美国的民事诉讼流程

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美国联邦民事诉讼规则内含中文目录

美国联邦民事诉讼规则内含中文目录

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始;传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书;申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名;向法院的陈述;制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议;日程;管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告;当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定;出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现:制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并;分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决;选择重新审理的申请;有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示:异议第52条法院认定事实;部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决;费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理;判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保:对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决;赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官;审理前命令第73条补助法官;同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款(4)项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员;用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则;法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一:诉讼文书格式附件二:《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果(1)异议(2)提供证明(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录(c)陪审团审理(d)显见错误第104条初步询问(a)关于可采性的一般询问(b)以事实为条件的相关性(c)陪审团审理(d)被告人作证(e)重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知(a)适用范围(b)事实种类(c)任意采用(d)强制采用(e)被听证的机会(f)采用司法认知的时间(g)指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳;无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为;例外;其他犯罪(a)品格证据的一般规定(1)被告人的品格(2)被害人的品格(3)证人的品格(b)其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法(a)名声或评价(b)特定行为实例第406条习惯;日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件;与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力(a)参加审理(b)对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据(a)关于品格的评价证据和名声证据(b)行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑(a)一般规则(b)时间限制(c)赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果(d)未成年人的裁判(e)上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序(a)法庭控制(b)交叉询问的范围(c)诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述(a)就证人先前的陈述进行询问(b)有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人(a)法庭传唤证人(b)法庭询问(c)异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家(a)指定(b)补偿(c)将指定公开(d)当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义(a)陈述(b)陈述者(c)传闻(d)不是传闻的陈述(1)证人的先前陈述(2)为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外;陈述者可否作证无关紧要(1)表达感觉印象(2)刺激的发泄(3)当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态(4)出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述(5)被记录的回忆(6)关于日常行为、活动的记录(7)在第(6)项规定的记录中缺乏记载(8)公共记录或报告(9)重要统计资料(10)缺乏公共记录或没有记载(11)宗教组织的记录(12)婚姻、洗礼或类似证明(13)家庭记录(14)反映财产利益的文件记录(15)文件中反映财产利益的陈述(16)在陈年文件中的陈述(17)市场报告商业出版物(18)学术论文(19)关于个人或家庭历史的名声(20)关于边界和一般历史的名声(21)性格方面的名声(22)先前定罪的判决(23)关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决(24)其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外;陈述者不能到庭作证(a)不能出庭的定义(b)传闻证据的例外(1)先前证词(2)临终陈述(3)对己不利的陈述(4)关于个人或家史的陈述(5)其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认(a)一般规定(b)说明(1)具有知识的人的证明(2)对笔迹的非专家意见(3)由审判者或专家证人进行比较(4)与众不同的特征或类似品质(5)声音辨认(6)声音通话(7)公共记录或报告(8)陈年文件或数据汇编(9)过程或系统(10)法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定(1)国内盖有印章的公文(2)国内未盖印章的公文(3)外国公文(4)经证实的公共记录的副本(5)官方出版物(6)报纸和期刊(7)商品注册或类似标记(8)被承认的文件(9)商业票据和相关文件(10)根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义(1)文字和录音(2)照相(3)原件(4)复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性(1)原件遗失或毁坏(2)原件无法获得(3)原件在对方掌握中(4)附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性(a)法院和治安法院(b)诉讼范围(c)关于特权的规则(d)不适用规则的情况(e)部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. Theplaintiff is responsible for service of a summons and complaint within thetime allowed under subdivision (m) and shall furnish the person effectingservice with the necessary copies of the summons and complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that servicebe effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to§1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under§1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive anyobjection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the personof the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service undersubdivision (e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the mannerprovided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of servingthe summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of thecommencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service ofa summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to thedefendant, if an individual, or else to an officer or managingor general agent (or other agent authorized by appointment orlaw to receive service of process) of a defendant subject toservice under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or otherreliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shallidentify the court in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribedin an official form promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of theconsequences of compliance and of a failure to comply with therequest;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shallallow the defendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, whichshall be at least 30 days from the date on which the request issent, or 60 days from that date if the defendant is addressedoutside any judicial district of the United States; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the noticeand request, as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to complywith a request for waiver made by a plaintiff located within theUnited States, the court shall impose the costs subsequentlyincurred in effecting service on the defendant unless good causefor the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiverso requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 daysafter the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 daysafter that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial districtof the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the actionshall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons andcomplaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs ofservice shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failureto comply with a request to waive service of a summons shall include the costssubsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h),together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motionrequired to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located,or in which service is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendantin an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individualpersonally or by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling houseor usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion thenresiding therein or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaintto an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice,such as those means authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroadof Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicableinternational agreement allows other means of service, provided that serviceis reasonably calculated to give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign countryfor service in that country in an action in any of its courtsof general jurisdiction; or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letterrogatory or letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of acopy of the summons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt,to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of thecourt to the party to be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directedby the court.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed forindividuals by subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons andof the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any otheragent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process and,if the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service and the statuteso requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in anymanner prescribed for individuals by subdivision (f) except personal deliveryas provided in paragraph (2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint tothe United States attorney for the district in which the actionis brought or to an assistant United States attorney or clericalemployee designated by the United States attorney in a writingfiled with the clerk of the court or by sending a copy of thesummons and of the complaint by registered or certified mailaddressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the UnitedStates attorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaintby registered or certified mail to the Attorney General of theUnited States at Washington, District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officeror agency of the United States not made a party, by also sendinga copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered orcertified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officeror employee of the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effectedby serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) andby also sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or certifiedmail to the officer, employee, agency, or corporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States suedin an individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring inconnection with the performance of duties on behalf of the UnitedStates whether or not the officer or employee is sued also inan official capacity is effected by serving the United Statesin the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by serving theofficer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i)for the purpose of curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed byRule 4 (i)(2)(A), if the plaintiff has served either the UnitedStates attorney or the Attorney General of the United States,or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B),if the plaintiff has served an officer or employee of the UnitedStates sued in an individual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, orinstrumentality thereof shall be effected pursuant to§1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmentalorganization subject to suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of thesummons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving thesummons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state forthe service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establishjurisdiction over the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court ofgeneral jurisdiction in the state in which the district courtis located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is servedat a place within a judicial district of the United States andnot more than 100 miles from the place from which the summonsissues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdictionunder§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution andlaws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of serviceis also effective, with respect to claims arising under federal law, toestablish personal jurisdiction over the person of any defendant who is notsubject to the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by theaddressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assertjurisdiction over property. Notice to claimants of the property shall thanbe sent in the manner provided by the statute or by service of a summons underthis rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in thedistrict where the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts byservice of summons in any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assertjurisdiction over any of the defendant's assets found within the district byseizing the assets under the circumstances and in the manner provided by thelaw of the state in which the district court is located.Rule . Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unlessthe court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permitpapers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorneyis made on the attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with aclerk or other person in charge, or if no one isin charge leaving it in a conspicuous place in theoffice; or(iii) if the person has no office or the officeis closed, leaving it at the person's dwellinghouse or usual place of abode with someone ofsuitable age and discretion residing there.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served.Service by mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copywith the clerk of the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronicmeans, consented to in writing by the person served. Service byelectronic means is complete on transmission; service by otherconsented means is complete when the person making servicedelivers the copy to the agency designated to make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under thissubparagraph (D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.。

美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序

美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序

美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序篇一:美国的审判制度美国的审判制度——美国司法制度简介之三发布时间:20XX-12-0215:33:20一、美国民事审判制度美国联邦法院审理民事案件实行三级二审终审制。

