托福基础写作讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作基础讲义1
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowled ge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
罗茗科托福写作讲义
2007年11月25日“There is always a siren, singing the shipwreck. Steering always from each rock, we have been a walking disaster. Just because you feel it, doesn’t mean it’s there.”Walking dictionary 活字典写作原则：重要提前原则。
”Make your sentence longer and longer.”主动> 被动注意形容词和动词的多样化，加强使用副词。
一一不对应原则。
Independent Task – TopicsPreference A or B.Opinion Agree or DisagreeDescription Open QuestionWhat makes a man? (responsible, rational, analytical, critical, informative, chivalrous…)写作步骤：Plan:1. Identify the Question2. Brainstorm3. Positioning4. Create OutlineWrite:Initial the Into-partGenerate body paragraphsGive conclusionProofread:CheckUpgrade怎样想理由？（Brainstorm）SWOT·Strengths·Weakness·Opportunities·ThreatsSTAKEHOLDER·Interests·Perspective·Ideology/mind-set/methodologyLIMITATIOJNS·Time: anytime?·Situation: every situation?·Place: every place?·Exception: no exception at all?2007年12月02日“Chongqing, the city of never Jazz.”2007年12月09日Independent TaskIntroductionAttention device (Grab the attention from the reader) ·Paraphrase the topic (-)·Background understanding (0)·Super Star Opening (+)Theme (Explain your position on the topic clearly) ·From my perspective, …How to develop·Transition to the body paragraphs·I regard analytical & rational as…·Hence, this essay will firstly…Key Note:·3-5 sentences·Do not to into specific example·Do not repeat the topic·Theme>Attention Device>HTDHow to create attention device?·Restate or extend the Question·Describe the background information·Use Story/Scenario·Use adage/quotation/expert opinion·Make shocking Statement·Employ Parallel Rhetorical Questions“He knows no danger.He knows no fear.He knows nothing.”2007年12月16日“You are only just a dream boat, sailing in my head You swim my secret oceans of coral blue and redYour smell is incense burningYour touch is silken yetIt reaches through my skin, moving from within and clutches at my breastBut it is only when I sleep”Independent Tast (开头段写法)When Adam Smiths argued that ”there is an invisible hand above the market”, he was only partly right, in terms of the China market.The students at West Virginia University don’t want you to think they take life too seriously. -------marriage issueWhen Ted Kennedy gazes from the windows from his office in Boston, he can see the harbors’“Golden Stairs” where all eight of his great grandparents first set foot in America. ------US Visa IssuePreviously, for some years, dangerous sports such as extreme sports became prevalent to many people, especially young generations.A teacher sometimes has to be a referee, a coach, and a …The year is marked with many holidays each with its traditional rites and customs.The bride and groom, a guitar-wielding rock vixen and a muscle-rippling dragon-slayer, make an odd couple---so it is hardly surprising that nobody expected their marriage. But on December 2nd the videogame companies behind "guitar Hero" and "World of Warcraft", Activision and Vivendi Games respectively, announced plans for an elaborate merger.As Americans digest the news of another gun atrocity, a mall shooting in Nebraska on December 5th, they cannot be blamed for thinking that guns are in too ready supply. But an article in the latest Economic Journal suggests that the demand for illegal guns, at least, is not met as easily as people might fear.Just as computers used to occupy entire rooms, and were able to make only a few thousand computations a second, so the first DNA-sequencing machines were able to read only about 5000 genetic "letters" a day. Technology changes. Now it is possible for a single machine to sequence a human genome of about 3 billion letters in two months. At this rate, those 5000 letters would take less than ten seconds.In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realize that smell matters quite a lot, too.IT is a typical example of the colonization of a new frontier. A few intrepid explorers stake out some new, unexplored territory. Before long the first settlers move in and start to look for ways to make a quick buck. their success attracts more settler, and an unruly bonanza ensues; finally the policemen, lawyers and tax collectors show up. But the territory in question is not a new continent: it is the realm of cyberspace, where two developments suggest that virtual worlds are coming of age. The first is the emergence of commercial uses for virtual environments; the second is the advent of litigation and regulation.Even miracles have their price. When DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1984, it was an extraordinary advance in forensic science. It was also an irresistible temptation to the public authorities to start building databases of their crimina l citizens’' genetic profiles. Regardless of the rights and wrongs of those decisions, these databases have created a need for the mass storage of biological samples."I have not failed. I have just found 10000 ways that won't work." That is how Thomas Edison described his laborious attempts to perfect the incandescent light bulb. Yet an emerging technique for developing inventions knocks even Edison's exhaustive approach into a cocked hat. Evolutionary design, which borrows its ideas from biology, enables a computer to run through tens of millions of variations on an invention until it hits on the best solution to a problem.开篇场景描写：You try to turn off the TV, but you can’t find the remote. Then your cell phone starts ringing, and your alarm clock goes on. Your computer screen flashes a fatal error message; while your electric popcorn popper sends popcorn all over your kitchen, plus a Ding ring of your Microwave and the siren alarm of your water pot. Sounds familiar? If you are like most people you are in an ongoing battle with technology, and unfortunately, technology is winning.He quiets us down with just a stare.Recharge(充电) my batteriesHeaven never seals off all the exits. 天无绝人之路。
托福写作讲义
托福写作讲义复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，落实具体细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述的能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗的练习一、独立写作评分标准An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Ef fective addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则关键的部分1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯5、避免重复的观点6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度一个能力五个误区能力：清楚恰当举例的能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的，不可能做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
托福基础写作讲义参考答案
