管理会计案例教材
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A
Standard Quantity or Hours
3.0 lbs. 2.5 hours 2.5 hours
B
Standard Price or Rate
AxB
Standard Cost per Unit
12.00 35.00 7.50 54.50
Inputs
Direct materials Direct labor Variable mfg. overhead Total standard unit cost
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Practical standards should be set at levels that are currently attainable with reasonable and efficient effort.
Standard Costs and Operating Performance Measures
Standard Costs
Based on carefully predetermined amounts.
Used for planning labor, material and overhead requirements. The expected level of performance. Benchmarks for measuring performance.
Accountants, engineers, personnel administrators, and production managers combine efforts to set standards based on experience and expectations.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
$ 4.00 per lb. $ 14.00 per hour 3.00 per hour $
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standards vs. Budgets
Are standards the same as budgets?
Amount
Standard Direct Material
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Type of Product Cost
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Human Resources Manager
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Direct Material Standards
Price Standards Quantity Standards
Final, delivered cost of materials, net of discounts.
Use product design specifications.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Direct Labor Standards
Rate Standards Time Standards
Standard Costs are
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standard Costs
Managers focus on quantities and costs that exceed standards, a practice known as management by exception.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standard Cost Card – Variable Production Cost
A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:
Rate Standards Activity Standards
The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate.
The activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Should we use practical standards or ideal standards?
Engineer
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Managerial Accountant
Use wage surveys and labor contracts.
Use time and motion studies for each labor operation.
Leabharlann Baidu
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Variable Overhead Standards
Production manager
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
I agree. Ideal standards, that are based on perfection, are unattainable and discourage most employees.
Standard Quantity or Hours
3.0 lbs. 2.5 hours 2.5 hours
B
Standard Price or Rate
AxB
Standard Cost per Unit
12.00 35.00 7.50 54.50
Inputs
Direct materials Direct labor Variable mfg. overhead Total standard unit cost
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Practical standards should be set at levels that are currently attainable with reasonable and efficient effort.
Standard Costs and Operating Performance Measures
Standard Costs
Based on carefully predetermined amounts.
Used for planning labor, material and overhead requirements. The expected level of performance. Benchmarks for measuring performance.
Accountants, engineers, personnel administrators, and production managers combine efforts to set standards based on experience and expectations.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
$ 4.00 per lb. $ 14.00 per hour 3.00 per hour $
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standards vs. Budgets
Are standards the same as budgets?
Amount
Standard Direct Material
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Type of Product Cost
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Human Resources Manager
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Direct Material Standards
Price Standards Quantity Standards
Final, delivered cost of materials, net of discounts.
Use product design specifications.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Direct Labor Standards
Rate Standards Time Standards
Standard Costs are
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standard Costs
Managers focus on quantities and costs that exceed standards, a practice known as management by exception.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Standard Cost Card – Variable Production Cost
A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:
Rate Standards Activity Standards
The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate.
The activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
Should we use practical standards or ideal standards?
Engineer
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Managerial Accountant
Use wage surveys and labor contracts.
Use time and motion studies for each labor operation.
Leabharlann Baidu
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Variable Overhead Standards
Production manager
Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Setting Standard Costs
I agree. Ideal standards, that are based on perfection, are unattainable and discourage most employees.