37 New York 141,000 19.3 Wisconsin 169,000 5.7 Montana 381,000 1 South Carolina 83,000 4.6 This is Important! Americans are used to space: personal space and national space. This helps reinforce individualism.
Main Geographic Divisions
1. Atlantic Seacoast and Appalachians (old, rounded mountains) broad in the south, narrow in the north 2. Mississippi River Valley, a large (2,000 km east to west), largely flat area between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains 3. Rocky Mountains (high, sharp mountains) and Pacific Seacoast
来安方《新编英美概况》(最新修订版)配套题库【章节题库(含名
库（含名Байду номын сангаас
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 读书笔记 06 作者介绍
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
真题
历史
章节
历年
新编
概况
政府
题库
修订版
模块 第章
英国
修订版
模块
英美
补充
概况
材料
修订版
内容摘要
本书是来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）的配套题库，包括以下几个方面的内容：模块一是章节题库， 严格按照来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）的章目编排，共8章（分为两部分，第一部分是英国文化，共4 章；第二部分是美国文化，共4章），精选与各章内容配套的习题进行详解；我们还从指定来安方主编的《新编英 美概况》（最新修订版）为考研参考书目的名校历年考研真题中，挑选有代表性的考研真题，并对所选考研真题 进行了详细的解答，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。模块二是模拟试题，根据各校历年考研真题的命题 规律，精选教材中的重要考点，精心编写了两套模拟试题，并进行了详细的解答。
目录分析
第一部分英国
第二部分美国
第1章土地和人民 第2章英国历史 第3章政治、政府及教育 第4章补充材料
第1章总括 第2章美国的历史 第3章政府形式和社会生活 第4章补充材料
来安方《新编 英美概况》
（最新修订版） 考研模拟试题 及详解（一）
来安方《新编 英美概况》 （最新修订版） 考研模拟试题 及详解（二）
读书笔记
这是《来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）配套题库【章节题库（含名校考研真题）＋模拟试题】》的 读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
英美概况美国部分第四章
1766----Declaratory Act---- asserting the supremacy of the British parliament in making laws for the colonies.
• Background and the reasons of Revolution
outer ----attitude and acts of England
inner----- development of American
Capitalists
• The Road to the Revolution • The Outbreak of War and the Second
Chapter IV American Revolution
1763--1784
• Independence Hall
Independence Hall in Philadelphia can be considered the birthplace of the United States of America, as it was here that the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, the Articles of Confederation uniting the thirteen (13) colonies were ratified in 1781 and the Constitution setting out the nations' basic laws was adopted in 1787.
《英语国家概况》美国篇The United States of America
The United States of AmericaPart 1The Country and The American IdentityCommon-sense Knowledge1、全称：The United States of America (美利坚合众国)2、简称： the United States;the U.S.; America.3、National Anthem：《星条旗永不落》 "The Star-Spangled Banner（同时可以叫做国旗）"1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。
4、National Flower：Rose5、Jet lag: About 16 hours (west of America), and 13 hours (east of America).（了解）6、The Capital: Washington D.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）Location1、Canada on the north； Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ；Atlantic Ocean on the east； Pacific Ocean on the west.2、The largest country in the world：Russia，Canada， China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50 states in totalAlaska—the largest ；Rhode Island (罗德岛州)—the smallest ；Texas（德克萨斯州）—the largest on the mainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。
英美概况_美国概况
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plex composition: 1) The native American 2) The white: 80% 3) The black: 4) Mexicans: 5) Puerto Ricans 6) Japanese, Philippines, Chinese…
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2.The uneven distribution:
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Topography.
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Scenic spots in the west.