托福基础写作讲义参考答案第二章：一般功能词汇（P10-P19）1 逻辑关系表示因果关系(1)because(2)owing to(3)As a result(4)so(5)thereby(6)thus(7)His illness/sickness resulted from eating bad food.(8)Industrial Revolution originated in/from the invention of steam engine.(9)gives rise to(10)is responsible for(11)prompted表示类比与对比关系(1)Similarly(2)Boys demanded total loyalty from girls, but by the same token boys gave total loyalty in return.(3)Unlike(4)She doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think she is rather beautiful.(5)In contrast to their pessimism, I was feeling a remarkable euphoria.(6)The policy will promote rather than hinder reformInstead of hindering reform, the policy will promote it.表示让步关系(1)Nonetheless(2)Although I was tempted to various benefits, I still insist on my principles.(3)despite表示限定关系(1)In terms of/in terms of(2)When it comes to2.2 事物数量表示很多(1)a host of(2)legions of(3)Innumerable(4)Government met a vast number of difficulties when treating water pollution.(5)A large amount of(6)A great deal of Sprite was left in the bottle.(7)Liu Qian performed plenty of magic shows to entertain audiences at Spring Festival Gala.表示很少(1)A small number of(2)few表示各种各样(1)The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.(2)various(3)diverse(4)diverse表示相同的(1)Bill Gate’s achievements are not comparable to Edison’s.(2)similar(3)alike(4)The two systems are, in fact, identical.2.3 变化(1)boost(2)grew(3)rise(4)has risen(5)increases(6)The volume of business of Baidu Inc. has grown dramatically in the past five years.(7)has dwindled(8)deplete(9)The number of students attending college entrance exam has dwindled quickly for four years insuccession.2.4 事物/事件属性表示重要的(1)crucial/fundamental(2)integral parts of(3)be significant(4)In the American system of values，patience is not a high priority.表示次要的(1)secondary(2)Sex education has always been a low priority in schools, and parents are often reluctant to talk about thetaboo issue.(3)takes a back seat.表示昂贵的/便宜的(1)costly(2)Asians are major purchasers of world famous luxurious brand such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Dior.(3)The price of houses located within the 3rd ring road in Beijing is exorbitant.(4)He kept his first love letter since it was pretty precious to him.(5)cheap(6)Although Mark Zuckerberg is a billionaire, he lives a frugal life such as taking subway in Beijing.表示必要的/非必要的(1)necessary(2)imperative(3)Without doubt, when it comes to international terrorism, a new spirit of common resolution isindispensable.(4)We usually pay attention to some inessential details, but throw away what are more valuable .(5)Mutual distrust is the cause for unnecessary arguments between many couples.表示合适的/不合适的(1)A focus on climate change is entirely appropriate.(2)Horror movies are not proper to teenagers. Even so, many of them are still keen on this kind of movies.(3)When visiting National September 11 Memorial, loud laughter seems inappropriate.(4)improper(5)Due to the unsuitable climate, it's impossible to play the winter games like skiing in Britain.表示传统的(1)Dragon Boat Festival, a Chinese traditional festival, is to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great politician,thinker and poet.(2)Mother told us many conventional ideas that we can get pregnant holding hands with boys when I was ayoung girl.(3)It is a conventional culture to put cheeks against others when people great each other in Belgium.表示可能的/不可能的(1)There is a huge likelihood that transoceanic missile can be built right now.(2)It is conceivable that economists believe that a new economic crisis will sweep around the world.(3)possible(4)The level of unemployment in America is unlikely to decline in the next five years.表示明显的(1)Helping the enemies of one’s own country is an apparent treason.(2)Big banks have obvious advantages over small ones.(3)The design of this website delivered distinct sense of visual stimulation.表示普遍存在的/罕见的(1)prevalent(2)Nowadays, plastic products are ubiquitous in our lives.(3)Wild pandas are quite rare in China.(4)Due to massive usage of paper products, forest vegetation are becoming gradually sparse.表示强制的/可选择的(1)are required to(2)mandatory(3)She will choose French as an elective course next year.第三章：特殊背景词汇（P22-P63）School EducationA:1. have a strong impact on2. work as a team3. share a room with4. prevent school violence5. making a change in6. Learning by yourself7. With the help of8. offer an educational opportunity9. gain updated information10. face your problem11. expand your knowledge12. get involved in outdoor activitiesB（略）Translation:1. Teachers and students all have to participate with enthusiasm in a class discussion.2. It costs a lot of money for parents to make their children study abroad.3. Besides pursuing knowledge, people also attend a university to do their career preparation.4. All the students should have the opportunity to do outdoor activities.5. Schools provide students with opportunities to increase their potential capabilities.6. The goal of writing a book report is to share ideas with others about the book you read.7. As you write, you will be able to organize your thoughts better.8. Sometimes, people learn by making a mistake.9. Some students do not want to go to school because they feel peer pressure.10. I believe that every student should be required to read a book every week.11. In order to promote creative thinking, some people explore nature.12. Real life experience is as important as knowledge from school.13. School life includes not only attending classes but also getting along with other students.14. The government should increase the education budget so that every school can have its own library.15. Every person has a choice of whether to live or to die.16. If we have a long summer vacation, we can use it to develop expertise in a certain field.17. In my opinion, every elementary school teacher should have a diploma in psychology.18. I prefer watching TV to reading books because I can gain knowledge from TV more easily than from books.19. Once you form a study group with others, you should follow the rules of the group.20. Some people commit crimes because they only put a priority on personal gains.Family & SocietyA:1. get along with2. form an organization3. make a contribution to4. has a tendency to5. have more of a sense of community6. feel secure7. follow in a same-sex parent’s footsteps8. show respect to9. use public transportation10. participate in community activities.11. making important decision for12. reminds me ofB（略）Translation:1. Students have to decide what to do for a living in the future before they graduate from school.2. It is hard to support your family without making sacrifices yourself.3. Once you make a promise, you should be committed to keeping it.4. Young children treat their pets like toys.5. Since we have freedom of speech, we can form public opinion regardless of our age.6. Parents have high standards for their children because they love their children.7. As a way to improve public transportation, I suggest running the subway 24 hours a day.8. Some people say teenage delinquency is not necessary for the mental development of adolescents.9. I want to have a close relationship with all of my classmates.10. In Korean culture, people usually do not build a monument to a living person.11. Dependent children are often too emotionally attached to their parents.12. It is our duty to pass on our good values to our children.13. In order to practice a particular religion, you have to obey the rules of that religion from the bottom of your heart.14. You cannot be a good teacher until you show leadership skills to your students.15. In my view, people have to live in different places before putting down their roots in one place.16. People tend to be hospitable to a member of their group.17. If you live in a suburban area, you will have a lot of chances to know your neighbors.18. Children usually build their social skills for the first time in kindergarten.19. Before trying to gain the support of your family, you should try to do without their help.20. If you visit a friend’s neighborhood, you may understand your friend better.Economy & BusinessA:1. have a positive attitude towards2. obtains an entry-level position3. encourage competition4. work overtime5. leave your job6. make up for their losses7. Getting a promotion/ Climbing corporate ladder8. cannot a promotion9. returning corporate profits to society10. get a refund on11.charges higher prices12. lower the interest rateB（略）Translation:1. It is important to understand the market principles to be successful in a business.2. Some companies never fire employees but allow them to retire from their jobs.3. Interest rates are one of the most important factors to boost the economy.4. If a company does not have enough money to pay back a loan, it may end up going bankrupt.5. It is essential to increase productivity to keep a good work environment.6. If you want to hire a person in your department, you have to explain a job description.7. A number of people should work very hard in order to make a living.8. One of the best aspects of having a job is earning money.9. Public schools would lack revenue if we did not pay taxes.10. You must compete with others in order to climb the corporate ladder.11. In a group project, you can feel a sense of accomplishment and share it with others.