第七讲代词(二)
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The Seventh Lesson: Pronoun (2)
第七讲：代词（二）
7.1 代词的格 7.2 物主代词、反身代词、人Hale Waihona Puke Baidu称代词的类指用法 ★7.3 代词照应
• 英语的人称代词有三种格：主格（Subjective Case）、 宾格（Objective Case）、属格（Genitive Case）。 属格代词（Genitive Pronoun）又叫物主代词 （Possessive Pronoun），按其语法功能分为名词性属 格代词（Nominal Genitive Pronoun）和限定词性属格 代词（Determinative Genitive Pronoun）。
B）当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟有-ing分词分句作 补语，这时，人称代词只能用宾格，不用属格。例如：
They caught him cheating on the exam. 而不能说：﹡ They caught his cheating on the exam.
C）当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时，这 种作分句主语的人称代词，通常只用宾格，不用属格。例如：
Everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.
Exercise 7.1
1. Just between you and (I, me) that man is crazy. 2. The petition was drafted by Nelson, Wright, Mansfield, and (I, me). 3. Everybody, including (I, me), failed the test. 4. Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Troy and (she, her). 5. The child (who, whom) we thought was lost was found in the next block.
My failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday. 上述这类-ing分词分句如果在主句中作主语，通常也只用属 格，不用宾格。例如： Her driving off so abruptly was most unfortunate. His refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising.
H）在由关系代词whoever引导的名词性分句（Nominal Clause）中，该关系代词的格也是依其在分句中的地位而定：作 主语，用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格。例如： They always elect whoever is popular. I will not trust whomever they will elect. ★如果whoever是在不定式之后作补语，一般用宾格。例如：
My sympathy is with this poor man, whomever he might be thought to be.
⑵ 用宾格还是用属格
A）当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作 宾语时，人称代词通常用属格。属格代词在这里叫物 主限定词。例如： I want to avoid his / John’s thinking that I don’t want to help. I don’t mind their / the girls’ changing their minds. 当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作介词补 足成分时，作此种用法的人称代词也是既可用属格也可用宾格， 而以用属格居多。例如：
⑴ 用主格还是用宾格
A）人称代词在句中作主语，通常要用主格，但是，在非正式语 体中，当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语动词的不完 全句中作主语时，习惯上用宾格，而不用主格。例如： A：Does any of you know where Tom lives? B：Me.
B）人称代词在比较分句（Comparative Clause）中作主语， 用主格；作宾语，用宾格。例如：
（1）物主代词
• 如前所述，这里所讲的物主代词仅指名词性属格代词，包括 mine，yours，his，hers，ours，yours，theirs，列 表如下： 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 阴性 阳性 单数 mine yours his hers 复数 ours yours theirs
物主代词在句中起名词词组的作用，可作主语、主语补语、 宾语、介词补足成分以及同位语等。例如： The car in the lot is his. Mine is the one with a broken light. I’ll do my work and you yours. 物主代词还可在双重属格（Double Genitive）结构中作介词 of的补足成分。例如：
I told them about your / you resigning from office. I am surprised at his / him making that mistake.
★但是当主句带有defer（延期），deny，postpone等作谓 语动词时，随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作为 分句主语，这种人称代词通常只用属格，不用宾格。例如： He doesn’t deny his breaking the agreement.
★D）当人称代词在分裂句（Cleft
Sentence）中作中心成分
（Focal Element）时，常用主格。 It is he who did it. It was she that solved the problem. 如果以上用法的人称代词在随后的who-/ that-分句中处于 宾语地位，则多用宾格。例如： It was him that I sent to collect the money. It is her that we are talking about.
He is cleverer than us all. She is taller than them both.
C） 人称代词在句中作主语补语时，按照传统语法，该用主 格。但在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格。例如： A：Who is knocking at the door? B：It is me. If I were her, I would take the advice.
• 名词性属格代词在这里仍叫物主代词（Possessive Pronoun），包括mine，yours, his，hers，ours， yours，theirs。限定词性属格代词包括my，your，his， her，its，our，your，their，在这里已归入限定词一类， 叫做物主限定词。
一般来说，人称代词在句中作主语，用主格；作宾语或介 词补足成分，用宾格；表示“所有”，用属格。例如： She doesn’t believe us. His house is much larger than mine.
Who can solve our problems? Who can we trust at such a moment in history?
I don’t know who can solve our problems. I don’t know whom they finally selected.
• 反身代词可在句中作同位语、宾语、主语补语以及介 词补足成分等。反身代词的这些用法可以归纳尾两大 类：即强调性用法（Emphatic Use）与非强调性用 法（Unemphatic Use）。
A）反身代词作同位语
反身代词作同位语属于强调性用法，这时，反身代词要重读； 如果反身代词是强调主语，其位置比较灵活。例如： The manager himself will interview Lucy. The manager will interview Lucy himself.
