国际贸易商务英语
国际贸易中商务英语
国际贸易中商务英语International Business English in Global TradeIn today's globalized economy, the importance of effective business communication in English cannot be overstated. As companies expand their operations across borders, the ability to navigate the complexities of international trade has become a crucial skill. This essay will explore the significance of business English in the context of global trade, highlighting its role in fostering successful commercial relationships, facilitating cross-cultural understanding, and enhancing overall business performance.Firstly, proficiency in business English is essential for establishing and maintaining successful commercial partnerships in the international arena. When conducting negotiations, drafting contracts, or engaging in day-to-day business interactions, the use of clear, concise, and culturally appropriate English is paramount. Misunderstandings or miscommunications can lead to costly delays, strained relationships, or even the collapse of a deal. By mastering the nuances of business English, professionals can convey their ideas with clarity, negotiate effectively, and build trust with their international counterparts.Moreover, the ability to communicate effectively in English serves as a bridge between diverse cultures and business practices. In the global marketplace, companies often engage with partners from a wide range of cultural backgrounds, each with their own customs, norms, and communication styles. Proficiency in business English empowers professionals to navigate these cultural differences, fostering cross-cultural understanding and facilitating seamless collaboration. By demonstrating respect for cultural sensitivities and adapting their communication style accordingly, business leaders can forge stronger connections with their international partners, ultimately leading to more successful and long-lasting commercial relationships.In addition to its role in interpersonal communication, business English also plays a crucial role in the efficient exchange of information and the effective management of international operations. From drafting reports and proposals to interpreting financial data and navigating complex regulatory environments, the ability to communicate effectively in English is essential. By maintaining clear and concise documentation, professionals can ensure that critical information is accurately conveyed, enabling better decision-making and more efficient coordination across global teams.Furthermore, the importance of business English extends beyond the immediate needs of international trade. In an increasingly interconnected world, the mastery of this skill set can open up a wealth of opportunities for professional development and career advancement. Individuals who possess strong business English capabilities are often more sought after by multinational corporations, as they can contribute to the organization's global competitiveness and facilitate seamless communication with international stakeholders.In conclusion, the role of business English in the context of global trade cannot be overstated. From fostering successful commercial partnerships to enabling cross-cultural understanding and enhancing overall business performance, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become a vital asset for professionals navigating the complexities of the international marketplace. As the world continues to become more interconnected, the demand for individuals with proficient business English skills will only continue to grow, making it an essential component of any successful global business strategy.。
商务英语词汇大全文库