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. You have to minimize your cost of living to save money for the future.14. It is more effective to complain in writing than to complain in person.15. When two companies work together, they can split the cost of production.16. I prefer getting paid by the hour to getting paid by the day, because my job requires me to work overtime all the time.17.Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. If you call in sick every week, nobody will believe you.19. Many people want to be self-employed these days.20. A company cannot urge its employees to devote their whole lives to the company.Living & ThinkingA:1. plan ahead2. go on a shopping spree/ get stressed out3. take advantage of4. look up to5. endure hardship6. get into trouble7. after careful thought8. lives by a rule9. save money for a rainy day10. look down on11. take a short rest12. takes my sideB（略）Translation:1. If you have a lot of things to do, you should set your priorities before taking action.2. Some people are afraid of speaking in public because they are not confident in themselves.3. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.4. Because of peer pressure, some students cannot stay out of trouble.5. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.6. Some people cannot break their bad habits because they are addicted to those habits.7. It is not wise to judge others by their appearances.8. Sometimes, slowing down is the fastest way.9. Keeping a secret does not always make you a good person.10. Immigrants have difficult times because they should adapt to a new situation.11. Some people are extremely critical of others but very generous in evaluating themselves.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. I have a sociable character, so I cannot put up with staying at home alone.14. It is better to consult with your doctor before taking medicine if you are worried about any side effects.15. Being sincere to yourself means telling the truth to yourself.16. Frustration is only a rite of passage to adolescents if they are equipped with courage.17. Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. You should make a careful decision when you choose your major in university.19. The world would be boring if everyone had the same taste in everything.20. Optimistic people try not to have regrets about what they cannot change.Culture & LeisureA:1. respect cultural differences2. dress in the traditional costumes3. a guided tour4. make a film about5. save face6. lead public opinion7. make history8. take a break from their routines9. giving (or expressing) an opinion10. be attracted to11. appreciate art12. become an idol to teenagersB（略）Translation:1.When you travel abroad, you may experience jet lag.2. Some people do not want to go traveling because they get severe motion sickness.3. Camping is better than staying at a hotel because I like to make a bonfire.4. You should make a reservation in advance for a live performance.5. Nowadays, television decides what is in vogue tomorrow.6. To make many friends, you should carry on a variety of activities.7. It is cheaper to subscribe to a newspaper than to buy it on newsstands.8. Even if I dress in the costume of a queen, it does not make me a queen.9. Every person has a knack for something.10. If you exercise your imaginative power, you can communicate with children better.11. A couch potato would not understand the beauty of nature.12. Parents should recommend their children to make their own rules.13. Students should not be allowed to use their cell phones during recess.14. If you live in a rural area, it will be hard to attend a live performance.15. It can be dangerous to give a ride to a stranger on the street.16. You may not know why you should celebrate national holidays if you do not learn history.17. When someone speaks a different language from you, you have to be more attentive.18. I believe that students can show creativity in art or music classes.19. In my opinion, violent movies have a less effect on copycat crimes than television news does.20. If I have an opportunity to go abroad, I want to go to Europe.Health & EnvironmentA:1. am allergic to2. a desperate food shortage3. cure a patient of a disease4. receive sufficient nutrition5. Educating the public6. adapt to the environment7. preserving the environment8. cause damage to the environment9. gets a physical checkup10. urban sprawl11. be short of12. sustainableB（略）Translation:1. We should prohibit smoking in public places to protect non-smokers.2. Hygiene education is very important to protect people from being infected with disease.3. Natural resources like charcoal or petroleum are nonrenewable resources.4. Healthy eating habits can decrease the risks of heart-related illness.5. Using less water and carrying one’s own cup help to preserve the environment.6. Eating les and doing daily exercise are the best ways to diet.7. While it is easy to pollute the air, it is very hard to purify polluted air.8. Getting sleep when you are stressed out is not always good for your mental health.9. A dense population has caused a serious increase in the temperature in our city.10. Every living thing consumes energy, but humans consume the most energy.11. It is more important to prevent a disease than to heal the disease.12. The next generation will not be able to consume as many natural resources as we do.13. Students should learn at school how we can care for the handicapped.14. Even though life expectancy has increased over the years, many people still die at a young age.15. Our government is managing public medical facilities very well to compete with private medical facilities.16. Due to careless exploitation, the tropical rainforests of the Amazon are currently in critical condition.17. Optimistic people rarely come down with illnesses.18. People who eat foods which are high in calories must exercise regularly.19. If we can relieve the overpopulation of our city, the traffic problems will be also solved.20. People living in urban areas are more exposed to car exhaust than people living in rural areas.Science & TechnologyA:1. Exploring outer space2. create online communities3. download software from4. shutting down a computer5. make a long-distance call6. made progress7. develop nuclear weapons8. expose children to9. making an in-depth analysis of10. peer-to-peer sharing11. provide