1. The Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming; 2. The Grand Canyon, Arizona; 3. Yosemite National Park, California; 4. Redwoods forests along the coastline; 5. The Death Valley, California;
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The National Flag & Anthem
1. National Flag: the Star-Spangled Banner: Meaning: the 50 white stars the 13 stripes 2. National Anthem the star-spangled banner 《星条旗永不落》
16
The Atlantic System: 1) Hudson River 2) Dalaware River 3) the Potomac River 4) St. Lawrence River
17
The Pacific System: 1) Columbia River 2) Colorado River
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《最新英美概况》练习参考答案（本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题）====================================== ============== PART TWO The United StatesChapter Eight The LandP. 209—210I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 1812.2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner.3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon.4. June, 14th, June 14th.5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government.6. 36, 36 states.7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence.8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. C2. D3. C4. A B C D5. C DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. (1) At first the Continent was name d as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci.(2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies firstused “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence.(3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when theSecond Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation.2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteencolonies.White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God.3. The stars and strips have different meanings.Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteencolonies before the independence of America.4. (1) The lyrics of the national anthem come from “Defense of Fort McHenry”, a poemwritten during the War of 1812.The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song, “The AnacreonticSong” (or “To Anacreon in Heaven”).(2) The Star-Spangled Banner was used officially by the Navy in 1889, and was madethe national anthem by congress on March 3, 1931, which was signed by PresidentHerbert Hoover.5. The White House was built in1792 and its original color was grey.During the War of 1812, it was badly damaged by the British troops, and in 1814 it wasrepainted white.President Roosevelt named it “White House” in the 1940s.P. 213I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the central part of, Mexico and Gulf of Mexico, east, west.2. 48, Hawaii, Alaska.3. the Rio Grande, Pacific.4. 9,629,091, the third, Canada.5. Alaska, Texas.6. Arctic, glaciers.II Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. T2. T3. T4. F5. FIII Answer the following questions.1. (1) The Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast and Hawaii provideconvenient sea routes forforeign trade.(2) The long coastline with many harbors and inlets provides favorable conditions forforeign trade and the fishing industry.(3) Mainland America, mainly within the northern temperate zone, is favorable foragriculture.2. The U.S. and Canada share the “world's longest undefended border.” The border wasdemilitarized after the War of 1812 and has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO. Both countries are NATO members and have high military interdependency, in particular, during the Cold War against Soviet threat.Today Canadians and Americans are in close cultural proximity, sharing the samelanguage, similar religion and political systems as well as many values.Their economic relations are so close (they have been each other’s No. 1 trading pa rtnerfor years) that the two countries have established the North American Free TradeAgreement, the world’s largest free-trade zone. Both enjoy the most developed andrichest economies in the world as well as a comparable standard of living (Canada’swelfare system is even more comprehensive and covers more widely).To guard the over 8000-kilometer long land border is not only expensive but alsounnecessary (in a sense, impossible, because it is too long), because neither peopleworry that their neighbors would cross the border on a large scale or stay in theircountry for a long time.3. The border between the U.S. and Mexico is heavily guarded (mostly on the American side)against illegal immigrants entering the U.S. while people can enter Mexico freely. The cause is mostly economic rather than political. There is a huge disparity in the standard of living between the U.S. and Mexico whose per capita GDP is only about 20% that of the U.S. (2012 World Bank statistics). It is estimated six out of the eleven million illegal immigrants living in the U.S. are Mexicans, and millions more plan to enter the U.S. They try to benefit from the American business or job opportunities or from the American welfare system or even to engage in drug-trafficking and smuggling. Another purpose is to combat crime and terrorism, particularly after the 9.11 terrorist attacks. The U.S.-Mexican border areas witness the most serious drug-trafficking and gang violence in the world.Some Mexicans, in particular those haunted by the serious drug-related violence in recent years, try to escape from the violence in Mexico by moving to the U.S. In a word, if the US-Mexico border is open and unguarded as the U.S.