商务英语词汇大全文库一、国际贸易1. 进出口：Import / Export2. 贸易顺差：Trade Surplus3. 贸易逆差：Trade Deficit4. 自由贸易区：Free Trade Zone (FTZ)5. 关税：Tariff6. 世界贸易组织：World Trade Organization (WTO)7. 贸易壁垒：Trade Barrier8. 非关税壁垒：Non-T ariff Barrier (NTB)9. 贸易协定：Trade Agreement10. 区域经济一体化：Regional Economic Integration二、商务谈判1. 谈判：Negotiation2. 议价：Bargaining3. 报价：Quotation4. 还价：Counteroffer5. 合同：Contract6. 交货期：Delivery Date7. 支付方式：Payment Method8. 谈判策略：Negotiation Strategy9. 协商：Mediation10. 仲裁：Arbitration三、营销策略1. 市场调研：Market Research2. 目标市场：Target Market3. 产品定位：Product Positioning4. 品牌建设：Brand Building5. 促销策略：Promotion Strategy6. 广告宣传：Advertising Promotion7. 公共关系：Public Relations (PR)8. 市场细分：Market Segmentation9. 定价策略：Pricing Strategy10. 销售渠道：Sales Channel四、金融与投资1. 货币：Currency2. 外汇：Foreign Exchange (FX)3. 本币：Domestic Currency4. 外汇市场：Foreign Exchange Market (FX Market)5. 国际金融市场：International Financial Market (IFM)6. 投资组合：Portfolio7. 股票：Stocks8. 债券：Bonds9. 期货与期权：Futures & Options10. 对冲基金：Hedge Funds11. 风险投资：Venture Capital (VC)12. 私募股权投资：Private Equity (PE)。
商务英语-国际贸易词汇
商务英语-国际贸易词汇AW=Ail Water全水路运输(主要指冒由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式) BAF=Bunker Adjustment Factor燃油附加费B/L=Bi of Lading提单C.A.D=Cash Against Documents交单付现CAF= Cost and Freight成本加运费(指定目的港)CC= Charges Collect= Freight Collect运费到付：表示货物运送费用末付，应由买方在目的地/港支付CFR(C&F, CNF)= Cost and Freight成本加运费/到岸价格(指定目的港)CFS = Container Freight Station集装箱货运站CIF= Cost, Insurance & Freight成本、保险费加运费/到岸价格(指定目的港)CIP= Carriage and Insurance Paid to运费、保险费付至(指定目的地)C/O= Certificate of Origin原产地证书C.O.D = Cash on Delivery货到付款CPT = Carriage Paid to运费付至(指定目的地)Cut Off = Closing Date = Cut off Date结关日/截关日C.W.O = Cash with Order随订单付现CY = Container Yard集装箱堆场D/A = Documents against Acceptance 承兑交单DAF = Delivered at Frontier边境交货D/D = Demand Draft即期汇票D.D.C. = Destination Delivery Charge 目的地/港交货费用DDP = Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货DDU = Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货DES = Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货DEQ = Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货D/O = Delivery Order交货单DOC = Document Charges文件费D/P = Documents against Payment 付款交单EPS Equipment Position Surcharges 设备位置附加费ETA = Estimated Time of Arrival预计到达时间ETD=Estimated Time of Delivery预计交货时间FOB = Free on Board船上交货价/离岸价格GRI= General Rate Increase正常费率增加LC= Letter of Credit = Commercial Letter of Credit信用证/商业信用证LCL = Less than Container Load拼箱货M/T = Mail Transfer信汇NVOCC=Non-Vesse Operating Common Carrier无船承运人O/A = On Account赊账/记账(交易) ;分期付款O/B = On Board Date装船日期O/F = Ocean Freight海运运费ORC = Origin Receiving Charges本地收货费用PCS = Port Congestion Surcharge港口拥挤附加费P.O.D= Pay on Delivery货到付款PP= Prepaid = Charges Prepaid = Freight Prepaid (= carriage prepaid.carriage paid ) 运费预付:表示货物运送费用已由卖方在起运地(港)付清PSS = Peak Season Surcharges旺季附加费S/C= Sales Contract / Sales Confirmation 销售合同/销售确认书S/O = Shipping Order装运单;发货单TT = T.T. = Telegraphic Transfer电汇。
国际贸易中商务英语的使用和技巧
国际贸易中商务英语的使用和技巧随着全球化的加速，国际贸易越来越重要，而商务英语的使用也随之成为不可或缺的技能。
商务英语的使用涉及到很多方面，如商业谈判、合同书写、市场分析、客户沟通等等。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨国际贸易中商务英语的使用和技巧。
一、商务英语的基础商务英语的基础包括英文基本语法、商务用语、经济学和贸易学知识等。
熟练掌握商务英语的基础知识对于成功的国际贸易至关重要。
为了提高商务英语水平，我们可以通过阅读商业杂志、参加商务英语培训课程等学习方式。
二、商务英语在市场分析中的应用在国际贸易中，市场分析对于企业的成功至关重要。
商务英语在市场分析中的应用包括了解市场趋势、调查竞争对手、了解市场细节等。
通过观察和分析市场，企业可以更好地了解市场需求，进而制定相应的市场策略，以提高企业竞争力。
三、商务英语在谈判中的应用商务英语在谈判中是非常重要的。
谈判双方对话时，要准确地表达自己的意见，并理解对方的意图。
为了做到这一点，需要熟练掌握商务英语的用法，如交际用语、措辞技巧和口语表达等。
除此之外，英语国家的文化背景也需要了解，这可以避免在谈判中因文化差异而造成的误解和冲突。
四、商务英语在合同书写中的应用商务合同通常是在英文中书写的，所以需要熟练掌握商务英语写作的技巧。
在书写商务合同时，需要注意语法用法，同时也需要注意经济学和贸易学的相关知识。
通过清晰明了的语言来表达合同条款，可以避免因不当语言表述而引起的法律纠纷。
五、商务英语在客户沟通中的应用客户沟通是企业成功的重要因素。
在国际市场上，英语作为通用语言，需要企业拥有熟练的商务英语沟通技能，以建立和客户的良好沟通关系。
聆听客户的需求，了解客户的文化背景，以及恰当的回应和表达，都是成功与客户建立沟通的关键。
六、商务英语的交际技巧在商务英语中，交际技巧是非常重要的。
要在嘈杂的环境中听清楚别人说什么，掌握合适的用语，始终快速、准确地回应，都需要相关的交际技巧。
这些技巧包括肢体语言、掌握英语语音及音调等等，能够让你更好地与他人沟通。
国际商务英语