us with a chance12. turn off the TVB（略）Translation:1. The purpose of space exploration is to find other planets which humans can control.2. Before signing up for a website, you should read the terms of membership carefully.3. Many people can keep in touch with their old friends through the Internet.4. Radical advances in technology are considered one cause of recent environmental problems.5. The government should make it easier for the handicapped to gain access to information.6. It is necessary for us to change the power resources of electronic appliances to protect the environment.7. Some people do not know how to program a computer though they use it every day.8. It is hard to stay up to date with technology as it progresses so rapidly.9. Genetic engineering has made a great difference in many aspects of our lives.10. We can do more things with our cell phones than just making wireless communications.11. People have used the Internet to get information and interact with others.12. Without the aid of cutting-edge technology, ancient people could build great walls and pyramids.13. Reading more books and watching less television is the key to deep thinking.14. Modern technology is so advanced that we may not be able to make a significant breakthrough any more.15. Computer technology could reach the current state since people did not stop making adjustments.16. Our government should explain why we need to conduct research on outer space.17. Because of the negative consequences of globalization, some countries do not want to keep in step with globalization.18. People without the basic knowledge of computers are called computer illiterate.19. Our government has spent a fortune to advance medical science.20. Since cellular phones are now an integral part of modern life, many people think they cannot do without their cell phones.第四章：必备表达（P64-P103）Agree/ Disagree ITranslation:1. I agree that a feeling of accomplishment is more important than a salary.2. In my opinion, automobiles have done us more good than harm.3. To sum up, it is good for children's emotional development to read fiction.4. There is no question that making quick decisions often gives us the wrong answers.5. It is evident that borrowing money from a friend can damage the friendship.6. I firmly believe that it is a good rule to prohibit smoking in public places.7. In short, homemade food costs less than the food at restaurants.8. I do not hold with the idea that people do not need to travel because they can explore the world through9. I am in favor of the idea that students should learn more than two foreign languages at school.10. I disagree with the opinion that technological development isolates people from each other.11. I firmly believe that water pollution is one of the most serious problems we have.12. I go along with the idea that capital punishment should be terminated.13. There is no doubt that we can learn many things from the elderly.14. Personally, I think that school uniforms prevent students from expressing their personalities.15. I do not hold with the notion that the government is not responsible for poverty at all.16. I agree that teachers should give students daily homework.17. In brief, I prefer staying home to going outside on holidays.18. In summary, people earn money in order to be happy in the end.19. I agree that the government should prohibit the advertising of alcohol and tobacco on television.20. I do not agree that it is more important to learn knowledge from studying than it is to develop creativity.21. In my view, people can get healthier if they do not eat junk food.22. It is evident that violent movies can incite adolescents’ aggressive behavior.23. I firmly believe it is more important to spen d time with one’s family than it is to spend time at work.24. I go along with the opinion that our ancestors enjoyed life more than we do.A:1. people succeed by luck, not by hard work.2. watching television has a negative effect on children.3. middle and high school students should learn art and music as compulsory subjects.4. only the rich can be considered successful.5. childhood is the most important period in one’s life.B:1. movies are as entertaining as novels and short stories.2. teachers’ salaries should be determined by their students’ achievements.3. dancing has played a huge role in enriching our cultures.4. children’s academic achievements are more affected by their peers than by their parents.5. In my view, there is nothing people can learn from fictional stories.C:1. experiences gained through hardships become the foundation for a successful future.2. people can communicate more effectively only when they see each other in person.3. modern technology helps students to learn more things in a short period of time.4. you do not need to feel pressured to do what you do not want to do.5. we can learn valuable lessons from fictional books.Writing:1. Agree:I firmly believe that universities should spend as much money on sports activities as they spend on libraries. Knowledge is of no use if students lose their health, so it would be helpful for universities to invest money in sports facilities and encourage students to take part in sports activities.I disagree that students’ sports activities are important enough for universities to spend the same amount of money as they do on libraries. Not every student enjoys sports activities, but all the students need a good facility where they can concentrate on their studies2. Agree:I go along with the idea that traveling in a group led by a tour guide is the best way to enjoy a trip. There are two reasons for this. First, you do not need to worry about getting lost. Also, you can save a lot of money by traveling in a group with other people.Disagree:I do not hold with the opinion that the best way to travel is a guided tour. In my view, traveling alone is more fun because you can go to anywhere you want.3. Agree:I agree that high school students should be able to choose their courses without any limitations. Students will pay more attention to their classes if they are learning what they want to know.Disagree:It is evident that students should not be allowed to take only the courses that they want to study. If they are given such options, students will take only easy courses and avoid possibly boring but important courses.4. Agree:I firmly believe that clothes change people’s behavior. Students try not to g et into trouble when they are wearing their school uniforms because they can be easily identified by their uniforms.Disagree:There is no question that human behavior has nothing to do with one’s clothes. If we could change people’s behavior with clothes, we would be able to reform criminals by changing their clothes.5. Agree:I am in favor of the idea that the mass media tends to dig excessively into the personal lives of famous people.I believe that we do not have to know that they do in their free time unless they commit crimes or harm others’ lives.Disagree:1. In my view, it is unavoidable for public figures and celebrities to be exposed to the mass media. The media would not be interested in the private lives of those people if they were not famous.Agree/ Disagree IITranslation:1. I support the idea that students can develop their imaginations by reading novels.2. I do not think it is impossible for universities to give a scholarship to every student.3. As a result of globalization, people d on’t feel