一般民事案件由联邦地区法院作为初审法院,当事人不服初审法院的判决,可以向联邦上诉法院提起上诉。

如对法院适用的法律有异议,可以向联邦最高法院提出司法审查的请求。

在美国法律中,民事案件是指公民、法人之间的索赔或者要求补救的纠纷。

民事诉讼往往是因一方当事人的违约行为或者不法行为或者民事侵权行为所引起的。

由于美国是一个成文法和判例法并存的普通法系国家,因此在民事审判制度中许多内容是由法院的判例所确认的,而不同于其它成文法国家,凭借一部完整的民事诉讼法,确认该国的民事审判制度。

从美国的联邦民事诉讼程序规则和民事判例看,其民事审判制度大致如下。

(一)起诉与受理如果公民或法人认为自己已经受到其它公民或法人的不法侵犯或损害,他就开始去聘请律师,并向律师陈述自己起诉的理由及有关情况。

在接受当事人的聘请之后,律师就开始着手调查,会见证人,查看有关法令或法院的判例,以决定当事人是否有理由起诉。

如果认为当事人起诉理由充分,且又有足够的法律依据,律师便决定起草起诉书。

起诉书必须列举出明确的被告人,提出充分的事实根据和法律根据。

律师必须选择适当的法院进行起诉,原告律师还必须向法庭书记官提出关于要求发出传票的命令状,请求法庭书记官发出传票,或通知、指示司法行政长官将起诉书副本送达被告人。

司法行政长官将传票送达被告人后,必须将传票的原本送返法院,并向法院说明送达传票的主要情况。

送达传票是向被告人发出的诉讼正式通知诉讼就从提交起诉书和送达传票开始。

法院受理案件的条件是,法院必须能够对被告人实行控制,或者与案件有关的财产必须坐落在该法院的管辖区域内。

也就是说,有些诉讼是采用属人原则,只要找到被告人并送达传票的任何州的任何地区都可以起诉。

美国民事案件诉讼程序

美国民事案件诉讼程序

作者: C·A·奥尔巴克;罗典荣
出版物刊名: 中外法学
页码: 32-36页
主题词: 被告;原告;诉讼程序;衡平法院;陪审团;民事案件;判决书;提起诉讼;普通法;上诉法院
摘要: <正> 一、诉讼的双方提起诉讼的一方叫做原告,亦即控告人;被提起诉讼的另一方叫做被告。

上诉的一方叫做上诉人;另一方叫应诉人,或叫被上诉人(在某些案件中,分别叫做'申诉人'和'应诉人')。

一般说来,由上诉法院决定公开发表的案卷中,原告的名字放在前面,被告的名字放在后面,而不管哪一方是上诉人,哪一方是应诉人。

因此,'Smith。

美国基本民事诉讼程序

美国基本民事诉讼程序

美国的基本民事诉讼因为美国各州独立于联邦政府,包括立法、司法和行政。

因此,美国各州都有自己的民事诉讼程序,与联邦民事诉讼程序略有不同。

现在以美国联邦民事诉讼程序为例,作为参考:(1)投诉首先,原告应向法院提出申诉,包括原告的法律请求,并说明受理申诉的法院对本案具有管辖权和相关依据。

根据《联邦民事诉讼规则》第11条,接待员审查申诉表格,包括原告或其律师的签名,以确保该律师是地区法院律师协会的成员。

如果提交的文件包括传票,书记员应在传票上签字。

传票应当告知被告,如果不及时答复和答复,将由法院对被告作出判决。

传票是一份单页文件,包括法院名称和当事人姓名、被告人和律师的姓名和地址、被告人对答辩状的答辩期限。

值得注意的是,与中国法院不同,根据联邦民事诉讼规则,传票由原告律师连同起诉书副本送达被告。

(在中国,法院发出传票)(2)服务1. 为美国个人/企业提供服务1)在美国任何司法管辖区的服务2)可根据法院所在国或服务国的法律进行3)可通过以下方式交付:a)亲自交付;b)在其住所或通常住所;c)授权代理人;d)企业经理、负责人和委托代理人2. 为美国以外的个人/企业提供服务2.1 它可以采用国际公认的方法,例如《海牙公约》授权的方法。

2.2 如果被送达人的国家不是有关国际公约的缔约国,则必须以下列方式送达:1)外国法律规定的送达方式2)外国当局回应请求的方式3)亲自交付(但该方法不受外国法律禁止,不适用于外国企业)4)由法院书记员寄出的有签名收据的邮件(但外国法律不禁止)3. 联邦民事诉讼规则赋予被告选择放弃传票送达的权利。

被告放弃传票的主要动机有两个:3.1 节约成本根据联邦民事诉讼规则,如果原告必须向被告送达传票,除非被告有充分理由,法院可以强制被告支付送达传票所产生的费用。

3.2 给被告更多的时间1)被告不放弃送达的,应当在起诉状送达后20日内提交答辩状2)被告放弃送达的,可以自放弃送达之日起六十日内(被告在国外的,九十日内)提交答辩状(3)运动(运动)一般来说,被告的抗辩可以与原告的诉状一并提出。

美国联邦民事诉讼规则

美国联邦民事诉讼规则

美国联邦民事诉讼规则
美国联邦民事诉讼规则,简称FRCP(Federal Rules of Civil Procedure),是美国联邦法院审理民事案件时适用的规则和程序。

FRCP的最新版本是2019年修订的版本。

FRCP中规定了联邦民事诉讼的程序、管辖范围、文书格式、证据收集等方面的规定,以确保司法程序的公正性和效率性。

其中一些主要规定包括:
1. 提起诉讼:诉讼必须以书面方式提起,并包括基本事实和法律依据。

2. 负有举证责任的一方要先出示证据:在一些情况下,FRCP要求原告或被告先出示某些证据,这被称为负有举证责任的一方。

3. 发现程序:FRCP规定了关于证据收集和交换的程序,以确保双方都能有足够的证据来支持自己的案子。

4. 上诉:FRCP规定了上诉的程序,以确保上诉程序在上级法院中得到公正和有效的处理。

FRCP适用于美国联邦法院审理的所有民事案件,包括合同纠纷、知识产权、人身伤害和违反消费者保护法等案件。

美国的民事诉讼流程

美国的民事诉讼流程

在任何民事诉讼中, 从提交起诉状到审判期间都存在着诸多环节, 而这其间旳许多环节都发生在审前阶段。

在美国, 一种民事案件以一种宜于审判旳形式而被明朗化之前, 也许会需要数月甚至数年旳审前准备。

确实, 审前途序是美国民事诉讼最重要旳环节之一。

今天, 审前途序在美国不再是审判旳前奏, 相反, 它被设定为一种不必审判而结束案件旳途径。

据美国法院行政管理办公室记录, 1999年, 在联邦法院系统中起诉旳案件进入审判程序旳不到3%, 其他都在审前阶段得以处理。

而在我国, 每年几乎90%以上旳案件都需进入审判程序得到处理。

确立审前途序旳目旳非常简朴: 清除无关旳事项, 准许当事人获得信息, 并且确定与否存在适于审判旳争点, 所有旳内容都导向一种有效率旳审判或在知情后作出旳和解。

美国旳审前实务包括审前会议、动议、证据开示(Discovery)、即决判决等几种关键机制。

(一)审前会议最初旳审前会议被设定为法官和律师为准备审判而召开旳会议, 后来审前会议则被扩展为包括司法案件管理及和解讨论在内旳程序。

确定审前会议旳理念在于, 假如存在合适旳审前途序, 那么只有那些真正存在争执旳事实焦点才会被提交给事实审理者进行审判。

并且初期旳司法介入可以协助所有旳程序参与人尽量清晰地理解纠纷, 关注其关键内容, 迅速发掘需要理解旳信息, 增进协商处理或将事项及时地、整洁地交给审判法官。

初次审前会议也被称为日程安排会议, 即由法官主持双方达到一种有关提交动议、修改诉辩状、合并其他当事人和完毕证据提交与展示以及确定审判日期等事项旳时间表。

在审前会议中另一种要讨论旳重要问题当然就是和解。

和解一般由主审法官主持, 但主审法官应在多大程度上推进案件和解?法官与否应当和双方当事人分享她对于案件旳见解?法官分别接触各方当事人或者同步与双方谈话与否无关紧要?假如法官饰演一种和解旳角色, 那么假如随即案件在该法官面前审判, 当事人与否会感到不舒适?等等问题一直在困扰着美国司法系统。