国际商务英语贸易术语：1.EXW （Ex Work）工厂交货2.FCA （Free Carrier）货交承运人3.FAS （Free Alongside Ship）船边交货4.FOB （Free On Board）船上交货5.CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费6.CIF （Cost Insurance and Freight）成本、保险和运费7.CPT（Carriage Paid to）运费付至8.CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至9.DAF（Delivered At Frontier）边境交货10.DES（Delivered Ex Ship）目的港船上交货11.DEQ（Delivered Ex Quay）目的港码头交货12.DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货13.DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）完税后交货mercial Councilor’s Office 商务参赞处15.consignor 委托人、发货人、寄售人16.consignee 受托人、收货人、承售人17.firm 商号、商店、公司18.corporation 公司商会19.private-owned corporation 私有公司20.nonprofit corporation 非营利公司21.public corporation（state-operated corporation）国有公司22.limited liability company （股份）有限公司23.agent 代理人agency 代理代理权sole distributor 独家经销代理sole distributorship 独家经销代理权distributor 经销人distributorship 经销权24.duplicate 副本25.in duplicate 一式两份26.in triplicate 一式三份27.stipulation 规定28.rule 法则w 法律30.term 条款31.cash on delivery 货到付款（缩写C.O.D）32.m/t 公吨33.The sight L/C 即期信用证34.The usance L/C 远期信用证35.The revocable L/C 可撤销信用证36.The irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证37.partical shipment（s）分批装运38.Transshipment 转船39.Liner 定期班轮40.Tramp 不定期货轮41.Fragile 易碎42.Easy to Be Damaged 易损43.Easy to Be Deteriorated 易变质44.Inflammable易燃、Explosive 易爆、Poisonous有毒45.。
国际贸易中的商务英语应用研究
国际贸易中的商务英语应用研究一、商务英语在国际贸易中的重要性商务英语是指在商业活动中使用的专业英语语言，包括商业活动的全过程中所用的语言、词汇、短语、句型等。
在国际贸易中，商务英语是一种非常重要的语言技能，因为多数国际贸易对于外语的沟通都是以英语为主。
在国际贸易中，商务英语的应用可以协助双方实现合作，完成交易并确保协议的执行。
因此，在进行跨国业务交流或洽商时，熟练掌握和应用商务英语已经成为一项关键技能。
二、商务英语在不同环节的应用1.市场研究阶段通过使用商务英语，企业可以收集新的市场信息和商业数据，以确定进入新市场或开展新业务的可行性。
在此阶段，商务英语的应用包括了撰写市场调研报告、设计问卷和策划营销活动等方面。
2.洽谈合作阶段在洽谈合作阶段，商务英语的应用十分广泛。
通过运用商务英语技能，企业方可与国际市场中的伙伴沟通，达成共识，确保合作关系的长久发展。
如加强洽谈、签署商务合同和筹划相关活动以及项目管理等。
3. 投资和融资阶段当企业需要外部援助时，商务英语也是非常重要的一项技能。
通过使用商务英语，企业能够与国际上的投资人或融资渠道进行联系，以获得更高效地资金支持。
4.市场推广阶段在市场推广阶段，商务英语的应用包括制定营销计划、创建品牌意识以及管理市场活动等。
商务英语强大的沟通能力使得企业可以与供应商、客户等各方进行沟通，促进双方共赢。
三、商务英语的技能要求1. 基础技能理解基本的商务英语词汇和语言结构；掌握正式商务会议的基本用语和礼仪；能力与各渠道中的商业对话进行沟通。
2. 文化意识深谙商业中的文化差异，并能够使用有效的商务英语技能跨越不同文化背景的企业贸易障碍。
3. 协作技能能够清晰、简洁地表达和描述自己的企业、产品或服务，与合作伙伴合作时保持信任和建立长期稳定的关系。
4. 全球思维通过深入理解市场动态和企业合作关系，快速反应和应对企业挑战并提出有效解决方案。
四、商务英语教育及应用的启示国际贸易中的商务英语教育应该帮助学生建立商业运作的认知和技能，明确外语沟通技能在企业中的重要性，强化交际能力，增强对跨文化交流的意识，实现商业合作和文化之间的平衡。
商务英语知识—贸易术语(有图解)
《2000通则》中共有13种贸易术语，其中最主要的贸易术语是 FOB、CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT、CIP，前3种贸易术语是国际贸易中最常用的，仅适用于海洋运输和内河运输；后3种是根据前3种发展而来的，适用于各种运输方式。
(一)FOB1．FOB的含义FOB(Free on Board…named port of shipment)——装运港船上交货(……指定装运港)，是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船弦为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。
本术语只适用于海洋运输和内河运输。
2．买卖双方的责任划分表13—2 FOB术语买卖双方责任划分一览表 分类卖 方买 方 常规 责任 1．负责在规定时间，在指定的装运港按该港习惯方式将货交至指定的船上，并给予买方充分的通知；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理出口手续，1．收取按合同规定交付的货物并负责按合同规定支付货物价款；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理进口手续，取得进口许可证或其他官方许可；3．接受有关单据。
取得出口许可证或其他官方许可；3．负责提供交货凭证、运输单据或同等作用的电子讯息。
共同责任负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切费用和风险。
负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。
主要 责任 1．负责租船订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、卖方的基本义务：办理出口清关手续，并负担货物越过装运港船舷以前的一切费用与风险。
在约定的装运期和装运港，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并及时向买方发出装船通知。
向买方提交约定的各项单证。
买方的基本义务：按时派船到约定的装运港接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期及时通知卖方。
承担货物越过装运港船舷时起的各种费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
按合同规定付款赎单。
为便于记忆，FOB术语买卖双方的义务和责任归纳如表13-2。
3．FOB的变形以FOB条件买卖时，如果使用班轮运输，由于班轮一般管装管卸，一切费用都包括在运费之内，则装卸费用由支付运费的一方即买方负担。
商务英语阅读_Unit 4国际贸易基础
Exclusive Sales Agreement The exporter may sign
an exclusive sales agreement with an importer abroad. He may also set up his own branch office and employ his own sales organization abroad. He may act through a subsidiary company which is established under the laws of the foreign country in question. Or, he may combine with other traders in a joint selling organization (or joint venture), a consortium or an export group. Agency Arrangements The exporter enters into direct relations with the customers abroad, by means of a contract procured and conducted on behalf of the exporter by a representative who resides abroad and is not his employee. The remuneration of the representative or independent agent is usually based upon a commission on the purchase price of the exports.