many cultural differences these days.4. There is a saying, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”5. In my experience, parents can be the best friends for their children because they always take their side.6. I am against the opinion that women should stay at home to take care of their children.7. I question whether it is educational to allow children to watch TV commercials.8. For example, passive viewers prefer entertaining programs to informative ones.9. To give you an idea, I will explain how an optimistic attitude can change a person’s life.10. I object to the notion that people who take risks are the only ones who can get good chances.11. I support the idea that it is important to participate in extracurricular activities.12. Consequently, I believe that people who are attracted to dangerous sports cannot stand their daily routines.13. I am against the opinion that people can hardly learn some points from one’s experience.14. It is said that people should be able to take care of themselves when they are isolated.15. I object to the notion that it is a waste of time to listen to popular music.16. It is reported that many parents make their children read biographies.17. I question whether people acknowledge the importance of moral education or not.18. To give you an idea, I will give several reasons why we need a hospital in our community.19. There are several reasons why some students are more successful at language learning than others.20. In my experience, people do not always tell the truth.21. For instance, we can observe animals at a short distance in zoos.22. I am against the opinion that museums are the best places where children can learn about their ancestors.23. As a result of the invention of the light bulb, people can read books at night without their eyesight being damaged.24. Studies indicate that junk foods are one of the major causes of obesity.A:1. playing games has nothing to do with learning how to live one’s life.2. it is more advantageous to be a group member than to lead a group.3. companies should guarantee lifelong employment.4. older people cannot learn lessons from younger people.5. our judgment of someone should not be based on how he or she looks.B:1. teenagers learn how to make important decisions either by making mistakes or through their own experiences.2. recent research, coeducation is more helpful for both male and female students for several reasons.3. we can get a lot of information about a country by watching commercials for that country.4. external appearances are not reliable when you judge a person’s character.5. why children should learn a foreign language in elementary school.C:1. why people are treated differently when they wear different clothes, I will present two examples.2. nobody will work hard to raise his productivity if a company never fires its employees.3. I will discuss how much children can enjoy nature by living in rural areas.4. there have always been bad consequences whenever we destroy ecosystems.5. children can share their opinions about what they saw on TV with their friends.Writing:。
吴俭托福写作讲义3.10
托福写作讲义Teaching Plan (10)第一次课⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排第二次课⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习第三次课⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法第四次课⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)第五次课⏹Supporting Ideas的写法第六次课⏹解题思路的扩展与总结⏹佳句赏析第七次课⏹让步式的写法⏹How to develop sentence (2)第八次课⏹结尾段的写法⏹写作流程总结及思路培养第九次课⏹综合写作综述⏹综合写作阅读及听力技巧⏹综合写作文章结构⏹综合写作模板使用第十次课⏹综合写作练习⏹托福写作最新考题分析⏹新托福考场备考策略及全攻略第一次课课程安排⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排◆托福作文考试简介50分钟/2篇作文（综合写作、独立写作）☐综合写作（150字）5种关系（_____________________________________）☐独立写作（350字）3种出题方式3种基本话题◆作文理论Briefing作文考试目标☐☐☐☐1._____________________________________________✓✓✓✓✓✓2.______________________________________________✓说明文（两段式）✓议论文（三种传统理论）☐传统段☐对称式☐让步式本课堂的学习内容1、2、3、4、第二次课课程安排⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习雅思四大话题－30组经典词组和句子1.action/activityThe police took immediate _______when they realized the situation was getting out of hand. Economic________ stagnated as the recession took hold.2.advice/adviseCan you________ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent ____________3.affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_______ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_______ train services.4.appreciable/appreciativeThere is an_______ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_______ of our efforts to help.5.assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_______ that it would help control spending.It’s sheer_____ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6.avoid/preventRapid government reforms managed to_______ a revolution taking place.He’s always trying to_______ taking a decision if he can help it.7.besides/besideThe office is just_______ the railway station._______ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8.briefly/shortly_______ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border post.The minister spoke _______ about the need for political reform.9.channel/canalThe television________ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10.conscientious/conscious_________ workers always take their work seriously.Most people are__________ of the need to protect the environment.11.continual/continuousA_________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us___________ problems ever since we installed it.12.control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. The government plans to_________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn’t go up too much.13.criticism/objectionsThey didn’t raise any_________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The government’s plan was met wi th severe _________.14.damage/injury/harmIt was a severe __________ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _________ in working out the details right now.15.during/for/whileShops were closed _________ the duration of the conflict.______the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes. The bomb went off_________ the president was making his speech.16.however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. ________, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The plan was excellent. ____, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17.inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn ______________ amount of money was wasted._________ behavior makes life unpleasant for everybody.18.intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite ______________The government is _____________ of other political parties.19.job/workEverybody has the right to a decent __________________ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _________________y(s)/lie(s)The city of Guito ___________ near the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _____________ down some strict rules.21.look at /watchWe must ___the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it. 22.permission/permitI’m afraid can’t__________ photography in here.They received _________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn’t interrupt.23.possibility/chanceThere is always the ___________ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _____________ of finding a cure for the disease.24.practice / practiceIt’s important to _____________your English whenever possible.You need more ___________ before you take the exam.25.priceless/worthless_______ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became___________26.principal/principleThe____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.The country’s ________________ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics.27.process/processionThe________ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating______________28.raise/riseAs prices ___________ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to _____________ their fares.29.respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in________ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________30.treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to ___ patients with minor injures. They were unable to_____________ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be结构错误表达：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正确表达：2. 