Chemistry--Today and Tomorrow

化学是最古老的科学之一。在改变人类生活方面，它
也是最有成效的科学之一。应用化学于生产产品的工业—— 化学过程工业——在先进社会的生产中占有最大的份额。
内蒙古科技大学化学与ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้工学院
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To study this course, I do not assume that you have taken any course in chemistry, but I believe that at some point you have learned that “ chemicals ” consist of molecules made up of atoms of the elements. For example, a molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, hence the formula H2O. These atoms are linked together by chemical bonds. 学习这门课程，并不要求事先学过任何化学课程，但我 相信你们以前一定学过“化学物品”是由元素的原子结合成 的 分子组成的。例如，一个水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原 子，因此化学式为H2O。这些原子之间以化学键相联结。
◎THE FUTURE 关于未来 Exercise:
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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1.1 What is chemistry? 什么是化学？
Chemistry is the science that tries to understand the
properties of substances and the changes that substances undergo. It is concerned with substances that occur naturally—the minerals of the earth, the gases of the air, the water and salts of the seas, the chemicals found in living creatures—and also with new substances created by humans. It is concerned with natural changes—the burning of a tree that has been struck by lighting, the chemical changes that are central to life — and also with new transformations invented and created by chemists.
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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When wood is heated it loses water and produces charcoal. In this process the cellulose of wood —— a chemical compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen all linked by chemical bonds —— undergoes a chemical reaction that breaks the hydrogen and oxygen away as water and leaves the carbon behind as charcoal. A major chemical changes has occurred —— the process cannot be reversed to make cellulose again by just mixing the charcoal with water, since the oxygen and hydrogen atoms will not spontaneously form the needed bonds to carbon. Charcoal burns with a flame hotter than that of wood. Archaeological records indicate that charcoal has been used since prehistoric times.
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Chemistry :The Central ,Useful ,and
2. 3. 4. 5.
Creative Science 化学是一门中心的、实用性的和创造性的科学 The Chemistry of Health and Life 健康和生命的化学 More About Chemistry as the Useful Science 再谈化学是一门实用的科学 Chemistry and the Environment 化学与环境 Computers and Chemistry ,and the Electronics Revolution 计算机与化学——电子学的革命
certainly been one of the most productive in improving human life. The industries that use chemistry to manufacture products—the chemical process industries—are the largest segment of manufacturing in advanced societies.
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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6. Catalysis in Living Organisms and in Industry
7.
8.
在生物体和工业中的催化作用 How Chemists Create New Molecules 化学家怎样创造新分子 Understanding Molecular Structures and Chemical Change 认识分子结构和化学变化
Chemistry：Today and Tomorrow
化学的今天与明天
——The Central ,Useful ,and Creative Science ——一门中心的、实用的和创造性的科学
主讲教师：徐喜民
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PREFACE
Chemistry is one of the oldest sciences, and it has
历史记载以前的时期。
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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1.2 What do chemists do? 化学家做些什么？ Chemists are involved in two different types of activity : some chemists investigate the natural world and try to understand it , while other chemists create new substances and new ways to perform chemical changes that do not occur in nature . Both activities have gone on since the first appearance of humans on earth, but the pace has increased enormously in the last century or so. 化学家从事两种不同类型的工作：有些化学家在研究自 然界并试图了解它，另一些化学家则在创造自然界不存在的 新物质和完成化学变化的新途径。自人类出现在地球上那一 刻起，这两方面的工作就都有了，但是在上一个世纪以来它 们的步伐大大地加快了。
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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1.5 What makes chemistry the “useful science” and the “creative science”? 是什么使化学成为“实用性的科学”和“创造性地科 学”？ 1.6 What are some fundamental principles of chemistry? 哪些是化学的基本原理？ 1.7 How large a field is chemistry? 化学领域有多大？
化学 是一门试图了解物质的性质和物质发生反应的科学。
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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Chemistry has a very long history . In fact , human
activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times.
化学的历史很长。事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到有
内蒙古科技大学化学与化工学院
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1.3 What was some of the earliest chemistry? 早期的化学有些什么？
Curiosity about natural substances led to some of the earliest adventures in isolating pure chemical materials from nature . From earliest times humans have also been making new substances by performing chemical transformations . The first such new substances were probably soap and charcoal. 对自然界物质的好奇心，使得人们很早就在从自然界 分离纯粹化学物质方面获得了一些成功。人类很早就在通 过化学变化来制造新物质。这类新物质中，最早的可能是 肥皂和活性炭。