-Canada border, there would be millions of Mexicans trying to migrate to America so that the consequent problems would be very difficult for the U.S. deal with.4. Alaska, facing Russia across Bering Strait, is locatedbetween the Arctic and Pacific oceans,so it’s important for strategic position and transportation.5. Hawaii, like a chain of beads, is located in the central Pacific Ocean, the best place toenjoy the oceanic scenery.It is famous for natural scenery: white beach, blue sky, and palm trees, etc.The famous Pacific Fleet is located at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Island.P. 221—222I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. Lake Superior, Erie, Ontario.2. Columbia Plateau, the Great Canyon.3. the Rockies, the father of waters.4. dairy farming, Harvard, Yale, MIT.5. Death Valley, Great Salt Lake.6. 38, Yellowstone National Park, Old Faithful.7. 4,800, British Columbia, the backbone of the continent, Mt. Elbert.8. Hoover Dam, The Rio Grande, Ruhr.9. half, “Barn of America”, Great Lakes.10. dividing line, Lake Erie, New York.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. A B C2. D3. A D4. A B5. DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. T3. F4. T5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of thesix states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where the earliest English settlements in North America was made.In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The confrontation led to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, which resulted in the War of American Independence that brought about the birth of the United States of America.2. The Appalachians holds one sixth of the continental territory. The mountains are relativelylow, and the average altitude is only 800 meters high.These old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, and have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.3. It is the most important and longest river in the US. It flows about 6,400 km. from theRockies to the Gulf of Mexico, and the fourth longest river in the world.With hundreds of tributaries, the river is known as “the father of wa ters”.The chief tributaries are the Missouri River, the Ohio River, and the Arkansas, etc.4. They are the largest lake group in the world and contain about half of the world’s fresh water.All the five lakes are inter-connected, reaching the Atlantic by way of the St. Lawrence River.They are the important economic lifeline of the Midwest.The world-famous Niagara Falls also attracts numerous visitors.5. The Great Plain stretches from the west of the Mississippi to the Rockies, and covers adistance of about 6,400 kilometers. The land is flat and open, and is originally covered with rich prairie grass, but no trees. Today the area is still a cattle country. Much of the nation’s wheat is grown here, therefore the area is known as the “breadbasket” of Americ a.The Grand Canyon is located in Colorado Plateau, and is cut by Colorado River. It is one of the great natural wonders of the world, and is set up as national park. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide between the tops of its steep walls, and more than a mile deep.P. 224--225I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. little, 63%.2. the Central Plains, the Rockies, electricity.3. Bingham.4. 1/3, Washington, Oregon.5. Gulf of Mexico, Okalahoma.6. gold, gold, Gold Rush.II. Respond to the following items.1. America is rich in water resources. As a whole the country has little trouble with watershortage. Except for the desert regions around the southern Rockies, there are large supplies of fresh water and numerousfertile valleys.2. About 1/3 of America is covered with forests. The greatest virgin forests are in the states ofWashington and Oregon. America has about 500 million acres of commercial forests and about 75% of commercial timber is produced in the eastern part of the country.3. In 1848, gold was discovered in California. The news soon spread out, and thousands ofimmigrants from around the world invaded the Gold Country of California. The peak of the rush was in 1849, thus the many immigrants became known as the '49ers.4. Coal deposits are widely distributed in America, and most coal reserves are to be found inthe Appalachians, the Central Plain, and the Rockies.Most of iron ore is mainly found in the Appalachians and the areas near Lake Superior, and the most important mining area is in Minnesota.P. 226--227I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. northern temperate (P225 书中该词拼写错误), landforms and surrounding waters.2. temperate, tropical.3. temperate, north, hurricanes.4. maritime, distinct, similar.5. Mediterranean, arid, semiarid.6. temperate, temperature.II Answer the following questions.1. The United States is mainly situated in the northern temperature zone. But, owing to itslarge size, varied landforms and surrounding waters, theclimate is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains, and arid in the Great Basin.2. New England belongs to maritime climate. It has distinct seasons with a long cold winter,and short and warm summer. Spring and Fall are warm, and the region receives plenty of rainfall.The Middle Atlantic States have a similar climate to that of New England, but the average temperature is a little higher.3. The Great Plains have a variety of weather throughout the year, which is very cold in winterand very hot in summer, with often strong winds.4. The climate around the Great Lakes is temperate. Winters are sometimes extremely cold;summers are very hot; the region receives sufficient rainfall. The wind blows freely, and often causes sudden and extreme changes in temperature and creates many tornadoes.P. 232I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. TP. 237I Write down the names of the places according to the photos.1. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco2. Niagara Falls3. Las Vegas4. Red Rock Country5. The Grand Canyon6. DisneylandP. 240I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. FChapter Nine The People and Their CultureP. 243I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. third, China, 313.7 million. (书中in 2010错误, 应改为in 2012.)2. 1%, high, below.3. urban, 250.4. northeastern part, 1/4, half.5. New York city, 27 million, Chicago, 9 million.6. California, Texas.II Answer the following questions.1. American population is characterized by variety in composition. The White is the mainstream, and takes up about 72.4% of the total population. Hispanics 16.3%, Blacks 12.6%, Asians 4.8 %, American Indians and Alaska Natives 0.9%, and Native Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders 0.2%.2. The most densely populated region is the northeastern area, including parts of New England, the Mid Atlantic and Mid West. The size of the region takes up about 1/4 of the total, butalmost 1/2 of the total population lives there.3. Comparing with the large size, the population density of the Great Pains is low. The northern part is rather empty. In the combined area of North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas,an area as great as France and Italy put together, there are only 6.2 million inhabitants in 2010.4. The northeastern part is the most densely populated region in America, because this place is the birthplace of America, also the highly developed area.Since the unfavorable living conditions in the west part of the Great Plains and Rockies, the population is thin.The south and west used to thinly populated, but with the rapid development in recent years, the population increases fast, and the population along the Pacific Coast grows dense.P. 247--248I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 55 million, Mexico.2. variety, 100, 31.3. African Americans, slaves.4. Civil Rights, equal civil rights.5. Texas, New Mexico.6. American Indians, Indian Reservations.II Answer the following questions.1. Melting pot is metaphorically used to refer to the US because it is a country of many ethnicgroups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures towards some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the US and gradual ly forming a new nation.2. Indian Reservation is the living place of Indians. Indians were driven westward to live inthese barren desert places when Europeans settled in American continent. In these isolated places, they were allowed to keep a part of their own culture and customs.But the Reservations lacked basic public facilities and life-sustaining opportunities. The situation is somewhat better today, but there continues to be problems3. The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America. Over half of HispanicAmericans are of Mexican descents. The second largest group is of Puerto Rican origin.Other origins include Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Dominican Americans, etc.P. 250--251I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 337, 176.2. Spanish, French.3. English, American.4. Spanish, Spanish.5. Cantonese, third, Chinese American.6. their native, English.II Answer the following questions.1. About 337 languages are spoken by Americans, of which 176 are indigenous, and 52languages formerly spoken in the country are now extinct.2. American English was inherited from British colonization, but there are some changes inspelling, grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, etc.3. Spanish is the second m ost common language in America. The United States holds the world’sfifth largest Spanish-speaking population. Spanish is also an official language of Puerto Rico.Spanish is also the most widely taught second language in America.4. The largest French-speaking communities are in Northeast Maine; Hollywood and Miami,Florida; New York City; and certain areas of rural Louisiana.P. 253--254I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. high adherence, diversity.2. Christians, Protestants, Roman Catholics.3. 30, Baptists, Methodists.4. Judaism, Chinese Americans.5. African Americans, African slaves.6. India, Asian countries.II Answer the following questions.1. The principle of the separation of church and state comes from American Constitution. TheFirst Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and fords the establishment of any religious government.2. Religion plays an important role in many aspects of American life (politics, education, charityand culture) as well as in its international relations. American foreign aid (governmental and private) is very closely related to religion, and based on Christian values that all men and women are the children of God, therefore brothers and sisters; the US State Department issues an annual report on human rights andcriticizes the human rights records in many countries (of which religious freedom is stressed), which is regarded as interfering the internal affairs of other countries; American churches sent many missions abroad, establishing churches, schools and hospitals around the world, such as what the missionaries did in China in 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., John Leighton Stuart <司徒雷登>and the Yanching University <燕京大学>) . They worked with the American government for the diffusion of their religion and values.Value-oriented diplomacy is one of the characteristics of American international relations.A very important mission of American diplomacy is to diffuse its values around the world,and many such values derive from religion, such as equality, liberty and fraternity; religion even plays a role in the American decisions of war and peace, such as the American war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.。