情态动词（情态动词必须加一个动词原形）错误表达：We should be take some effective measures.正确表达：3. 不一致不一致包括主谓不一致，也包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等错误表达：When one have money, he can do what he want to.正确表达：4. 时态问题错误表达：Some people argued that women should join the army.正确表达：5. 语态问题错误表达：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正确表达：6. 悬垂修饰语错误表达：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正确表达：错误表达：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultivated.正确表达：7. 词性使用错误表达：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正确表达：8. 介词短语加了句号错误表达：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正确表达：9. 句子不完整错误表达：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正确表达：10. 固定词组的搭配错误表达：There is a great deal of violence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正确表达：11. 指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致错误表达：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正确表达：12. such as和for example的区别错误表达：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.正确表达：错误表达：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正确表达：13. 逗号隔开了两个完整的句子错误表达：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正确表达：14. 用词不当是指在特定的句子中如何适当的选用词语的问题，我们在作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是错误表达：The use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正确表达：15. 不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不通顺错误表达：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正确表达：16. 名词单复数使用错误错误表达：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations. 正确表达：17. 正式原则一般不能出现缩写形式错误表达：As is known to all, we can’t do without advertisement.正确表达：特例：18. 大小写的错误每句开头第一个字母都得大写错误表达：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正确表达：19. 从句引导词错误错误表达：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species is the greatest charm in the world.正确表达：20. 介词使用不当错误表达：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正确表达：错误表达：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正确表达：Correction Exercises1.The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2.Don’t put hand in pocket.3.Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.st night was too cold.5.By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6.Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7.Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8.I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9.Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10.If you are convenient, please give me a hand.11.In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12.I forgot my watch at home.13.Smoking is harmful to your body.14.Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15.The two types of designs exist difference.16.The true fact is he never offers help to others.17.There are many people plan to study abroad.18.Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19.If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20.The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, theyseldom do so.21.Today is very hot, I stay home.22.When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23.He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.parison with the performance of Linda, Kent’s performance is far from perfect.25.The big noise makes me can’t sleep well.26.My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27.The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28.The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29.Smoking is harmful to one’s body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it canincrease the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30.The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31.People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32.Now people go abroad becomes very easy.puter is a useful tool for student to learn English.34.Raising pets are good for old people and child.35.Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36.Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37.There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feelcomfortably.38.Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39.It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40.Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41.However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial.42.Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43.On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyonehas to admit that its disadvantages far overweight it’s advantages.44.I find myself difficult to work and study there due to my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.45.I am very difficult to write essays in English.46.When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47.I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.st year saw a rapid raise in the volume of output.49.A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50.I would like a single room to live and study.51.I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return backhome immediately.52.I and my sister like pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53.They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54.The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55.After three days’ meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三次课课程安排⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（__________________________________________）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards. I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction.Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or toimprove the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another, brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools can’t very well match the r equirements of this fast-developing and competitive world. (78)家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.A好坏宏观宏观微观微观第四次课课程安排⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主题句写作5步走：1、2、3、4、5、三个过程：今天的重点是:Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.1、确认关键词2、思维两分三种不同出题方式的思维两分图形。
托福讲义-10-托福写作-词汇与句型
younger paternal uncles
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People are delighted to talk about their relatives. As for me, I will definitely mention my uncle Luis whenever the name fits the topic of a conversation. He is my father’s younger brother, tightly-closed to my family by dropping in on my house every weekend. As he is sturdy, grey-haired, sparsely-bearded, and freckled, my neighbors always laugh at him. But he never gets angry; instead, he smiles happily when hearing the rumors and derisive words against him. Such an affable character makes him the hero of my daily conservation.