国际经济与贸易(商务英语)主修课程
国际经济与贸易(商务英语)主修课程国际经济与贸易(商务英语)专业的主修课程通常包括国际贸易、国际金融、国际贸易法、市场营销、国际物流、跨境电商等。
一、主修课程1.国际贸易这门课程主要介绍了国际贸易的基本理论和实践，包括比较优势理论、国际贸易壁垒、国际市场准入等。
通过学习，学生将理解国际贸易的基本原理，掌握分析贸易政策和贸易数据的能力，并了解全球贸易趋势和问题。
2.国际金融这门课程涵盖了国际货币体系、国际收支平衡、汇率机制、国际投资等主题。
学生将学习如何理解和分析国际金融市场，掌握外汇交易、国际信贷等技能，并了解国际金融政策和监管。
3.国际贸易法这门课程介绍了国际贸易相关的法律和法规，包括关税、非关税壁垒、跨国合同、知识产权保护等。
通过学习，学生将理解国际贸易法的原则和实践，能够分析和解决贸易纠纷，并了解国际贸易中的法律风险。
4.市场营销这门课程介绍了市场营销的基本理论和实践，包括市场调研、消费者行为、产品定价、促销策略等。
通过学习，学生将掌握市场分析的能力，了解如何制定有效的营销策略，并能够在国际市场中成功地进行产品推广和销售。
5.国际物流这门课程介绍了国际物流管理的基本理论和实践，包括供应链管理、运输、仓储、海关合规等。
通过学习，学生将了解如何组织和规划国际物流运作，掌握物流成本管理和绩效优化的技能，并能够应对国际贸易中的物流挑战。
6.跨境电商这门课程主要介绍了跨境电子商务的基本理论和实践，包括跨境电商平台操作、网络营销、支付结算、物流配送等。
通过学习，学生将了解跨境电商的运营模式和市场趋势，掌握跨境电商平台的操作技能，并能够在跨境电商领域开展业务和创新。
二、重点难点这些课程的重点和难点因学科而异。
一般来说，国际贸易和国际金融课程需要学生理解和应用较为复杂的概念和模型；国际贸易法和市场营销课程需要学生具备较高的分析和批判性思维能力；国际物流课程需要学生理解和掌握复杂的供应链管理和物流运作知识；而跨境电商课程则需要学生具备跨学科的知识和技能，包括电子商务、国际贸易、外语等。
商务英语知识—贸易术语(有图解)
《2000通则》中共有13种贸易术语，其中最主要的贸易术语是 FOB、CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT、CIP，前3种贸易术语是国际贸易中最常用的，仅适用于海洋运输和内河运输；后3种是根据前3种发展而来的，适用于各种运输方式。
(一)FOB1．FOB的含义FOB(Free on Board…named port of shipment)——装运港船上交货(……指定装运港)，是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船弦为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。
本术语只适用于海洋运输和内河运输。
2．买卖双方的责任划分表13—2 FOB术语买卖双方责任划分一览表 分类卖 方买 方 常规 责任 1．负责在规定时间，在指定的装运港按该港习惯方式将货交至指定的船上，并给予买方充分的通知；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理出口手续，1．收取按合同规定交付的货物并负责按合同规定支付货物价款；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理进口手续，取得进口许可证或其他官方许可；3．接受有关单据。
取得出口许可证或其他官方许可；3．负责提供交货凭证、运输单据或同等作用的电子讯息。
共同责任负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切费用和风险。
负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。
主要 责任 1．负责租船订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、卖方的基本义务：办理出口清关手续，并负担货物越过装运港船舷以前的一切费用与风险。
在约定的装运期和装运港，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并及时向买方发出装船通知。
向买方提交约定的各项单证。
买方的基本义务：按时派船到约定的装运港接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期及时通知卖方。
承担货物越过装运港船舷时起的各种费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
按合同规定付款赎单。
为便于记忆，FOB术语买卖双方的义务和责任归纳如表13-2。
3．FOB的变形以FOB条件买卖时，如果使用班轮运输，由于班轮一般管装管卸，一切费用都包括在运费之内，则装卸费用由支付运费的一方即买方负担。
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结Lesson11.Customsarea关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visibletrade有形贸易: The form of modity trade,i.e.exportingand importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) 4.Invisibletrade无形贸易: The form of transportation, munication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资:Foreign direct investments.Returnsthrough controlling the enterprises or assetsinvested in a host country./P.256.Onecountry acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolioinvestment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets fora purpose other than controlling.7.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificateof deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive ine in the form of royalty.12.Franchising特许经营:Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operatein the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.TradeMark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Managementcontract管理合同: Under a management contract, one panyoffers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment ora percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Valuechain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For aninternational turnkey project, a firm signs a contractwith a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon pletion.24.建设、经营和移交:Build,Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.Internationalinvestment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contractmanufacturing承包生产 30.GATT关贸总协定:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.Internationalbusiness国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimesbusiness across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权 33.Oildeposit: 石油储备 =oil reserves 34.thereserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personaladvancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