美国民事诉讼法过程与策略

美国民事诉讼法过程与策略

美国民事诉讼法过程与策略美国民事诉讼法是解决民事纠纷的法律程序。

本文将探讨美国民事诉讼的过程和一些常见的策略,以帮助读者更好地理解和应对美国的民事诉讼。

一、审前程序1. 调解和仲裁在美国,许多民事纠纷在进入正式诉讼程序前会先进行调解或仲裁。

这可以帮助当事人解决争议,并降低法庭的负担。

如果调解或仲裁无法达成协议,当事人可以继续进入诉讼程序。

2. 起诉和答辩起诉是指原告向法庭提出诉讼请求,包括陈述事实和诉求。

被告在一定时间内需要提出答辩,对原告的指控进行回应,并可能提出反诉。

3. 发现程序发现程序是指双方当事人交换证据和相关信息的过程。

这包括询问、要求文件和证人证词的交换等。

通过发现程序,双方可以更好地了解对方的证据和观点。

二、庭前阶段1. 调解议和和制定策略在庭前阶段,当事人通常会与律师讨论案件细节,并共同制定策略。

此时,调解议和也是一个重要的环节,律师可以与对方当事人或其代表商讨解决方案,避免进一步诉讼。

2. 案件准备在庭前阶段,律师会准备与案件相关的文件、证据和证人。

这包括整理证据、收集专家证词等活动。

律师还可能对证词和辩词进行模拟演练,以提高辩护的质量。

三、庭审阶段1. 开庭陈述庭审开始,双方当事人的律师会进行开庭陈述,简要介绍自己的案件观点和证据。

2. 证人证词双方律师会依次传唤证人进行证词。

证人会回答提问,并提供自己对案件的观点和经历。

3. 交叉盘问庭审过程中,双方律师有机会交叉盘问对方的证人。

通过交叉盘问,律师可以尝试质疑对方证人的证词,以争取利于自己案件的证据。

4. 结案陈词在庭审结束前,双方律师会进行结案陈词。

律师会再次强调自己的观点和证据,试图说服法官和陪审团支持自己的主张。

四、判决和上诉1. 判决在庭审结束后,法官或陪审团将会进行判决。

判决结果可能对双方当事人产生实质性的影响,包括经济赔偿、合同履行或其他法律责任。

2. 上诉如果一方当事人对判决不满意,他们可以选择上诉。

上诉将引导案件进入上级法院,进行再审。

(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)

(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始;传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书;申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名;向法院的陈述;制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议;日程;管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告;当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定;出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现:制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并;分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决;选择重新审理的申请;有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示:异议第52条法院认定事实;部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决;费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理;判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保:对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决;赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官;审理前命令第73条补助法官;同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款(4)项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员;用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则;法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一:诉讼文书格式附件二:《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果(1)异议(2)提供证明(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录(c)陪审团审理(d)显见错误第104条初步询问(a)关于可采性的一般询问(b)以事实为条件的相关性(c)陪审团审理(d)被告人作证(e)重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知(a)适用范围(b)事实种类(c)任意采用(d)强制采用(e)被听证的机会(f)采用司法认知的时间(g)指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳;无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为;例外;其他犯罪(a)品格证据的一般规定(1)被告人的品格(2)被害人的品格(3)证人的品格(b)其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法(a)名声或评价(b)特定行为实例第406条习惯;日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件;与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力(a)参加审理(b)对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据(a)关于品格的评价证据和名声证据(b)行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑(a)一般规则(b)时间限制(c)赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果(d)未成年人的裁判(e)上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序(a)法庭控制(b)交叉询问的范围(c)诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述(a)就证人先前的陈述进行询问(b)有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人(a)法庭传唤证人(b)法庭询问(c)异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家(a)指定(b)补偿(c)将指定公开(d)当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义(a)陈述(b)陈述者(c)传闻(d)不是传闻的陈述(1)证人的先前陈述(2)为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外;陈述者可否作证无关紧要(1)表达感觉印象(2)刺激的发泄(3)当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态(4)出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述(5)被记录的回忆(6)关于日常行为、活动的记录(7)在第(6)项规定的记录中缺乏记载(8)公共记录或报告(9)重要统计资料(10)缺乏公共记录或没有记载(11)宗教组织的记录(12)婚姻、洗礼或类似证明(13)家庭记录(14)反映财产利益的文件记录(15)文件中反映财产利益的陈述(16)在陈年文件中的陈述(17)市场报告商业出版物(18)学术论文(19)关于个人或家庭历史的名声(20)关于边界和一般历史的名声(21)性格方面的名声(22)先前定罪的判决(23)关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决(24)其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外;陈述者不能到庭作证(a)不能出庭的定义(b)传闻证据的例外(1)先前证词(2)临终陈述(3)对己不利的陈述(4)关于个人或家史的陈述(5)其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认(a)一般规定(b)说明(1)具有知识的人的证明(2)对笔迹的非专家意见(3)由审判者或专家证人进行比较(4)与众不同的特征或类似品质(5)声音辨认(6)声音通话(7)公共记录或报告(8)陈年文件或数据汇编(9)过程或系统(10)法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定(1)国内盖有印章的公文(2)国内未盖印章的公文(3)外国公文(4)经证实的公共记录的副本(5)官方出版物(6)报纸和期刊(7)商品注册或类似标记(8)被承认的文件(9)商业票据和相关文件(10)根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义(1)文字和录音(2)照相(3)原件(4)复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性(1)原件遗失或毁坏(2)原件无法获得(3)原件在对方掌握中(4)附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性(a)法院和治安法院(b)诉讼范围(c)关于特权的规则(d)不适用规则的情况(e)部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。

美国法律案件推进过程(3篇)

美国法律案件推进过程(3篇)