英美概况重点美国篇第5章
英美概况重点美国篇第5章英美概况重点ppt25.Judicial BranchThe judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, the Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal(联邦上诉法院) and, below them, 91 federal district courts. Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement, and can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment(弹劾) and trial in the Congress.英美概况重点ppt司法部门是由最高法院,这是唯一的法院专门设立的宪法.此外,美国国会已经设立了11个联邦上诉法院(联邦上诉法院) , 并低于它们, 91联邦地区法院.联邦法官终身任职或自愿退休,并且只能被免职的过程弹劾(弹劾)和审判大会.英美概况重点ppt26.Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party. Ordinarily,federal courts do not hear cases arising out of the laws of individual states. The Supreme Court today consists of a chief justice(首席大法官)and eight associate justices (大法官).英美概况重点ppt联邦法院具有管辖权的情况下所产生的宪法法律和条约的美国;海事案件;问题涉及外国公民或政府首脑以及在何种情况下,联邦政府本身就是一个党.通常情况下,联邦法院不审理案件所产生的法律的个别国家. 最高法院今天由一名首席法官(首席大法官)和8名助理法官(大法官) .英美概况重点ppt27.Political PartiesToday, the United States has two major political parties: 1)The Democratic Party /symbol: donkey(驴); 2) The Republican Party/symbol: elephant(象). It is quite unusual that a party member does not have a membership(党籍) and he is not required to pay party dues. On voter registration, one only needs to declare and register to become a member of either party.英美概况重点ppt今天,美国有两个主要政党: 1 )民主党/象征物:驴(驴) ; 2 )共和党/象征物:大象(象) . 这是相当不寻常,一个党员没有一个会员国(党籍) ,他是不是需要缴纳党费.关于选民登记, 一个只需要申报和登记成为会员之一英美概况重点ppt27.Steps for Presidential Election1) The party calls a national convention to elect a presidential candidate(the one who gets more than half of the votes wins the normination提名); 2) The presidential candidate chooses his/her running mate(竞选伙伴), the candidate for the vice presidency;英美概况重点ppt党的要求的国家公约,选出的总统候选人(一个谁得到超过半数的选票,赢得提名) ; 总统候选人选择他/她的竞选搭档(竞选伙伴)的候选人,副总统;英美概况重点ppt28.3)The presidential candidates form a campaign team to raise compaign funds, plan general election tactics and prepare campaign details; 4) The campaign starts。
英美概况美国部分第二章
the Great Plain
1) a comparatively small population; 2) the Northern part is empty and
featherless, North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas have 4,390,763 people.
Cuba
"other Spanish“ origin
California, Texas living place other parts of the
nation as well
in the barriors of New York, Chicago and other northern cities
low increase in population.
·New York City---the largest one with more than 18 million people; ·Chicago--- the third largest one with 8 million people.
Asians and Pacific Islanders----7,273,662 people in 1990 represented 2.9% of the whole.
(完整版)英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英美概况美国部分(修正版)
英美概况：美国部分美国是一个世界强国，也是世界上最发达的国家之一。
它是全球第三大面积的国家，也是人口最多的发达国家之一。
在全球政治、经济、文化和科技等多个方面都具有重要影响力。
本文将介绍美国的基本概况，包括历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的信息。
历史美国的历史可以追溯到17世纪初。
当时，欧洲人开始在美洲殖民，最初的定居点之一是弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
在接下来的几个世纪里，欧洲的殖民者不断向西扩张，逐渐控制了整个北美洲。
在18世纪末，美国独立战争爆发，美国成功地获得了独立。
之后，美国逐步成为一个强大的国家，经历了艰苦的内战、两次世界大战、冷战等重要时期。
如今，美国已经发展成为一个全球超级大国。
政治美国是一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州和华盛顿特区组成。
美国的总统是国家最高领导人，其它重要政治职位包括国务卿、众议院议长、参议院议长等。
美国的政治体系强调三权分立，即立法、行政和司法。
除了国家政府外，各个州和地方政府也有很大的自治权力。
例如，州政府负责管理其内部的基础设施、教育、警力等方面的事务。
经济美国是世界上最大的经济体之一，并拥有世界上最先进的市场经济体系。
其国内生产总值(GDP)约为21万亿美元，占据了全球总GDP的近四分之一。
美国的经济以服务业和制造业为主。
其中，科技产业是美国经济的一个重要支柱，硅谷和纽约市的科技企业在全球范围内都有重要影响力。
美国的贸易额也非常高，是世界上最大的进口国和第二大出口国。
文化美国文化是世界上最多元化的文化之一，其核心价值包括自由、民主和平等。
美国拥有世界最顶尖的大学、艺术机构和博物馆，其中包括哈佛大学、纽约大都会艺术博物馆、洛杉矶县艺术博物馆等。
美国的音乐和电影产业也非常有名，好莱坞电影更是成为了世界的一张名片。
在日常生活中，美国人非常注重个人隐私和自由，热爱户外运动和旅游。
他们吃的食物和所喜欢的体育运动都各具特色，如热狗、汉堡包、冰淇淋、棒球等。
美国是一个多元化的国家，拥有着丰富的历史、政治、经济和文化。
英美概况美国部分开始
美国部分开始chapter 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考"一句话简答"的可能）2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英美概况USA-5
Fragmentation of Power
14/21
federalism: A system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units. (Central & local governments: first division of power) separation of powers: The second division of power was within the national government – the legislative (two houses), executive, and judicial. checks and balances: Each branch was given some authority over the others. If one branch abused its power, the others could use their checks to thwart it.
我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦， 树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全 民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸 福，乃为美利坚合众国制订和确立这一部宪法。
Features of the Constitution
10/21
A written Constitution
Checks and Balances: History
6/21
三权分立是一个政治学说，其主张政府的行政、立法与司法职 权范围要分明，以免滥用权力。三权分立原则的起源可追溯至亚里 士多德时代。 17世纪，英国著名思想家洛克《政府论》的发表，表明现代意 义上的分权理论初步形成。洛克在《政府论》中，对权力分立理论 有详尽的描述。他把国家权力分为立法权、行政权、和对外权，这 三种权力应该分别有不同的国家机关行使。立法权属于议会，行政 权属于国王，对外权涉及到和平与战争、外交与结盟，也为国王行 使。 法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠更进一步发展了分权理论，提出著名 的“三权分立”理论。他在《论法的精神》中，将国家权力分为三 种：立法权、行政权和司法权。孟德斯鸠这一思想对美国的宪法制 定者影响很大，美国宪法规定，国会可以弹劾总统,但是美国建国 200多年来只有几个总统遭受弹劾提案，1868年,美国参议院仅以 一票之差否决了对安德鲁〃约翰逊总统弹劾案,1974年,尼克松总统 就因水门事件而主动宣布辞职，没有受到弹劾，1999年美国参议院 否决了对克林顿总统弹劾案。