国际商务英语名词解释
Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256.One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同:Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all thedesigning, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy.Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy./除Common market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.…东道国：The country where an affiliate MNC locates.MNE跨国企业: Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or精品文库partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Tariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods le Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.aving an area 对离境Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all siTariff barriers 关税壁垒: The traditional protectionism measuregnatories any tariff concessions granted to any Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will costCounter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererparticipating country./A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer实盘: is a promise to sell goods at a staBarter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.ted price.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票=Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherApplicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the creditBeneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent ban d往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is精品文库received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.Usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of afte Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation（提示/陈述）of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated（规定/保证）that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.信用证: The credit can not be transferredr sight Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company). Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输: In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Indemnity赔偿原则: It holds that a contract of精品文库insurance is one, which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was before the loss occurred.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it.Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则（导致损失的直接原因）: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered.Force majeure不可抗力: Social or Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.natural calamities that take place beyond Quota of IMF份额: The deposit paid by each member to the IMF.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.t he control of a contraction partyGreenfield strategy绿地战略: The firm builds new facilities on land bought or leased in a foreign country before starting its new operation.Most-favored nation treatment最惠国: A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences: Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.。
[商务英语BEC][词汇]国际贸易词汇术语大搜罗
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国际贸易词汇术语大搜罗贸易价格术语trade term / price term 价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase；installment plan分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import licence 进口许口证export licence 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry 正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 受托者,收件人,代销人。
国际商务英语 05844 江苏自考 汉译英
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
商务英语的专业术语
商务英语涉及许多专业术语，以下是其中一些常见的术语：1. 国际贸易术语（INCOTERMS）：是一套国际贸易中常用的术语，用于明确买卖双方在货物运输、保险、关税等方面的责任和费用。
常见的国际贸易术语包括FOB（船上交货）、CIF（成本加保险费加运费）等。
2. 商业发票（Commercial Invoice）：是出口商向进口商开立的说明货物名称、数量、价值、装运条款等内容的账单，是进口商清关、报税的重要文件。
3. 提单（Bill of Lading）：是承运人签发的证明货物已经装船并保证在指定目的地交货给收货人的凭证。
4. 信用证（Letter of Credit）：是一种由银行开立的保证付款文件，进口商凭以向出口商支付货款的支付方式。
5. 谈判（Negotiation）：是指贸易双方就交易条件进行协商，达成一致意见的过程。
6. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：是指妨碍国际贸易进行的因素，例如关税、配额、许可证等。
7. 反倾销税（Anti-dumping Duties）：是一种保护国内产业的措施，对倾销商品征收反倾销税，以消除其对国内产业的损害。
8. 贸易顺差/逆差（Trade Surplus/Deficit）：是指一国出口总额与进口总额之间的差额，贸易顺差表示出口额大于进口额，贸易逆差表示进口额大于出口额。
9. 贸易伙伴关系（Trade Partnership）：是指两个或多个国家之间通过签订贸易协定或建立自由贸易区等方式建立的贸易关系，旨在促进贸易自由化和加强经济合作。
10. 贸易条件（Terms of Trade）：是指一国出口商品与其进口商品之间的价格关系，通常用出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比来表示。
以上仅是商务英语中常用的一些术语，实际上商务英语中还有许多专业术语，根据具体的行业和业务领域有所不同。
外贸商务英语词汇
外贸商务英语词汇wholesaler批发商retailer,tradesman零售商merchant商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire,licenseddealer受让人，特许权获得者consumer消费者，用户client,customer顾客，客户buyer买主，买方carrier承运人consignee收货人fob(freeonboard)离岸价c&f(costandfreight)成本加运费价cif(cost,insuranceandfreight)到岸价freight运费wharfage码头费landingcharges卸货费customsduty关税portdues港口税importsurcharge进口附加税importvariableduties进口差价税commission佣金returncommission回佣，回扣priceincludingcommission含佣价netprice净价wholesaleprice批发价discount/allowance折扣retailprice零售价spotprice现货价格currentprice现行价格/时价indicativeprice参考价格customsvaluation海关估价pricelist价目表totalvalue总值贸易保险术语allrisks一切险f.p.a.(freefromparticularaverage)平安险w.a./w.p.a(withaverageorwithparticularaverage)水渍险warrisk战争险f.w.r.d.(freshwaterraindamage)淡水雨淋险riskofintermixtureandcontamination混杂、玷污险riskofleakage渗漏险riskofodor串味险riskofrust锈蚀险shortagerisk短缺险t.p.n.d.(theft,pilferage&non-delivery)偷窃提货不着险strikesrisk罢工险贸易机构词汇wto(worldtradeorganization)世界贸易组织imf(internationalmonetaryfund)国际货币基金组织ctg(councilfortradeingoods)货币贸易理事会efta(europeanfreetradeassociation)欧洲自由贸易联盟afta(aseanfreetradearea)东盟自由贸易区jcct(china-usjointcommissiononcommerceandtrade)中美商贸联委会nafta(northamericanfreetradearea)北美自由贸易区unctad(unitednationsconferenceontradeanddevelopment)联合国贸易与发展会议gatt(generalagreementontariffsandtrade)关贸总协定stocks存货，库存量cashsale现货purchase购买，进货bulksale整批销售，趸售distributionchannels销售渠道wholesale批发retailtrade零售业hire-purchase分期付款购买fluctuateinlinewithmarketconditions随行就市unfaircompetition不合理竞争dumping商品倾销dumpingprofitmargin倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping反倾销customsbond海关担保chaindebts三角债freightforwarder货运代理tradeconsultation贸易磋商mediationofdispute商业纠纷调解partialshipment分批装运restraintoftrade贸易管制rta(regionaltradearrangements)区域贸易安排favorablebalanceoftrade贸易顺差unfavorablebalanceoftrade贸易逆差specialpreferences优惠关税bondedwarehouse保税仓库transittrade转口贸易tariffbarrier关税壁垒taxrebate出口退税tbt(technicalbarrierstotrade)技术性贸易壁垒commerce,trade,trading贸易inlandtrade,hometrade,domestictrade国内贸易internationaltrade国际贸易foreigntrade,externaltrade对外贸易，外贸import,importation进口importer进口商export,exportation出口exporter出口商importlicence进口许口证exportlicence出口许口证commercialtransaction买卖，交易inquiry询盘delivery交货order订货makeacompleteentry正式/完整申报badaccount坏帐billoflading提单marinebillsoflading海运提单shippingorder托运单blankendorsed空白背书endorsed背书cargoreceipt承运货物收据condemnedgoods有问题的货物catalogue商品目录customsliquidation清关customsclearance结关tradepartner贸易伙伴manufacturer制造商，制造厂middleman中间商，经纪人dealer经销商。
商务英语词汇术语
商务英语词汇术语国际贸易词汇术语价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import license 进口许口证export license 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry 正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人外贸常用词汇-------------------国际贸易----------------------出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price 码头费wharfage总值total value 卸货费landing charges金额amount 关税customs duty净价net price 印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues回佣return commission 装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance 卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price 目的港port of destination零售价retail price 进口许口证import license现货价格spot price 出口许口证export license期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost, insurance and freight--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space 油轮tanker报关clearance of goods 陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill 正本提单original B\L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent 订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm 询盘（询价）inquiry; enquiry指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply **限* *复到subject to reply reaching here **有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender 投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality 原样original sample规格specifications 复样duplicate sample说明description 对等样品counter sample标准standard type 参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue 封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet 公差tolerance货号article No. 