第1篇一、案件提起在美国,法律案件的提起通常有两种方式:一是原告向法院提起诉讼,二是被告主动应诉。

以下是案件提起的一般过程:1. 确定诉讼对象:原告在提起诉讼前,需要明确被告的身份,包括被告的姓名、地址、联系方式等。

2. 确定诉讼理由:原告需根据事实和法律规定,确定诉讼的理由,即原告认为被告侵犯了其合法权益。

3. 准备诉状:原告根据诉讼理由,撰写诉状,详细陈述事实、法律依据和诉讼请求。

4. 递交诉状:原告将诉状递交至有管辖权的法院。

5. 确定诉讼费用:原告需缴纳一定的诉讼费用,包括案件受理费、公告费等。

二、案件受理1. 法院审查:法院收到诉状后,会对诉状进行审查,确保其符合法律规定。

2. 确定管辖权:法院需确定案件是否属于其管辖范围,如不属于,则将案件移送至有管辖权的法院。

3. 确定被告:法院通知被告,告知其诉讼事实、诉讼请求和诉讼期限。

4. 被告答辩:被告在规定期限内,向法院提交答辩状,对原告的诉讼请求进行回应。

三、证据交换1. 提交证据:原告和被告在规定期限内,向法院提交各自收集的证据。

2. 证据交换:法院组织双方进行证据交换,确保双方对证据有充分了解。

3. 证据质证:双方对对方提交的证据进行质证,对证据的真实性、合法性、关联性进行辩论。

四、开庭审理1. 开庭通知:法院在开庭前,向双方发送开庭通知,告知开庭时间、地点等。

2. 开庭审理:开庭时,法官主持庭审,双方陈述事实、辩论证据、陈述意见。

3. 证人出庭:如有需要,法院可传唤证人出庭作证。

4. 法院调查:法院在必要时,可自行调查取证。

5. 法庭辩论:双方就案件事实、证据、法律适用等问题进行辩论。

五、判决与执行1. 法院判决:法院根据庭审情况,结合证据、法律规定,作出判决。

2. 判决送达:法院将判决书送达双方当事人。

3. 执行判决:一方当事人不履行判决义务时,另一方当事人可申请法院强制执行。

4. 申诉与上诉:当事人对判决不服的,可在规定期限内提起申诉或上诉。

美国联邦民事诉讼规则

美国联邦民事诉讼规则

美国联邦民事诉讼规则美国联邦民事诉讼规则(以下简称“规则”)是由联邦法院管辖的一系列规则,旨在控制联邦法院中民事诉讼的进行。

规则规定了诉讼双方对诉讼过程的义务和权利,以及法官在审理诉讼时应遵循的程序。

美国联邦民事诉讼规则的起源可以追溯到1938年,当时由联邦司法部颁布的《联邦司法部民事诉讼规则》(FRCP)。

FRCP在1948年被修订,以便应用于所有联邦法院。

自此以后,FRCP又经历了多次修订,以适应不断变化的法律环境。

规则由一系列规定构成,其中包括:一、诉讼程序1. 提起诉讼:规则规定了诉讼双方如何提起诉讼,以及诉讼双方应当提供的文件和信息。

2. 法庭管辖:规则规定了诉讼双方应当向何处提起诉讼,以及法庭是否具有管辖权。

3. 法庭程序:规则规定了法庭应当如何处理诉讼,以及诉讼双方应当如何准备证据。

4. 庭审:规则规定了庭审的进行方式,以及庭审中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

5. 审判:规则规定了审判程序,以及审判后诉讼双方的权利和义务。

二、发现程序1. 发现要求:规则规定了诉讼双方应当提供的文件和信息,以及发现过程中的程序。

2. 发现审查:规则规定了发现审查的过程,以及发现审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

3. 发现审查后的程序:规则规定了发现审查后的程序,以及发现审查后的法律后果。

三、调解程序1. 调解要求:规则规定了调解的过程,以及调解中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

2. 调解审查:规则规定了调解审查的过程,以及调解审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

3. 调解审查后的程序:规则规定了调解审查后的程序,以及调解审查后的法律后果。

四、上诉程序1. 上诉要求:规则规定了上诉的过程,以及上诉中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

2. 上诉审查:规则规定了上诉审查的过程,以及上诉审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

3. 上诉审查后的程序:规则规定了上诉审查后的程序,以及上诉审查后的法律后果。

五、终审程序1. 终审要求:规则规定了终审的过程,以及终审中诉讼双方的权利和义务。

美国联邦民事诉讼规则内含中文目录

美国联邦民事诉讼规则内含中文目录

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始;传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书;申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名;向法院的陈述;制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议;日程;管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告;当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定;出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现:制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并;分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决;选择重新审理的申请;有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示:异议第52条法院认定事实;部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决;费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理;判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保:对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决;赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官;审理前命令第73条补助法官;同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款(4)项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员;用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则;法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一:诉讼文书格式附件二:《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果(1)异议(2)提供证明(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录(c)陪审团审理(d)显见错误第104条初步询问(a)关于可采性的一般询问(b)以事实为条件的相关性(c)陪审团审理(d)被告人作证(e)重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知(a)适用范围(b)事实种类(c)任意采用(d)强制采用(e)被听证的机会(f)采用司法认知的时间(g)指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳;无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为;例外;其他犯罪(a)品格证据的一般规定(1)被告人的品格(2)被害人的品格(3)证人的品格(b)其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法(a)名声或评价(b)特定行为实例第406条习惯;日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件;与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力(a)参加审理(b)对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据(a)关于品格的评价证据和名声证据(b)行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑(a)一般规则(b)时间限制(c)赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果(d)未成年人的裁判(e)上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序(a)法庭控制(b)交叉询问的范围(c)诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述(a)就证人先前的陈述进行询问(b)有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人(a)法庭传唤证人(b)法庭询问(c)异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家(a)指定(b)补偿(c)将指定公开(d)当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义(a)陈述(b)陈述者(c)传闻(d)不是传闻的陈述(1)证人的先前陈述(2)为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外;陈述者可否作证无关紧要(1)表达感觉印象(2)刺激的发泄(3)当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态(4)出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述(5)被记录的回忆(6)关于日常行为、活动的记录(7)在第(6)项规定的记录中缺乏记载(8)公共记录或报告(9)重要统计资料(10)缺乏公共记录或没有记载(11)宗教组织的记录(12)婚姻、洗礼或类似证明(13)家庭记录(14)反映财产利益的文件记录(15)文件中反映财产利益的陈述(16)在陈年文件中的陈述(17)市场报告商业出版物(18)学术论文(19)关于个人或家庭历史的名声(20)关于边界和一般历史的名声(21)性格方面的名声(22)先前定罪的判决(23)关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决(24)其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外;陈述者不能到庭作证(a)不能出庭的定义(b)传闻证据的例外(1)先前证词(2)临终陈述(3)对己不利的陈述(4)关于个人或家史的陈述(5)其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认(a)一般规定(b)说明(1)具有知识的人的证明(2)对笔迹的非专家意见(3)由审判者或专家证人进行比较(4)与众不同的特征或类似品质(5)声音辨认(6)声音通话(7)公共记录或报告(8)陈年文件或数据汇编(9)过程或系统(10)法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定(1)国内盖有印章的公文(2)国内未盖印章的公文(3)外国公文(4)经证实的公共记录的副本(5)官方出版物(6)报纸和期刊(7)商品注册或类似标记(8)被承认的文件(9)商业票据和相关文件(10)根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义(1)文字和录音(2)照相(3)原件(4)复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性(1)原件遗失或毁坏(2)原件无法获得(3)原件在对方掌握中(4)附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性(a)法院和治安法院(b)诉讼范围(c)关于特权的规则(d)不适用规则的情况(e)部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiffis responsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowedunder subdivision (m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with thenecessary copies of the summons and complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiffis authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to§1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under§1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive anyobjection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person ofthe defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service undersubdivision (e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the mannerprovided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving thesummons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of thecommencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of asummons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to thedefendant, if an individual, or else to an officer or managing orgeneral agent (or other agent authorized by appointment or law toreceive service of process) of a defendant subject to service undersubdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliablemeans;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shallidentify the court in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed inan official form promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of theconsequences of compliance and of a failure to comply with therequest;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shallallow the defendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, whichshall be at least 30 days from the date on which the request is sent,or 60 days from that date if the defendant is addressed outside anyjudicial district of the United States; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the noticeand request, as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply witha request for waiver made by a plaintiff located within the UnitedStates, the court shall impose the costs subsequently incurred ineffecting service on the defendant unless good cause for the failurebe shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiverso requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 daysafter the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 daysafter that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district ofthe United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shallproceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint hadbeen served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall berequired.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure tocomply with a request to waive service of a summons shall include the costssubsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h),together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motionrequired to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, orin which service is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendantin an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individualpersonally or by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house orusual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residingtherein or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agentauthorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice,such as those means authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad ofJudicial and Extrajudicial Documents; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicableinternational agreement allows other means of service, provided that service isreasonably calculated to give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country forservice in that country in an action in any of its courts of generaljurisdiction; or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letterrogatory or letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copyof the summons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, tobe addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the courtto the party to be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directedby the court.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed forindividuals by subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons andof the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agentauthorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process and, if theagent is one authorized by statute to receive service and the statute so requires,by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any mannerprescribed for individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery asprovided in paragraph (2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to theUnited States attorney for the district in which the action isbrought or to an assistant United States attorney or clericalemployee designated by the United States attorney in a writing filedwith the clerk of the court or by sending a copy of the summons andof the complaint by registered or certified mail addressed to thecivil process clerk at the office of the United States attorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint byregistered or certified mail to the Attorney General of the UnitedStates at Washington, District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officeror agency of the United States not made a party, by also sendinga copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officeror employee of the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, or corporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued inan individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring inconnection with the performance of duties on behalf of the UnitedStates whether or not the officer or employee is sued also in anofficial capacity is effected by serving the United States in themanner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by serving the officer oremployee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f), or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i)for the purpose of curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule4 (i)(2)(A), if the plaintiff has served either the United Statesattorney or the Attorney General of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B),if the plaintiff has served an officer or employee of the UnitedStates sued in an individual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, orinstrumentality thereof shall be effected pursuant to§1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmentalorganization subject to suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summonsand of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summonsand complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the serviceof summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establishjurisdiction over the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located,or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is servedat a place within a judicial district of the United States and notmore than 100 miles from the place from which the summons issues,or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and lawsof the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is alsoeffective, with respect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personaljurisdiction over the person of any defendant who is not subject to thejurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period.This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assertjurisdiction over property. Notice to claimants of the property shall than besent in the manner provided by the statute or by service of a summons under thisrule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in thedistrict where the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts byservice of summons in any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assertjurisdiction over any of the defendant's assets found within the district byseizing the assets under the circumstances and in the manner provided by the lawof the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers?(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney ismade on the attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerkor other person in charge, or if no one is in chargeleaving it in a conspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office isclosed, leaving it at the person's dwelling house orusual place of abode with someone of suitable age anddiscretion residing there.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served.Service by mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy withthe clerk of the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronicmeans is complete on transmission; service by other consented meansis complete when the person making service delivers the copy to theagency designated to make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under thissubparagraph (D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail. Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS§ 2072Rule 6. Time。