来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解
目 录第1卷（英国）第1章 土地和人民1.1 复习笔记1.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章 英国历史2.1 复习笔记2.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章 政治、政府及教育3.1 复习笔记3.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章 补充材料4.1 复习笔记4.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2卷（美国）第1章 总 括1.1 复习笔记1.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章 美国的历史2.1 复习笔记2.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章 政府形式和社会生活3.1 复习笔记3.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章 补充材料4.1 复习笔记4.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第1卷（英国）第1章 土地和人民1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The British Isles and Great Britain1. Full name2. Constituents3. Introduction of Each Part4. Physiographic Features5. Climate and W eather6. Factors Influencing English W eather7. Inland W ater8. The English LanguageⅡ. People and the State1. People2. Party Politics3. Central Government4. Local Governments5. Law6. Reform of the Law Court7. Legal Profession8. Police Force9. Religion10. Characteristics of the English PeopleⅢ. National Economy1. General Survey2. Company Law and Framework of Industry3. Heavy and Light Industries4. Textile Industries5. Agriculture6. Transportation and Communication7. British Disease and Thatcher’s Medicine8. CitiesⅠ. The British Isles and Great Britain (不列颠群岛及大不列颠)1. Full name (全称)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents (组成部分)(1)The Island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and W ales大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)Northern Ireland北爱尔兰3. Introduction of Each Part (各部分简介)(1)England (英格兰)England is the largest and most developed of all the three political divisions.英格兰是三个中最大的和最发达的政治分区。
英美概况美国部分汇总整编
英美概况美国部分汇总整编AmericaThe Founding of Colonies殖民地的建⽴First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmerica—the New WorldEurope—the Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South CarolinaGeorgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建⽴原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact <五⽉花号公约>：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons:1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder Granted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港⼝，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民⽣活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate:1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳⼯）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波⼠顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other↓English colonies in America ←attack →Indians波⼠顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies.Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Continental Congresses 两次⼤陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 《权利和不满宣⾔》Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声——导⽕索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American CrisisDeclaration of Independence独⽴宣⾔During the 2nd Continental Congress——A committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776(Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history.It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government...”--- Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Lockeequality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实⼒对⽐England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy noneHigh morale-- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independencenew problems1) how to make use of the new territory--allow the founding of new states [equality and democracy]2) not very closely united--13 separate states rather than a united country3) economic difficulties-- trade problem with Britain--debts because of the Independance War-- increasing tax and Shays’Rebellion in MassachusettsThe need for a new Government was felt——May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution--completed on September 17, 1787--Constitutional Day of the USThe Father of the Constitution: James MadisonBill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion,freedom of speech and the press,the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms,the right against unreasonable searches and seizures,the right against self-incrimination（⾃证其罪）---the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.---a defense line against violations of human rights政治体制见另⼀张Territorial Expansion 领⼟扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union2) Economy witnessed development"the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领⼟扩张⽅式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间---third US President in 1801---emphasized development of agriculture and commerce---favored the westward expansionLouisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas CitiesThe Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程-- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana. -- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico-- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century)reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:--the war 1812 drove the native Indians--the Federal government built roads and canals-- The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.