花色（搭配）assortment样品sample 5% 增减5% plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty 仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quality重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number 净重net weight容积capacity 毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange 法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency 法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments 硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation 金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard 黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par 纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation剑桥商务英语（中级）词汇Unit 1awork towards a common objective 朝同一个目标共同努力share information 共享信息different points of view 不同的观点(be) under pressure 有压力toiletries 化妆品厂，清洁、化妆用品公司major brand 主导品牌sales department 销售部门sales staff 销售人员company culture 公司文化expatriate 旅居海外的management consultant 管理顾问managerial skills 管理技能creative thinking 创新思维team building 团队建设effective management style 有效的管理方式a survival course 生存技巧培训课程food and accommodation 食宿profile 简介，小传，概况simulation 模拟训练marketing mania 营销激情go for profit 追求利润behind schedule 进度落后计划stick to the schedule 严格按照计划进行Unit 1bComputer-mediated communication (网络传播/电脑中介传播)Cross-cultural communication/ Intercultural communication (跨文化沟通/传播) Downward communication (自上而下沟通)Upward communication (自下而上传播)Feedback (反馈)Marketing communication (营销传播)Verbal communication (言语沟通)Nonverbal communication (非言语沟通)Mass media (传媒)Target audience (目标受众)small talk (闲聊)international communication (国际交流)official language (官方、正式语言）language skills (语言技能)bilingual (通晓两种语言的人)exceed （超越，胜过）over-estimate （过高地估计）manageable chunks （可理解的语段）understate （轻描淡写地说）culture-specific （某一文化所特有的）work environment （工作环境）the business world (商界)seminar （研讨会，讨论会）management (管理人员)follow-up evaluation （后续评估）supplier 供应商department training budget 部门培训预算deadline 最终期限voice mail 语音信息answering machine 录音电话（英国英语用answer phone）half-year sales report 半年度销售报告complimentary ticket 免费赠送的票native speaker 操本族语言的人time schedule 时间安排表Unit 2aLocation(地理位置）Atmosphere （整体气氛）Comfort （舒适程度）Cleanliness （卫生状况）Staff friendliness （员工服务态度友好程度）Staff attentiveness （员工服务周到程度）Speed of service （服务效率）Quality of food （膳食质量）Quality of drink （酒水质量）Value for money （实惠程度/物有所值程度）objective 目标enhance 提高mezzanine 中层楼（指介于一层和二层之间）reasonable prices 合理的价格interior design 室内装修group dining 团体用餐group menu 团体用餐菜单catering requirement 用餐要求tour groups 旅游团birthday party 生日会corporate events 公司社交活动wine tasting 品酒会company presentation 公司业务报告会business trip 商务旅行Unit 2bA round of golf 一场高尔夫球A sightseeing tour of the city 城市观光游A visit to a sports event 观看体育赛事A shopping trip 购物游fact-finding mission 情况考察offer your company a substantial contract 为您的公司提供一份可观（价值巨大）的合同Personal assistant 私人助理to place an order with……向……定购a valued customer 有价值的客户Managing director 董事总经理finalise one or two small details concerning 对与……有关的一两个详细情况做出最后决定。
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国际贸易商务英语一、商务：what time would be convenient for you?你看什么时间比较方便？I'd like to suggest a toast to our cooperation.我想建议为我们的合作干一杯。
Here is to our next project!为我们下一个项目干杯！would you please tell me when you are free?请问你什么时候有空？gald to have the opportunity of visting your ompany and I hope to conclude some business with you。
很高兴能有机会拜访贵公司，希望能与你们做成交易。
what I care about is the quality of the goods.我关心的是货物的质量。
please have a look at those samples.请给我看一下那些样品。
I'd like to know any business connections abroad.我想多了解一些你们公司。