美国民事诉讼介绍

美国民事诉讼介绍

美国民事诉讼介绍A. 诉讼程序在美国,民事诉讼是一种对抗性的和公开的程序。

双方当事人提起和进行诉讼,向对方以及非诉讼当事人取得信息以证明各自的诉讼请求或答辩理由,并在公开审判中向法院或陪审团提供证据和理由。

法院作为裁判员解决当事人之间的法律争议。

在要求陪审团参加的审判中,由陪审团对案件事实争议进行裁决;不要求陪审团参加的审判,则由法院对事实争议进行裁议。

原则上,法院的审判程序都是向公众公开的,但法院为保护当事人的秘密而命令不公开审理的除外。

B. 美国的法院制度美国的五十个州各有两套不同的法院系统:联邦法院系统和州法院系统。

两套法院系统都受理民事案件。

1.联邦法院分布全美国,分为三个等级:地区法院、上诉法院和最高法院。

联邦法官由美国总统任命,享受终身制。

联邦法院能审理由美国宪法和国会法案明文规定的争议,包括"多元性" ("diversity") 案件,例如美国公民和外国公民之间的争议。

2.州法院五十个州各有自己的州法院系统,各州内的法院分为不同的等级。

州法院法官或者任命或者选举产生,取决于各州自己采用的方式。

州法院可以受理对当事人有属人管辖权的任何案件,除非联邦法院对争议事项拥有排他的管辖权。

联邦法院系统和州法院系统拥有各自的民事程序规则,包括了民事诉讼中的各种程序性问题。

大多数州的民事诉讼规则是以《联邦民事诉讼规则》(简称"《联邦规则》",) 为蓝本制定的。

本大纲即以联邦规则为依据。

3.哪些法院最有可能受理牵涉中国被告的争议?对中国被告提起的诉讼,一般既可以在州法院也可以在联邦法院起诉。

通常是由原告选择在哪个法院提起诉讼。

起诉可以选择在地方性的法院,通常是州法院。

在某些情沉下,中国被告可以将案件从州法院转移至联邦法院。

这是因为联邦法官通常被认为较之州法院法官更为公允,并且,联邦法院多位于大城市,从而陪审团成员可以从一个较大的和更广泛的社区背景之中选择出来。

美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则

美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始;传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书;申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名;向法院的陈述;制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议;日程;管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告;当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定;出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现:制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并;分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决;选择重新审理的申请;有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示:异议第52条法院认定事实;部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决;费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理;判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保:对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决;赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官;审理前命令第73条补助法官;同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款(4)项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员;用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则;法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一:诉讼文书格式附件二:《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果(1)异议(2)提供证明(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录(c)陪审团审理(d)显见错误第104条初步询问(a)关于可采性的一般询问(b)以事实为条件的相关性(c)陪审团审理(d)被告人作证(e)重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知(a)适用范围(b)事实种类(c)任意采用(d)强制采用(e)被听证的机会(f)采用司法认知的时间(g)指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳;无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为;例外;其他犯罪(a)品格证据的一般规定(1)被告人的品格(2)被害人的品格(3)证人的品格(b)其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法(a)名声或评价(b)特定行为实例第406条习惯;日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件;与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力(a)参加审理(b)对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据(a)关于品格的评价证据和名声证据(b)行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑(a)一般规则(b)时间限制(c)赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果(d)未成年人的裁判(e)上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序(a)法庭控制(b)交叉询问的范围(c)诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述(a)就证人先前的陈述进行询问(b)有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人(a)法庭传唤证人(b)法庭询问(c)异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家(a)指定(b)补偿(c)将指定公开(d)当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义(a)陈述(b)陈述者(c)传闻(d)不是传闻的陈述(1)证人的先前陈述(2)为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外;陈述者可否作证无关紧要(1)表达感觉印象(2)刺激的发泄(3)当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态(4)出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述(5)被记录的回忆(6)关于日常行为、活动的记录(7)在第(6)项规定的记录中缺乏记载(8)公共记录或报告(9)重要统计资料(10)缺乏公共记录或没有记载(11)宗教组织的记录(12)婚姻、洗礼或类似证明(13)家庭记录(14)反映财产利益的文件记录(15)文件中反映财产利益的陈述(16)在陈年文件中的陈述(17)市场报告商业出版物(18)学术论文(19)关于个人或家庭历史的名声(20)关于边界和一般历史的名声(21)性格方面的名声(22)先前定罪的判决(23)关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决(24)其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外;陈述者不能到庭作证(a)不能出庭的定义(b)传闻证据的例外(1)先前证词(2)临终陈述(3)对己不利的陈述(4)关于个人或家史的陈述(5)其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认(a)一般规定(b)说明(1)具有知识的人的证明(2)对笔迹的非专家意见(3)由审判者或专家证人进行比较(4)与众不同的特征或类似品质(5)声音辨认(6)声音通话(7)公共记录或报告(8)陈年文件或数据汇编(9)过程或系统(10)法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定(1)国内盖有印章的公文(2)国内未盖印章的公文(3)外国公文(4)经证实的公共记录的副本(5)官方出版物(6)报纸和期刊(7)商品注册或类似标记(8)被承认的文件(9)商业票据和相关文件(10)根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义(1)文字和录音(2)照相(3)原件(4)复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性(1)原件遗失或毁坏(2)原件无法获得(3)原件在对方掌握中(4)附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性(a)法院和治安法院(b)诉讼范围(c)关于特权的规则(d)不适用规则的情况(e)部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题。

美国公司控诉案件法律(3篇)

美国公司控诉案件法律(3篇)