-- government policy: land for sale--the Homestead Act 宅地法（1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of IndiansThe beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴⾪制起源Reason: labor shortage in the coloniesTime: first in 1619 to plant tobaccoMethod: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change:-- declined after Independence War-- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern populationAmerican Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from SlaveryReasons：-- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law--Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states?--Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutalDevelopment of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery---secret organization to help slaves escape---mobilize public support2)the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war⼀个⼩妇⼈的⼀部⼩书引起了⼀场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincolna Republican; anti -slaveryOn March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincoln's goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North Southadvantages: advantages:---larger population ---strong military tradition---loyal Navy ---experienced military officers---factories for munition production ---high morale---enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:---poorly prepared ---smaller population---inexperienced soldiers ---not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone systemAmerica in and after WWI⼀战中和⼀战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it.In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers：Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加⼊Allied Entente）RussiaAmerica (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American shipsfear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals.Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s("the jazz age")特点：Peaceful and prosperous"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it."eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die"The Great Depression 经济⼤萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929[The bear market; “the black Thursday”]Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover.EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich familyEducation background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; can't walk normallyPresident Roosevelt's “New Deal”罗斯福新政---presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal”[新政]---1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act---to enlarge employment and increase consumption---public projects: infrastructure---to raise the price of farm productsetc.Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat" 炉边谈话first "chat" on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响---Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.---His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States.America in and after WWⅡ⼆战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitler’s fascist expansion. Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germany’s invasion of Poland各国不同⽴场：---Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939---England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy [by Munich Agreement], by selling other lands for peace [e.g. Sudetenland in Czech]; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：--- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts--- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry”basis.--- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the deteriorated situation: the Roman-Berlin Axis [fascist military bloc]---Contribution to the war from 1941: Lend-Lease Bill [clever invention of Roosevelt]: any qualified countries could borrow or rent American weapons ---America is“the great arsenal of democracy”--- Entry into the war on Dec. 8, 1941: Japan’s air raid on Pearl HarborAmerica in the War：War-time economyConcentrated on the battlefields in EuropeSeveral million American soldiers诺曼底登陆（D-Day)：June 6, 1944, known as D-day, the first contingents of American and British invasion army landed on the beaches of Normandy, opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.Surrender of Japan ⽇本投降On August 6 and 9, 1945, American aircraft dropped two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, killing nearly 200,000 people. On August 14, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the WWII ended.America after the War-- Became a creditor nation-- Unemployment disappeared-- Dominant industrial production in the world and robust GDP-- Export monopoly in the world market-- Personal wealth accumulation and growing domestic marketA rising superpower and world leaderCold War and America in the 21st CenturyCold War (1945-1989)Cold war: the international tension, conflicts and containment without bloody hot war between Soviet Union and the U.S. Duration: end of WWII to the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989Hot-spots热点地带：---Southern and Western Europe and Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan;---Berlin Wall---Korean War---Vietnam War---Cuban Missile CrisisThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划Stage 1：In Feb. 1947, Britain would end the economical support of Greece and Turkey, which would fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. America decided to help the two countries.Stage 2：The Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s speech to the Congress in Feb. 1949: the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Socialism.