上下义词13
各类修饰成分
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罗茗科托福写作讲义
2007年11月25日“There is always a siren, singing the shipwreck. Steering always from each rock, we have been a walking disaster. Just because you feel it, doesn’t mean it’s there.”Walking dictionary 活字典写作原则：重要提前原则。
”Make your sentence longer and longer.”主动> 被动注意形容词和动词的多样化，加强使用副词。
一一不对应原则。
Independent Task – TopicsPreference A or B.Opinion Agree or DisagreeDescription Open QuestionWhat makes a man? (responsible, rational, analytical, critical, informative, chivalrous…)写作步骤：Plan:1. Identify the Question2. Brainstorm3. Positioning4. Create OutlineWrite:Initial the Into-partGenerate body paragraphsGive conclusionProofread:CheckUpgrade怎样想理由？（Brainstorm）SWOT·Strengths·Weakness·Opportunities·ThreatsSTAKEHOLDER·Interests·Perspective·Ideology/mind-set/methodologyLIMITATIOJNS·Time: anytime?·Situation: every situation?·Place: every place?·Exception: no exception at all?2007年12月02日“Chongqing, the city of never Jazz.”2007年12月09日Independent TaskIntroductionAttention device (Grab the attention from the reader) ·Paraphrase the topic (-)·Background understanding (0)·Super Star Opening (+)Theme (Explain your position on the topic clearly) ·From my perspective, …How to develop·Transition to the body paragraphs·I regard analytical & rational as…·Hence, this essay will firstly…Key Note:·3-5 sentences·Do not to into specific example·Do not repeat the topic·Theme>Attention Device>HTDHow to create attention device?·Restate or extend the Question·Describe the background information·Use Story/Scenario·Use adage/quotation/expert opinion·Make shocking Statement·Employ Parallel Rhetorical Questions“He knows no danger.He knows no fear.He knows nothing.”2007年12月16日“You are only just a dream boat, sailing in my head You swim my secret oceans of coral blue and redYour smell is incense burningYour touch is silken yetIt reaches through my skin, moving from within and clutches at my breastBut it is only when I sleep”Independent Tast (开头段写法)When Adam Smiths argued that ”there is an invisible hand above the market”, he was only partly right, in terms of the China market.The students at West Virginia University don’t want you to think they take life too seriously. -------marriage issueWhen Ted Kennedy gazes from the windows from his office in Boston, he can see the harbors’“Golden Stairs” where all eight of his great grandparents first set foot in America. ------US Visa IssuePreviously, for some years, dangerous sports such as extreme sports became prevalent to many people, especially young generations.A teacher sometimes has to be a referee, a coach, and a …The year is marked with many holidays each with its traditional rites and customs.The bride and groom, a guitar-wielding rock vixen and a muscle-rippling dragon-slayer, make an odd couple---so it is hardly surprising that nobody expected their marriage. But on December 2nd the videogame companies behind "guitar Hero" and "World of Warcraft", Activision and Vivendi Games respectively, announced plans for an elaborate merger.As Americans digest the news of another gun atrocity, a mall shooting in Nebraska on December 5th, they cannot be blamed for thinking that guns are in too ready supply. But an article in the latest Economic Journal suggests that the demand for illegal guns, at least, is not met as easily as people might fear.Just as computers used to occupy entire rooms, and were able to make only a few thousand computations a second, so the first DNA-sequencing machines were able to read only about 5000 genetic "letters" a day. Technology changes. Now it is possible for a single machine to sequence a human genome of about 3 billion letters in two months. At this rate, those 5000 letters would take less than ten seconds.In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realize that smell matters quite a lot, too.IT is a typical example of the colonization of a new frontier. A few intrepid explorers stake out some new, unexplored territory. Before long the first settlers move in and start to look for ways to make a quick buck. their success attracts more settler, and an unruly bonanza ensues; finally the policemen, lawyers and tax collectors show up. But the territory in question is not a new continent: it is the realm of cyberspace, where two developments suggest that virtual worlds are coming of age. The first is the emergence of commercial uses for virtual environments; the second is the advent of litigation and regulation.Even miracles have their price. When DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1984, it was an extraordinary advance in forensic science. It was also an irresistible temptation to the public authorities to start building databases of their crimina l citizens’' genetic profiles. Regardless of the rights and wrongs of those decisions, these databases have created a need for the mass storage of biological samples."I have not failed. I have just found 10000 ways that won't work." That is how Thomas Edison described his laborious attempts to perfect the incandescent light bulb. Yet an emerging technique for developing inventions knocks even Edison's exhaustive approach into a cocked hat. Evolutionary design, which borrows its ideas from biology, enables a computer to run through tens of millions of variations on an invention until it hits on the best solution to a problem.开篇场景描写：You try to turn off the TV, but you can’t find the remote. Then your cell phone starts ringing, and your alarm clock goes on. Your computer screen flashes a fatal error message; while your electric popcorn popper sends popcorn all over your kitchen, plus a Ding ring of your Microwave and the siren alarm of your water pot. Sounds familiar? If you are like most people you are in an ongoing battle with technology, and unfortunately, technology is winning.He quiets us down with just a stare.Recharge(充电) my batteriesHeaven never seals off all the exits. 天无绝人之路。
托福基础写作一英语
托福基础写作⼀英语托福写作讲义及练习—基础阶段Target1.TOEFL writing introduction/doc/5612242152.htmlmon grammatical errors in writing3.There be and Emphasis structureExercise1.Independent Writing outline practice2.Revision3.There be and Emphasis structureDetailsNo.1TOEFL Writing Introduction1.Contents for writing part2.The score principles3.Sample essays analysisEssay StructureIn independent writing, the outline should consist of 3 parts: thesis, main ideas and details. Generally, an essay has 3 main ideas and each of them has at least 2 supporting details, which vary through different topics and structures.Example:Topic: The twentieth century saw great change. In your opinion, what is one change that should be remembered about the twentieth century? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.Thesis Medical advances are the most important change.Paragraph 1 Main idea vaccines and antibiotics have saved livesSupporting details Polio vaccinePenicillinParagraph2 Main idea increased access to health careSupporting details More clinics and hospitalsEasier to get treatmentParagraph3 Main idea improved surgical techniquesSupporting details Microscopic and laser surgery easier to performPatients recover fasterParagraph4 ConclusionOutlining Practice：Topic1: It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or opposethis plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Topic2: Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Other thinks that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.Topic3: We all work, or will work, in jobs with many different kinds of people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of co-worker (someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important.No.2 Common Grammatical Errors in WritingType 1:Error：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books. Revision：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and reading lots of books.Type 2：Error：She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.Revision：She is a good friend of mine that I have known for a long time.Type 3：Error：Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores. Revision：Since I want to go to a good school, I am trying to raise my test scores.Type 4:Error：The artist’s work pushes our civilization to a higher level.Revision：Artists’ work upgrades our civilization.Error：Their brain is still very young.Revision：They are still immature.Error：Dissatisfaction makes people produce desire for better things.Revision：Dissatisfaction impels people for the better.Revision:1.They like an active life but not a peaceful life.2.Firstly, dissatisfaction encourages the discovery of new products.3.This knowledge will become a part of your body.4.What’s about nonsmokers?5.I am not good at maths, but English.No3. Grammar1. There beAnalysis:There’s still a lot to see and learn from the chores around you.There has been a debate about whether private or public school is more beneficial for the all-around development of students.There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable.There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students’ doing a part-time job.There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was.There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seems increasingly strong.Chinese-English translation:越来越多的证据显⽰吸烟多年危害⼈的健康。
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托福基础写作一、托福写作概述二、英汉两种语言的区别（一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。
linear way of thinking（二）、英汉句子结构的特点。
英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。
英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。
10 Linking words cohesion1. conj.:1) and. but, or, so, while2) if, because, although,That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example3. however, unfortunately,Undeniably4. to make things worse5. generally speaking6. 同义词7. repetition8. this, it, that, those9. interesting to see10. what is more（三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。
（四）英语被动句多。
汉语中主动句多。
三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation.2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention.3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad.4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places.5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education.6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.7. In large cities of China has many fast food shops.8. At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.9. Some students are interested in play computer games.10. You really have two down sons.四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇持某观点: claim ( assert, contendreckon deem share the belief that )支持某观点: advocate(maintain, welcome vote for side with be in favor of )反对某观点: contradict (oppose, object to, criticize, refute be against cast doubts on question, challenge)合理的：justified ( sensible feasible convincing hold water bear much analysis)好处：advantage (benefit, merit, positive(bright) side, upside, boon, pros, strength )弊端：disadvantage( harm, demerit, negative(dark) side, downside, bane, cons, weakness defect, flaw, drawback )肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably)重要的：essential (significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable, pivotal)有益的：beneficial （conducive instrumental, rewarding ）有害的：detrimental （harmful virulent）有争议的：controversial (arguable, debatable disputable, contentious) 普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal, pervasive, ubiquitous )显著地：considerably (significantly, remarkably,Dramatically ,tremendously, substantially)明显的：evident (apparent, manifest，crystal-clear)16. 增强：enhance (strengthenboost)17. 减少：decline (descend, collapse, relieve)18. 大约：approximately（nearly, around, estimated, roughly）19. 趋势：trend（tendency, inclination）20. 预见：predict （expect, project）21. 带来bring about (result in, lead to)22. 引起create （spark ; yield;; give rise to）23. 建立establish （found, institute）24. 要求call for （request，demand）25. 去除eliminate（remove, eradicate）26. 探讨explore (examine, identify)27. 描绘depict (portray, illustrate)28. 后果consequence( aftermath; outcome)29. 足够adequate （enough; sufficient）30. 解决tackle ( resolve, address)31. 意识awareness(consciousness)32. 控制curb ( regulate, censor)33. 解释：account for （be responsible for）34. 投资finance (invest in, subsidize)35. 缓解relieve ( ease, alleviate)36. 压力stress ( pressure, strain)37. 和谐harmony ( concordance)38. 继承inherit (hand down)39. 培养cultivate （train, foster）40. 促进promote ( contribute to, upgrade)41. 适应adapt to (adjust to, acclimate to)42. 提供provide (render, afford)43. 替代replace (substitute, take the place of)44. 保护preserve (protect)45. 证据evidence (proof)46. 赢得gain (acquire, attain)47. 国外的foreign( alien, exotic)48. 灾难disaster (misfortune, catastrophe)49. 发展advance (progress)50. 倾向于tend to ( be inclined to , be apt to)51. 吸引attract (allure, tempt)52. 专注的be absorbed in(be immersed in, devote oneself to)53. 目的是aim at ( The purpose is )54. 实现achieve (fulfill, implement)55. 危害endanger ( threaten; jeopardize)56. 损害undermine (impair, damage)57. 阻碍hinder (obstruct, impede)58. 禁止forbid (ban, prohibit)59. 责备blame( denounce, criticize)60. 污染pollute (contaminate, stain)61. 腐蚀erode(wear away, corrode)62. 欺骗deceive (cheat, defraud)63. 冲突conflict ( shock, tension)64. 驱使prompt (spur, incite)贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented，materialistic)自私的self-centered (selfish, inconsiderate)体谅的considerate (understanding, sympathetic) 冷漠的indifferent (apathetic, aloof)奢侈的wasteful (luxurious, extravagant)残忍的inhumane(brutal, barbaric)绝望的hopeless（despairing, desperate）过分的excessive (extravagant, exorbitant)激烈的intense (fierce, vigorous)严厉的stringent (rigorous, rigid)奇怪的eccentric (odd, peculiar)难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous, virtual)惊人的extraordinary (marvelous, spectacular)有抱负的ambitious（aggressive, aspirant）固有的inherent（nature, innate）稳定的steady (stable, constant)恶化worsen (aggravate, deteriorate)夸大exaggerate ( overstate)限制restrain (constrain, confine)拆除tear down（knock down, pull down）加速accelerate (speed up, precipitate)占优势predominate (dominate)分辨distinguish (differentiate, discern)抵消counteract (offset, cancel out)开展launch (conduct, carry out)颁布enact (enforce, promulgate )生活节奏pace of life(rhythm of life, tempo of life)影响influence(impact，pervade)差异difference (distinction, gap)交流communicate(exchange, associate)接触have access to （make contact with, keep in touch with）优先give priority to (put…into first place)节约economize ( conserve, cherish)参与participate in ( take part in, engage in)措施measure (step, action)注意beware ( prevent, guard against)五、“十大句式”在TOEFL写作考试中的应用是否非让它假装强调比较差（插）的原因？即：否：否定句；非：非限制性定语从句；让：让步句；它：it引导的句子；假：假设句；装：倒装句；强调：强调句；比较：比较句；差（插）：插入语；原因：原因句。