但若人称疑问代词紧跟于介词之后，则只能用宾格。例如： To whom did you send the parcel? From whom did you receive a letter?
★G）在由关系代词who引导的分句中，如果作主语的who之 后跟有I believe，think等插入语，在正式语体中关系代词通常用 主格。例如： Will you go and see Carlos, who I believe will be glad to help you? She is a woman who people believe may be the president of the company some day. （在非正式语体中，特别是在口语中，可用宾格whom。）
E）当句子主语为“everybody/ nobody + but / except + 人称代词”的结构时，这种人称代词按照传统语法该用宾格，因 为but / except是介词。但在实际使用中，只要人称代词出现在 主语位置上，常用主格。例如： Nobody but she can solve our problems. Everybody except he agreed to our proposal. ★但若以上主语被分隔而使“but / except + 人称代词”这一 介词词组出现在句尾时，则人称代词用宾格： Nobody can solve our problem but her. Everybody agreed to our proposal but him.
如果“everybody / nobody / + but / except + 人称代词” 结构用作句子宾语，则人称代词只能用宾格。例如：
I interviewed everybody but him.
F）在由人称疑问代词who引导的问句或从属问句中，疑问 代词的格依其在句中的地位而定：在正式语体中，作主语用主格； 作宾语或介词补足成分用宾格。例如：
6.Stanley had no doubt about (who, whom) would be elected minister of defense. 7.He promised to support (whoever, whomever) of the Republican prospects（共和党候选人） was chosen. 8.The youth (who, whom) they said was the most advanced in the group did prove to be the leader. 9.They will arrest (whoever, whomever) is the organizer of the riot. 10.The woman (who, whom) we thought to be (she, her) turned out to be her sister.
He is a friend of mine. We were absorbed in that song of yours.
（2）反身代词
• 反身代词即人称代词的反身形式（Reflexive Form）。英语的反身代词有myself，yourself， himself，itself，oneself，ourselves， yourselves，themselves等。
He isn’t nearly as smart as he (is). I trust you as much as her. 但在非正式语体中，人称代词在比较分句中作主语，也可用 宾格。例如： She is prettier than me.
She is as tall as him. ★特别是当这类人称代词带有all，both作同谓语时，通常都用 宾格。例如：
第七讲：代词（二）
7.1 代词的格 7.2 物主代词、反身代词、人Hale Waihona Puke Baidu称代词的类指用法 ★7.3 代词照应
• 英语的人称代词有三种格：主格（Subjective Case）、 宾格（Objective Case）、属格（Genitive Case）。 属格代词（Genitive Pronoun）又叫物主代词 （Possessive Pronoun），按其语法功能分为名词性属 格代词（Nominal Genitive Pronoun）和限定词性属格 代词（Determinative Genitive Pronoun）。
B）当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟有-ing分词分句作 补语，这时，人称代词只能用宾格，不用属格。例如：
They caught him cheating on the exam. 而不能说：﹡ They caught his cheating on the exam.
C）当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时，这 种作分句主语的人称代词，通常只用宾格，不用属格。例如：
Everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.
Exercise 7.1
1. Just between you and (I, me) that man is crazy. 2. The petition was drafted by Nelson, Wright, Mansfield, and (I, me). 3. Everybody, including (I, me), failed the test. 4. Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Troy and (she, her). 5. The child (who, whom) we thought was lost was found in the next block.
My failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday. 上述这类-ing分词分句如果在主句中作主语，通常也只用属 格，不用宾格。例如： Her driving off so abruptly was most unfortunate. His refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising.
H）在由关系代词whoever引导的名词性分句（Nominal Clause）中，该关系代词的格也是依其在分句中的地位而定：作 主语，用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格。例如： They always elect whoever is popular. I will not trust whomever they will elect. ★如果whoever是在不定式之后作补语，一般用宾格。例如：
My sympathy is with this poor man, whomever he might be thought to be.
⑵ 用宾格还是用属格
A）当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作 宾语时，人称代词通常用属格。属格代词在这里叫物 主限定词。例如： I want to avoid his / John’s thinking that I don’t want to help. I don’t mind their / the girls’ changing their minds. 当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作介词补 足成分时，作此种用法的人称代词也是既可用属格也可用宾格， 而以用属格居多。例如：
⑴ 用主格还是用宾格
A）人称代词在句中作主语，通常要用主格，但是，在非正式语 体中，当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语动词的不完 全句中作主语时，习惯上用宾格，而不用主格。例如： A：Does any of you know where Tom lives? B：Me.