[real purpose]Stage 3：The worsening economic situation in Western Europe, coupled with a severe cold and snowstorm: might turn CommunistStage 4:The Marshall Plan (1947-1952): offer economic aid to Western economy; announced by Secretary of State (美国国务卿) George Marshall on June 5, 1947; $ 13 billionBerlin WallSoviet Union: block the West Berlin in June, 1948The U.S. : Airlift for food suppliesSoviet Union: Lifted the blockade in May, 1949.The foundation of NATO laterVietnam War (1955-1975)After 1970sIn 1980s, Reagan Revolution; Economic policy to counter against the inflation in 1970s:George Bush: Gulf War海湾战争Bill Clinton: Whitewater affair; Lewinsky ScandalAmerica in the 21st Century: terrorism and anti-terrorismGeorge W. Bush: Sept. 11th, Afghanistan War; Iraqi WarBarack Obama: new terrorismAmerican Political System美国政治体制：（Overview）The American Constitution---significancefounded federalism and introduced checks and balances（三权分⽴）into government for the first time in history—Based on division of power↓1.The First division of power-- federal governmentproblems of general concern e.g.to coin money, regulate commerce, raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, levy taxes (征税)-- state governmentAll the powers not listed in the Constitution to pass state laws2.The Second division of power: check and balance system---three separate yet interdependent branches:The Executive (administration): presidentThe Legislative : the CongressThe Judicial: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals and 91 district courts1)The Legislative : the Congress(535⼈)---the House of Representatives(435⼈,任期两年): in proportion to population---the Senate(100⼈,任期六年,三分之⼀的参议院席位每两年选举⼀次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任⼀届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举⼈团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举⼈票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选⼈。
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PART TWO The United States of American1. Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1) introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.② a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America. 移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2) Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population;the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
1%；1619 年最早的黑人作为奴隶被运至美国。
②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln ‘ s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.1863 年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865 年的《宪法第13 修正案》使奴隶制度正式瓦解。
废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960 年的民权运动。
2. American History1) The —discovery II of the New World 发现新大陆①The ——first America ns II were the In dia ns最早的美国人是印第安人②In the late 15th cen tury, Christopher Columbus, an Italia n n avigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didn ‘ t know he had disvovered a New Continent.15 世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492 年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。
他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named America afterhim.阿美利歌。
韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
2) Causes of the colonization of the New WorldOpportunity was a magic word. ①The new World drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establish ing great new estates.). ② Drew other people who could not find jobs in En gla nd. ③ Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmla nds and villages of Europe. ④ Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.机遇是一个神奇的词。
1 )他吸引了英国的贵族 (那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的) 2)吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
3)尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。
4)许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到宗教迫害。
3) The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia,Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina. 美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607 年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。
从1607 年到1733 年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13 个殖民地。
它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。
In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.The Puritans （清教徒），unlike the Pilgrims（清教徒前辈）who were artisa ns and peasa nts,were wealthy,well -educated gen tleme n. The Purita ns did not allow religious dissent.The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐一5月花号H船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。
清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。
清教徒不允许异教存在。
殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。
以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。
3）T he American War of Independence and its consequences. 美国独立战争极其影响①the causes:With the developme nt of econo my,the people in the colonies wan ted more power to determine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies.原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。
而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税②the Bost on Tea Party（波士顿茶叶事件）:In 1773, several dozen Bosto n reside nts dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor.1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。
③the First con ti nen tal Con gress: In September 1774, the First Continen tal Con gress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.第一届大陆会议：1774年9月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。