第1篇一、引言美国作为全球最大的经济体之一,其法律体系复杂且完善。

在公司控诉案件中,法律起着至关重要的作用。

本文将简要介绍美国公司控诉案件的法律规定,包括诉讼程序、证据要求、责任认定等方面。

二、诉讼程序1. 起诉状在美国,公司控诉案件的第一步是起诉状。

起诉状是原告向法院提交的书面文件,其中详细说明了诉讼请求、事实和理由。

起诉状需满足以下要求:(1)清晰明确地陈述诉讼请求;(2)详细描述事实,包括时间、地点、当事人等;(3)提供法律依据,支持诉讼请求。

2. 答辩状被告收到起诉状后,需在规定时间内向法院提交答辩状。

答辩状是对原告起诉状的回应,包括承认、否认或部分承认原告的诉讼请求,以及提出反诉或交叉诉讼。

3. 证据交换在诉讼过程中,双方当事人需进行证据交换。

证据交换包括交换书面证据、证人证言、专家意见等。

双方当事人需在规定时间内提交证据,以便对方进行质证。

4. 庭审庭审是公司控诉案件的关键环节。

在庭审中,双方当事人需陈述事实、提供证据、进行辩论。

法院根据双方提供的证据和辩论结果,作出判决。

5. 诉讼调解在美国,法院鼓励当事人进行诉讼调解。

调解是一种非正式的解决纠纷方式,由中立第三方主持,协助双方达成和解协议。

6. 诉讼判决法院根据庭审结果和证据,作出判决。

判决可能包括以下几种:(1)驳回诉讼请求;(2)部分支持诉讼请求;(3)全部支持诉讼请求。

三、证据要求1. 直接证据直接证据是指能够直接证明案件事实的证据。

在公司控诉案件中,直接证据包括合同、协议、书面文件、电子邮件、证人证言等。

2. 间接证据间接证据是指不能直接证明案件事实,但与案件事实相关的证据。

在诉讼过程中,间接证据需与其他证据结合,共同证明案件事实。

3. 证据标准在美国,证据标准分为两种:证明责任和证明标准。

(1)证明责任:原告需承担证明自己诉讼请求的责任。

在大多数情况下,原告需证明自己的诉讼请求具有“优势证据”。

(2)证明标准:法院在判决时,需根据证明标准进行判断。

美国民事诉讼程序

美国民事诉讼程序

★★★★★美国民事诉讼程序由于意识形态和文化传统等的影响,英美法系(Anglo-American Legal System)国家的诉讼程序在许多方面与大陆法系有着巨大差异。

这里以美国为例谈谈美国的民事诉讼程序(the Civil Procedure)。

一、审前程序(The Pretrial Procedure)1.庭前诉答程序(Prosecute and Answer)这是法院受理当事人(Part)的起诉开始诉讼的程序。

这也是法院开庭审理案件前,当事人之间交换诉状(Statement of Claim)和答辩状(Answer)的诉讼程序。

根据“联邦民事诉讼规则”(Federal Rules of Civil Procedure)①,原告(Plaintiff) 的诉状必须记载当事人的基本情况,简要说明受诉法院的管辖权(Jurisdiction)及其法律依据,原告有权得到的请求和要求法院作出的判决的请求等。

当事人向法院提交诉状后,法院书记官签发传唤状,由原告直接向被告送达诉状。

而被告(Defendant)接到诉状后20日内向对方当事人送达答辩状。

答辩状必须针对原告的请求(claim)提出抗辩,自认或否认对方的诉求。

如没有否认则视为自认。

2.证据的开示程序(Evidential Opening Procedure)此程序的目的是庭审前,当事人双方通过交换案件的有关信息和证据,使双方当事人充分了解对方当事人所拥有的证据,进一步明确争议的焦点,并且固定主要证据。

这有利于防止证据突袭。

具体操作程序是:1)召开当事人会议, 目的是使当事人双方为“计划达成协议而真诚努力”;2)与诉求有关的,且不属于保密特权的任何事项都在证据开示的范围。

目的是防止当事人的证据突袭,从而使法庭调查和法庭辩论围绕着当事人争议的焦点进行;3)通过笔录证言、书面询问、提供物证、自认或检查等来进行证据开示;4)还规定了违反开示要求的制裁。

美国基本民事诉讼程序

美国基本民事诉讼程序

美国的基本民事诉讼因为美国各州独立于联邦政府,包括立法、司法和行政。

因此,美国各州都有自己的民事诉讼程序,与联邦民事诉讼程序略有不同。

现在以美国联邦民事诉讼程序为例,作为参考:(1)投诉首先,原告应向法院提出申诉,包括原告的法律请求,并说明受理申诉的法院对本案具有管辖权和相关依据。

根据《联邦民事诉讼规则》第11条,接待员审查申诉表格,包括原告或其律师的签名,以确保该律师是地区法院律师协会的成员。

如果提交的文件包括传票,书记员应在传票上签字。

传票应当告知被告,如果不及时答复和答复,将由法院对被告作出判决。

传票是一份单页文件,包括法院名称和当事人姓名、被告人和律师的姓名和地址、被告人对答辩状的答辩期限。

值得注意的是,与中国法院不同,根据联邦民事诉讼规则,传票由原告律师连同起诉书副本送达被告。

(在中国,法院发出传票)(2)服务1. 为美国个人/企业提供服务1)在美国任何司法管辖区的服务2)可根据法院所在国或服务国的法律进行3)可通过以下方式交付:a)亲自交付;b)在其住所或通常住所;c)授权代理人;d)企业经理、负责人和委托代理人2. 为美国以外的个人/企业提供服务2.1 它可以采用国际公认的方法,例如《海牙公约》授权的方法。

2.2 如果被送达人的国家不是有关国际公约的缔约国,则必须以下列方式送达:1)外国法律规定的送达方式2)外国当局回应请求的方式3)亲自交付(但该方法不受外国法律禁止,不适用于外国企业)4)由法院书记员寄出的有签名收据的邮件(但外国法律不禁止)3. 联邦民事诉讼规则赋予被告选择放弃传票送达的权利。

被告放弃传票的主要动机有两个:3.1 节约成本根据联邦民事诉讼规则,如果原告必须向被告送达传票,除非被告有充分理由,法院可以强制被告支付送达传票所产生的费用。

3.2 给被告更多的时间1)被告不放弃送达的,应当在起诉状送达后20日内提交答辩状2)被告放弃送达的,可以自放弃送达之日起六十日内(被告在国外的,九十日内)提交答辩状(3)运动(运动)一般来说,被告的抗辩可以与原告的诉状一并提出。

