第二章 合同成立

判例
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• offeree • Accept the offer on Friday • Was notified withdrawal on Thursday
• offeror • Offer to sell a house for 800 pounds • Withdrew the offer before Friday
Law
六、要约的不可撤销性
VI. Irrevocability of an Offer
company name School of International
Law
company name School of International
Law


Option contract
七、要约的终止
VII. Termination of an Offer
1
Law
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2
Termination by counter-offer 因受要约人提 出反要约而终
3
Termination by Revocation 因要约被撤销 而终止
Termination by Rejection by the offeree 因受要约人拒 绝要约而终止
Law
1
An offer is directed to a particular person
The relationship of parties are different
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Law
美国《第二次合同法重述》第26条
要约与要约邀请的区别
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Section D. PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL
第一节
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要约 (offer)
Is this extra limit valid in law?
Section A. OFFER
I. Manifestation of Assent to be Bound
止
Section A. OFFER
offer
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Law
acceptance
rejection
counteroffer
offeror accepts
offeror rejects
offeror makes c-offer
反要约与承诺的区别
非即时通讯
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• 承诺的文件脱离受要约人 的控制时生效。
• As soon as acceptance is put out of the offeree‟s possession • 投邮主义 “Mail-box” Rule • Adams v Lindsell (1818)
NonInstantaneous communication
Question
Defendant A intended to sell his farm for 50,000 dollars to claimant B and therefore sent an offer to B. B accepted the offer the next day. After a week, another person C tried to purchase the defendant’s farm at a higher price, so the defendant promised to sell the farm to C and both parties signed a contract. When the claimant B attempted to finalize sale, defendant A denied there was a contract between them on the grounds that he was drunk when making the offer and the offer was a joke on claimant. Claimant sued for specific performance.
Manchester City Council
• May be prepared to sell the house
Law
Gibson
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Law
判断是否是要约的依据
Defendant A intended to sell his farm for 50,000 dollars to claimant B and therefore sent an offer to B. B accepted the offer the next day. After a we
•要约不可转让
• Paid-for offer
例外
五、要约的撤销
V. Withdrawal of an Offer
要约人可以在要约被接受前的 任何时候撤销要约
company name School of International
Law
条件是要约人必须在受要约人 接受要约前通知受要约人其撤 销的意图
Difference between an Offer and an invitation to treat.
offer
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Invitation to treat
Law
company name School of International
company name School of International
Law
? between Is there a contract
the claimant and the defendant?
要约与准备性的提议之间之区别
II. The Basic Elements of an Offer
Add Your Title
典型案例
【案例】Entores v Miles Far East Co. （1995） 【案情】 原告公司在伦敦，他通过电话传真 向被告在阿姆斯特丹的代理人发出了一项要 约，被告的代理人，也用的同样的方式作出 承诺，但在电传承诺的过程中线路中断。原 告后来声称被告违约，向法院起诉。 【判决】由于承诺通知完成前线路中断，故 合同并未成立。
Law
Section A. OFFER
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Law
Section A. OFFER
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四、要约的转让
IV. Assignment of an Offer
原则
Law
company name School of International
company name School of International
Law
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要约的构成要件
要约的明确性——英国判例
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• To purchase council house • Completed the form
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二、对价的形式
已执行的对价
• 指在订立合同时已经完成的某种行为
待执行的对价
• 是双方当事人达成协议时作出的一项承诺， 即双方分别答应在未来某个时候做某件事情
过去的对价
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一方当事人在对方当事人作出允诺前就已经履行了的对价
三、对价的规则
过去的对价不是 有效的对价 对价必须充分但 不必相当
Difference between counter-offer and acceptance
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Questions



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Is it a counter-offer?
?
第二节 承诺 (acceptance)
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一、承诺的含义
承诺是受要约人向要约人表达对要约的同意。 Acceptance is the offeree‟s manifestation of assent to the offer. 要点： （1）承诺是自愿的，主动的，有意识的接受要 约； （2）只有受要约人才能接受要约； （3）承诺是无条件的全盘接受。
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第三节 对价
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两种合同为法律所认同
一、对价的定义
对价是指根据协议已经履行或者允诺 合同义务当事人的到某种利益，或者 是接受履行的对方当事人为此遭受某 种损害的事实要素，是对履行合同的 当事人的一种回报。 对价是购买对方允诺的价格
CHAPTER 2 合同的成立
School of International Law Northwest University of Politics & Law
Contents
A B
Law Section A. OFFER
Section B. ACCEPTANCE
C D
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Section C. CONSIDERATION
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1. An offer is communication that creates in the offeree the power to form a contract by accepting in an authorized manner.
2. An offer also
serves the purpose of stating the terms on which you are prepared to be bound.
Law
company name School of International
Law
一、 要约的含义
二、 要约的构成要件
II. Difference between an Offer and a Preliminary Proposal 4
3
2
company name School of International
A 1 communication The words omits used in the significant communication terms are different
当事人履行既存 的义务不构成对 价 部分支付不能作 为偿还全部债务 的有效对价
放弃有效的诉权 构成对价
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对价必须由债务 人提供
案例分析
【案例】Re McArdle (1951) 【案情】 McArdle先生在世时留下遗嘱，将自己 的房屋留给妻子占用，妻子去世后再归他们的子 女所有。 McArdle先生去世后不久，他的儿子和 儿媳搬进来与母亲居住。儿媳花费488英镑对房屋 进行装修。装修完成后， McArdle先生的所有子 女一致同意，在母亲去世后子女分配财产时，先 从遗产中提出488英镑，用以补偿儿媳装修房子的 费用。但后来有的子女改变了主意，于是儿媳请 求法院判令从遗产中先获得488英镑的补偿。 问：法院该如何判决此案？
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承诺的意义
• 发出要约
承诺人
• 作出承诺
要约人
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二、承诺的方式
承诺的效力
即时通讯
Instantaneous communication
• 承诺的意思至表达之时， 合同生效。 • As soon as acceptance is manifested
III. The Basic Elements of an Offer
1. An offer must be manifested 2. An offer must indicate a desire to enter into a contract 3. An offer must be directed to a specific person or named group of persons 4. An offer must invite acceptance 5. An offer must create the reasonable understanding that upon acceptance