I would be happy to supply samples and a price list for you.我很乐意提供样品和价格单给你。
can I have your price list?你能给我价格单吗？will you give us an indication of prices?你可以给我报一个指示性的价格吗？I am in charge of export business.我负责出口生意。
I'm thinking of ordering some of your goods.我正考虑向你们订货。
what about the prices?那价格方面怎么样？Let's call it a deal.好，成交！our product is the best seller.我们的产品最畅销。
our product is really competitive in the word market.我们的产品在国际市场上很有竞争力。
our products have been sold in a number of areas abroad.我们的产品行销海外许多地区。
It's our principle in business to honor the contract and keep ourpromise."重合同，守信用"是我们经营的原则。
I wish you success in your business transaction.祝你生意兴隆。
I want to out your product.我想了解一下你们的产品。
this is our latest devlopment.这是我们的新产品。
we have a wide selection of colors and designs.我们有很多式样和颜色可供选择。
the quality must be instrict conformity with that of sample.质量必须与样品一样。
二、价格I think we can strike a bargain with you if your pries arecompetitive.我认为如果价格有竞争力，我们就可以达成交易。
Is that your quoted prices?这是你方的价格吗？It would be very difficult to come down with the price.我们很难再降价了。
our prices are the most reasonable.我们的价格是最合理的。
can you cut down the price for me?你们可以降低价格吗？we can offer you discount terms.我们可以向你提供折扣。
Do you quote CIG or FOB?你们报的是到岸价还是离岸价？I can assure you our price is very favourable.我可以保证我们的价格是优惠的。
Please give us your best price.请给我们报最低价。
All the prices are on the FOB shanghai basis.所有的价格都是上海港船上交货价。
Your prices are much too high for us to accept.你的价格太高，我们不能接受。
I can't allow the price you ask for.我不能同意你们要求的价格。
we can't cover our production cost at this price.这个价格我们不能保本。
Are the price on the list firm offers?报价单上的价格是实价吗？This is the lowest possible price.这是最低价了。
thank you for your inquiry.感谢贵方询价。
How about the prices?价格如何？When quoting ,please state terms of payment and time of delivery.贵方报价时，请说明付款条件和交货时间。
Our price is realistic and based on reasonable profit.我们的价格是很实际的，是根据合理的利润提出的。
If an order is placed, we'll pay the cost of the sample.如果交易成功，样品费由我们付。
三、谈判与合同Our price is realistic and based on reasonable profit.我们的价格是很实际的，是根据合理的利润提出的。
If an order is placed, we'll pay the cost of the sample.如果交易成功，样品费由我们付。
I'm glad that our negotiation has come to a successful conclusion.我很高兴我们的谈判获得圆满成功。
When shall we come to sign the contract？我们什么时候签订合同？Do you think it'stime to sign the ontract?我想该签合同了吧？Before the formal contract is drawn up we'd like to restate the main points of the agreement.在正式签约之前，我们要重申一下协议的重点。
As some points concerning the contrac have not yet been settlednegotiation has to be continued before the contract is signed.由于合同某些问题尚未解决，所以在合同签署前仍需继续协商。
There are a few points which I'd like to ring up concerning thecontract.关于合同我想提出几点看法。
The seller should try to carry out the contract in time if not thebuyer has the righe to cancel the contact.卖方应努力按规定履行合同，否则买方有权撤消合同。
No party who has signed the contract has the rught to break if.签署合同的任何一方都无权撕毁合同。
Once a contract is signed,it has legal effect.合同一旦签署即具有法律效力。
We can get the contract finalized now.现在我们可以签订合同了。
Have you any questions in regards to the contract?关于合同你还有什么问题要问吗？四、订货When can we expect your confirmation of the order?你什么时候能确定订单？We want to order this article from you.我们想订这种做。
What's the minimum quantity of an order for your goods?你们订货的最低量是多少？May I see your list?我可以看一下你的货单吗？We postponed an order.我们要推迟订货。
Generally speaking,we can supply all kinds of goods.一般来说，我们可以提供所有种类的货。
We have received your catalogue and price list, and now we order the following goods st the prices named.已收到你方目录和价格表，现按所示价格购下列货物。
We find both quslity and prices of your products satisfactory andenclose our trial order for prompt supply.我们对你方产品的质量和价格均感满意，现寄去试订单，请供应现货。
We are pleased to receive your order and confirm acceptance of it.很高兴接到你方订单，并确认予以接受。
As the goods you ordered afe now in stock,we will ship them withoutfail as early as possible.因为贵方订货的商品尚有存货，本公司将一定尽快发运。
I wonder if you could supply us with your latest products for regular orders.我想知道你们是否能为我们的定期订单供应你们的最新产品。