美国诉讼程序法民事诉讼的步骤与策略

美国诉讼程序法民事诉讼的步骤与策略

美国诉讼程序法民事诉讼的步骤与策略民事诉讼是指民事法律纠纷当事人通过法庭解决纠纷的一种法律程序。

在美国,民事诉讼程序法为诉讼当事人提供了一系列明确的步骤和策略,以确保公正和公平的诉讼过程。

本文将介绍美国民事诉讼的步骤和一些常见的诉讼策略。

一、立案和起诉民事诉讼的第一步是立案和起诉。

原告需要向法院提交诉状,并支付相应的诉讼费用。

诉状是原告提起诉讼的正式文件,其中包括起诉理由、要求法院采取的行动和对方当事人的基本信息。

法院会核实诉状内容,并向被告发出传票,通知被告出庭应诉。

二、答辩和发现阶段被告在收到传票后,需要在规定的时间内提交答辩意见。

被告可以选择不予答辩,或者提交书面答辩意见。

在答辩阶段,双方当事人也可以要求对方提供证据和相关文件,这称为发现。

发现阶段的目的是让双方当事人了解对方的证据和主张,以便为自己的辩护做准备。

三、庭前会议和调解在正式开庭之前,法庭通常会安排庭前会议。

庭前会议是指法庭和诉讼当事人之间的预审会议,旨在解决一些简单的程序问题,或者促使当事人进行和解。

和解是民事诉讼过程中的一种常见策略,通过协商解决纠纷,可以避免费用和时间上的浪费。

四、准备庭审和呈堂证人如果无法在庭前解决纠纷,案件将进入庭审阶段。

庭审是双方在法庭上陈述自己的观点和证据的过程。

在庭审中,双方可以呈堂证人并进行交叉盘问。

准备庭审和呈堂证人是诉讼策略中非常重要的一部分,当事人需要充分准备自己的证据和辩护材料,并且在法庭上展示自己的观点和理据。

五、判决和上诉庭审结束后,法院将作出判决。

判决是指法院根据掌握的事实和适用的法律作出的裁决决定。

根据判决结果,原告和被告可以选择是否上诉。

上诉是诉讼策略中的一项重要手段,当一方不满意判决结果时可以向上级法院申请重新审理。

六、执行和强制执行如果判决结果有利于原告,但被告不履行判决,原告可以申请执行。

执行是迫使被告履行判决的手段,可以通过强制执行措施,如拍卖财产或找到其他形式的补偿来实现。

美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则

美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始;传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书;申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名;向法院的陈述;制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议;日程;管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告;当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定;出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现:制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并;分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决;选择重新审理的申请;有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示:异议第52条法院认定事实;部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决;费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理;判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保:对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决;赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官;审理前命令第73条补助法官;同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款(4)项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定,对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员;用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则;法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一:诉讼文书格式附件二:《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果(1)异议(2)提供证明(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录(c)陪审团审理(d)显见错误第104条初步询问(a)关于可采性的一般询问(b)以事实为条件的相关性(c)陪审团审理(d)被告人作证(e)重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知(a)适用范围(b)事实种类(c)任意采用(d)强制采用(e)被听证的机会(f)采用司法认知的时间(g)指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳;无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为;例外;其他犯罪(a)品格证据的一般规定(1)被告人的品格(2)被害人的品格(3)证人的品格(b)其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法(a)名声或评价(b)特定行为实例第406条习惯;日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件;与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力(a)参加审理(b)对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据(a)关于品格的评价证据和名声证据(b)行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑(a)一般规则(b)时间限制(c)赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果(d)未成年人的裁判(e)上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序(a)法庭控制(b)交叉询问的范围(c)诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述(a)就证人先前的陈述进行询问(b)有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人(a)法庭传唤证人(b)法庭询问(c)异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家(a)指定(b)补偿(c)将指定公开(d)当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义(a)陈述(b)陈述者(c)传闻(d)不是传闻的陈述(1)证人的先前陈述(2)为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外;陈述者可否作证无关紧要(1)表达感觉印象(2)刺激的发泄(3)当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态(4)出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述(5)被记录的回忆(6)关于日常行为、活动的记录(7)在第(6)项规定的记录中缺乏记载(8)公共记录或报告(9)重要统计资料(10)缺乏公共记录或没有记载(11)宗教组织的记录(12)婚姻、洗礼或类似证明(13)家庭记录(14)反映财产利益的文件记录(15)文件中反映财产利益的陈述(16)在陈年文件中的陈述(17)市场报告商业出版物(18)学术论文(19)关于个人或家庭历史的名声(20)关于边界和一般历史的名声(21)性格方面的名声(22)先前定罪的判决(23)关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决(24)其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外;陈述者不能到庭作证(a)不能出庭的定义(b)传闻证据的例外(1)先前证词(2)临终陈述(3)对己不利的陈述(4)关于个人或家史的陈述(5)其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认(a)一般规定(b)说明(1)具有知识的人的证明(2)对笔迹的非专家意见(3)由审判者或专家证人进行比较(4)与众不同的特征或类似品质(5)声音辨认(6)声音通话(7)公共记录或报告(8)陈年文件或数据汇编(9)过程或系统(10)法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定(1)国内盖有印章的公文(2)国内未盖印章的公文(3)外国公文(4)经证实的公共记录的副本(5)官方出版物(6)报纸和期刊(7)商品注册或类似标记(8)被承认的文件(9)商业票据和相关文件(10)根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义(1)文字和录音(2)照相(3)原件(4)复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性(1)原件遗失或毁坏(2)原件无法获得(3)原件在对方掌握中(4)附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性(a)法院和治安法院(b)诉讼范围(c)关于特权的规则(d)不适用规则的情况(e)部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题。