B）人称代词在比较分句（Comparative Clause）中作主语， 用主格；作宾语，用宾格。例如：
（1）物主代词
• 如前所述，这里所讲的物主代词仅指名词性属格代词，包括 mine，yours，his，hers，ours，yours，theirs，列 表如下： 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 阴性 阳性 单数 mine yours his hers 复数 ours yours theirs
物主代词在句中起名词词组的作用，可作主语、主语补语、 宾语、介词补足成分以及同位语等。例如： The car in the lot is his. Mine is the one with a broken light. I’ll do my work and you yours. 物主代词还可在双重属格（Double Genitive）结构中作介词 of的补足成分。例如：
I told them about your / you resigning from office. I am surprised at his / him making that mistake.
★但是当主句带有defer（延期），deny，postpone等作谓 语动词时，随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作为 分句主语，这种人称代词通常只用属格，不用宾格。例如： He doesn’t deny his breaking the agreement.
★D）当人称代词在分裂句（Cleft
Sentence）中作中心成分
（Focal Element）时，常用主格。 It is he who did it. It was she that solved the problem. 如果以上用法的人称代词在随后的who-/ that-分句中处于 宾语地位，则多用宾格。例如： It was him that I sent to collect the money. It is her that we are talking about.
He is cleverer than us all. She is taller than them both.
C） 人称代词在句中作主语补语时，按照传统语法，该用主 格。但在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格。例如： A：Who is knocking at the door? B：It is me. If I were her, I would take the advice.
• 名词性属格代词在这里仍叫物主代词（Possessive Pronoun），包括mine，yours, his，hers，ours， yours，theirs。限定词性属格代词包括my，your，his， her，its，our，your，their，在这里已归入限定词一类， 叫做物主限定词。
一般来说，人称代词在句中作主语，用主格；作宾语或介 词补足成分，用宾格；表示“所有”，用属格。例如： She doesn’t believe us. His house is much larger than mine.
Who can solve our problems? Who can we trust at such a moment in history?
I don’t know who can solve our problems. I don’t know whom they finally selected.
• 反身代词可在句中作同位语、宾语、主语补语以及介 词补足成分等。反身代词的这些用法可以归纳尾两大 类：即强调性用法（Emphatic Use）与非强调性用 法（Unemphatic Use）。
A）反身代词作同位语
反身代词作同位语属于强调性用法，这时，反身代词要重读； 如果反身代词是强调主语，其位置比较灵活。例如： The manager himself will interview Lucy. The manager will interview Lucy himself.
但若人称疑问代词紧跟于介词之后，则只能用宾格。例如： To whom did you send the parcel? From whom did you receive a letter?
★G）在由关系代词who引导的分句中，如果作主语的who之 后跟有I believe，think等插入语，在正式语体中关系代词通常用 主格。例如： Will you go and see Carlos, who I believe will be glad to help you? She is a woman who people believe may be the president of the company some day. （在非正式语体中，特别是在口语中，可用宾格whom。）
E）当句子主语为“everybody/ nobody + but / except + 人称代词”的结构时，这种人称代词按照传统语法该用宾格，因 为but / except是介词。但在实际使用中，只要人称代词出现在 主语位置上，常用主格。例如： Nobody but she can solve our problems. Everybody except he agreed to our proposal. ★但若以上主语被分隔而使“but / except + 人称代词”这一 介词词组出现在句尾时，则人称代词用宾格： Nobody can solve our problem but her. Everybody agreed to our proposal but him.
如果“everybody / nobody / + but / except + 人称代词” 结构用作句子宾语，则人称代词只能用宾格。例如：
I interviewed everybody but him.
F）在由人称疑问代词who引导的问句或从属问句中，疑问 代词的格依其在句中的地位而定：在正式语体中，作主语用主格； 作宾语或介词补足成分用宾格。例如：
6.Stanley had no doubt about (who, whom) would be elected minister of defense. 7.He promised to support (whoever, whomever) of the Republican prospects（共和党候选人） was chosen. 8.The youth (who, whom) they said was the most advanced in the group did prove to be the leader. 9.They will arrest (whoever, whomever) is the organizer of the riot. 10.The woman (who, whom) we thought to be (she, her) turned out to be her sister.
He is a friend of mine. We were absorbed in that song of yours.
（2）反身代词
• 反身代词即人称代词的反身形式（Reflexive Form）。英语的反身代词有myself，yourself， himself，itself，oneself，ourselves， yourselves，themselves等。
He isn’t nearly as smart as he (is). I trust you as much as her. 但在非正式语体中，人称代词在比较分句中作主语，也可用 宾格。例如： She is prettier than me.
She is as tall as him. ★特别是当这类人称代词带有all，both作同谓语时，通常都用 宾格。例如：