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如前所述,审前会议已被扩展为包括司法案件管理及和解讨论在内的程序,我国审前会议应包括在立案法官召集下由双方当事人制定时间表、进行证据交换、调解协商等内容。同时应该授予当事人依据不合格诉辩状、不应诉行为、举证不能或优势证据等提出不经审判而撤销案件或要求即决判决的权利。
二、设置与审判法官、执行法官相并列的立案法官
在有些案件中,一方当事人也会要求对某当事人进行精神和身体检查,但考虑到保护身体的完整性,此请求轻易不会被法院获准。
最后,一方当事人还会要求对方当事人承认某些特定事项。 如果不承认无争议的事实的当事人将会受到惩罚。
由于正式的证据开示请求对于时间和费用的支出而言具有负面影响,而且它还会向对方当事人揭示出关于请求方当事人自己的案件信息,所以,在送达正式的证据开示请求之前,律师应当询问他的客户是否能够忍受由此所带来的迟延和支出。
因此,根据目前我国的审判实践,借鉴美国先进的审前程序,结合将进行的法官体制改革,有必要对我国的审前程序即立案程序予以完善。
一、建立与审判程序、执行程序相对应具有独立处置权的立案程序
由于公正与效率的需要,近几年我国大力提倡立、审、执三分离,提出的口号是“大立案、精审判、强执行”。那么,如何构建“大立案”呢?如果仅仅按民诉法规定的只是做些立案审查、文书送达等工作是远远不够的。在近几年的实践中,有的法院将立案庭的职能从原有的四大项扩大为八大项,即增加了庭前调解、庭前证据交换、审判流程管理、书记员管理四项职能。这显然是对原有立案程序的重大突破,但如果要把立案程序设定为一个为审判清除障碍的关口和无须审判即可结束案件的途径,还需引进美国审前程序中的审前会议、动议、即决判决等精髓为我所用。
质问书即当事人互相向对方发送25个以上有关案件特定事项的问题的书函,受质问方必须如实回答。
笔录证言一般在律师办公室进行,由律师口头询问证人和当事人并由法院书记员予以记录(笔录费平均每页4美元)。虽然笔录证言本身在审判中不会被采纳(根据美国证据规则,通常证人在审判中必须以本人到庭的方式提供证言),但是,它能够被用于评击那些后来在审判中改变其证言的证人。而且,通常对对方当事人所作的笔录证言在审判中是可采纳的。
确立审前程序的目的非常简单:清除无关的事项,准许当事人获得信息,并且确定是否存在适于审判的争点,所有的内容都导向一个有效率的审判或在知情后作出的和解。
美国的审前实务包括审前会议、动议、证据开示(Discovery)、即决判决等几个核心机制。
(一)审前会议
最初的审前会议被设定为法官和律师为准备审判而召开的会议,以后审前会议则被扩展为包括司法案件管理及和解讨论在内的程序。确定审前会议的理念在于,如果存在适当的审前程序,那么只有那些真正存在争执的事实焦点才会被提交给事实审理者进行审判。而且早期的司法介入能够速发掘需要了解的信息,促进协商处理或将事项及时地、整洁地交给审判法官。
(三)证据开示
证据开示是诉讼当事人相互展示并交换各自有关的涉及纠纷的信息的程序。它能够消除审判中的证据突袭。通过庭前证据展示,便于诉讼各方提前评估他们在案件中的强势和弱势,这样常常会因当事人选择和解而使得审判成为不必要。
正式的证据开示会以下列方式进行:书面质问书、口头笔录证言、要求承认、要求提供文件和身体与精神检查。
在美国,法院通常不会自行审查起诉状的充分性,对于原告起诉状中任何缺陷提出异议是被告的责任。因此,除非是缺乏主题事物管辖权,否则不能在对方当事人已提出异议的情况下,撤销那些存在初步缺陷的起诉状。对于原告的起诉,被告可以采取两种方式予以回复,一是提交答辩状,二是提出主张特定抗辩的答辩前动议。这些抗辩通常声称起诉状向错误的法院提交,必要的当事人没有被合并,或者起诉状缺乏法律价值等等。这些抗辩既可以在被告的答辩状中主张,也可以作为被告答辩前动议的根据而提出,从而使原告的起诉状被撤销。
为限制滥用证据开示程序,联邦法院确立了强制初始披露规则,给当事人施加了一个无须等待正式的证据开示请求即披露某些基本信息的义务。这些基本信息被限定为当事人“会用于支持其请求或抗辩”的信息,包括为准备审判和为作出一个知情后的和解决定所必须的信息,如关于潜在证人、书面证据、损害和保险的信息等等。
即决判决的好处在于不仅将消除轻率诉讼,而且会鼓动更多的和解。它的宗旨在于确保公平、迅速和经济地决定每一个案件。
今天,在决定是否存在可审判的争点的问题上,法院必须依照审判中的证明责任和谁承担该责任来对证据予以评估。这就意味着,为挫败被告提出的要求即决判决的动议,原告必须向法院证明她已经具备了满足其证明责任的充分证据。也就是说,根据“证据的优势份量”标准,原告必须显示她有足够的证据支持其请求的每一个构成要件,从而准许一个合理的陪审团能够作出对她有利的认定并且案件因此应当进入审判。而被告一般则承担较轻的责任,因为通常对于诉讼请求,被告是不承担证明责任的,即使作为动议方当事人,被告也只要简单地指出原告没有提供证据使得其在审判中承担证明责任的任一基本要件成立,从而赢得即决判决。
首次审前会议也被称为日程安排会议,即由法官主持双方达成一个关于提交动议、修改诉辩状、合并其他当事人和完成证据提交与展示以及确定审判日期等事项的时间表。
在审前会议中另一个要讨论的重要问题当然就是和解。和解通常由主审法官主持,但主审法官应在多大程度上推进案件和解?法官是否应该和双方当事人分享她对于案件的看法?法官分别接触各方当事人或者同时与双方谈话是否无关紧要?假如法官扮演一个和解的角色,那么如果随后案件在该法官面前审判,当事人是否会感到不舒服?等等问题一直在困扰着美国司法系统。
在对一个要求即决判决的动议作出决定时,法院必须从最有利于非动议的角度来看待分析证据。在理论上,法院不应当衡量证据并断定如果案件交给陪审团,哪方当事人可能会胜诉。其依据在于,即决判决不是对争议事实进行审判的替代物,而是因为不存在要求由事实认定者解决的事实争点才准许案件不经审判而得以解决。
如果被告在法定期限内未对起诉状予以任何方式的回复,将受到法院对他不利的不应诉判决。不应诉判决是一个关于案件实体的终局判决,只有在被告表明存在可原谅的疏忽或者判决是通过欺诈、虚假表述或其他失当行为获得的情形中,才能撤销不应诉判决。
在提交答辩状及诉辩结束后,任一方当事人都还有其他机会请求法院不经审判而单独对诉辩状作出判决,这被称为对诉辩状判决的动议。因此,如果被告没有充分地回答起诉状以否认起诉状中的主张,则原告可以提出要求对诉辩状判决的动议并能够不经审判即告胜诉。
同时,我国崇尚职权主义,从审前到审后,从程序到实体的一切活动都在法官的主导下进行,当事人只是被动地参与。改革后的“辩论式”审判方式,吸收了当事人主义,强调了当事人的举证责任和法官居中裁判的地位。但片面追求“一步到庭”,忽视审前程序,致使庭前当事人不能相互获得信息,无法及时完整地将所有证据予以收集提交,造成证据突袭与重复开庭现象频频发生,无形中增加了诉讼成本,拖延了正义的实现。由于不存在适当的审前程序,所有的争点无论是有价值无价值都被带入审判,所有的证据无论是与案情有关无关也在审判中提交,致使庭审繁杂拖沓、效率低下,缺乏观赏性。
1996年,在哥伦比亚地区法院的民事案件中,有42%的案件被撤销,22%的案件由即决判决终结,19%的案件在审前和解,3%的案件由审判终结,7%的案件被移送到其他法院。这些统计数据表明即决判决是更常用的处置案件实体的方式,它的使用率比和解还高。
当前在我国,普遍实行“辩论式”审判方式,提倡“一步到庭”,要求所有的案件走完立案程序后就直接进入审判程序,这就决定了我国的审前程序实质上就是立案程序。
同时,证据开示需要一个庞大的律师团体才能有效。美国目前约100万律师,即265人中就有1位律师。而在中国,律师总数不足10万,每13333人中才有1 位律师。因此,正式的证据开示程序不会成为中国民事诉讼中行之有效的审前程序。
(四)即决判决
在证据开示程序中的任何时间里,任一方当事人都还可以依据优势证据提交一个要求即决判决的动议,以使法院能够不需进入全面的审判就对全部或部分案件作出判决。确定即决判决的政策考量在于,尽量终结对没有要件事实纠纷的请求的诉讼能够节省纳税人和诉讼人的时间和金钱。
同样,如果原告的起诉状存在缺陷,或者如果被告提出一个积极抗辩而原告没有回复,则被告可以提出要求对诉辩状判决的动议并籍此胜诉。
简而言之,法院会查看起诉状和答辩状以确定起诉状是否充分以及答辩状所陈述的事实是否在表面上就构成对原告请求的绝对阻止。如果这些初始异议不能成立,则案件就会进入诉讼的下一个阶段:证据开示
(二)动议
动议是当事人为请求法院发布一项命令而提出的申请。动议的事项可以是提出一个简单的要求延长时间的请求到要求法院作出制裁命令或要求中间紧急救济等复杂的请求应有尽有。也存在处置性动议,即请求法院不经审判而判定案件,包括答辩前要求撤销案件的动议,要求就辩诉书作出判决的动议,要求即决判决的动议等等。
在任何民事诉讼中,从提交起诉状到审判期间都存在着诸多步骤,而这其间的许多步骤都发生在审前阶段。在美国,一个民事案件以一种宜于审判的形式而被明朗化之前,可能会需要数月甚至数年的审前准备。
的确,审前程序是美国民事诉讼最重要的步骤之一。今天,审前程序在美国不再是审判的前奏,相反,它被设定为一个无须审判而结束案件的途径。据美国法院行政管理办公室统计,1999年,在联邦法院系统中起诉的案件进入审判程序的不到3%,其余都在审前阶段得以解决。而在我国,每年几乎90%以上的案件都需进入审判程序得到解决。
但依据民诉法,我国并无独立的民事立案程序,立案程序所涵盖的立案审查与审前准备工作均包括在审判程序之中。在实践中,立案审查由立案庭完成,审前准备则分别由立案庭和审判庭完成,如调查收集证据、合并必要的当事人、向被告发送应诉通知书和送达起诉状副本、财产保全和先予执行等审前工作均由审判庭负责。这种由审判庭负责审前程序的现状实质就是立审不分,就必然导致审判法官因过早接触当事人而产生的先入为主或偏袒心理。
新近的研究表明,尽管联邦法官鼓励和解,但是大多数法官仅限于简短地提出多个适于和解的理由。一些调查数据也表明,和解率最高的法官往往是那些简单地通过设定严格的审判日期以迅速将案件推进审判的法官,而非积极从事和解谈判或其他形式的案件管理的法官。
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